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NANOMEDICINE FOR CARCINOMAN.DEEPAK VENKATARAMAN FIRST M.PHARM PHARMACOLOGY
C.L.BAID METHA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY CHENNAI
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION NANOMEDICINE BASED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER LIPOSOME DENDRIMER GOLD NANOSHELL QUANTUM DOT FULLERENE CLINICALLY APPROVED NANOPARTICLE - BASED THERAPEUTICS NANOPARTICLE BASED THERAPEUTICS IN CLINICAL TRIALS FUTURE OF NANOMEDICINE CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CANCER IS A DREADED DISEASE
VIDEO PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER
How cancer develops.flv
SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTING FORMULATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET Poor bioavailability Not site specific more adverse effects less potent
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY THE NANOTECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LAST HALF CENTURY
Outline of developments: 1. In the middle of the 40s, TRANSISTORS and SEMICONDUCTORS were developed.
2.In the early 60s, LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) was invented.
3.In the early 70s, integrated circuits(ic) and personal computers(pc) were developed
4.In the early 80s, superconductors were revived. Many medical instruments were built, such as MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
5.The most current development: Nanotechnology. .Has Numerous applications in various fields such as electronics, physics, chemistry, engineering, material sciences and most importantly medicine.
What is NANOMEDICINE ?My focus will be on the applications of nanomedicine in cancero
Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction , and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. 1nano=10-9m.
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NANOMEDICINE BASED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
MOLECULES THAT WERE DEVELOPED AS NANODEVICES FOR TARGETED ACTION
LIPOSOMES
Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles made of lipid bilayer. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes, for example by sonication.
APPLICATIONS OF LIPOSOMES
Name Liposomal amphotericin B Liposomal amphotericin B
Trade name Abelcet
Company Enzon
Indication Fungal infections Fungal and protozoal infections Malignant lymphomatous meningitis HIV-related Kaposis sarcoma Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer
Ambisome
Gilead Sciences
Liposomal cytarabine
Depocyt
Pacira (formerly SkyePharma)
Liposomal daunorubicin
DaunoXome
Gilead Sciences
Liposomal doxorubicin
Myocet
Zeneus
Liposomal IRIV vaccine Liposomal IRIV vaccine
Epaxal Inflexal V
Berna Biotech Berna Biotech SkyePharma, Endo
Hepatitis A Influenza Postsurgical analgesia Age-related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis HIV-related Kaposis sarcoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic ovarian cancer Menopausal therapy
Liposomal morphine DepoDur
Liposomal verteporfin
Visudyne
QLT, Novartis
Liposome-PEG doxorubicin
Doxil/Caelyx
Ortho Biotech, Schering-Plough
Micellular estradiol
Estrasorb
Novavax
LIPOSOMES IN CANCER THERAPY
Another interesting property of liposomes are their natural ability to target cancer. The endothelial wall of all healthy human blood vessels is encapsulated by endothelial cells that are bound together by tight junctions. These tight junctions stop any large particles in the blood from leaking out of the vessel. Tumour vessels do not contain the same level of seal between cells and are diagnostically leaky. This ability is known as the Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect.
Liposomes of certain sizes, typically less than 200 nm, can rapidly enter tumour sites from the blood, but are kept in the bloodstream by the endothelial wall in healthy tissue vasculature. Anticancer drugs such as Doxorubicin, Camptothecin and Daunorubicin are currently being marketed in liposome delivery systems. New Liposomal drugs targeting cancer like Liposomal Cisplatin has received Orphan Drug designation for Pancreatic Cancer.
DENDRIMER
Dendrimers are repetitively branched molecules A dendrimer is typically symmetric around the core, and often adopts a spherical threedimensional morphology. A dendron usually contains a single chemically addressable group called the focal point.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DENDRONS AND DENDRIMERS IS ILLUSTRATED IN FIGURE
APPLICATIONS OF DENDRIMER
DENDRIMERS ARE USED IN
DRUG DELIVERY GENE DELIVERY SENSORS
DRUG DELIVERY
The use of dendrimers as drug carriers by encapsulating hydrophobic drugs is a potential method for delivering highly active pharmaceutical compounds that may not be in clinical use due to their limited water solubility and resulting suboptimal pharmacokinetics
GENE DELIVERY
Current research is being performed to find ways to use dendrimers to traffic genes into cells without damaging or deactivating the DNA.
SENSORSFullerene is used to 1.detect fluorescence signal quenching 2.metal cation photodetection
DENDRIMER IN CANCER THERAPY
The dendrimer enhances both the uptake and retention of compounds within cancer cells.
GOLD NANOSHELL
A nanoshell is a type of spherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core which is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold). These nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called plasmon which is a collective excitation or quantum plasma oscillation where the electrons simultaneously oscillate with respect to all the ions
APPLICATIONS OF GOLD NANOSHELL
Nanoshells possess highly favourable optical and chemical properties, often used for biomedical imaging, therapeutic applications, fluorescence enhancement of weak molecular emitters, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy
GOLD NANOSHELL IN CANCER THERAPY
Gold nanoshells are shuttled into tumours by the use of phagocytosis where, phagocytes engulf the nanoshells through the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or macrophage. After this it is shuttled into a cell and enzymes are usually used to metabolize it and shuttle it back out of the cell. These nanoshells are not metabolized, so for them to be effective they just need to be within the tumour cells and photo induced cell death is used to terminate the tumour cells.
DESTROYING TUMOUR CELLS USNIG GOLD COATED NANOSHELLS.
. BY DIAGNOSING THE AREA OF THETUMOURS ,THE GOLD COATED NANOSHELLS ARE INJECTED INTO THAT PARTICULAR AREA.THEN PASSING THE U.V. LIGHT ON THOSE NANOSHELLS IT BECOMES HEATED AND TUMOUR CELLS ARE DESTROYED WITHOUT EFFECTING NORMAL CELLS.
.THE TUMOUR CELLS ARE DESTROYED AT430C WHEREAS NORMAL CELLS GET DESTROYED AT 490C.
GOLD NANOSHELL IN CANCER THERAPY VIDEO
Gold Nanoparticles and Cancer Cell Detection.flv
QUANTUM DOTS
quantum dots are semiconductors whose electronic characteristics are closely related to the size and shape of the individual crystal. Generally, the smaller the size of the crystal, the larger the band gap, the greater the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduction band becomes, therefore more energy is needed to excite the dot, and concurrently, more energy is released when the crystal returns to its resting state.
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM DOTS
quantum dots for highly sensitive cellular imaging Improved photo stability helps in constructing high resolution 3 dimensional image extraordinary photo stability of quantum dot probes is the real-time tracking of molecules and cells over extended periods of time
Antibodies, streptavidin, peptides, nucleic acid aptamers, or small-molecule ligands can be used to target quantum dots to specific proteins on cells Semiconductor quantum dots have also been employed for in vitro imaging of pre-labeled cells. The ability to image single-cell migration in real time is expected to be important to several research areas such as embryogenesis, cancer metastasis, stem-cell therapeutics, and lymphocyte immunology.
QUANTUM DOTS IN CANCER
First attempts have been made to use quantum dots for tumor targeting under in vivo conditions. There exist two basic targeting schemes: 1.active targeting and 2.passive targeting. Active targeting, quantum dots are functionalized with tumorspecific binding sites to selectively bind to tumor cells. Passive targeting utilizes the enhanced permeation and retention of tumor cells for the delivery of quantum dot probes. Fast-growing tumor cells typically have more permeable membranes than healthy cells, allowing the leakage of small nanoparticles into the cell body. Moreover, tumor cells lack an effective lymphatic drainage system, which leads to subsequent nanoparticle-accumulation
QUANTUM DOT APPLICATIONS FOR CANCER MANAGEMENT.
QUANTUM DOTS
Quantum dot labelling of mouse colon cancer
FULLERENE
A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.
APPLICATIONS OF FULLERENE
anticancer drug delivery systems using photodynamic therapy, HIV drugs, and cosmetics to slow down the aging of human skin.
FULLERENE IN CANCER THERAPY
fullerene-antibody(ZME-018)
conjugate target the melanoma antigen found on the surface of melanoma cells.
CLINICALLY APPROVED NANOPARTICLE BASED THERAPEUTICS
NANOPARTICLE BASED THERAPEUTICS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
FUTURE OF NANOMEDICINE
FUTURE OF NANOMEDICINE - VIDEO
nanomedicine nanotechnology for cancer treatment.flv
CONCLUSION
ADVANTAGES OF NANOMEDICINES OVER MARKET AVAILABLE FORMULATIONS
Increased bioavailability. Targeted drug delivery. Less adverse reactions. Can used in the Diagnosis of cancer Increased drug efficiency.
Thus it is conclusive that nanomedicine will definitely be a MILESTONE in the treatment of CARCINOMA.
REFERENCES1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Popular Science Wikipedia American Scientist Electronics for you Physics for you Electronics Education www.foresight.org www.nanotech-now.com www.nanorevolution.com www.nanotech.org