NanosturcturesNanosturcturesand Nanomaterialsand Nanomaterials

Lecture 4-5-6

Dr.Jern benchaporn19/9/2012 –

26/9/2012

What are they?What are they? Nano = 10Nano = 10-9-9 or one billionth in size or one billionth in size Materials with dimensions and tolerances in Materials with dimensions and tolerances in

the range of 100 nm to 0.1 nmthe range of 100 nm to 0.1 nm Metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or Metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or

composite materialscomposite materials One nanometer spans 3-5 atoms lined up in a One nanometer spans 3-5 atoms lined up in a

rowrow

Term Term NanomaterialsNanomaterials;;different classes of materials, including:different classes of materials, including:

1.1. Dry solid nanoparticles and clustersDry solid nanoparticles and clusters2.2. Dispersions of nanoparticles in liquids Dispersions of nanoparticles in liquids (nanosuspensions and colloidal solutions)(nanosuspensions and colloidal solutions)3.3. Nanocrystalline materials held together by glassy Nanocrystalline materials held together by glassy material or embedded in a glassy matrix, such as material or embedded in a glassy matrix, such as ceramics or glass ceramics with nanosized phaseceramics or glass ceramics with nanosized phase4.4. Nanocomposite materials including organic as well as Nanocomposite materials including organic as well as inorganic componentsinorganic components5.5. Stiff macromolecular or supermolecular aggregates Stiff macromolecular or supermolecular aggregates composed of fullerenes, nanorods, nanotubescomposed of fullerenes, nanorods, nanotubes

Term Term NanomaterialNanomaterial;;different classes of materials, different classes of materials,

Nanopolycrystalline materials,Nanopolycrystalline materials,Partially crystalline polymers Partially crystalline polymers Emulsions with nanodropletsEmulsions with nanodroplets

Not included:Not included:

01/05/23

Example Nanostructured Materials provided!Example Nanostructured Materials provided!

Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc. Hyperion Catalysis International MicroCoating Technologies NanoPowder Enterprises, Inc. Superior MicroPowders Quantum Polymers MicroCoating Technologies, Inc Next Generation Energy Corp. Millenium Chemicals Monsanto Company Nanopowder Enterprises, Inc. Aerogel Composite, LLC Applied Nanotechnologies, Inc NanoMag NanoPDT NanoXray

Representative nanoparticle compositions and sizes

Particle compositionParticle compositionMetalsMetals

SemiconductorsSemiconductors

MagneticMagnetic

PolymerPolymer

Available particle size (nm)Available particle size (nm) AuAu 2-1502-150 AgAg 1-1801-180 PtPt 1-201-20 CuCu 1-1501-150

CdX (X = S, Se, Te)CdX (X = S, Se, Te) 1-201-20 ZnX (X = S, Se, Te)ZnX (X = S, Se, Te) 1-201-20 PbSPbS 2-182-18 TiOTiO22 3-503-50 ZnOZnO 1-301-30 GaAsGaAs 1-151-15 GeGe 6-306-30

FeFe33OO44 6-406-40

Many compositionsMany compositions 50-100050-1000

Nanocrystals, colloidal and nanotubesNanocrystals, colloidal and nanotubes are some of the important classes of nanomaterials.

ChemistryChemistry has played a major role in the synthesis and modification of these nanomaterials.

How to Make NanostructuresHow to Make Nanostructures

Nanometer sizeNanometer sizein one dimensionin one dimension Nanometer sizeNanometer size

in two in two dimensionsdimensions Nanometer sizeNanometer size

in three in three dimensionsdimensions

Very thin surface coatings

Nanowires and nanotubesNanoparticles

The “bottom-up” or “self-assembly” approach first forms the nanostructured building blocks and then assembles them into the final material.

variety of nanostructure synthesis and assembly approaches

The “top-down” approach begins with a suitable starting material and then “sculpts” the functionality from the material.

Representation of Representation of the the top-down approachtop-down approach

Self-assembly, an Self-assembly, an example of the bottom-example of the bottom-up approach.up approach.

Classification of nanoscale Classification of nanoscale fabrication and synthesesfabrication and syntheses

Top-down approachesTop-down approaches: : Top-down fabrication reduces large pieces of materials all the way down to the nanoscale, like someone carving a model airplane out of a block of wood. This approach requires larger amounts of materials and can lead to waste if excess material is discarded.

PaPattern transfer: lithographyttern transfer: lithography Nanoscale patterning/writingNanoscale patterning/writing Other methods: Irradiation, Mechanical Other methods: Irradiation, Mechanical

grindinggrinding

Classification of nanoscale Classification of nanoscale fabrication and synthesesfabrication and syntheses Bottom-Bottom-up approaches: up approaches: to nanomanufacturing creates

products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components, which can be time-consuming. Scientists are exploring the concept of placing certain molecular-scale components together that will spontaneously “self-assemble,” from the bottom up into ordered structures.

Atomic Atomic manipulationmanipulation Gas-pGas-phase syntheseshase syntheses Chemical Chemical synthesessyntheses Self-assembled systems Self-assembled systems (describes the process in which a group of components

come together to form an ordered structure

without outside direction)

A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge wire (above), approximately 1.3 millimeters in

diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread. And the same wire on

a 150 ply spool (below.) Courtesy of Nanocomp.

Top-down approachesTop-down approaches

Nanofabrication:Top-down Nanofabrication:Top-down approachapproach

It is a SEM micrograph showing part of a gear wheel (micromachine) made using lithography technology (field of view: 300 micrometers).

MEMS MEMS

Etching processes

Photolithography

model of photolithographymodel of photolithography

Nanoporous membrane fabricationNanoporous membrane fabrication

Bottom-up approachesBottom-up approaches

Classification of nanoscale Classification of nanoscale fabrication and synthesesfabrication and syntheses

Bottom-Bottom-up approaches:up approaches: Atomic Atomic manipulationmanipulation Gas-pGas-phase syntheseshase syntheses Chemical Chemical synthesessyntheses Self-assembled systems => biological methodsSelf-assembled systems => biological methods

5 nm

Atomic manipulation with STM

14.3 nmQuantum Corral

Fe atoms on copper (M.F Commie, C.P. Lutz and D.M. E

igler, Science 2 6 2 , p2 1 8 (1993

Xe atoms on Ni

(D.M. Eigler& E., Nature 344 , p524(1990))

NOTE: Atomic manipulation is done at 4 K or -270 oC.

Don Eigler, IBM

Atom Manipulation

หวัหวัอ่าน อ่าน STMSTM

Don Eigler, IBM

Atom Manipulation

หวัหวัอ่าน อ่าน STMSTM

Don Eigler, IBM

Atom Manipulation

Chemical Syntheses: Au colloids

http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab

HAuCl4 + trisodium citrate -> Au Note:Passivated gold colloid = gold + thiol (R-SH)

Chemical syntheses: Functionalization

Fullerene

Modified Modified FullereneFullerene

Other methodsOther methods

Chemical Syntheses: Chemical Syntheses: coatingcoating

Gase-phase syntheses: Gase-phase syntheses: Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)

Carbon sourceCarbon + metal catalyst (e.g. Fe)

Atomic depositionCatalytic properties

M. Valden et. al., Science 281, 1647 (1998)

STM image of Gold nanoparticles formed by evaporation on TiO2

Cluster size, band gap and catalytic activity of Au clusters for CO -> CO2

AtomicAtomic deposition: Plasma deposition: Plasma sputteringsputtering

Self-assembled systems: nanoparticles

Plasmatreatment

Diblock-copolymer micelles loaded with HAuCl4

Substrate

SubstrateAu nanoparticles

R.E. Palmer, S. Pratontep and H.-G. Boyen, Nature Materials (Review article) 2, 443-448 (2003).H.G. Boyen et.al. Phys. Rev. B 65, art. no. 075412 (2002).

AFM of Au clusters on glass (1 x 1 m2)

Self-assembled systems: Self-assembled systems: Close-packed protein arrayClose-packed protein array

J. Schiener et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 328, p477 (2005)

High resolution AFM of GroEL chaperonin on mica

Self-assembled systems : biomaterial layers

J.-W. Choi et al., Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 40, p173 (2005)

Electro-spinning of PVA solution

PVA nanofibers

High voltage

26 Sept 26 Sept TopicTopic

2 Oct 2 Oct 5 References5 References

After Midsem exam After Midsem exam Discuss the paperDiscuss the paper

27 Nov 27 Nov Slide discussionSlide discussion

4 Dec 4 Dec Presentation Presentation

NanofabricationChemical Syntheses

Fabrication metal nanoparticles Fabrication metal nanoparticles

Fabrication Quantum dots Fabrication Quantum dots

Safety issues with nanoscale powders Safety issues with nanoscale powders

A well-known application of early nanotechnology is the ruby red color that was used for stained glass windows during the Middle Ages The color is a result of gold atoms clustering to form nanoparticles instead of the more usual solid form. These small gold particles allow the long-wave red light to pass through but block the shorter wavelengths of blue and yellow light. The color, therefore, depends both on the element involved (gold) and on the particle size; silver nanoparticles, for example, can give a yellow color.

Gold nanoparticles

Fabrication metal nanoparticles Fabrication metal nanoparticles

1. Small size (1-100 nm) and 1. Small size (1-100 nm) and correspondingly correspondingly

large surface-to-volume ratiolarge surface-to-volume ratio

2. Chemically tailorable physical 2. Chemically tailorable physical properties, properties,

Which directly relate to size, Which directly relate to size, composition, composition,

and shapeand shape

3. Overall structural robustness3. Overall structural robustness

4. More Catalytic properties etc4. More Catalytic properties etc

Why Why NANOMATERIALS?NANOMATERIALS?

The surface-area-to-volume ratio also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. The surface area to volume ratio is measured in units of inverse distance.

Surface Surface areaarea

VolumeVolume

LengthLength

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9

11111100 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11

1. Small size (1-100 nm) and correspondingly large 1. Small size (1-100 nm) and correspondingly large surface-to-volume ratiosurface-to-volume ratio

Fabrication metal nanoparticles Fabrication metal nanoparticlesSynthesis of colloidal goldSynthesis of colloidal gold

Au3+ ions to be reduced to neutral gold atomsAs more and more of these gold atoms formthe solution becomes supersaturatedand gold gradually starts to precipitate in the form of sub-nanometer particles

The rest of the gold atoms that form stick to the existing particles, and, if the solution is stirred vigorously enough, the particles will be fairly uniform in size.

Fabrication metal nanoparticles Fabrication metal nanoparticlesSynthesis of colloidal goldSynthesis of colloidal gold

• Make HAuClMake HAuCl4 4 solution in water and pour into a beakersolution in water and pour into a beaker

• Heat the solution to boiling on a hot plateHeat the solution to boiling on a hot plate

• Add NaAdd Na33CC66HH55OO77 to Au solution in the beaker to Au solution in the beaker

• Let the solution boil.Let the solution boil.

UV spectra of 13 nm AuNPs. a) 3.5 nM, direct reduction; b) 17 nM , direct reduction; c) 17 nM, centrifuging (from bottom to top).

520 520 nmnm

3.5 3.5 nMnM reducing reducing

17 17 nMnM reducing reducing

17 17 nMnM centrifuging centrifuging

Gold Particles as a Chemical SensorGold Particles as a Chemical Sensor

•Take a UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the Au colloid solnTake a UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the Au colloid soln•Place Au colloid solution each of three glass vialsPlace Au colloid solution each of three glass vials•Add water to dilute the colloid solutionAdd water to dilute the colloid solution•Add 1 M NaCl to the first vial dropwise. Add 1 M NaCl to the first vial dropwise. •Record what happened.Record what happened.

A layer of absorbed citrate anions on the surface of gold A layer of absorbed citrate anions on the surface of gold nanoparticles keep the nanoparticles separated (left). nanoparticles keep the nanoparticles separated (left).

Addition of smaller chloride ions (right) allows the particles Addition of smaller chloride ions (right) allows the particles to approach more closely and a color change is observed.to approach more closely and a color change is observed.

AggregationAggregation

Quantum Dots Quantum Dots

What are Quantum Dots?What are Quantum Dots?

1. Their composition and small size give these dots extraordinary optical

properties that can be readily customized by changing the size or composition of the dots.

What are Quantum Dots?What are Quantum Dots?

2. Quantum dots absorb light, then quickly re-emit the light but in a different color. Although other organic and inorganic materials exhibit this phenomenon fluorescence—the ideal fluorophores would be bright and non-photobleaching with narrow, symmetric emission spectra, and have multiple resolvable colors that can be excited simultaneously using a single excitation wavelength. Quantum dots closely fit this ideal.

What are Quantum Dots?What are Quantum Dots?3. The most striking property is that the color of quantum

dots—both in absorption and emission—can be "tuned" to any chosen wavelength by simply changing their size.

What are Quantum Dots?What are Quantum Dots?4. . Quantum dots combine the most sought-after characteristics,

such as multiple colors and brightness, offered by either fluorescent dyes or semiconductor LEDs (light emitting diodes). In addition, quantum dot particles have many unique optical properties that are found only in these materials.

What are Quantum Dots?What are Quantum Dots?5. The principle behind this unique property is the quantum

confinement effect. This leads to different-sized quantum dots emitting light of different wavelengths. By using only a small number of semiconductor materials and an array of different sizes, one can have quantum dots emit colors that span the spectrum, from ultraviolet to infrared.

• • Size dependent emission spectra Size dependent emission spectra • • Single excitation Single excitation • • Higher photostability Higher photostability • • Narrow emission peak Narrow emission peak • • Low toxicity for coated quantum dots Low toxicity for coated quantum dots

Quantum Dots in BiologyQuantum Dots in Biology

StructureStructure • • Core quantum dot Core quantum dot

– – CdSe, hydrophobic, not stable CdSe, hydrophobic, not stable • • - Core shell quantum dot- Core shell quantum dot

– – ZnS/CdSe, hydrophobic, stable ZnS/CdSe, hydrophobic, stable • • Water soluble quantum dot Water soluble quantum dot

– – Hydrophilic polymer coating Hydrophilic polymer coating • • Quantum dot bioconjugation Quantum dot bioconjugation

– – Bioconjugate to hydrophilic quantum dot Bioconjugate to hydrophilic quantum dot

Nanocrystals are zero dimensional nanomaterials, whic h exhibit strong quantum confinement in all three dime

nsions, and thus they are also called “ quantum dots”.

• 2 to 10 nm diameter• under UV light

•under ambient light

smallsmall largelarge

A schematic representation A schematic representation ofofthe band structure in solids: the band structure in solids:

(a) quantum (a) quantum confinement confinement effect on changing quantum effect on changing quantum dot dot size; size;

(b) surface trap sites with (b) surface trap sites with their electronic energy their electronic energy states localized within the states localized within the QDs bandgap; QDs bandgap;

(c) the electronic structure (c) the electronic structure of aof acore–shell quantum dot core–shell quantum dot made of two semiconductors made of two semiconductors forming a heterojunction forming a heterojunction (core surrounded by the (core surrounded by the shell of a wider bandgap).shell of a wider bandgap).

Schematic drawing Schematic drawing representing the changes on representing the changes on opticalopticalbehavior of nanoparticles behavior of nanoparticles associated with their size.associated with their size.

Top: ElectronicTop: Electronicstructure of QDs with ‘blue structure of QDs with ‘blue shift’ due to quantum shift’ due to quantum confinement.confinement.

Typical process used to produce QDs for bioapplications,Typical process used to produce QDs for bioapplications,considering the major steps: considering the major steps:

(a)(a) Coreshell QDs (CdSe–ZnS); Coreshell QDs (CdSe–ZnS); organic colloidal stabilizationorganic colloidal stabilizationligand tri-ligand tri-n-octylphosphine n-octylphosphine oxide oxide

(TOPO)(TOPO)

hydrophilic polymer attachment (PEG); hydrophilic polymer attachment (PEG);

Bioconjugated with affinity Bioconjugated with affinity ligands as targeting ligands as targeting molecule (immunoglobulin-molecule (immunoglobulin-G);G);

Integrated hybrid biocompatible Integrated hybrid biocompatible nanocomposite (‘micellar’ nanocomposite (‘micellar’ structure).structure).

Synthesis of CdSe nanoparticles

Crystal structures of CdSe predicted with theoretical calculations and found to be physically reasonable .

(A ) (CdSe)3 (B ) (CdSe)6 (C ) (CdSe)13 (D ) (CdSe)16

Water soluble CdSe nanoparticles

Quantitative biodistribution of QDs as a function of size Quantitative biodistribution of QDs as a function of size ((AA : : 4.4 nm HD, B4.4 nm HD, B : : 6.4 nm HD6.4 nm HD ) ) using radioactively labeled QDsusing radioactively labeled QDs . .

Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes

Material for the Material for the futurefuture

CNT : Materials for the futureCNT : Materials for the futureHistory of CNTsHistory of CNTs

Japanese scientist, Sumio Iijima , discoverer of nanotubes

Multi-wall carbon nanotube

1970 - Discovery of carbon filaments1985 - Discovery of bucky ball1991 - Discovery of multi-wall carbon

nanotubes1992 - Conductivity of carbon nanotubes1993 - Synthesis of single-wall carbon

nanotubes1995 - Nanotube as field emitters1996 - Ropes of single-wall nanotube1997 - Hydrogen storage in nanotube2000 - Thermal conductivity of

nanotubes- Macroscopically aligned nanotubes

2001 - Integration of carbon nanotubes for logic circuit

- Intrinsic superconductivity of carbon nanotubes………

Types of Carbon Nanotubes:Types of Carbon Nanotubes:

Armchair

Zigzag

Chiral

Single-wall carbon nanotubeSingle-wall carbon nanotube

Double-wall Double-wall carbon nanotubecarbon nanotube

Multi-wall carbon Multi-wall carbon nanotubenanotube

Various forms of carbonVarious forms of carbon

Arc dischargeArc discharge Laser ablationLaser ablation Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Synthesis :Synthesis :

etc.etc.

CNT : Materials for the futureCNT : Materials for the future

Properties :Properties :Properties of Carbon nanotubesProperties of Carbon nanotubes : :

Recent research has shown that carbon nanotubes Recent research has shown that carbon nanotubes have promising materials properties for technologic have promising materials properties for technologic

al applications. For examples carbon nanotubes hav al applications. For examples carbon nanotubes have:e:• the highest elastic module, and mechanical • the highest elastic module, and mechanical strength that is approximately 200 times strength that is approximately 200 times stronger stronger than steelthan steel . .

• novel electronic properties. • novel electronic properties.• high thermal conductivity• high thermal conductivity . .

• excellent chemical and thermal stability. • excellent chemical and thermal stability.• promising electron field emission properties• promising electron field emission properties . .

• high chemical (such as lithium) storage capacity. • high chemical (such as lithium) storage capacity.

CNT : Materials for the futureCNT : Materials for the future

CNT : Materials for the futureCNT : Materials for the future

Applications

scanning probe microscopy

gate nanotube transistor logic

circuit

CNT-based gas sensors

SWNT FET biosensor with GOx

CNTs composite fiber woven into fabric for

functional textiles

Energy storage The winning nanotube-enhanced bike Combat jacket

CNT : Materials for the futureCNT : Materials for the future

Applications of Nanotechnology Next-generation computer chips

Ultra-high purity materials, enhanced thermal conductivity and longer lasting nanocrystalline materials

Kinetic Energy penetrators (DoD weapon) Nanocrystalline tungsten heavy alloy to replace

radioactive depleted uranium Better insulation materials

Create foam-like structures called ‘aerogels’ from nanocrystalline materials

Porous and extremely lightweight, can hold up to 100 times their weight

More applications… Improved HDTV and LCD monitors

Nanocrystalline selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, and lead telluride to replace current phosphors

Cheaper and more durable Harder and more durable cutting materials

Tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, and titanium carbide

Much more wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant than conventional materials

Reduces time needed to manufacture parts, cheaper manufacturing

Even more applications… High power magnets

Nanocrystalline yttrium-samarium-cobalt grains possess unusually large surface area compared to traditional magnet materials

Allows for much higher magnetization values Possibility for quieter submarines, ultra-sensitive

analyzing devices, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or automobile alternators to name a few

Pollution clean up materials Engineered to be chemically reactive to carbon

monoxide and nitrous oxide More efficient pollution controls and cleanup

Still more applications… Greater fuel efficiency for cars

Improved spark plug materials, ‘railplug’ Stronger bio-based plastics

Bio-based plastics made from plant oils lack sufficient structural strength to be useful

Merge nanomaterials such as clays, fibers and tubes with bio-based plastics to enhance strength and durability

Allows for stronger, more environment friendly materials to construct cars, space shuttles and a myriad of other products

Applications wrapup Higher quality medical implants

Current micro-scale implants aren’t porous enough for tissue to penetrate and adapt to

Nano-scale materials not only enhance durability and strength of implants but also allow tissue cells to adapt more readily

Home pregnancy tests Current tests such as ‘First Response’ use gold nanoparticles in

conjunction with micro-meter sized latex particles Derived with antibodies to the human chorionic gonadotrophin

hormone that is released by pregnant women The antibodies react with the hormone in urine and clump

together and show up pink due to the nanoparticles’ plamson resonance absortion qualities

Nanomaterials conjugation with Bio

QDSQDS

Streptavidin-BiotinStreptavidin-Biotin

Streptavidin-BiotinStreptavidin-Biotin

Streptavidin-BiotinStreptavidin-Biotin

Safety issues with nanoscale powders Safety issues with nanoscale powders

Many questions need to Many questions need to be addressedbe addressed

How, and in what quantities, will synthetic How, and in what quantities, will synthetic nanoparticles from nano-products be released into our nanoparticles from nano-products be released into our environment (soil, air, water)? environment (soil, air, water)?

What level of contamination is to be expected in What level of contamination is to be expected in natural environment ( rivers, air, soil samples? natural environment ( rivers, air, soil samples?

How to control the release of nanoparticles from How to control the release of nanoparticles from nano-products to environment?nano-products to environment?

What analytical methods are appropriate for What analytical methods are appropriate for investigating environmental samples for nanoparticle investigating environmental samples for nanoparticle concentrations which in many cases are expected to concentrations which in many cases are expected to be found at low levels? be found at low levels?

what effects will be found on bacteria, fish, insects, what effects will be found on bacteria, fish, insects, plants and other organisms?plants and other organisms?

How to dispose nano-products without releasing of How to dispose nano-products without releasing of nanoparticles to environment?nanoparticles to environment?

What are people doing to What are people doing to handle the “nano” situation?handle the “nano” situation?

NSF and US. EPA announced on SeptNSF and US. EPA announced on Sept . . 17, 08 that they will 17, 08 that they will grant $38 milliongrant $38 million

over five years to establish two new research centers to study over five years to establish two new research centers to study the environmentalthe environmental

implications of nanotechnologyimplications of nanotechnology . .Center for Environmental Implications of NanotechnologyCenter for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CE (CE

INT, pronounced "saint") INT, pronounced "saint") at Duke University at Duke University will focus on the f will focus on the f ate and transport of natural and manufactured nanomaterials ate and transport of natural and manufactured nanomaterials

in ecosystems. in ecosystems. The University of California Center for Environmental The University of California Center for Environmental

Implications of Nanotechnology Implications of Nanotechnology ((UC CEINUC CEIN ) ) based in the based in the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA will focus on California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA will focus on developing a scientific model that can forecast how different developing a scientific model that can forecast how different types of nanomaterials could affect environmental healthtypes of nanomaterials could affect environmental health..

Centre for Nano Safety

http://www.napier.ac.uk/randkt/rktcentres/nanosafety/Pages/CommercialActivites.aspx

ActivitiesSupports industry through the provision of:Advice based on current knowledge about the risks associated with various nanomaterialsWriting of reports to summarise current knowledge relating to nanomaterial risk issuesTesting the biological activity or toxicity of nanomaterials.The aim of these services are to provide industry with the information needed to:Ensure the safe manufacture, handling and use of their nanomaterialsTo improve the design of nanomaterialsTo allow products to reach their full potential by minimizing risks.

commercial

How to work safely with nanomaterialsBasic concept is preventing yourself from exposure Basic concept is preventing yourself from exposure pathways;pathways;

DocumentsDocuments Be sure to consider the hazards of precursor Be sure to consider the hazards of precursor

materials in evaluating process hazards. materials in evaluating process hazards. Use good general laboratory safety practices as Use good general laboratory safety practices as

found in your chemical hygiene plan. Wear gloves, found in your chemical hygiene plan. Wear gloves, lab coats, safety glasses, face shields, closed-toed lab coats, safety glasses, face shields, closed-toed shoes as needed. shoes as needed.

Consideration should be given to the high reactivity Consideration should be given to the high reactivity of some nanopowder (carbonaceous and metal of some nanopowder (carbonaceous and metal dusts) with regard to potential fire and explosion dusts) with regard to potential fire and explosion hazards.hazards.

100Adapted from Prof. Peter Lichty of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and web.mit.edu/environment/pdf/Nanomaterial_Toxicity_EHS.pdf

InhalationInhalation Synthesis of nanomaterials should be carried Synthesis of nanomaterials should be carried

out in ventilated fume hoods or glove boxes.out in ventilated fume hoods or glove boxes. Any experiments should be conducted in Any experiments should be conducted in

enclosed reactors or under vacuum or enclosed reactors or under vacuum or exhaust ventilation.exhaust ventilation.

Maintenance on reactor parts that may Maintenance on reactor parts that may release residual particles in the air should be release residual particles in the air should be done in fume hoods. done in fume hoods.

If it is necessary to handle nanoparticle If it is necessary to handle nanoparticle powders outside fume hood, wear powders outside fume hood, wear appropriate respiratory protection. The appropriate respiratory protection. The appropriate respirator should be selected appropriate respirator should be selected based on professional consultation.based on professional consultation.

Dermal Avoid skin contact with

nanoparticles or nanoparticle-containing solutions by using appropriate personal protective equipment.

Do not handle nanoparticles with your bare skin.

Adapted from Prof. Peter Lichty of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and web.mit.edu/environment/pdf/Nanomaterial_Toxicity_EHS.pdf

Disposal Dispose of and transport waste nanoparticles

according to hazardous chemical waste guidelines. DO NOT put material from nanomaterial – bearing

waste streams into the regular trash or down the drain.

All waste materials potentially contaminated with nano materials should be identified and evaluated or collected for special waste disposal. On the content section note that it contains nano sized particles and indicate what they are.

CNTs should be treated as potentially toxic fibers and should be handles with appropriate control.

Metal based NPs should be treated and handled as toxic metal

If large quantities of carbonaceous and metals dusts are used, safety related to fires and explosions have to be concerned.

Adapted from Prof. Peter Lichty of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and web.mit.edu/environment/pdf/Nanomaterial_Toxicity_EHS.pdf

““It is a mistake for someone to say nanoparticles are It is a mistake for someone to say nanoparticles are safe, and it is a mistake to say nanoparticles are safe, and it is a mistake to say nanoparticles are dangerous. dangerous.

They are probably going to be somewhere in the They are probably going to be somewhere in the middle. And it will depend very much on the middle. And it will depend very much on the specifics”specifics”

Prof. V. Colvin, Director of Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology at Rice University, quouted in Technology Review

105

http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/nanochem/nanofabrication.htm

http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v10/n7/full/nmat3038.html?WT.ec_id=NMAT-201107

The EndThe EndGroup Presentation.Group Presentation.

Paper Selection.Paper Selection.