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NAPOLEON’S EUROPEChapter 20
section 3
Key Terms• Napoleon Bonaparte• Admiral Horatio Nelson• Coup d’ etat• Plebiscite• Continental system• Nationalism
Opportunities for Glory
• Napoleon a brilliant military leader
• Forced British troops out of Toulon
• Won a victory against Austria
• 1795 faced royalist mob in Paris
• Used artillery to disperse them
Opportunities for Glory
• Directory placed Napoleon in charge of French troops
• Troops not slowed down by supply train
• Took what they needed from the countryside
• Won battles against the Italians and Austrians
• Secured France’s borders
Opportunities for Glory
• Napoleon turned his attention to Egypt
• 1798 Napoleon defeats Egypt’s Ottoman defenders
• Admiral Horatio Nelson- trapped and destroyed most French ships in the Battle of the Nile
Opportunities for Glory
• Napoleon covered up his defeat
• Napoleon sailed home• Left army in Egypt under another officer
• Exaggerated France's successes
Napoleon Seizes Power
• National hero decided to seize political power
• Directory had grown weak
• Armed supporters of Napoleon surrounded the Directory
• Voted Napoleon first Consul
Napoleon Seize Power
• Coup d’ etat- a forced transfer of power
• A group of three consuls would replace the Directory
• Structure of the Republic still in place
• Napoleon had become dictator
Napoleon Seizes Power
• Why would France want a dictator, after overthrowing a king?
• French craved order and stability the Napoleon promised
• Napoleon pledged to uphold some of the revolutions reforms
Napoleon Crowns Himself
• Plebiscite-question put before all the voters
• 1804- did they want to declare France an empire
• Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon I
• Pope Pious VII came from Rome to crown him
Napoleon Crowns Himself
• As Pope was going to place the crown on Napoleon's head
• He grabbed it and put it on his own head
• Told the world no one gave Napoleon authority but himself
Desire for Empire
• Wanted to rule Europe and extend power to Americas
• Civil war in Haiti was a French defeat
• Napoleon sold the Louisiana territories to America to concentrate on Europe
The Napoleonic Wars Begin
• Quest to conquer Europe
• France became a dominant power in Europe
• Napoleonic Wars lasted till 1815
• Great Britain was France’s worst enemy
The Napoleonic Wars Begin
• Organized coalitions against France
• Napoleon knew he had to defeat Great Britain
• 1805 England again defeats France in Battle of Trafalgar
• On Land Napoleon was more successful
The Continental System
• Britain's economy depended on overseas trade
• Napoleon wanted to disrupt trade
• Continental system- blockade prohibited French or allied ships from trading with Britain
The Continental System
• British required all neutral ships to stop in British ports for permission to trade with France
• This caused other conflicts
The Peninsular War
• Portugal share Iberian Peninsula with Spain
• Portuguese refused to participate in the continental system
• They depended on Great Britain for trade
• Napoleon sent troops to drive out the King
The Peninsular War
• Napoleon then conquered Spain
• British sent troops to Spain
• Napoleon won several victories against the British
• Guerilla warfare in Spain
• Attacked French troops and camps
The Peninsular War
• French slaughtered many innocent civilians to punish the guerillas
• Kept French army pinned down
• Napoleon pulled troops from Spain
Napoleon Dominates Europe
• Took control of Europe through treaties and alliances
• Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden and Ottoman Empire not controlled
• Napoleon put relatives in power of conquered areas
Napoleon Dominates Europe
• His brothers ruled in Holland, Naples, and Sicily
• His sisters and stepsons held important positions
Reform of Church State Relations
• Many citizens despised the anti religious nature of the Revolution
• Napoleon made an agreement with the Pope
• Concordat-French citizens were Roman Catholic
Reform of Church Relations
• Recognized the influence of the Catholic Church
• Did not return control over national affairs
Economic Reforms
• Established the Bank of France
• Regulate the economy• Set up efficient tax collection system
• Ensured government would not face hardships
Legal and Educational Reforms
• Created Napoleonic Code-laws uniform across the land
• Eliminated many injustices
• Promoted order and authority over rights
• Freedom of the press was restricted by censors
Legal and Educational Reforms
• Code only applied to male citizens
• Denied rights of women and allowed husbands to have authority over them
• Strong state depended on strong leaders in government and the military
Napoleon’s legacy
• Insured that some basic values and ideas from the revolution remained with government
• Napoleon’s ideas of • Equality before the law• Representative form of
Government• Approved and supported
by Napoleon
Napoleon’s Legacy
• Napoleon’s action spread nationalism
• Nationalism-a sense of identity and unity as a people
• French people developed a new loyalty to France as a whole
• Nationalism spread to the conquered peoples