There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1918~ 1988
R.P.Feynman
Slide 5
The Origin and Development of Nanotechnology Feynman There is
Plenty of Room at the Bottom The Invention of the Scanning
Tunneling Microscope(STM) The Nanotechnology Developed Rapidly
in1990s, and the New Words Came Fast One of the 9 Major Key
Technologies in the Future Global Technology Development
Slide 6
Why?--a materials perspective Image of reconstruction on a
clean Gold(100) surface, as visualized using scanning tunneling
microscopy. The positions of the individual atoms composing the
surface are visiblereconstruction Gold100 scanning tunneling
microscopyatoms quantum size effect dominant when the nanometer
size range is reached. a number of physical (mechanical,
electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to
macroscopic systems. For example: opaque substances become
transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum);
insoluble materials become soluble (gold). A material such as gold,
which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent
chemical catalyst at nanoscales.
Slide 7
Why?--Simple to complex: a molecular perspective Molecular
self-assembly: automatically arrange themselves into some useful
conformation. through a bottom-up approach to prepare small
molecules to almost any structure The DNA structure at left
(schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized
by atomic force microscopy at right. Image from Strongatomic force
microscopy
Slide 8
How?--Tools and techniques Tools: The atomic force microscope
(AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early
versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology Typical
AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is
deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a
phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off
the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors,
allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image
of the surfaceAFMmicrofabricatedcantileverphonographlaser
photodetectors They can be used to look at surfaces and to move
atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes,
they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help
guide self-assembling structures.
Slide 9
Bottom-up approaches Molecular self-assembly seeks to use
concepts of supremolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in
particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically
arrange themselves into some useful conformation. Sarfus image of a
DNA biochip elaborated by bottom-up approach. These seek to arrange
smaller components into more complex assemblies
Slide 10
Top-down approaches These seek to create smaller devices by
using larger ones to direct their assembly. This device transfers
energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above
them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light. [11] quantum
wellsnanocrystals [11] Solid-state techniques can be used to create
devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are
related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS. Solid-state
silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors
Slide 11
The Self-Cleanliness on the Surface of Lotus Flower
Slide 12
Gooses and Ducks Keep Dryness under the Water
Slide 13
No Washing Nano Suit
Slide 14
Fullerene Introduction of Fullerene family (what is?) Fullerene
(discovery, naming) Types of Fullerene and related structures
Properties Synthesis (to fabricate) Potential and current
applications
Slide 15
A Fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the
form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes
are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon
nanotubes or buckytubes.sphereellipsoidtubecarbon nanotubes What is
Fullerene? C 60 in solution Buckminster fullerene C 60 (left) and
carbon nanotubes (right) are two examples of structures in the
fullerene family.
Slide 16
Allotropes of carbon Allotropes of carbon: Diamond (hardest
natural mineral)mineral Graphite(dry lubrican t, graphene)lubrican
t graphene Amorphous carbon (coal and soot)coalsoot Fullerene
family (C 60, carbon nanotubes etc) Allotropes : different
structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element
are bonded together in a different manner.atoms bonded Diamond and
graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same
element that differ in structure.
Slide 17
Fullerene-History The existence of C 60 was predicted by Eiji
Osawa of Toyohashi University of Technology in a Japanese magazine
in 1970Toyohashi University of Technology With mass spectrometry,
discrete peaks were observed corresponding to molecules with the
exact mass of sixty or seventy or more carbon atoms. In 1985,
Harold Kroto etc discovered C 60, and shortly thereafter came to
discover the fullerenes. Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the
1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of
this class of compounds.mass spectrometryHarold Kroto Nobel Prize
in Chemistry Minute quantities of the fullerenes, in the form of C
60, C 70, C 76, and C 84 molecules, are produced in nature, hidden
in soot and formed by lightning discharges in the atmosphere.soot
Buckminsterfullerene C 60 The Icosahedral Fullerene C
540Icosahedral
Slide 18
Discovery of Carbon C 60 1985, Robert F. Curl, discovered a new
form of carbon that 60 or 70 carbon atoms could cluster together to
form a cage-like molecule. The molecular structure resembled the
pattern of a soccer ball or the geodesic designs of Buckminster
Fullerenes. Thus the name buckyballs or fullerenes. Since then the
discovery has led to new research in polymers, semiconductors, and
other various areas. Nobel Prize to their finders in 1996
Slide 19
Existence in the nature In 1992, fullerenes were found in a
family of minerals known as Shungites in Karelia,
Russia.ShungitesKarelia In 2010, fullerenes (C60) have been
discovered in a cloud of cosmic dust surrounding a distant star
6500 light years away. Using NASA's Spitzer infrared telescope the
scientists spotted the molecules' unmistakable infrared signature.
Sir Harry Kroto, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
the discovery of buckyballs commented: "This most exciting
breakthrough provides convincing evidence that the buckyball has,
as I long suspected, existed since time immemorial in the dark
recesses of our galaxy Spitzer
Slide 20
Naming--Fullerene The substance of the Fullerene was named
after the American inventor, architects and philosophers Richard
Buckminster Fuller (1895 till 1983). As an architect, R.B.Fuller
designed the constructions which exist of 5-corners and 6- corners,
for example, the American pavilion to the Expo in '67 in
Montral(geodesic dome).geodesic dome Fullerenes are similar in
structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets
of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or
sometimes heptagonal) rings.graphitegraphene
Slide 21
Buckminster Fuller Richard Buckminster Fuller, c. 1917.
BornJuly 12, 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, United States Milton,
Massachusetts DiedJuly 1, 1983 (aged 87) Los Angeles, United States
Los Angeles OccupationVisionaryVisionary, designer,architect,
author, inventordesignerarchitectinventor SpouseAnne Fuller
Children2: Allegra Fuller Snyder and Alexandra who died in
childhood Buckminster Fuller The Montreal Biosphre by Buckminster
Fuller, 1967Montreal Biosphre Richard Buckminster Fuller, c.
1917
Slide 22
After the IUPAC nomenclature the C60 has the following name:
[29.29.0.0.2,14.03,12. 04,59.05,10.06,58. 07,55.08,53.09,21.
011,20.013,18.015,30. 016,28.017,25.019,24. 022,52.
023.50.026,49.027,47. 029,45.032,44.033,60. 034,57.035,43.036,56.
037,41.038,54.039,51. 040,48.042,46]hexaconta-
1,3,5(10),6,8,11,13(18),
14,16,19,21,23,25,27,29(45),30,32(44),33,35(43),
36,38(54),39(51),40(48),41,46,49,52,55,57,59-triacont
IUPAC--International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Another fairly common fullerene is C 70, but fullerenes with
72, 76, 84 and even up to 100 carbon atoms are commonly obtained.
In mathematical terms, the structure of a fullerene is a trivalent
convex polyhedron with pentagonal and hexagonal faces. In graph
theory, the term fullerene refers to any 3-regular, planar graph
with all faces of size 5 or 6 (including the external face). It
follows from Euler's polyhedron formula, V E + F = 2, (where V, E,
F are the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces), that there are
exactly 12 pentagons in a fullerene and V/2 10 hexagons.
mathematicaltrivalentpolyhedrongraph theoryregularplanar
graphEuler's polyhedron formula C20 C26 C60 C70 Different structure
buckyballs
Slide 25
Fullerene Family Fig. 3.1: A schematic representation of the
structures of graphite, diamond and fullerenes. While the
two-dimensional sheets formed by hexagons are packed one over
another in graphite, the diamond structure is three-dimensional.
Only two fullerenes are shown. The smaller one is
buckminsterfullerene, C 60. structure. The double bonds are
localized exocyclic to the pentagons giving [5] radialene character
to the pentagons and cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene character to the
hexagons.
Slide 26
Synthesis(discover) of C60 Fig. 3.2: The experimental set-up
used to discover C 60. The graphite disk is evaporated with a
Nd:YAG laser and the evaporated carbon plasma is cooled by a stream
of helium coming from a pulsed valve. The clusters of carbon are
produced in the integration cup and are expanded into vacuum. The
ions are detected by time of flight mass spectrometry
Slide 27
synthesis and purification of fullerenes Fig. 3.4: Schematic
illustration of the processed involved in the synthesis and
purification of fullerenes. Graphite rods are evaporated in an arc,
under He atmosphere. The soot collected is extracted with toluene
and subjected to chromatography.
Slide 28
Properties & Applications In April 2003, fullerenes were
under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific
antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even
target certain cancer cells potential medicinal use antibiotics
bacteriacancer use of fullerenes as light-activated antimicrobial
agentsantimicrobial Fullerenes are stable, but not totally
unreactive. Solubility C 60 in solution Fullerenes are sparingly
soluble in many solventssolvents Solutions of pure
buckminsterfullerene have a deep purple color. Solutions of C 70
are a reddish brown. The higher fullerenes C 76 to C 84 have a
variety of colors
Slide 29
Properties & Applications Fig. 3.6: (Bottom) Mass spectrum
of a laser evaporated C 60 film showing coalescence of fullerenes.
Mass peaks are seen at (C 60 ) n (Ref.64). (Top) Collision of high
energy ions on C 60 results in the addition of C 2 s to C 60. The
mass spectrum here shows the addition of a number of such species
(Ref.65). Combined figure originally published in, T. Pradeep,
Current Science, 72 (1997) 124.
Slide 30
Hydrated Fullerene C 60 HyFn water solution with a C 60
concentration of 0.22 mg/mL Hydrated fullerene C 60 HyFn is a
stable, highly hydrophilic, supra-molecular complex consisting of
60 fullerene molecule enclosed into the first hydrated shell that
contains 24 water molecules: C 60 @(H 2 O) 24. that intercalation
of alkali-metal atoms in solid C 60 leads to metallic behavior. In
1991, it was revealed that potassium-doped C 60 becomes
superconducting at 18 K. This was the highest transition
temperature for a molecular superconductor. Since then,
superconductivity has been reported in fullerene doped with various
other alkali metals superconducting Superconductivity Properties
& Applications
Slide 31
Fig. 3.8: Normalized DC electrical resistivity T of a K 3 C 60
single crystal. The T c observed is 19.8K. 0 is the resistivity at
T=280K. Reprinted with permission from Xiang, et al. (Ref.95).
Copyright (1992) AAAS.
Slide 32
Summary and Reference 1a interesting video:
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjM4NDcwMzcy.htmlhttp://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjM4NDcwMzcy.html
2Our course website:
http://cc.usst.edu.cn/Able.Acc2.Web/Template/View.aspx?courseType=0&co
urseId=458&topMenuId=49182&menuType=4&action=view&type=&name=
http://cc.usst.edu.cn/Able.Acc2.Web/Template/View.aspx?courseType=0&co
urseId=458&topMenuId=49182&menuType=4&action=view&type=&name
3Quite useful website:( wikipedia website)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene 4Reference books: T.PRADEEP
NANO The essentials, understanding nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Springer handbook of nanotechnology (Bhushan Editor)
Slide 33
NanoArt Gallary Ancient of Days from classical art to quantum
art THANK YOU!