Coursera and Technion Institute
Course: Nanotechnology and Nanosensors
By Prof. Hossam Haick, Ph.D.
Alumni’s:
Jana Quezada Almonte
Edilson Gomes de Lima
Ceyhun Derinbogaz
NANOSENSOR FOR HEALTHCARE AND DIAGNOSIS OF SKIN DISEASE - Leprosy
A preliminary study based in nanotechnology procedures
Israel / USA
2015
Nanotechnology and nanosensors
Final Work
NANOSENSOR FOR HEALTHCARE DIAGNOSIS IN SKIN DISEASE
Presentation
Dr. Jana Quezada Almonte
Medical Doctor/ Dermatology Residency
2015
CONTENTS
1.ABSTRACT……………………………………. .......................................................................... 04
1.2. NANOSENSOR FOR SKIN INFECTION DETECTION …………………. ................. 04
1.3. THE NANOSENSOR DETECTION …. .......................................................................... 04
2. NANOTECNOLOGY EMPOWERING HUMAN SENSES …………………..................05
3. JUSTIFYING THE CHOICE OF THE SENSOR………………….….............................. 05
4. THE PROJECT…. ...............................................................................................................06
5. MATERIAL……………..……………………. ............................................................................ 07
6. PROGRAMATION………………………………………………………………………..08
7. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................10
8. REFERENCES………………….…………………………............................................. 10
1. ABSTRACT There is always a risk to get infections due
to a lot of different pathogenic agents, like
virus, bacteria, prions, fungus, protozoa,
parasites, and leprosy its one of them, a
diseases that it’s a public healthcare matter
in many countries around the world. These
diseases its believe to get by close contact
with infected individuals for long period
of time.
This project its to create a nanosensor
that will be able to detect leprosy
patients. The idea is to present a
nanosensor that would be able to detect,
monitoring and give a prognosis on a
fast, easy and cheap way ir order to treat
Leprosy on vulnerable populations . The
nanosensor by an electronic display will
show the amount of both
Mycobacterium Leprae and
Mycobacteryum Lepromatosis baciliis.
This device could be use by a wide range
of healthcare providers and wouldn’t
need special training in order to
efficiently detect the disease wich is
needed in most cases in order to diagnose
Leprosy on early stages. This also wil
impact on the epidemiologic control and
the over all outcome by preventing long
time neurologic secuals that desable and
stimatised people that battle the disease.
Overall this will impact on the
effectiveness of the treatment, better
quality of life, cost-efective
detection/treatment/sequals and prevention
with an easy implemantation for any
population.
About illness
Leprosys also known as Hansen's Disease
is a chronic infection caused by the
bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and
resently discovered also by
Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Mycobacterium Leprae on a skin Biopsy of Leprosy by
Electron microscopy. Thanks to Folia Peruana
Dermatologica.
It works as an infection that rules without
symptoms and typically remains this way
yet for decades. Some symptoms that
develop frequently include granulomas of
the nerves, respiratory tract infeccion
sintoms, skin plaques, macules, nodules,
ulcers, and blurr vision.
Too may result in a lack of ability to feel
pain and thus loss of parts of extremities
due to repeated injuries. Including
weakness and poor eyesight may also be
present in affected people. As dangerous
the leprosy is spread between people. An
important note is that this disease occurs
more among people living in
overcrowding conditions, with low
incomes, and is believed to be
transmitted by respiratory droplets.
Lepromatous Leprosy. Thank to Dermasinfo.com
The disease diagnostic and clasification
is based on the number of bacteria
present: paucibacillary and
multibacillary.
The two types are differentiated by the
number of poorly pigmented, numb skin
patches present, with paucibacillary
(Indetermin Leprosy, Tuberculoide
Leprosy, Tuberculoid Border) and
multibacillary (Lepromatous Leprosy,
Lepromatous Borderline , Borderline
Borderline ).
Tuberculoide Leprosy: Special Thanks to
Dermasinfo.com
The diagnosis is confirmed by finding
acid-fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin or
via detecting the DNA by polymerase
chain reaction. Leprosy is curable with
treatment .
As we already pointed out, the propose here
is present a nanosensor nanotechnology
w i l l b e i n c l o s e c o n t a c t t o t h e
s k i n principally in peoples that are in high
risk.
The nanosensor is not a way to protect the
largest human organ, the skin against
primary infections, but advise the user that
the skin was infected. The doctors and
scientists working on biological areas know
that the sooner an infection is detected, the
easier treatment, the chances of cure and
minor assaults health as a whole. Very
useful for professionals submitted in high-
risk environments, such as health workers,
agriculture and officials visiting risk areas,
inmunocompromised patients, malnourish,
etc. The nanosensor has to be really small,
so it could be introduced in clothes as well
so it will be in contact with the skin. It will
have an emission system to an electronic
device for a good human interface.
DETAILS ABOUT SKIN AND
DISEASE
It’s then following a list of some six
important details to be comprehended
before the principal presentation. The
nanosensor for diagnosis and healthcare
in skin disease. Using as example the
leprae disease.
The infection store itself in derma or
epidermis?
The skin as 3 layers: epidermis, dermis and
hypodermis. The epidermis has 5 layers.
The answer is that it’s very difficult to see
the bacilli on an skin biopsy because you
need a concentration of 1,000 per cubic
centimetre in order to be able to see just one
bacilli on a skin biopsy, what you get to see
its changes and get to use stains for the
bacilli that will show or be highly
suggestive of the disease. The clinical
manifestations, the baciloscopy, the skin
biopsy will give you the diagnostic.
Do you know the units used to measure
skin pressure and thermal?
The pressure it’s in mmHg (mercury
millimetres) the temp on the skin in K
(kelvin) but the most used its C Celsius.
Which are the technical names of the
skin tissues and the name of the primary
infection by leprosy's?
The skin is known by derma and epidermis.
The name is leprosy but better used its
Hanse's disease the etiologic, the cause. It’s
a bacteria called mycobacterium leprae and
in 2008 also added Mycobacterium
lepromatous .
The countries that are more affected by
this disease?
India, Brazil, Africa, at the whole continent.
See the map.
How many times have between the first
contact with infections until the first
change in thermal and pressure of the
skin?
This is unknown, but it is believe it could
be from 5 to 15 years from the first contact
(and this has to be continuous for a period
of time) you won’t get it from a first
contact. It’s very rare the infection on
healthcare providers.
Which is the normal pressure and
temperature of the human skin?
This it’s tricky because the temp its internal
so we don’t need to use this range we need
a detectable high a low. For the pressure in
not sure how can we use this look this
paper.
http://biorobotics.harvard.edu/pubs/1998/pe
ine_ASME1998.pdf Medicals don’t use the
scale or the minimum pressure detectable
on the skin because it uses it’s the blood
pressure. On patients we just touch them
with a sharp object like a needle aa gentle
touch and make them to close their eyes on
different parts so we can test their
sensitivity on the places they have the skin
lesions and adjacent skin. The normal
internal temp its 36.5-37.5 C they can use
this one to make a scale hot and cold so
they could sense the ability of the
individual to differentiate from cold to hot
we could make it 5 -10 times and come up
with an average so this way the
measurement its more confinable.
2. NANOSENSOR FOR SKIN
INFECTION DETECTION
Presenting now an additional new human
sense would be an aid to monitor the skin
changes! If an outfit with nanosensors as a
flexible mobile lab-on-a-chip to capture
information in sweat from the skin and
process this information, indicating whether
health is normal or there is any change in
pressure, temperature, disease like
infections. Nanosensors based on nanowires
with an analyte in a thin film, with capacity
of capture and send information to an
electronic device, allocated on clothing can
monitor toxicity, pH, electrolyte
abnormalities, insulin, contamination,
pollution levels or biological agents.
This nanosensor could be like a sticker to
be glued in skin, so it could be
functionalized with electrical, chemical or
biological proprieties. The fabrication
would be by printing process, where could
be used electronics methods, as is produced
circuits, lithograph, silk screen and too ink
jet adjustable with material appropriate. To
measure pressure could be by a
nanobalance frequency, by measure pH the
same principle of pH paper by colour patter,
to measure temperature by nanometric
thermal resistance, as well as by electrical
measures, as electrical potential, differential
potential.
The operating principle would be a
cataloguing preview of toxic agents,
biological, contaminants and normal levels
of health, to which this database would be
stored in a portable system, wristwatch. The
nanosensor to capture the "analyte sweat"
information, which this nanosensor possess
physical capture grids, biological and
chemical, produced as a tissue, textile or
adhesive which was made with thin film by
Langmuir-Blodget, and electrical sensors to
type switching like PN-Type with
nanowire, and analyte to recognition of
biological agents. For this feat, the adhesive
on clothing like nanosensor should capture
the signal and convert to electric signals,
which would take this immediate
information to the user's knowledge, in the
case where a wristwatch with the previous
database. As the human skin a vital organ,
this would be an ideal way to monitor
health. Although this nanosensor model
extends the human ability to sense by
contact, was considered this idea one
nanosensor for non-invasive monitoring, to
which this model could even be deployed at
specific points of the human body,
becoming a more invasive model.
The largest organ of the human body as a
health protection system. Through
nanosensors for assistance indicative of
biological risks.
Image 5 – Demonstration of skin.
6. PROGRAMATION
The interaction between the analyte and the men
One of the first conditions for a
machine to be efficient is to run alone,
but have a good interaction between
man and machine. This man-machine
interface is also vital to the nanosensors.
With an interface between the result of
the analyte captured by the nanosensor
and a visible interface to man, becomes
something essential for a good
understanding of what is being studied.
Image 6 – Demonstration of skin.
Being the ideal immediate interpretation
by the result nanosensor, and the
conversion of information, in which the
results are refined by software database.
Then, in this paper we can see a simple
model of interface between man and
machine, and too between analyte and
man interface. Following the code made
for the project, and a simple logic
condition: by Pascal code:
Begin program Checking analyte; var
{ local variable definition } a, analyte : integer;
begin a := analyte; if( a < 1 ) then
writeln(“there aren’t any infection agent in skin”)
else writeln('detected material ' );
writeln('value of a is : ', a); end.
HARDWARE
The hardware and system to support this
project is a commercial technology, its
need use flash memory to dispositive,
like in images bellow.
Image 1.4 – Flash memory concept to project.
As demonstrated this code Pascal makes
clear the importance of the interaction
between the sensors and the computer.
The Pascal language is an academic
programming language, and easy to
understand for this reason was chosen in
this example. For the final design of this
work, is ideal language C or C# that is
accepted by the Arduino ™. To which it
will interact and receive signals from
the sensor, and a nanosensor that will
capture the analyte information. There
are programming a multitude of
applications with advanced logic to
process and work with data and
information. Hence, in this paper was
used one of the simplest conditions
existing programming logic. As we can
see in the following diagram:
Programming is a logical condition that
allows him to interact with information
captured by the sensor, and insert logic
and work with information, making
comparisons with other results, and
even using mathematics with statistics
and other advanced procedures for
working with data to indicate quantity
or type or infectious agent (leprosys
infection agent) in nanosensor.
The program for reading and
interpretation of the data get if analyte
detected, was done in a simple way, as
showed before and the electrical signal
send to software with statistical
program to interpretation system, which
in only a small window is shown. In the
first line picks up the serial port, then
check if the USB is connected to the
Arduino or other hardware like a
cellular and the nanosensor. The result
is displayed in accordance with the
quantity, level or energetic capacity of
dust and the range of the nanosensor
line.
• The font code for this program is showed below:
Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00 # Visual Studio 2013 VisualStudioVersion = 12.0.21005.1 MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1 Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B- 00C04F79EFBC}") = "Readanalytesticker", " Readanalytesticker \ Readanalytesticker.csproj", "{EBA50ED7-38FA-443C-ACD8- AE5BCFDD5713}" EndProject Global
GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPl atforms) = preSolution
Debug|Any CPU =
Release|Any CPU = Release|Any CPU
EndGlobalSection GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPla
tforms) = postSolution {EBA50ED7-38FA-443C-
ACD8-AE5BCFDD5713}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
{EBA50ED7-38FA-443C- ACD8-AE5BCFDD5713}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
{EBA50ED7-38FA-443C- ACD8-AE5BCFDD5713}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
{EBA50ED7-38FA-443C- ACD8-AE5BCFDD5713}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
EndGlobalSection GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) =
preSolution HideSolutionNode = FALSE
EndGlobalSection EndGlobal
As is clear, this design functions as a
template being adaptable to any type of
nanosensor, which can be a micro or
nanosensor, which can be adjusted for
reading physical, chemical, biological,
or electrical. Simply by minor
adjustments to your reading,
interpretation and refinement of data
collected.
7. CONCLUSION This system could help people with skin
disease detection, as e.g. leprosys where
the velocity in fast detection would be
vital for a treatment, and avoid severe
complications. Infections by leprosys
can take up one to five years or more to manifest.
Debug|Any CPU
References [1].http://biosurveillance.typepad.com/b
iosurveillance/antimicrobial-resistance-
forecasting
[2].http://biosurveillance.typepad.com/b
iosurveillance/2013/04/
[2].http://youtu.be/D9I2NyPscx0 [3].https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
kBNUA_nUyWI
Leprosy Chapter 186 page 1786 Fitzpatrick clinical dermatology 2007 Epidemiologic map thanks to: World Health organization Leprosy 2014 report
