NASA-HDBK-1001 August 11, 2000klinck/Reprints/PDF/anonNASA2000.pdfNASA-HDBK-1001 August 11, 2000...

NASA-HDBK-1001 August 11, 2000

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE 14. SEA STATE ............................................................................................................ 14-1 14.1 Introduction . ................................................................................................. 14-1 14.2 Sea States ................................................................................................... 14-1 14.3 Surface Currents............................................................................................ 14-4 14.4 Wave Slope.................................................................................................... 14-4 14.5 Ocean Temperatures..................................................................................... 14-6 14.6 Atmospheric Conditions ................................................................ 14-6 14.7 Wind Speed and Wave Height Durations and Intervals ............................... 14-6 14.7.1 Legends For Duration and Interval Tables .................................................... 14-6 14.7.2 Applications of Duration and Interval Tables ................................................ 14-6 References...........................................................................................................................14-29


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SECTION 14

SEA STATE 14.1 Introduction. Natural environment design specifications for all applicable space shuttle activities are given in the appropriate level II (ref. 14.1) or level III (ref. 14.2) program requirement documents. Since those documents are controlled by the program or project manager, it is not appropriate to repeat the design values here. Instead, this section contains the empirical distributions of several natural environment parameters that may be useful in operational analyses, design tradeoff studies or to develop specific design specifications. The National Launch System (NLS) potential recovery areas sea state statistics are also described in this section. In deep water, sea state is determined by the mean wind speed, the fetch (the distance over which it blows), and the duration of the wind over the open water. A sea state is generally described by significant wave height, which is the average height of the one-third highest waves. Higher waves exist in any given sea state. For example, from the relationship between wind speed and wave height for a fully arisen sea, as shown in figure 14.1, it can be seen that in a code 3 sea state with significant wave heights about 1.4 m, 10 percent of the waves will average about 1.7 m. In other words, a wind speed of 8.2 m s–1 (fetch and duration unlimited) will produce a sea with the highest one-third waves averaging about 1.4 m and the highest one-tenth waves about 1.7 m. Figure 14.1 shows the distribution of wave heights versus wind speed at any given instant. This information is applicable to vehicle water entry. For all other operations (afloat, secure, towback recovery) where some considerable time interval is involved, the exposure period concept must be considered; that is, the longer the exposure period, the greater the probability of encountering a larger wave. Wave heights at the 5-percent risk level for exposure periods from 1 to 100 hours in sea-state codes 3, 4, and 5 are shown in figure 14.2. From 14.2, for example, it can be seen that exposure for 1 hour in sea-state code 4 entails a 5 percent risk of encountering at least one wave greater than 5.3 m. If the exposure time is increased to 48 hours in the same sea-state code 4 condition, the wave height at the 5 percent risk level becomes 6.3 m. 14.2 Sea States. The foregoing paragraphs dealt with general sea-state relationships valid in any deep-water area. This part will present statistical values applicable to aerospace vehicle ocean recovery areas off Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB). The wind and wave duration statistics were taken from the "U.S. Navy Hindcast Spectral Ocean Wave Model Climatic Atlas" (ref. 14.3 and 14.4). While these publications contain comprehensive wind and wave descriptions, comparisons with other sources indicate that the Spectral Ocean Wave Model underestimates wind speed and wave height near U.S. east coast areas. For this reason the wind speeds and wave heights (except durations and intervals) from conventional sources (ship observations) are considered more appropriate for planning ocean operations in the Atlantic Ocean areas under discussion. The Spectral Ocean Wave Model is the only known source for duration/interval statistics. Additional climatic and sea state statistics for these two areas can be found in references 14.5 and 14.6.


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The following tables were generated from observations of significant waves (H1/3 equals the average height of the one-third highest waves) without regard to fetch or duration (ref. 14.7). In any given sea state there will always be waves higher than the significant heights. Also, exposure time increases the chances of higher waves occurring.

FIGURE 14.1. Relationship Between Wave Height and Wind Speed in a Fully Arisen Sea.

FIGURE 14.2. Five-Percent Risk Wave Height Versus Exposure Time (Assuming Sea-State

Category Remains Unchanged for Duration of Exposure Period).


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From Table 14.1, there is a 3-percent risk of exceeding sea-state code 5 and a 68-percent risk of exceeding sea-state code 3 in February. Also, in February there is a 95-percent chance that the significant wave height will be ≤ 3.7 m and, conversely, a 5-percent chance that it will exceed 3.7 m. On an annual basis, the 95th percentile wave height is 2.9 m in the KSC recovery area versus 2.8 m in the VAFB recovery area (table 14.2). While the annual H1/3 values are very similar, some monthly distributions show considerable differences. In general, the KSC area shows a somewhat greater seasonal variation and, consequently, a more severe environment. Table 14.3 presents the international meteorological codes for the state of the sea (ref. 14.8).

TABLE 14.1. KSC Recovery Area Sea States. (24° To 32° N. Latitude; 72° To 80° W. Longitude)

Significant Wave Heights, Avg. of

1/3 Highest

Sea State Codes

Percent Probability of Exceeding Indicated Heights

m ft J F M A M J J A S O N D Avg.

0.6 2 2 86 90 84 87 68 70 68 58 82 82 84 84 80

1.2 4 3 60 66 54 50 27 35 30 22 55 58 56 56 50

2.4 8 4 14 20 10 8 5 6 3 2 15 12 13 10 9

4.0 13 5 2 3 1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 2 1.8 1.2 0.8 1

6.1 20 6 0.2 0.3 0.2


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TABLE 14.3. International Meteorological Codes, Code 3700, State of Sea.

H1/3 of Waves

Code Figure Descriptive Terms m ft 0 Calm (Glassy) 0 0 1 Calm (Rippled) 0–0.1 0–0.33 2 Smooth (Wavelets) 0.1–0.5 0.33–1.6 3 Slight 0.5–1.25 1.6–4.1 4 Moderate 1.25–2.5 4.1–8.2 5 Rough 2.5–4 8.2–13.1 6 Very Rough 4–6 13.1–19.7 7 High 6–9 19.7–29.5 8 Very High 9–14 29.5–45.9 9 Phenomenal Over 14 Over 45.9

Note: Exact bounding height is assigned to lower code; e.g., a height of 4 m is coded 5. 14.3 Surface Currents. a. KSC Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) Recovery Area. The dominant current, which is south to north, in the KSC SRB recovery area is the Gulf Stream. Although the mean speed and position of the maximum current shows little change from season to season, daily synoptic changes may be rapid and intense (ref. 14.9). The following means and standard deviations may be applied to all seasons (fig. 14.3): Area Mean Standard Deviation B 0.4 m s–1 (0.8 knots) 0.7 m s–1 (1.27 knots) A 1.3 m s–1 (2.5 knots) 0.6 m s–1 (1.25 knots) b. VAFB SRB Recovery Area. While the predominant direction is north to south in all seasons, the currents are generally weak in the VAFB SRB recovery area— less than 1 knot. The following mean and standard deviation may be used for the entire recovery area for all seasons: Mean Standard Deviation 0.3 m s–1 (0.54 knots) 0.3 m s–1 (0.56 knots) 14.4 Wave Slope. The wave slopes shown in tables 14.4A and 14.4B for Kennedy Space Center and Vandenberg AFB were calculated along the wind direction after assuming a Gaussian distribution in a fully aroused sea. The entire distribution of significant wave heights was used for the calculations.


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FIGURE 14.3. KSC and VAFB Booster Recovery Areas. Includes Special Gulf Stream

Current Areas (A) and Wind Speed Duration Grid Points.

TABLE 14.4A. KSC Recovery Area Wave Slopes (Calculated From Significant Wave Heights).

Risk of Exceeding

J F M A M J J A S O N D Avg.

5% 11º 12º 11º 10º 10º 10º 10º 9º 11º 11º 11º 11º 10º

TABLE 14.4B. VAFB Recovery Area Wave Slopes (Calculated From Significant Wave Heights).

Risk of Exceeding

J F M A M J J A S O N D Avg.

5% 10º 10º 10º 10º 11º 11º 10º 10º 10º 10º 10º 11º 10º


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14.5 Ocean Temperatures. Maximum, mean, and minimum water temperatures for 3-month periods from the surface to depths of 50 m for KSC and VAFB booster recovery areas are given in tables 14.5 and 14.6 (ref. 14.10). 14.6 Atmospheric Conditions. Climatological information applicable to KSC and VAFB booster recovery and retrieval areas is given in tables 14.7 and 14.8 (refs. 14.7 and 14.11). These values, developed from observations made at 00, 06, 12, and 18 Z time by ships passing through the area, show the percent frequency of the indicated atmospheric condition. For example, off KSC in January the sky cover was 0, 1/8, or 2/8 (≤ 2/8) on 20.3 percent of the observations. The sky was completely covered (8/8) on 20.8 percent of the observations. 14.7 Wind Speed and Wave Height Durations and Intervals. The following duration and interval tables, taken from the "U.S. Navy Hindcast Spectral Ocean Wave Model Climatic Atlases" (refs. 14.3 and 14.4), are given for two Atlantic Ocean grid points (Nos. 42 and 49) near Cape Canaveral, FL and two Pacific Ocean grid points (Nos. 37 and 47) near Vandenberg AFB, CA (fig. 14.3). Even though the statistics are given at grid points they are representative of surrounding areas. Also, interpolation may be used for areas between grid points. The Atlantic Ocean data base of 20 years was considered large enough to produce reliable monthly statistics. The Pacific Ocean data base of 12.5 years, however, was not large enough for monthly summaries. The statistics were prepared for seasons as follows: Winter = January, February March Spring = April, May, June Summer = July, August, September Fall = October, November, December Atlantic Ocean duration and interval tables were published for only 6 months— January, February, April, July, August, October— and a summary table which includes all the hindcasts. These months were chosen to show detail in winter (January and February) and summer (July and August), with only one month for each transition season (April and October). Episodes of durations (continuous hours or days) of events and episodes of intervals (continuous hours or days) between events were tallied for various thresholds. These tables give an indication of how long an episode is likely to last once it has begun. For convenience, the time an episode persisted above a given threshold is arbitrarily referred to as a "duration" of the event. The times in between episodes have been termed "intervals." 14.7.1 Legends For Duration and Interval Tables. Table 14.9 gives the legends for duration and interval tables (tables 14.10 through 14.25). 14.7.2 Applications of Durations and Interval Tables. When answering questions using the duration and interval tables, it is important to distinguish between questions that require the use of the number of episodes and those that require the number of hindcasts. Answers for questions regarding the percentage of time at or above, or below, certain thresholds require the use of the number of hindcasts. On the other hand, questions concerned with the percentage of episodes at or above, or below, certain thresholds demand the use of episode frequencies, where a 1-day episode and a 60-day episode will each count as one episode.


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TABLE 14.7. KSC Booster Recovery Area Atmospheric Conditions.

Percent Frequency of Occurrence

Visibility Total Precip. Sky Cover Wind Speed (knots)

Month ≤ 2 ≥ 10 (in) 0–2/8 8/8 Mean* ≤ 10 ≥ 17 Mean† J 1.3 89.4 4.0 20.3 20.8 0.62 29.0 35.8 15.2 F 1.9 88.4 4.5 21.3 22.1 0.62 29.9 39.2 15.9 M 0.5 88.6 2.6 26.5 19.2 0.58 30.0 37.9 15.2 A 1.0 89.6 1.3 36.2 9.6 0.47 34.4 30.6 14.0 M 0.9 88.7 2.2 37.5 12.7 0.47 48.2 18.6 11.9 J 2.4 86.2 4.5 24.2 17.2 0.57 49.7 17.8 11.9 J 1.3 92.0 3.8 30.8 12.4 0.52 50.6 14.6 11.5 A 1.1 90.0 4.5 22.5 11.8 0.55 57.6 13.4 11.2 S 2.2 87.3 4.9 25.4 16.2 0.56 50.6 19.1 12.0 O 0.6 90.6 2.3 28.5 13.7 0.53 36.5 28.7 13.6 N 1.1 92.7 3.4 28.7 11.6 0.53 33.8 33.2 14.7 D 0.9 92.7 2.1 29.0 14.3 0.56 41.3 28.6 14.7

TABLE 14.8. VAFB Booster Recovery Area Atmospheric Conditions.

Percent Frequency of Occurrence

Visibility Total Precip. Sky Cover Wind Speed (knots)

Month ≤ 2 ≥ 10 (in) 0–2/8 8/8 Mean* ≤ 10 ≥ 17 Mean†

J 2.3 76.9 5.1 30.5 25.2 0.59 41.2 27.5 13.1 F 4.6 76.3 4.9 27.8 29.3 0.60 38.6 32.5 13.8 M 0.8 81.0 3.2 30.4 23.9 0.58 35.1 40.4 14.8 A 1.6 75.2 3.0 25.0 30.3 0.63 29.1 43.6 15.7 M 0.3 84.1 2.1 24.0 31.8 0.65 26.5 43.5 15.8 J 1.1 71.5 2.7 21.7 49.2 0.71 28.1 42.4 15.5 J 1.2 74.1 2.3 16.5 60.4 0.79 34.7 34.8 14.0 A 0.8 72.8 1.4 16.1 58.6 0.79 32.9 33.5 13.9 S 0.5 77.0 1.9 26.4 39.4 0.66 35.4 33.3 13.7 O 1.0 79.1 1.3 33.9 33.1 0.58 40.7 30.8 13.4 N 1.9 77.5 3.8 32.9 26.0 0.56 44.2 26.2 12.7 D 1.2 83.3 3.2 32.8 20.5 0.55 46.5 28.2 12.7

*Mean sky cover is expressed in one-hundredths of the sky being covered. †Mean wind speed values are expressed in knots, not in percent.


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The following four examples are provided to illustrate applications of the duration and interval tables. Question 1: Of all the events with wind speeds (Ws) ≥ 22 knots at grid point 42 in January (table 14.10), what percentage had durations of longer than 1 day? Answer: Consult table 14.10. The number of events (or episodes) of Ws ≥ 22 k (from TE column) is 72. The number of events of wind speeds ≥22 knots lasting more than 1 day is 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 7. The percentage of events of wind speed =22 knots lasting more than 1 days is then 7 ÷ 7 2 x 1 0 0 = 9.7 percent. Question 2: What percentage of the time during January at Atlantic grid point No. 42 can waves greater than or equal to 9 ft be expected to persist longer than 24 hours? Answer: This problem involves computations using hindcasts from the monthly duration table (table 14.14) rather than episodes from the duration table since we are answering a question regarding the percentage of time. The solution can be found by computing the joint percentage as follows: percent of waves ≥ 9 ft times percent of ≥ 9-ft waves that persist longer than 24 hours. Note that the percent of ≥ 9-ft waves that lasted 24 hours. In this example it will be easier to find the percent for ≤ 24 hours then subtract from 100 percent to obtain the percent we require. This requires the calculation of the total number of hindcasts meeting this criterion. This procedure is as follows: Hindcasts Hindcasts Frequency ≤ 9 ft Lasting Duration Per Event (From Table) ≤ 24 hours 6 hours 1 x 8 = 8 12 hours 2 x 10 = 20 18 hours 3 x 5 = 15 24 hours 4 x 3 = 12 TOTAL: 55 Thus, the percent of ≥ 9-ft waves that lasted ≤ 24 hours is (55 ÷146)x100 = 37.7 percent. The percent of ≥ 9-ft waves lasting >24 hours is 100 percent – 37.7 percent = 62.3 percent. Step 2. The percent of waves ≥ 9 ft is (T*/TH) x 100 or (146÷2.439)x100 = 6 percent. Step 3. The answer is 62.3 percent x 6 percent = 3.7 percent.


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Question 3: Suppose a certain operation to be conducted in February near grid point No. 42 requires that the significant wave height must remain less than 9 ft for at least 24 hours. What is the climatological probability that the operation can be conducted successfully? Answer: This problem involves the use of the wave height interval tables, since we want intervals between wave height ≥ 9 ft. The number of intervals between events of waves ≥ 9 ft is 74 (from the TI column of the interval table (table 14.16)). The number of intervals between events (episodes) of wave height ≥ 9 ft lasting 24 hours or less is 5 + 6 + 1 + 1 = 13. The percentage of intervals between waves ≥ 9 ft lasting 24 hours or less is thus (13÷74) x 100 = 17.6 percent. In other words, 17.6 percent of all the episodes with waves


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TABLE 14.9. Legends For Duration And Interval Tables.


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TABLE 14.18 Wind Speed Durations, Pacific Grid Point 37. Winter 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4333 I ≥48 4333 N ≥41 4333 D ≥34 2 6–2 2 2 2 4333 ≥28 19 9 2 3 24–3 33 55 56 4333 S ≥22 48 16 11 11 7 1 2 2 2 60–2 100 248 248 4335 P ≥17 88 43 30 22 11 13 8 4 2 6 1 1 4 2 114–1 235 768 768 4355 E ≥11 92 51 45 23 27 32 21 9 14 14 12 4 3 7 6 22 306–1 382 2154 2158 4391 E ≥ 7 90 32 31 12 16 11 13 9 11 12 4 7 6 9 5 74 582–1 342 3350 3395 4458 D ≥ 4 55 24 16 5 6 8 12 4 9 5 5 5 7 3 76 1218–1 241 3968 4192 4700 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Spring 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4241 I ≥48 4241 N ≥41 4241 D ≥34 1 18–1 1 3 3 4241 ≥28 32 17 3 1 30–1 53 80 80 4241 S ≥22 103 59 24 5 4 13 10 3 2 2 66–2 225 550 552 4243 P ≥17 121 70 32 9 19 22 12 5 6 3 9 4 3 7 3 14 228–1 339 1504 1548 4272 E ≥11 114 44 23 8 10 13 9 5 1 9 12 4 1 8 7 65 552–1 333 3126 3349 4418 E ≥ 7 27 14 10 2 3 6 1 5 3 3 1 1 2 4 57 1668–1 139 3794 4374 4693 D ≥ 4 19 4 4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 42 SEA–1 82 3957 5035 5185 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Summer 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4100 I ≥48 4100 N ≥41 4100 D ≥34 4100 ≥28 10 6–10 10 10 10 4100 S ≥22 48 19 1 1 2 1 1 66–1 73 126 126 4100 P ≥17 144 73 26 5 1 6 1 1 7 4 1 1 2 114–2 272 631 631 4100 E ≥11 150 100 71 7 10 8 19 5 5 15 8 2 6 3 7 41 324–2 457 2479 2555 4124 E ≥ 7 40 24 15 4 3 8 5 4 2 2 4 1 3 4 69 1002–1 188 3526 3797 4209 D ≥ 4 20 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 52 1620–1 106 3389 4043 4246 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Fall 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4543 I ≥48 4543 N ≥41 4543 D ≥34 4543 ≥28 6 2 2 18–2 10 16 16 4543 S ≥22 30 20 9 4 4 2 2 42–2 71 159 159 4543 P ≥17 61 37 22 18 10 8 9 3 3 1 1 72–1 173 507 507 4548 E ≥11 124 58 39 16 19 22 14 10 12 7 8 12 8 5 7 14 180–1 375 1798 1804 4582 E ≥ 7 117 44 47 12 20 14 23 9 12 8 12 5 8 7 9 68 378–1 415 3344 3422 4742 D ≥ 4 61 37 27 15 10 8 8 5 10 3 6 6 2 3 4 84 600–1 289 3839 4139 4815 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n


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TABLE 14.19 Wind Speed Durations, Pacific Grid Point 47. Winter 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4333 I ≥48 4333 N ≥41 4333 D ≥34 1 6–1 1 1 1 4333 ≥28 4 6-4 4 4 4 4333

S ≥22 13 5 3 1 1 1 42–1 24 49 49 4333 P ≥17 75 24 23 13 4 6 3 2 1 1 1 126–1 153 380 388 4335 E ≥11 143 47 38 17 20 12 10 15 13 11 8 7 6 2 4 22 312–1 375 1894 1927 4378 E ≥ 7 86 36 29 19 13 12 8 7 10 8 9 4 4 2 5 74 558–1 326 3197 3288 4478 D ≥ 4 42 14 20 9 9 3 10 4 7 2 3 4 4 2 3 79 1608–1 215 4396 4575 5036 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Spring 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4241 I ≥48 4241 N ≥41 4241 D ≥34 4241 ≥28 1 24–1 1 4 4 4243

S ≥22 15 1 2 1 30–1 19 28 29 4244 P ≥17 72 26 18 6 8 4 3 2 3 1 66–1 143 341 345 4248 E ≥11 160 60 35 21 17 9 15 7 6 13 9 6 3 5 5 23 336–1 394 1841 1909 4258 E ≥ 7 68 36 16 9 10 11 12 12 8 9 6 4 6 8 4 74 642–1 293 3250 3446 4336 D ≥ 4 21 8 10 2 2 2 4 3 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 61 1350–1 125 3832 4492 4744 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH

k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Summer 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4100 I ≥48 4100 N ≥41 4100 D ≥34 4100 ≥28 1 2 12–2 3 5 5 4100 S ≥22 9 2 3 1 1 1 42–1 17 40 41 4100 P ≥17 29 15 3 6 3 2 3 1 1 66–1 63 159 161 4100 E ≥11 155 62 31 22 17 17 13 11 5 9 4 2 3 1 3 9 126–2 364 1286 1314 4124 E ≥ 7 117 42 32 14 16 7 13 13 4 11 9 8 6 4 4 59 450–1 359 2875 2990 4203 D ≥ 4 40 9 16 4 6 5 9 1 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 69 1296–1 177 3870 4163 4476 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n

Fall 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4545 I ≥48 4545 N ≥41 4545 D ≥34 1 6–1 1 1 1 4545 ≥28 1 6-1 1 1 1 4545 S ≥22 7 2 1 2 30–2 12 24 24 4548 P ≥17 77 26 12 7 8 3 2 1 1 78–1 137 286 293 4552 E ≥11 172 51 32 29 28 18 13 20 14 10 13 2 6 3 4 19 216–1 434 1941 1993 4599 E ≥ 7 72 34 20 13 8 7 11 13 6 13 6 1 8 4 9 72 582–1 297 3395 3661 4746 D ≥ 4 22 11 10 9 7 1 3 6 4 3 6 4 5 2 5 68 1074–1 166 3812 4492 4890 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS n


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TABLE 14.20 Wind Speed Intervals, Pacific Grid Point 37. Winter 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 I ≥48 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 N ≥41 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 D ≥34 1 8 SEA–7 9 2676 4451 4453 ≥28 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 25 SEA–3 40 3867 4944 4999

S ≥22 13 6 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 57 1296–1 105 3827 4361 4607 P ≥17 41 17 16 11 11 9 7 8 8 9 15 4 2 4 4 70 672–1 236 3325 3679 4425 E ≥11 120 52 33 19 16 21 20 16 14 9 7 7 8 3 4 28 228–1 377 2126 2237 4337 E ≥ 7 131 67 38 21 26 18 6 7 6 2 1 4 2 2 3 102–2 334 1036 1063 4333 D ≥ 4 116 58 22 12 14 4 4 1 1 1 60–1 233 495 508 4333 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Spring 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 I ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 N ≥41 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 D ≥34 7 SEA–7 7 2576 4330 4333 ≥28 3 3 6 1 4 1 1 2 37 SEA–5 58 4194 5290 5370 S ≥22 48 40 22 1 2 4 7 2 7 9 2 3 1 9 67 SEA–1 224 3882 4689 5239 P ≥17 70 67 44 3 5 11 28 8 5 13 12 6 5 13 6 48 462–1 344 2775 2800 4317 E ≥11 144 54 58 7 11 14 10 5 6 5 5 1 4 1 2 6 132–1 333 1083 1087 4259 E ≥ 7 71 20 21 1 9 8 2 1 1 1 84–1 135 318 319 4241 D ≥ 4 45 11 10 3 4 1 2 42–2 76 149 150 4241 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Summer 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 I ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 N ≥41 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 D ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 ≥28 2 2 11 SEA–7 15 2811 4657 4667

S ≥22 8 7 15 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 30 SEA–1 75 2635 4111 4237 P ≥17 47 53 46 3 2 11 17 2 2 6 13 4 5 2 54 1602–1 267 3142 3844 4475 E ≥11 166 112 91 3 7 8 23 4 6 4 15 1 2 3 4 11 144–1 460 1566 1609 4140 E ≥ 7 98 51 16 2 5 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 114–1 187 419 424 4112 D ≥ 4 54 29 10 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 108–1 102 210 211 4108 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Fall 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 I ≥48 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 N ≥41 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 D ≥34 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 ≥28 1 14 SEA–2 15 2840 5230 5246

S ≥22 7 4 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 43 1650–1 72 3058 4714 4873 P ≥17 24 19 11 5 6 5 6 5 7 4 2 3 2 5 3 61 1134–1 168 3279 4251 4753 E ≥11 86 54 31 21 16 15 21 20 10 18 9 4 4 3 7 44 300–1 363 2604 2808 4573 E ≥ 7 175 77 54 23 24 10 12 12 2 7 3 2 3 1 7 120–1 412 1267 1325 4548 D ≥ 4 143 61 35 18 10 8 3 5 3 1 1 1 102–1 289 666 680 4547 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n


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TABLE 14.21 Wind Speed Intervals, Pacific Grid Point 47. Winter 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 I ≥48 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 N ≥41 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 D ≥34 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4390 ≥28 1 10 SEA–8 11 3189 4634 4638 S ≥22 1 28 SEA–3 29 3868 5280 5329 P ≥17 36 7 6 4 7 4 8 3 3 5 3 3 2 65 2034–1 156 4039 4550 4936 E ≥11 117 47 39 18 19 17 10 7 15 7 11 7 6 6 3 44 390–1 373 2419 2471 4353 E ≥ 7 121 41 46 27 13 16 16 12 7 6 3 1 1 2 8 156–1 320 1181 1199 4342 D ≥ 4 110 47 22 8 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 72–1 208 459 463 4335 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Spring 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 I ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 N ≥41 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 D ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 ≥28 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4263 4265 S ≥22 23 SEA–4 23 3526 5042 5068 P ≥17 29 15 9 8 2 1 2 2 1 3 5 1 2 1 68 2052–1 149 4348 4575 4913 E ≥11 132 58 35 20 21 16 15 8 10 7 11 4 10 2 7 40 354–1 396 2447 2463 4355 E ≥ 7 135 58 35 9 15 6 11 2 6 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 150–1 294 898 901 4252 D ≥ 4 67 25 15 4 4 3 2 1 1 72–1 122 251 252 4241 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Summer 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 I ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 N ≥41 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 D ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 ≥28 8 SEA–6 8 2610 4483 4488 S ≥22 3 1 1 15 SEA–3 20 2634 4349 4390 P ≥17 7 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 44 1266–1 67 3161 4291 4452 E ≥11 118 50 39 12 9 10 11 6 4 9 9 10 8 4 13 53 366–1 365 2742 2859 4149 E ≥ 7 151 62 39 15 24 11 11 4 12 9 3 4 4 1 1 4 156–1 355 1198 1227 4114 D ≥ 4 106 35 14 9 6 3 1 42–1 174 309 313 4100 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n

Fall 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 I ≥48 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 N ≥41 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 D ≥34 1 5 SEA–5 6 1841 4565 4566 ≥28 1 5 SEA–5 6 1841 4565 4566

S ≥22 1 13 SEA–3 14 2655 5133 5154 P ≥17 25 9 3 7 4 1 3 2 1 1 4 2 4 1 1 69 972–1 137 3035 4436 4722 E ≥11 157 36 49 25 24 15 17 12 7 11 9 5 6 4 9 42 318–1 428 2496 2617 4556 E ≥ 7 125 51 23 18 21 12 9 7 5 5 2 4 1 6 7 126–2 296 1062 1085 4545 D ≥ 4 85 27 24 7 3 5 4 3 1 2 1 1 84–1 164 392 398 4545 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH k HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS n


14-24

TABLE 14.22 Wave Height Durations, Pacific Grid Point 37. Winter 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4333 A ≥56 4333 V ≥48 4333 E ≥40 4333 ≥34 4333

H ≥28 4333 E ≥24 4333 I ≥20 1 6–1 1 1 1 4333 G ≥16 6 1 1 24–1 8 13 13 4333 H ≥12 14 4 4 4 2 3 2 1 1 108–1 35 120 120 4333 T ≥ 9 34 7 9 13 6 5 3 4 1 3 2 1 2 150–1 90 354 354 4335 ≥ 6 49 23 18 7 9 12 10 8 8 8 4 2 2 7 1 11 258–1 179 1042 1045 4358 f ≥ 3 55 29 19 14 18 14 16 7 9 5 8 9 4 3 8 47 460–1 265 2518 2569 4386 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Spring 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4241 A ≥56 4241 V ≥48 4241 E ≥40 4241 ≥34 4241

H ≥28 4241 E ≥24 4241 I ≥20 1 6–1 1 1 1 4241 G ≥16 2 1 24–1 3 6 6 4241 H ≥12 29 6 6 1 1 30–1 43 66 68 4241 T ≥ 9 75 23 15 4 15 8 6 2 2 1 1 66–1 152 402 402 4241 ≥ 6 86 52 31 12 11 12 20 2 7 5 6 5 3 6 5 13 228–1 276 1360 1413 4261 f ≥ 3 56 27 23 6 4 9 8 3 2 5 5 2 5 7 6 63 1290–1 231 3127 3443 4495 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Summer 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4100 A ≥56 4100 V ≥48 4100 E ≥40 4100 ≥34 4100

H ≥28 4100 E ≥24 4100 I ≥20 4100 G ≥16 4100 H ≥12 2 2 12–2 4 6 6 4100 T ≥ 9 24 7 1 2 1 1 48–1 36 63 63 4100 ≥ 6 74 32 16 3 5 4 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 102–1 149 429 429 4100 f ≥ 3 116 70 57 7 12 8 12 4 5 13 13 1 3 5 6 36 426–1 368 2241 2299 4124 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Fall 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4543 A ≥56 4543 V ≥48 4543 E ≥40 4543 ≥34 4543

H ≥28 4543 E ≥24 4543 I ≥20 4543 G ≥16 1 6–1 1 1 1 4543 H ≥12 4 3 3 2 1 1 42–1 14 40 40 4543 T ≥ 9 25 10 12 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 138–1 64 199 199 4543 ≥ 6 41 23 16 11 14 12 12 7 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 4 174–1 154 709 709 4551 f ≥ 3 52 44 23 15 11 6 17 7 10 12 4 8 4 5 8 38 342–1 264 2106 2157 4611 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS


14-25

TABLE 14.23 Wave Height Durations, Pacific Grid Point 47. Winter 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4333 A ≥56 4333 V ≥48 4333 E ≥40 4333 ≥34 4333

H ≥28 4333 E ≥24 4333 I ≥20 4333 G ≥16 1 12–1 1 2 2 4333 H ≥12 3 2 1 3 1 1 60–1 11 44 47 4333 T ≥ 9 16 3 5 11 5 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 144–1 54 241 247 4340 ≥ 6 32 16 9 8 11 10 4 9 4 4 7 4 5 16 240–1 139 1012 1051 4347 f ≥ 3 38 22 12 8 11 6 5 9 8 7 5 3 5 4 4 61 1776–1 208 3306 3386 4858 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Spring 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4241 A ≥56 4241 V ≥48 4241 E ≥40 4241 ≥34 4241

H ≥28 4241 E ≥24 4241 I ≥20 4241 G ≥16 1 1 24–1 2 7 7 4244 H ≥12 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 60–1 10 37 37 4245 T ≥ 9 12 7 3 3 4 6 2 3 3 3 3 4 72–4 53 279 298 4249 ≥ 6 37 11 6 12 12 5 3 10 6 9 6 5 2 5 2 39 486–1 170 1734 1861 4268 f ≥ 3 15 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 42 1698–1 80 2965 4391 4838 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Summer 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4100 A ≥56 4100 V ≥48 4100 E ≥40 4100 ≥34 4100

H ≥28 4100 E ≥24 4100 I ≥20 1 1 18–1 2 4 4 4100 G ≥16 1 1 1 30–1 3 10 10 4100 H ≥12 2 1 1 1 1 48–1 6 24 24 4100 T ≥ 9 5 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 72–1 15 68 68 4100 ≥ 6 32 7 11 7 4 6 4 8 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 14 216–1 110 758 785 4105 f ≥ 3 27 6 5 7 3 5 3 3 4 1 3 4 2 2 52 1098–1 127 2961 ??05 4225 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS DURATION OF EVENTS

Fall 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 4545 A ≥56 4545 V ≥48 4545 E ≥40 4545 ≥34 4545

H ≥28 4545 E ≥24 4545 I ≥20 4545 G ≥16 1 6–1 1 1 1 4545 H ≥12 2 2 2 3 2 1 54–1 12 50 50 4548 T ≥ 9 8 4 2 4 1 5 1 2 3 2 1 1 90–1 34 198 198 4554 ≥ 6 33 23 10 9 6 7 7 6 3 1 6 1 3 2 2 14 174–2 133 810 825 4583 f ≥ 3 59 20 13 14 4 8 10 10 2 10 5 2 3 3 3 64 840–1 230 2907 3103 4829 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS D URATION OF EVENTS


14-26

TABLE 14.24 Wave Height Intervals, Pacific Grid Point 37. Winter 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 A ≥56 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 V ≥48 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 E ≥40 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 ≥34 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389

H ≥28 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 E ≥24 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 I ≥20 9 SEA–8 9 3152 4366 4369 G ≥16 1 1 1 12 SEA–7 15 3424 4066 4879 H ≥12 1 2 3 2 1 3 29 SEA–3 41 3562 4718 4838 T ≥ 9 13 4 1 3 2 3 6 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 51 1254–1 96 3724 4340 4692 ≥ 6 23 18 11 7 9 5 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 3 4 60 918–1 180 3193 3441 4461 f ≥ 3 65 30 26 21 18 8 11 8 9 9 6 8 4 4 5 26 222–2 258 1729 1821 4337 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Spring 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 A ≥56 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 V ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 E ≥40 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265

H ≥28 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 E ≥24 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 I ≥20 7 SEA–6 7 2486 4264 4265 G ≥16 9 SEA–7 9 2853 4320 4334 H ≥12 4 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 29 SEA–5 46 40?? 5516 5504 T ≥ 9 24 18 18 2 2 1 6 1 2 2 8 1 2 5 61 SEA–3 153 4148 4760 5162 ≥ 6 71 37 28 4 4 7 12 7 9 11 8 5 6 10 6 55 1074–1 280 3019 3065 4458 f ≥ 2 75 44 22 12 11 13 8 6 5 10 8 3 2 2 2 8 234–1 231 1053 1056 4245 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Summer 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude

W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 A ≥56 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 V ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 E ≥40 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224

H ≥28 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 E ≥24 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 I ≥20 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 G ≥16 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 H ≥12 1 1 8 SEA–6 10 2534 4471 4477 T ≥ 9 10 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 19 SEA–2 39 2802 4383 4446 ≥ 6 33 19 12 5 4 6 4 4 2 1 2 4 1 3 48 1500–1 148 2829 3899 4328 f ≥ 3 137 75 38 12 16 10 16 2 2 9 8 3 3 3 6 26 306–1 366 1820 1919 4194 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Fall 37 32.9 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 A ≥56 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 V ≥48 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 E ≥40 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 ≥34 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564

H ≥28 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 E ≥24 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 I ≥20 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4564 4564 G ≥16 6 SEA–5 6 2076 4800 4801 H ≥12 1 1 17 SEA–2 19 3168 5503 5543 T ≥ 9 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 46 1326–1 65 3069 4754 4953 ≥ 6 14 10 9 7 2 9 6 5 10 1 4 3 2 2 2 65 1050–1 151 3139 4091 4792 f ≥ 3 66 22 22 14 14 15 12 9 8 6 6 2 4 3 1 53 468–1 258 2166 2502 4591 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS


14-27

TABLE 14.25 Wave Height Intervals, Pacific Grid Point 47. Winter 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 A ≥56 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 V ≥48 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 E ≥40 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 ≥34 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389

H ≥28 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 E ≥24 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 I ≥20 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4389 G ≥16 8 SEA–8 8 2944 4389 4391 H ≥12 1 2 1 13 SEA–5 17 3028 4597 4644 T ≥ 9 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 43 SEA–2 58 4423 4088 5128 ≥ 6 23 6 9 6 3 4 5 5 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 64 798–1 140 3223 3461 4498 f ≥ 3 43 28 20 10 12 12 8 7 3 10 5 4 5 6 5 18 348–1 196 1378 1474 4335 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Spring 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 A ≥56 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 V ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 E ≥40 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265

H ≥28 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 E ≥24 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 I ≥20 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4265 4265 G ≥16 7 SEA–7 7 2576 4335 4339 H ≥12 13 SEA–5 13 2821 4562 4595 T ≥ 9 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 40 SEA–2 57 3600 4241 4531 ≥ 6 20 9 19 14 8 5 7 6 6 6 5 3 6 5 6 49 666–1 174 2429 2519 4353 f ≥ 3 22 12 6 6 6 5 10 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 180–1 83 452 452 4246 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Summer 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 A ≥56 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 V ≥48 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 E ≥40 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 ≥34 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224

H ≥28 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 E ≥24 6 SEA–6 6 2208 4224 4224 I ≥20 7 SEA–6 7 2469 4484 4488 G ≥16 7 SEA–6 7 2468 4479 4489 H ≥12 1 8 SEA–4 9 2323 4463 4487 T ≥ 9 1 1 16 SEA–4 18 2685 4450 4518 ≥ 6 14 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 2 1 3 2 3 5 51 954–1 113 3005 3439 4219 f ≥ 3 32 19 19 10 6 3 2 4 3 5 5 4 5 1 1 8 204–2 127 725 759 4139 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS

Fall 47 25.0 N. Latitude, 119.4 W. Longitude W ≥64 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 A ≥56 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 V ≥48 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 E ≥40 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 ≥34 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566

H ≥28 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 E ≥24 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 I ≥20 5 SEA–5 5 1840 4566 4566 G ≥16 6 SEA–5 6 1866 4565 4566 H ≥12 2 1 12 SEA–3 15 2128 4809 4856 T ≥ 9 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 24 2046–1 36 2891 4850 5039 ≥ 6 16 4 6 9 5 2 5 6 4 2 1 4 3 1 58 960–1 126 3248 3983 4770 f ≥ 3 56 22 19 15 19 16 10 10 10 7 3 4 4 4 2 24 240–1 225 1601 1726 4545 t 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96+ MAX TE T T* TH HOURS INTERVAL BETWEEN EVENTS


14-28



14-29

REFERENCES 14.1 "Space Shuttle Flight and Ground System Specification." vol. X, appendix 10.10, revision

B, JSC 07700, NASA/Johnson Space Flight Center, April 27, 1978. 14.2 "Natural Environment for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster." MSFC SE-019-043-

2H, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, May 20, 1975. 14.3 "U.S. Navy Hindcast Spectral Ocean Wave Model Climatic Atlas: North Atlantic Ocean."

NAVAIR 50-1C-538, Naval Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, NC, October 1983.

14.4 "U.S. Navy Hindcast Spectral Ocean Wave Model Climatic Atlas: North Pacific Ocean."

NAVAIR 50-1C-539, Naval Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, NC, March 1985.

14.5 "U.S. Navy Climatic Study of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 3." Naval

Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, NC, July 1986. 14.6 Climatology of California Coastal Waters, Fleet Weather Central NAS, Alameda, CA,

July 1972. 14.7 "Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations." North American Coast Marine

Areas, vol. 4, vol. 7, and vol. 8, Nos. AD707701, AD709055, and AD710771, respectively, U.S. Naval Weather Service Command, Washington, DC, May 1970.

14.8 "International Meteorological Codes, 1972." Hydrographic Office Publication No. 118,

Naval Weather Service Environmental Detachment, Federal Building, Asheville, NC (reproduced and distributed to Naval Weather Command Units by direction of the Commander, U.S. Naval Weather Service Command), March 1972.

14.9 "Environmental Conditions Within Specified Geographical Regions." U.S. Department of

Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service, United States Department of Commerce Publication, National Data Buoy Center, April 1973.

14.10 Churgin, J., and Halminski, S.J.: "Temperature, Salinity, Oxygen, and Phosphate in the

Waters Off United States." Key to Oceanographic Records, Documentation No. 2, vol. 2, "Gulf of Mexico," National Oceanographic Data Center, March 1974.

14.11 "Marine Climatological Summaries." Vol. 1 through 9, U.S. Department of Commerce,

NOAA, EDS, National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC, June 1976.


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