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LATEST DEVELOPMENT INLATEST DEVELOPMENT IN

NETWORKS &NETWORKS &

COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

NarveenderpalNarveenderpalsinghsingh

94081608949408160894



1.0 Introduction1.0 Introduction

A computer network is a system of interconnected A computer network is a system of interconnectedcomputers and peripheral devices. For example, itcomputers and peripheral devices. For example, it

may connect computers, printers, scanners andmay connect computers, printers, scanners andcameras.cameras.

Communications is about the transfer of informationCommunications is about the transfer of informationfrom a sender, across a distance, to a receiver whilstfrom a sender, across a distance, to a receiver whilst

Computers communicate with digital signals. TheComputers communicate with digital signals. Theolder forms of communications technology, such asolder forms of communications technology, such as

telephones and radios, use analog signalstelephones and radios, use analog signals



2.0 Mobile Computing2.0 Mobile Computing

2.1 definition2.1 definition

Mobile computing is a generic term describing one'sMobile computing is a generic term describing one'sability to use technology while moving, as opposed toability to use technology while moving, as opposed toportable computersportable computers, which are only practical for use, which are only practical for use

while deployed in a stationary configuration.while deployed in a stationary configuration.Many types of mobile computers have been introducedMany types of mobile computers have been introducedsince the 1990s, including the:since the 1990s, including the:

Wearable computer Wearable computer

Personal digital assistantPersonal digital assistant//Enterprise digital assistantEnterprise digital assistant

SmartphoneSmartphoneCarputer Carputer

UltraUltra--Mobile PCMobile PC



2.2 Specification, services, and2.2 Specification, services, and

frequencies of Mobile Computingfrequencies of Mobile ComputingPersonal digital assistants (usually abbreviated to PDAs)Personal digital assistants (usually abbreviated to PDAs)areare handheld deviceshandheld devices that were originally designed asthat were originally designed aspersonal organizerspersonal organizers, but became much more versatile, but became much more versatileover the years.over the years.

The many uses and tasks of a basic PDA include manyThe many uses and tasks of a basic PDA include manyfeatures:features: calculatingcalculating, use as a, use as a clockclock andand calendar calendar ,,playingplaying computer gamescomputer games, accessing the, accessing the InternetInternet,,sending and receivingsending and receiving EE--mailsmails, use as a radio or stereo,, use as a radio or stereo,video recordingvideo recording, recording notes, use as an, recording notes, use as an addressaddressbookbook, and use as a, and use as a spreadsheetspreadsheet. Newer PDAs also have. Newer PDAs also have

both color screens and audio capabilities, enabling themboth color screens and audio capabilities, enabling themto be used asto be used as mobile phonesmobile phones ((PDA PhonePDA Phone),), webwebbrowsersbrowsers or media players. Many PDAs can access theor media players. Many PDAs can access theInternetInternet,, intranetsintranets or or extranetsextranets viavia WiWi--FiFi, or , or WirelessWirelessWideWide--Area Networks Area Networks (WWANs).(WWANs).



3.0 Internet technology and services3.0 Internet technology and services3.1 VoIP3.1 VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communicationsvoice communications over over IPIP networks such as thenetworks such as the InternetInternet or other or other packetpacket--switchedswitched networksnetworks..Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP areOther terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP areIP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB),IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB),broadbandbroadband telephony, and broadband phone.telephony, and broadband phone.

Internet telephony refers to communications servicesInternet telephony refers to communications services--voice,voice,facsimile, and voicefacsimile, and voice--messaging applicationsmessaging applications--that are transported viathat are transported viathe Internet, rather than thethe Internet, rather than the public switched telephone networkpublic switched telephone network(PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet(PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internettelephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digitaltelephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digitalformat and compression/translation of the signal intoformat and compression/translation of the signal into InternetInternetprotocolprotocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process(IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process

is reversed at the receiving end.is reversed at the receiving end.VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the setVoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set--upupand tear and tear--down of calls as well asdown of calls as well as audio codesaudio codes which encode speechwhich encode speechallowing transmission over an IP network asallowing transmission over an IP network as digital audiodigital audio via anvia anaudio streamaudio stream. Codec use is varied between different. Codec use is varied between differentimplementations of VoIP (and often a range of codes are used);implementations of VoIP (and often a range of codes are used);some implementations rely onsome implementations rely on narrowbandnarrowband andand compressed speechcompressed speech,,

while others supportwhile others support high fidelityhigh fidelity stereostereo codes.codes.



3.2 BLOG3.2 BLOG

A blog is a type of A blog is a type of websitewebsite, usually maintained by an individual with, usually maintained by an individual withregular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayedmaterial such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayedin reversein reverse--chronological order.chronological order.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject;Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject;

others function as more personalothers function as more personal online diariesonline diaries. A typical blog. A typical blogcombines text, images, and links to other blogs,combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pagesWeb pages, and, andother media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leaveother media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leavecomments in an interactive format is an important part of manycomments in an interactive format is an important part of manyblogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on artblogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art((artlogartlog), photographs (), photographs (photoblogphotoblog), sketches (), sketches (sketchblogsketchblog), videos), videos((vlogvlog), music (), music (MP3 blogMP3 blog), and audio (), and audio (podcastingpodcasting).). MicroMicro--bloggingblogging isis

another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.



4.0 Types of network4.0 Types of network

4.1 PAN4.1 PAN A A personal area networkpersonal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication(PAN) is a computer network used for communicationamong computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that areamong computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that areused in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs,used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs,scanners, and even video game consoles. Such a PAN may include wired andscanners, and even video game consoles. Such a PAN may include wired andwireless connections between devices. The reach of a PAN is typically at least aboutwireless connections between devices. The reach of a PAN is typically at least about2

02

0--3

0 feet (approximately 63

0 feet (approximately 6--9 meters), but this is expected to increase with9 meters), but this is expected to increase withtechnology improvements.technology improvements.

4.2 VPN4.2 VPN A A virtual private networkvirtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links(VPN) is a computer network in which some of the linksbetween nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocolsnetwork (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocolsof the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this isof the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this isthe case. One common application is secure communications through the publicthe case. One common application is secure communications through the public

Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of differentcontent encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of differentuser communities over an underlying network with strong security features.user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.

A VPN may have best A VPN may have best--effort performance, or may have a defined service leveleffort performance, or may have a defined service levelagreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than pointGenerally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point--toto--point.point.

A VPN allows computer users to appear to be editing from an IP address location A VPN allows computer users to appear to be editing from an IP address locationother than the one which connects the actual computer to the Internet.other than the one which connects the actual computer to the Internet.



4.3 WLAN4.3 WLANWLANs provide wireless network communication over short distances usingWLANs provide wireless network communication over short distances usingradio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling.radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling.

A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are

built by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of thebuilt by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of thewired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless networkwired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless networkadapter adapter similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.

Network security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wirelessNetwork security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wirelessclients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies likeclients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies likeWEPWEP raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of traditional wired networks.traditional wired networks.

4.4 WIMAX4.4 WIMAXWiMax is the industry term for a longWiMax is the industry term for a long--range wireless networking standard.range wireless networking standard.WiMax technology has the potential to deliver highWiMax technology has the potential to deliver high--speed Internet access tospeed Internet access torural areas and other locations not serviced by cable or DSL technology.rural areas and other locations not serviced by cable or DSL technology.WiMax also offers an alternative to satellite Internet services.WiMax also offers an alternative to satellite Internet services.

WiMax technology is based on the IEEE 802.16WiMax technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 WANWAN communicationscommunicationsstandard. WiMax signals can function over a distance of several miles /standard. WiMax signals can function over a distance of several miles /

kilometers. Data rates for WiMax can reach up to 75 megabits per secondkilometers. Data rates for WiMax can reach up to 75 megabits per second(Mb/s). A number of wireless signaling options exist ranging anywhere from(Mb/s). A number of wireless signaling options exist ranging anywhere fromthe 2 GHz range up to 66 GHz.the 2 GHz range up to 66 GHz.



5.0 Conclusion5.0 Conclusion

Network communication is an ever Network communication is an ever--

growing industry with new technologiesgrowing industry with new technologies

and standards emerging every day. Toand standards emerging every day. To

use a communication network effectivelyuse a communication network effectively

you need to know the advantages andyou need to know the advantages and

disadvantages, as well as the variousdisadvantages, as well as the various

types of networks possible.types of networks possible.



ReferencesReferences

http://www.wikipedia.comhttp://www.wikipedia.com

http:// compnetworking.comhttp:// compnetworking.com



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