8/7/2019 NASA Facts A Report From Mariner IV

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r~!66 29066(ACCESSION NUM6ERIs. .oOJ:rIto. .>-. .

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(NASA '_R OR TMY.. OR AD NUMBER) ICA'rEGORY)

Page 1F A ( T SREPORTMARlt"E:R

The eleventh cloSG9up picture taken by Mariner IV shows an old@r crater about 75 miles indiameter, whose dimly visible r.imendoses more sharply defined sm~lIer and younggr craters.The picture (overs part of an area called Atlantis, between Melve Sirenum and MareCimmerium.

NASA's Mariner IV spocecrcft has given manhis closest look at another planet. Its relativelydose range pictures-taken from distances of10,500 to 7400 miles away-wiH be studied byscientists for many years.

/V,ariner IV actually flew even closer to Mars-as near as 611 8 miles. It took no pictures thenbecause it was on the night side of Mars.

The historic pho.tographs were snapped byMoriner IV as it sped by Mars on July 14, 19'65.Whai do the photographs show?

The pictures show a surface pitted with craters.They show a landscape that may not havech .:mged much in billions of years.

Just sending the pictures back to earth gave"Aoriner a great place in the history of the SpaceAge. But the spacecraft did much more.Amo.ng its other accomplishments: Measured radiation, surveyed magnetic

fields, and counted the tiny particles ofmatter called micrometeoroids almost allalong a 41 8 million mile journey throuqhspace.

Gave new and more accurate informationon Mars' size, gravity, and path aroundthe sun.

., Showed that the Martian atmosphere is so.thin that men would need pressurized suitsto live on Mars.

Revealed that on Mars, as on earth: anionosphere will, under certain conditior 5,make radio communications possible be-tween distant points on the planet.

What Mariner IV did not find out waswhether Mars has any form of life. Nor wasit intended to. The Mariner IV mission, though,blazed the way for later sp,acecraft to IIJndinstru ments and, eventually, men on Mars .

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Page 2; NA SA FACTS Voil. 1 1 1 1 1 '1 1 , No.3'REPQRTCALLS FOR EXPLORAl'llONi OF MARS. .4 raport

co,n "g for ,a Ipro'gnlinl 'of unmanned exp:!'oratlon, of MarsIntne d,ecad:. ClheH'ldwCl"~nu.d on .Ap.rU:26, ; 9,65, by ,astU!dly gro,u,pset ,up by the Space Science 'Ioar'" cf ,,heNg-t,lonicdA,codemy o,f ScI.,n,c,es.. Th. report 'urged, thatth,e

.!Me,r,prile be ass,l"oned Uthe highest Iprlorl',." a,mongloU,objectlv;,;s in slulI,e fdence." Thostu,dy ,6ntlt:ledl "Biology,and' Exploration of Ma,,,.," was started In 11964alnd Il'GP!re-lented the views 0" 36 pr,omlne'nt sciient:lsts. who,s. fi'e.'ds'ranged f,'om genetics to thecr,etlcal physics.

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START OF 0Jl(;HTSIDE-END OF PICTUHE TAKING

Mariner IV photographic co'Vorage iis sno,wn ain pictorial rep,resentatian af Ma,n. The c'Urve,dline at the to,p istbe horlzon ,as vlewedifrom: Mariner. Areas to the rig,ht of the short l ine (lower) were on Mars' 'n,j'g,ht ide when pho,tographed.

The .Mariner p;'oject is man.agedfor NASA bythe Jet Propulsion laboratory, Po s.cdenc,Cclifornio.CLOSE ..UPS REVEAL MOON ...lI K E SURFACE

The numerous Martian craters seen fo r thefirst time were perhaps the greatest scientific sur-prise produced by Mariner IV. Mariner's pic-tures show about 70 croters whose diametersrange from 3te 75 miles, The pictures covercpproxirnctely one percent of the Madian sur-fcce. If this port of Mars is representative ofthe entire plonet, Mar 5 may be pitted by morethan 10,000 craters of the sizes observed.There may 0.5'0 he many smaller croters,The craters on Mens look like irnpoct craterson the mecn and earth. This would meon that

the craters are coused by meteoroids falling onM.ars. Scientific esti mates as to when thesecollisions occurred rang!efrom several! hundredthousond to severo] biUion yeors ago.The cqes of the craters are very importcntto

scientists. For example, if the craters are bil-lions of years old, , it could rneon that Mars neverhad significant moisture nor an etrnosphere muchthicker then the present thin one. If the cratersare 9,eologkaUy young, it wootd seem thot Marsduring its history hos been swept by wind, water,or other erosive forces which have obliteratedolder craters.

Supporting the former view is the obsence inthe pictures of physicol feoturesthct could hovebeen the bnsms of former oceans or the beds o ,foncient rivers, lok es, or se os. However, the

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NASA FACTS Vol. IU , No.3,

VieW' of Mar-tion horillon from Morinor iV.

A bright region in northwestern Phaetholitis, taken by .Marineras a approached Ma'rs" night side,shows .(raters with what

appear to be fros.t-covered rims.

pictures cave only about one percent of fheMartian sur ace.

As ronomerson earth have observed whatapp rs be frost around fhe Martian polarr qiorrs. MOlriner tV pictures reveo] comparable!ig t colored substances around the rims of someo the Martian craters. Scientists think ti l atif'his subs once is host, it may turn dir ec+l y tovapor and then back age],! n to frost withoutb .:oming orer.

5 ral phtographs ver recsthe corrtrover sicrl Martian co rro!s.

.rossed byThe se rrre

ncrro mar Ing hieh some astronomer clcirno 5 e on th plane' udace and which theyb lie e to' b e crfificicl, The close-ups, haw-ver , sho no readily nppcre nt straight-line

feotu 5 tho can be interpr e+ed os artificial.

Page 3Ma,riner IIV t,ookpictu,re.$. In pairs tha,t p,artiaUy

overlap. In each plair, One picture was taken througha gre'e,nfilt,eLl" ,and the other tthlrou~h Q, r,ed 'filter.. Byanaly~es of picture pll'lil's, scientists may gain clues to,colors, Qil.d o,theii' 5urfg'Cfl,fea.tu,r'e.s. . 1

A bright ,egion in southeastern. Zephyrio near Mcne Sirenum.

No, mountain chains, great valleys, or con-tinental masses could be recognized in thepicture.

Altogether! Mari ner IV returned 21 picturesand a fraction of a 22nd to earth. The close-ups revealed Martian surface features as small05 two miles across. Pictures taken through thebesttelesco pes on earth show Fec+ures 1 00miles across.

NASA pions a series of advanced spacecraft calledVoyager to study Mars froman, orbit around the R.edPlanet and from ali instrumented package landed ont he, surface., V,oyag'er flights. ,to .Mars are schedu'ledfar the 1970's.

-- --The marksmanship achieved in the Mariner fly-byof Mars m.a,y be' li.k.ened to rolling a stri:kC! i,n a bowl-ing lane thnt is 400 miles long.

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ATMOSPH i!R E ABOUT ONE- -PE :R C:E NT A S, b~E NS iE A S, IE AR TH 'S

Ma " wiH require a prassure :5 uitor hcv -;teremain in a pressurized cebin to, live 'on Malis.'Data from M riner ~V lndieetethot the surfacepressure o,fthe Mortio,n ClltmlJ1.sph,ereIs lowerthan fen, millibars" CI$ compared to the ap:prox'~mo:t,ey one tho J~,and mUlibalrs of cetuclseo levelpressure on earth.

EsHmat,es ,cfthe Martian otmospherlc p essure, .based or.stucHes from ea:rth~ hove remged fro,m10 to ' 100 m illibars. The more prec ise e trnos-pheric :nfo, mution ocquired thro,u'gn t heM,cui :ne rIV experiment is cnfributing to design of craftiLTt,ended for 'Ianding, 'on Mars"

Other atmospheric measurements mode pes-sible by the' M'oriner IV missionincl'ude those ofthe' chorocteristics of the ionosphere. The M,aF~tion ionosphere, like that of earth, is the portionof tn,e ctmospherefhet is lo 'Igelly el"ecjric(l.liycharged.. One property of the icnosphers isthat it reflects certai n radio frequencies.

Data from Mar: iner fr Y indieoted thot th e M.'CI"-tion ionosphere is cop cble of reflectir 9 radioFrequencies as high as 3000. ki l l ,cH:ydes,.. Eerrh'sionosphere can reflect frequencies as h'g'h asabout 20,000 kilocycles.

The fact that the Mo!rtian ionosphere cain re-fled radio waves means that under certain (on-

d it ,io n s r ad io , c cmmu n ic otio ns m,ay be maintainedbetweenexpedltlons at wi"j ,ely separal ,e j poi'ntson ,Mars, The ,c:olmipalrQthl',e~ylew refl,ecfve eo- I .pobTty o'f the ionosphere would feci i,ate rcdiocommunlceflen !between points on the MCllrtliansurface and 0 spccecrcft or.biting the pkm,et.

.A.stronomers ebserverhct most mete, rs reeeh-ing ecnh's vicin.ity ere stopped byeorth's upperctmosphere, which is abovt es thin as the lowerofrnosphere Q f ,M'ClIiS. As e result, many believeth at th e Martiar atmosphere is capab le of bu rn -j fiI'g up most meteors befor,ethey re,ochtheplan ...t.

The Marin'er IV atmosphere e periment was'termed ,th,eoccultction experiment because theM.artion atmosphere and .Mars ,itself come be-tween the spacecraft c.id eor th. Scientistsccquir ed trnospheric inforrnotion by oln:ollyzin'9ehenqes inchoeccteristics of Mariner's radio sig-nloISC'OII!Jl.sed by th eir p,osso g,e th ro v"g h t 11,eMo rtian otm os phere before and efte the space-creft sped beh ind M(us.

The ,occultc,ti?n experiment morked ,the firs,t, ime thcr a ,coherent end directly beamed radiosource hns been u;edtQ mensure he etrnc s - phe e of another f"J,'onet. ln measurements fromecrrh. radio waves sent from the earth to Marsere reflected off, ondsccttered from ,the Ma.r-tien surfae.

Sketch loe,ates p10ints at which Marine! IV tookpicture.s and sent atmo.5pheric data as it passed near Mars.

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NASA fACTS Vol. III, No.3NO MARTIAN MAGN,~n'C FIE,LDOR RAD'IATIION R 'E LT D 'ETEC TED

At the altitudes at which Mt..inerIV passedMars, it detected no significant change in mag-netic Forces or radiation intensities from thelevels observed in interplanetary space. Thefact that Mars rotates hod Ied many scientiststo assume that the plcnet had a magnetk field,which is believed to be cssocicted with themotion of fluid in a planet's core. The absenceof a field would indiccte thct Mars has no coreof hot liquid metal os earth is thought to have.Supporting this belief is the abse cc of moun-to in chains, great valleys, or what could becontinental masses in the pictures of Mars sentby Mariner IV. Such physical f.eatures ore be-

Engineen at the Space Flight Operations Facility study infor-mation trQnsmitted by Mariner IV as it flew by Mars.

METEOROID ENCOUNTERSINCREASED AT FIRST, THEN FELL

Some scientists anticipated that Mariner IVwould report an increasing number of micro-meteoroids striking the spacecraft. They rea-soned that Mariner IV would be approaching theAsteroid belt which is believed to be a sourceof meteoroids. The Asteroids are a swarm ofsmall celestial objects 'n solar orbits. largelybetween the orbifsof Mars and Jupite..

" Page 5lievedto be produced by stress within the planet.Such stress is usuolly associated with a moltencore.

As Mariner IV sped outward from earth, itpassed through end' detected the high-intensityradiation of earth's Van Alen Radiation Region.This region is believed to be created by earth'smag,n,etic fleld which captures energetk particles(protons and electrons) coming towards earthfrom space.

Mariner IV detected' no significant increase inradiation as it passed near Mars. If Mars hasno magnetic field to deflect energetic particles,such particles must speed directly into theplanet's ctrnosphere and the higher energy onespenetrate to the planet.

Mariner IV.

Micrometeoroid encounters were few ot first.As anticipated, there was a gradual increase.This increase continued until about the 154thday of flight when fewer encounters began tobe reported. A surprise to many scientists wasthat Mariner IV reported no significant increaseof micrometeoroids near Mars.

Altogether, Mariner IV detected about 200micrometeoroids dl.Jring its 7 1 f 2 month flight toMars.

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Mariner IV reported more intergalactic radi-ation (radiation originating outside of th e solarsystem) present in the solar system than wasreported by Mariner II during its mission toVenus in 1962 (see NASA Facts-Mariner IIReports, NF B-4-63). At the sa me ti me,Mariner IV detected less solar radiation than didMariner II.

These data further confirm theories relatingto the influence of the sun's activity on the solarsyste m. Briefly J the higher intergalactic radi-ation cmd IO'Her solar radiation reported byMariner IV are attributed to the fact that the sunwas in the low period of its l1-year cyde duringthe Mariner IV flight. The cycle refers to amore or less rhyth mic rise a nd fall of solaractivity from high to low and then again to high.

The sun's high period is marked by more fre-quent sun spots and solar 'Aares. These sendhigh intensity rc diofion into space. Anotherresult of the hetghtened activity is a strongersolar wind-hot electrified gases streaming out-ward from. the sun's turbulent surface.

It is theorized that the solar wind drags withit parts of the sun magnetic field and distributesthese throughout the solar system. The partsbecome the interplanetary magnetic fields.Strength an d form of th e fields vary with thesolar wind's force.

Interplanetary magnetic fields drifting through-out the solar system deflect some of the radi-ation coming from intergalactic or interstellorspace beyond our solar system. Their capabil-ity for deflecting intergalactic or interstellarradiation increases or decreases with theirstrength. This is in turn dependent on thestrength of the solor wind and the magnitude ofsolar activity.

DUi'ing the periods May 25-27 and June 5-7, 1965,Mariner IVdetected a new kind of soiai' event~ a burst'of high-ener-sy alacirons {40 kev} from thISsun. (Kevstands for thousands of electron volts. The electronvolt b a $tandard unit of measurement of the energie5of atomic particlas such as protons and (;Iledrons.)This i5 believed to be the first time such an avent hasbeen detected.

NASA FACTS Vol. IH , No.3ADDEO TO BNFORM.AliON ON EARTH'SSHOCK WAVE AND MAGNE"HC fiELDMariner IV furnished additional information

about the shock wave and magnetic field sur-rounding earth. The wave was first detected byanalyses of data from the Explorer XVI I I satel-lite (see NASA Facts-Interplanetary ExplorerSatellites, Vol. H, No.1), launched November 26 ,1963. The wave is created by impact of thespeeding solar wind with earth's rno qnetic field.

iv\ariner IV reported crossing the wave atdistances from earth of 138,000 miles, 145,000miles, and then again at 154,OO () m ile s. Th elocation of the wave is b~ljeyed so fluctuate withvariations in the strength of the solar wind.Explorer XVI I I had confirmed theories that onthe ecrth' 5 night side, the earth' 5 magneHc fieldtakes the shape of a comet's toil, or wake.Explorer XVIII also sh o we d that this wake ex-tends at least 120,000 miles into space. It wastheorized that the wake stretches out for per-haps tens of millions of miles.

Although, when about 12 million miles fromearth, Mariner passed near where the magneticwake was presumed to be, the spacecraft de- etected ani y interplo netary mog netir.: featu res.This may indicate that the wake lends somewherebetween 120,000 and 12 rnllli on miles fromearth. Just where will be determined by otherNASA spacecraft.

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HOW THE P~C TURESOf MARS W ERE SENT TO ,EARTHMariner IV had a ten-watt tr cnsrnitter as

compared with the approximately 100,000watts or more at which a typical metropolitantelevision station on earth transmits its videosignal (picture). Generally, a radio signalweakens with the square of the distance overwhich it travels. As a result, by the timeMariner's signals had crossed about 140 mil-lion miles of space to reach earth, their strengthhad dwindled to less than a quintillionth (.000-000000000000001) of g watt. .One way to pick up a recognizable picture __under these conditions is to have it transmitted

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i S PA CE ~ LlG HTCOURIER OPERATIONS FACIL ITY_____j_OR MAil I ~

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NASA FACTS V,oll. IU, No. : 3in d i g , i ' h : l I I I [numericol] form. Us"uoilly, videosignols ere tr,onsmlitted in the Form ,of 'ell'e~tri,cr'!'IJ I currents whose vc'lto,ses are ,onol;logl'ous to' he

- varying bri'ghtnes,ses in the pictur e. Equipmenton board Mor"ner electronically sconne -eachpicture on d convo rted it to seen .~lectrico I cur-rents.

H- wever, the 'current wasfihienfed , t o ' enetherdevice on M,oriner ,that converted jhe vOlryi:ngelectrieel volh;:J,g s into 64 numbers, representingpicture shadings from pure white to je block.The numerical system used, however, was notour fernillor decimal system which employs tendigHs(O; 1, 2 ', 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ' 9}. lnsteod, itwas the binory system in which ,aU counfinq and,callculoting is done wit, only two digJts (Oaind 1 1 ) .The binary numbers used for the Mariner pic-tures ranged from 000000, equi alent to deci-

TR AC ItJG STI-.TIO N

AGNETICTAPE

SIG NA L P RO CE SSO R

Transmission and procel!iing of 'pictu,res from .Mariner IV.

THE DEEP SPACE NETWORKThe faint Mariner signals were scooped up

on earth by the huge 85-foot-diame-ter antennasot NASA's De ap Space Network (DSN). DSNsfofionsore located at Goldstone, Calif.; Johan-nesburg, Republic of South Africa; Madrid,Spain; and Woomero and Canberra, Australia.The stofions are so spaced that at least one canma into in contact with a spncecr oft despite theearth's rotation. Overluppinq pace coverageby the sterions enabled another station to estcb-

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Page 1mel number 0 and representinq t'UJlr,ewhite, te1 1 1 1 1 1 1 which is, equiv,olent hl deelmel number6,3:ond represents jet leek. The b~ ether's,nodings were represented by 62,ther blne y. - .numb-ers us,ing on ly the dig its 0 end 1.

Mar'ner 1'/ tape recorded the numbers forlater rcnsmisslon tn eorth, Ilpon commend, ittronsr I!ittledthe numbers, in sequence to' ' e a r th cda rate of a .3 bits facro,nymfo,r :~nalry diglifs,)iper second. The bits were trans,mitted os pulseswhich were pre::. nt (1 ) or absent (O).

A,- advantage o,f this reiotively airnple formof tronsrrsission is het the eff~ds of interferencefrom rcdie nolse in spoce and 'of dlstor+ion ' I , j i fthe' rudlo wove are gllf'eolt ly reduced. Gr,oundreceivinq stations cain olcquir,ethe streom ofpulses with negligible error.

35MM FILM PR INT-OUT OFCONVERTER NUMBERS FOR

GREY VALUES INE ACH P ICTU RE

An 85-fo,ot diameter ,aintemlC1 ,of theOeep .Space Network s1a'tionut Go:ld-

stone, Calif.

!ish contact with Mariner before the previous onewas moved out of range by the turning earth.

The DSN ook more than 8 hours to acquirethe cpproxlmotely 250,000 bits thot constitutedo sinqle photoqroph. Because of the prolonqedtime involved, data from a single picture weresometimes divided between twe or mere stations,However, all stations funneled their data to theSpace Flight Operatiens Facility of the Jet Pre-pulsion I cbcrctory Po.sadena, Calif. The lob-oratory manages the Mariner project ter NASA.

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lrnp,uter Iroad~ou,t data sheet. It is a ,dilgital ,(mJlmer.icaUepresenfatiion -of the bOUo:m ri:ght corner of Marhler IIV' pl-

number ~:1 which iSIshown on Ipag,e 101 thiis NAS,A IF,acts.mbe',rs a:t left show th,e pidure Une,;tbose' tilt the 'top"thein the line occupied by the digit representing one of 64

shades of picture brightness.

AT THE SPACE FLIGHTOPERAT ION .S FACIUTYThe DSN stations sent picture doflo to the

FI:ight Operotions Fa:dl.ity (SFOF) both byand by moil or courier to assure itsAt the SFOF, h igh@speed computers

orrelated data from different 'DSN stations toece together parts of the same picture. They

the bits to screen out e.rro;rs in daltafrom the sta:tions,. They sepalrat,ed

,picture bits from those bib providin,g otherientifl.c information, such as on radiation near

and from bits furnishing data on space-condition.

Other computers converted the numbes frombina:ry system to o,ur more' fomiUclir decimal

ystem.. The resulting numbers 0 to 63 reprle-64 different picture shadings from white

block.The numbers were printed in sequence 011 a

ompute'r read ..out data sheet (see illustration).wenty s,heets were required to reconstruct 0omplete pholtogroph, which is, represented by

,000' numben,.

\,'''\~I u .' 1\,. ( O\Nfl rc",f : - ,KCl " :1 "i ,~ .. I l+. i r i ' ! :

'.~.,IW. I l RBI!.'.jj.!flii: Pl.;''il h... M'\ii\ wru u r.l ~ ~ nt

Orbits ,o'fMariner n/. ea.rth, landMars ,around the wn.Mariner :1" fat-exceeded its. design.ers' expecta~

tions. It continued to send us ful data e n magneticIie1ds. n:ulio,tioft, and' micrornete,oroids.in, space awellios d,atCI'on l ib O,wn condil 'tion as hsped milliHons,Q,I mUes beyond Mars.On 'Odoiber 1,1'9,65" NASA, sh)IPped la.c.tllub'ing dot'Q',

'fr,orn, 'the spa,ce"l:lra,h.. Wh:!lidn,elrWlaIS,'f'h,e,n mlDlrethan1'9'1,m ilion mlln from 'eo:rth. U' had t,rovtliled II I'otolof 418,749,386 miles. i,n it c;urving:traj,etory si'ncIQunch on November 28, 964.From time to time, NASA win attempt to t ' l"cu;k

Mariner IV as it orbits the sun. One >'4ay in 5 pem~ber, 1967, when, sci,entisb Icah:ullate. th s.pocect"oHwiU swing witMn29 mBlionmille o,f IEart,h, NASAwUI attelm'lpt 'to, a.:quil1'0 dpft) aglclin hom ,th,e s,poce-craft. I,fthe transmittal' and Q,th,erclriticrJli s.yst'ems,are stUI worki'n'9, Mariner IV wal then send several'more moni'hs of n'eW$ from space.

The computer read-out data sheet was fed toa di8itol photographc processor that converted,eac.h number tOI ,on oppropri,ate~y shoded dot.The dots from this sheet Q!ndl Qlther sheets wereprojected i:n sequence and rne by line onto acathode ray tube that is an advanced version ofthe picture tube in the home television set.

Two hundred dots formed a line and 200lines made up a pictur,e. As each completepicture olppe'ared on the screen, i t was photo~graphed by 35~mm. cameras ..

NASA FACTS format is designed for bulletin~baard di5pl~yuncut or for 8 x. 10}4. looseleaf notebook insertion whencutalongl dotted lines and: folded: olong: solid lines. Fornotebook ring insertion, ,pun.ch at .s,olid dots inthe margins" eII- ~ ~~ ~----~-- __------~----~I

NASA fACTS is an educational publication of NASA's Edu-cationol Program!. a,na Services Office. If wHi be moiled'te addressees who req:uen it fr\~m: NASA, Edultgtio,nol Pub~l,icatlonsDistribution, :FAD-l:, Washilnglton, D.C., 20'546.

" U 5 (;OVE~' MENT PRHHING OFFICE 19660f-214-291For sal'e by the Su.perintendent o,f Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 10 cents per copy