A

SAMINAR REPORT

ON

NANOROBOTICS

BY

SHINDE SANJAY PRAKASH

ROLL NO.123478

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. BHAGWAT V.B.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

VIDYA PRATISHTHANS COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, BARAMATI

2012-13

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the paper entitled NANOROBOTICS being submitted by

Mr.SANJAY PRAKASH SHINDE to university of pune for the partial fulfillment of award of

degree bachelor in engineering with specialization in Mechanical is a record of bonafied work

carried out by him under our supervision and guidance. Further it is certified that the work done

by him is original and carried out under my guidance.

Prof. BHAGWAT V.B.

GUIDE

MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.

Prof. P.R. CHITRAGAR Dr. S.B. DEOSARKAR H.O.D PRINCIPAL

MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT. VPCOE, BARAMATI

EXAMINED BY

INTERNAL EXAMINAR INTERNAL EXAMINAR

I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is to acknowledge and thank all individuals who played defining role in shaping this

seminar report. Without their consent support, guidance and assistance this seminar report would

not have been completed. Without their coordination, guidance and reviewing, this task could not

be completed alone.

I would personally thank Prof.P.R.CHITRAGAR HOD of Mechanical Department at

Vidya Pratishthans College of Engineering (VPCOE) who, with such undying interest reviewed

and enclosed this seminar report. I take the opportunity to thank respected Prof. BHAGWAT

V.B. my seminar guide for his generous assistance

I would like to thank our honorable principal Dr. S.B. DEOSARKAR sir who creates a

healthy environment for all of us to learn in best possible way.

SHINDE SANJAY PRAKASH

TE MECH

Roll No.123478

II

ABSTRACT

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the

microscopic scale of a nanometer(109

meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the

still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building

nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or

molecular components.

The advanced nanorobotics technology needed to manipulate materials at this scale, a

million times smaller than a grain of sand, is being developed .Due to modern technologies it

is possible to create some nanorobots. This nanorobots are mainly used in medical treatments

of cancer and other diseases. Image processing/vision control and sophisticated sensors, will

be the key to releasing such nano-manipulation.

This seminar presents the major aspects, study, applications of nano robotics

which are at the verge of implementation and would be no less than revolution in the field of

medicine if brought into reality. This seminar also presents how nanorobots works, their

importance and Advantages and disadvantages of nanorobotics.

III

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO. TITLE

PAGE NO.

1 E-coli cell bacterium cell 02

2 Blood swimming robot 03

3 Engineers are working on building smaller capacitors 05

4 Robot treating Arteriosclerosis 07

5 Treatment of kidney stones 08

6 Two centimeter long robot 09

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

ABSTRACT II

LIST OF FIGURES III

INDEX

1.1 INTRODUCTION 01

1.2 NANOROBOT INSPIRATION 02

1.3 WORKING OF NANOROBOTS 03

1.3.1 NANOROBOTS NAVIGATION 03

1.3.2 POWERING THE NANOROBOT 04

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF NANOROBOTS 07

1.4.1 BREAKING UP OF BLOOD CLOTS 07

1.4.2 TREATING ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 07

1.4.3 FIGHTING CANCER 08

1.4.4 GOUT 08

1.4.5 BREAKINGUP KIDNEY STONES 08

1.5 NANOROBOTS TODAY AND TOMORROW 09

1.6 APPLICATIONS 10

1.6..1NANOROBOTS IN TREATMENT OF DIABETES 10

1.6.2 NANOROBOTS IN CANCER TREATMENT 10

1.6.3 NANOROBOTS IN SURGERY 11

1.6.4 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE 12

1.6.5 NANOMACHINES 12

1.6.6 TOXICITY DETECTORS 12

1.6.7 SINGLE MOLECULE CAR 12

1.6.8 NUBOTS 12

1.7 ADVANTAGES& DISADVANTAGES 13

1.7.1 ADVANTAGES 13

1.7.2 DISADVANTAGES 13

1.8 CONCLUSION 14

REFERANCE 15

1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the

microscopic scale of a nanometer (109

meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to

the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and

building nanorobots and devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed

of nanoscale or molecular components. As of 2010 nobody has yet built artificial non-

biological nanorobots: they remain a hypothetical concept. The names nanorobots,

nanoids, nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices.

Nano-machines are largely in the research-and-development phase, but some

primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensor having a

switch approximately 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules in a

chemical sample. The first useful applications of nano-machines, if such are ever built,

might be in medical technology, which might use them to identify and destroy cancer

cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the

measurement of their concentrations, in the environment. Nanotechnology promises

futuristic applications such as microscopic robots that assemble other machines or travel

inside the body to deliver drugs or do microsurgery.

2

1.2 NANOROBOT INSPIRATION

Assuming the nanorobot isn't tethered or designed to float passively through the

bloodstream, it will need a means of propulsion to get around the body. Because it may

have to travel against the flow of blood, the propulsion system has to be relatively strong

for its size. Another important consideration is the safety of the patient -- the system must

be able to move the nanorobot around without causing damage to the host.

Figure No. 1:Nanorobot designers sometimes look at microscopic organisms for

propulsion inspiration, like the flagellum on this e-coli cell.

Some scientists are looking at the world of microscopic organisms for inspiration.

Paramecium move through their environment using tiny tail-like limbs called cilia. By

vibrating the cilia, the paramecium can swim in any direction. Similar to cilia are flagella,

which are longer tail structures. Organisms whip flagella around in different ways to

move around.

Scientists in Israel created microrobot, a robot only a few millimeters in length,

which uses small appendages to grip and crawl through blood vessels. The scientists

manipulate the arms by creating magnetic fields outside the patient's body.

3

1.3 WORKING OF NANOROBOTS

Imagine going to the doctor to get treatment for a persistent fever. Instead of

giving you a pill or a shot, the doctor refers you to a special medical team which implants

a tiny robot into your bloodstream. The robot detects the cause of your fever, travels to

the appropriate system and provides a dose of medication directly to the infected area.

Figure No. 2:The robot in this illustration swims through the arteries and veins using a pair of

tail appendages.

Surprisingly, we are not that far off from seeing devices like this actually used in

medical procedures. They are called nanorobots and engineering teams around the world

are working to design robots that will eventually be used to treat everything from

hemophilia to cancer.

1.3.1 NANOROBOT NAVIGATION

There are three main considerations scientists need to focus on when looking at

nanorobots moving through the body navigation, power and how the nanorobots will

move through blood vessels. Nanotechnologists are looking at different options for each

of these considerations, each of which has positive and negative aspects. Most options

can be divided into one of two categories: external systems and onboard systems.

4

External navigation systems might use a variety of different methods to pilot the

nanorobot to the right location. One of these methods is to use ultrasonic signals to detect

the nanorobot's location and direct it to the right destination. Doctors would beam

ultrasonic signals into the patient's body. The signals would either pass through the body,

reflect back to the source of the signals, or both. The nanorobot could emit pulses of

ultrasonic signals, which doctors could detect using special equipment with ultrasonic

sensors. Doctors could keep track of the nanorobot's location and maneuver it to the right

part of the patient's body.

Other devices sound even more exotic. One would use capacitors to generate

magnetic fields that would pull conductive fluids through one end of an electromagnetic

pump and shoot it out the back end. The nanorobot would move around like a jet

airplane. Miniaturized jet pumps could even use blood plasma to push the nanorobot

forward, though, unlike the electromagnetic pump, there would need to be moving parts.

Another potential way nanorobots could move around is by using a vibrating

membrane. By alternately tightening and relaxing tension on a membrane, a nanorobot

could generate small amounts of thrust. On the nanoscale, this thrust could be significant

enough to act as a viable source of motion.

1.3.2 POWERING THE NANOROBOT

Just like the navigation systems, nanotechnologists are considering both external

and internal power sources. Some designs rely on the nanorobot using the patient's own

body as a way of generating power. Other designs include a small power source on board

the robot itself. Finally, some designs use forces outside the patient's body to power the

robot.

Nanorobots could get power directly from the bloodstream. A nanorobot with

mounted electrodes could form a battery using the electrolytes found in blood. Another

option is to create chemical reactions with blood to burn it for energy. The nanorobot

would hold a small supply of chemicals that would become a fuel source when combined

with blood.

5

A nanorobot could use the patient's body heat to create power, but there would

need to be a gradient of temperatures to manage it. Power generation would be a result of

the Seebeck effect. The Seebeck effect occurs when two conductors made of different

metals are joined at two points that are kept at two different temperatures. The metal

conductors become a thermocouple, meaning that they generate voltage when the

junctures are at different temperatures. Since it's difficult to rely on temperature gradients

within the body, it's unlikely we'll see many nanorobots use body heat for power.

While it might be possible to create batteries small enough to fit inside a

nanorobot, they aren't generally seen as a viable power source. The problem is that

batteries supply a relatively small amount of power related to their size and weight, so a

very small battery would only provide a fraction of the power a nanorobot would need. A

more likely candidate is a capacitor, which has a slightly better power-to-weight ratio.

Another possibility for nanorobot power is to use a nuclear power source. The

thought of a tiny robot powered by nuclear energy gives some people the willies, but

keep in mind the amount of material is small and, according to some experts, easy to

shield. Still, public opinions regarding nuclear power make this possibility unlikely at

best.

Figure No. 3:Engineers are working on building capacitors that will power technology like

nanorobots

6

The wire would need to be strong, but it would also need to move effortlessly

through the human body without causing damage. A physical tether could supply power

either by electricity or optically. Optical systems use light through fiber optics, which

would then need to be converted into electricity on board the robot.

Just like the navigation systems, nanotechnologists are considering both external

and internal power sources. Some designs rely on the nanorobot using the patient's own

body as a way of generating power. Other designs include a small power source on board

the robot itself. Finally, some designs use forces outside the patient's body to power the

robot.

Nanorobots could get power directly from the bloodstream. A nanorobot with

mounted electrodes could form a battery using the electrolytes found in blood. Another

option is to create chemical reactions with blood to burn it for energy. The nanorobot

would hold a small supply of chemicals that would become a fuel source when combined

with blood.

7

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF NANOROBOTICS FOR HEALTH

1.4.1 BREAKING UP OF BLOOD CLOTS

Blood clots can cause complications ranging from muscle death to a stroke.

Nanorobots could travel to a clot and break it up. This application is one of the most

dangerous uses for nanorobots the robot must be able to remove the blockage without

losing small pieces in the bloodstream, which could then travel elsewhere in the body and

cause more problems. The robot must also be small enough so that it doesn't block the

flow of blood itself

1.4.2 TREATING ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Arteriosclerosis refers to a condition where plaque builds along the walls of

arteries. Nanorobots could conceivably treat the condition by cutting away the plaque,

which would then enter the bloodstream refer below figure.

Figure No. 4 :Robots may treat conditions like arteriosclerosis by physically chipping

away the plaque along artery walls.

8

1.4.3 FIGHTING CANCER

Doctors hope to use nanorobots to treat cancer patients. The robots could either

attack tumors directly using lasers, microwaves or ultrasonic signals or they could be part

of a chemotherapy treatment, delivering medication directly to the cancer site. Doctors

believe that by delivering small but precise doses of medication to the patient, side effects

will be minimized without a loss in the medication's effectiveness.

1.4.4GOUT

Gout is a condition where the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste from the

breakdown of fats from the bloodstream. This waste sometimes crystallizes at points near

joints like the knees and ankles. People who suffer from gout experience intense pain at

these joints. A nanorobot could break up the crystalline structures at the joints, providing

relief from the symptoms, though it wouldn't be able to reverse the condition

permanently.

1.4.5 BREAKINGUPKIDNEY STONES

Kidney stones can be intensely painful. The larger the stone the more difficult it

is to pass. Doctors break up large kidney stones using ultrasonic frequencies, but it's not

always effective. A nanorobot could break up a kidney stones using a small laser.

Figure No. 5:Treatment of kidney stones

9

1.5 NANOROBOTS: TODAY AND TOMORROW

Teams around the world are working on creating the first practical medical

nanorobot. Robots ranging from a millimeter in diameter to a relatively hefty two

centimeters long already exist, though they are all still in the testing phase of

development and haven't been used on people. We're probably several years away from

seeing nanorobots enter the medical market. Today's microrobots are just prototypes that

lack the ability to perform medical tasks.

Figure No.6:Although this 2-centimeter-long robot is an impressive achievement, future

robots will be hundreds of times smaller.

10

1.6 APPLICATIONS

Several engineers, scientists and doctors believe that nanorobot applications are

practically unlimited. Some of the most likely uses are below

1.6.1 NANOROBOTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF

DIABETES

Glucose carried through the blood stream is important to maintain the human

metabolism working healthfully, and its correct level is a key issue in the diagnosis and

treatment of diabetes. Intrinsically related to the glucose molecules, the protein hSGLT3

has an important influence in Maintaining proper gastrointestinal cholinergic nerve and

skeletal muscle function activities, regulating extracellular glucose concentration. The

hSGLT3 molecule can serve to define the glucose levels for diabetes patients. The most

interesting aspect of this protein is the fact that it serves as a sensor to identify glucose.

The simulated nanorobot prototype model has embedded Complementary Metal Oxide

semiconductor (CMOS) Nano bioelectronics. It features a size of 2micrometer, which

permits it to operate freely inside the body, it detects glucose levels in blood stream. The

nanorobot can thus effectively determine if the patient needs to inject insulin or take any

further action, such as any medication clinically prescribed. The image of the NCD

(Nanorobot Control Design) simulator workspace shows the inside view of a venue blood

vessel with grid texture, red blood cells (RBCs) and Nanorobots. They flow with the

RBCs through the bloodstream detecting the glucose levels.

1.6.2 NANOROBOTS IN CANCER DETECTION AND TREATMENT

Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of medical technologies

and therapy tools. However, a decisive factor to determine the chances for a patient with

cancer to survive is how earlier it was diagnosed; what means, if possible, a cancer

should be detected at least before the metastasis has begun Another important aspect to

achieve a successful treatment for patients, is the development of efficient targeted drug

delivery to decrease the side effects from chemotherapy.

11

Considering the properties of nanorobots to navigate as blood borne devices, they

can help on such extremely important aspects of cancer therapy. Nanorobots with

embedded chemical biosensors can be used to perform detection of tumor cells in early

stages of development inside the patient's body. Integrated Nano sensors can be utilized

for such a task in order to find intensity of E-cadherin signals. Therefore a hardware

architecture based on Nano bioelectronics is described for the application of nanorobots

for cancer therapy. Analyses and conclusions for the proposed model is obtained through

real time 3D simulation.

1.6.3 NANOROBOTS IN SURGERY

Surgical nanorobots could be introduced into the body through the vascular

system or at the ends of catheters into various vessels and other cavities in the human

body. A surgical nanorobot, programmed or guided by a human surgeon, could act as a

semiautonomous on-site surgeon inside the human body. Such a device could perform

various functions such as searching for pathology and then diagnosing and correcting

lesions by Nano manipulation, coordinated by an on-board computer while maintaining

contact with the supervising surgeon via coded ultrasound signals. The earliest forms of

cellular Nanosurgery are already being explored today. For example, a rapidly vibrating

(100 Hz) micropipette with a

12

1.6.4 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

Atomic scope microscope is on the instrument which could be considered as

nanorobotics instrument. it is configured and manipulated at nanoscale and also used to

view the particle of an element or material at the smallest level. in the field of medical

sciences atomic scope microscope is used to diagnose the cancer and other fatal bacteria.

1.6.5 NANOMACHINES

Nanomachines are widely in research these days. Researchers have developed

some of the testifying samples, one of the example of these molecular machines is the

sensor having capability of counting particular molecule in the chemical compounds.

There is no implementary application present in the medical field. But these machines if

properly developed for the medical applications, they could greatly help the doctors to

destroy the cancer cells.

1.6.6 TOXICITY DETECTORS

Another useful application is the detection of toxic chemicals and the

measurement of concentrated substances in the environment. These detectors will be very

useful and beneficial for the chemists in order to manage and reduce the toxicity

of chemicals.

1.6.7 SINGLE MOLECULE CAR

Recently, another demonstration of Nanorobotics is the single molecule car which

has Nano infrastructure. This car is developed by chemical process and has Bucky

ballwheels. It is configured by controlling the temperature in the air and also by

positioning the scanning tunnel microscope.

1.6.8 NUBOTS

Scientific field has given ignore new type of robots to the world which are known

as nubots.Nubot is the abbreviation of nucleic Acid Robots. These devices are operated

at Nano scale and are highly beneficial for demstrataing the DNA test and bloddcell

detect.

13

1.7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE

1.7.1 ADVANTAGES:-

Rapid elimination of disease.

Nanorobot might function at the atomic and molecular level to build devices.

Machines or circuits known as molecular manufacturing.

Nanorobots might also produce copies of themselves to replace worn-out Units, a

process called self-replication.

The major advantage of nanorobots is thought to be their durability, in Theory,

they can remain operational for years, decades or centuries.

In medical field we will have microscopic robots floating in our blood streams

fighting against cancer cells, AIDS HIV virus and genetic disorders or even

ageing.

Nanorobots will treat and find disease, and restore lost tissue at the cellular level.

Nanorobots will be able to monitor neuro-electric signals and stimulate bodily

systems.

1.7.2 DISADVANTAGES

The initial design cost is very high.

The design of the nanorobot is a very complicated one.

Maintenance is difficult

Hard to Interface, Customize and Design, Complex.

14

1.8 CONCLUSION

In the future, nanorobots could revolutionize medicine. Doctors could treat

everything from heart disease to cancer using tiny robots the size of bacteria, a scale

much smaller than today's robots. Robots might work alone or in teams to eradicate

disease and treat other conditions. Some believe that semiautonomous nanorobots are

right around the corner -- doctors would implant robots able to patrol a human's body,

reacting to any problems that pop up. Unlike acute treatment, these robots would stay in

the patient's body forever.

Another potential future application of nanorobot technology is to re-engineer our

bodies to become resistant to disease, increase our strength or even improve our

intelligence. Dr. Richard Thompson, a former professor of ethics, has written about the

ethical implications of nanotechnology. He says the most important tool is

communication, and that it's pivotal for communities, medical organizations and the

government to talk about nanotechnology now, while the industry is still in its infancy.

Will we one day have thousands of microscopic robots rushing around in our

veins, making corrections and healing our cuts, bruises and illnesses? With

nanotechnology, it seems like anything is possible. Kudos to the engineers for this

revolution. Ultimately one can what a piece of work MAN is.

15

REFERENCES

NANOROBOTS; Abhilash M; International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences

V1 (1)2010;Page number 1-10.

IMPORTANCE OF NANOROBOTICS IN HEALTH CARE;PRAJAPATI P.M

;INTERNATIONAL REASEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230-

8407; Page number 122-124.

NANOROBOTIC CHALLENGES IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS,

DESIGN AND CONTROL; Adriano Cavalcanti, Lior Rosen, Luiz C. Kretly,

Moshe Rosenfeld, Shmuel Einav ; IEEE ICECS Intl Conf. on Electronics,

Circuits and Systems.