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Interesting Points

• TheISSeffortinvolvesmorethan100,000peopleinspaceagencies,at500contractorfacilities,andin37U.S.states.That’salmosthalfof

theentirepopulationoftheU.S.stateofNorthDakota.

• AsofJune2006,thenumberofcrewmembersandvisitorswhohavetraveledtotheISSincluded116differentpeoplerepresenting10countries.

•LivingandworkingontheISSislikebuildingoneroomofahouse,movinginafamilyofthree,andaskingthemtofinishbuildingthehousewhileworkingfulltimefromhome.

•AsofJune2006:

• Includingthelaunchofthefirstmodule—Zaryaat1:40a.m.e.s.t.onNovember20,1998—therehavebeen55launchestotheISS

(37Russianflightsand18U.S./Shuttleflights).

• The38Russianflightsinclude3modules(Zarya,Zvezda,andPirs),13Soyuzcrewvehicles,and22Progressresupplyships.

• AtAssemblyComplete,80spaceflightswillhavebeenscheduledtotakeplaceusingfivedifferenttypesoflaunchvehicles.

EVA

•AsofAugust2006:

• Spacewalks(EVAs):69(28Shuttle-based,41ISS-based)totaling

410hours.

•BuildingtheISSinspacehasbeencomparedtochangingasparkplugorhangingashelfwhilewearingrollerskatesandtwopairsofskigloveswithallyourtools,screws,andmaterialsteth-eredtoyourbodysotheydon’tdrop.

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hysical Parameters

ass

ThemassoftheISScurrentlyis186,000kg(410,000lb)(equivalenttoabout132automobiles).

AtAssemblyComplete,theISSwillbeaboutfourtimesaslargeastheRussianspacestationMirandaboutvetimesaslargeastheU.S.Skylab.

AtAssemblyComplete,theISSwillhaveamassofalmost419,600kg

(925,000lb).That’stheequivalentofmorethan330automobiles.

Theentire16.4-m(55-ft)robotarm assemblywillbeabletolift99,790kg(220,000lb),whichisthemassofaSpaceShuttleorbiter.

abitable Volume 

TheISShasabout425m3 (15,000ft3)ofhabitablevolume—moreroomthan

aconventionalthree-bedroomhouse.Thereare9researchracksonboardplus16systemracksand10stowageracks.

• AtAssemblyComplete,morethan120telephone-booth-sizerackfacilitieswillbeinstalledintheISSforoperat-ingthespacecraftsystemsandresearchexperiments.

• Whencompletelyassembled,theISSwillhaveaninternalpressurizedvolumeof935m3 (33,023ft3 ),orabout1.5Boeing747s,andwillbelargerthanave-bed-roomhouse.

Physical Dimensions

• TheISSsolararraysurfacewillbelargeenoughtocovertheU.S.SenateChambermorethanthreetimesoverat AssemblyComplete.

• Asolararray’swingspanof73m(240ft)islongerthanthatofaBoeing777,whichis65m(212ft).

• AtAssemblyComplete,theISSwillmeasure110m(361ft)endtoend.That’sequivalenttothelengthofaU.S.footballeld,includingtheendzones.

Electrical Power

• Thesolararraysurfaceareacurrentlyonorbitis892m2(9,600ft2),whichislargeenoughtocover75%oftheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesChamber(42mx28m=1,176m2)(139ftx93ft=12,927ft2).

• AtAssemblyComplete,12.9km(8mi)ofwirewillconnecttheelectricalpower

system.

• Currently,26kWofpowerisgenerated.

• AtAssemblyComplete,thesolararraysurfaceareais2,500m2(27,000ft2),anacreofsolarpanels.

• AtAssemblyComplete,therewillbeatotalof262,400solarcells.

•  AtAssemblyComplete,amaximum110kWofpower,including30kWoflong-termaveragepowerforapplications,is/willbeavailable.

Thermal Control

• Currently,thereare21honeycombedaluminumradiatorpanels,eachmea-suring1.8mx3m(6ftx10ft),foratotalof156m 2(1,680ft2)ofammonia-tubing-lledheatexchangearea.

• AtAssemblyComplete,therewillbe42honeycombedaluminumradiator

panels,eachmeasuring1.8mx3m(6ftx10ft),foratotalareaof312m 2(3,360ft 2)ofammonia-tubing-lledheatexchangearea.

Module Berthing

• Toensureagoodseal,theCommonBerthingMechanismautomaticlatchespulltwomodulestogetherandtighten16connectingboltswithaforceof8,618kg(19,000lb)each.

Meals

• Crewshaveeatenabout23,000mealsand20,000snacks,whichequals18,150kg(40,000lb)offood.Approximately3,630kg(4tons)ofsuppliesarerequiredtosupportacrewofthreeforabout6months.

• BasedoninputfromISScrewmembers,themostpopularon-orbitfoodsareshrimpcocktail,tortillas,barbecuebeefbrisket,breakfastsausagelinks,chickenfajitas,vegetablequiche,macaroniandcheese,candy-coated

chocolates,andcherryblueberrycobbler.Thefavoritebeveragetowashitalldown?Lemonade.

Crew Hours

• WhileayearofSpaceShuttleoper-ations(sevencrewmembers,11-daymissions,veightsperyear)resultsin9,240totalcrewhours,1yearofISSoperations—26,280totalcrewhours(threecrew,365days)—isalmostthreetimesthatamount.

Environmental Control

• ISSsystemsrecycleabout6.4or6.42L(1.7gal)ofcrew-expeachday.2.7kg(6lb)ofthattheU.S.segment.Theprocessisthenusedfortechnicalordrpurposes.

•TheISStravelsanequivalenttheMoonandbackinaboutaequivalenttocrossingtheNorthcontinentabout135timesever

Data Management

• Fifty-twocomputerswillcontrsystemsontheISS.

• Thedatatransmissionrateis15perseconddownlinkwithsimeousuplink.

• Currently,2.8millionlinesofcodeonthegroundwillsuppomillionlinesofightsoftwarewhichwilldoublebyAssemblComplete.

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IntheInternationalSpaceStation’sU.S.segmentalone,1.5millionlinesofightsoftwarecodewillrunon44computerscommunicatingvia100datanetworkstransferring400,000signals(e.g.,pres-sureortemperaturemeasurements,valvepositions,etc.).

TheISSwillmanage20timesasmanysignalsastheSpaceShuttle.

esearch and Applications

Expeditioncrewsconductsciencedaily,acrossawidevarietyofelds,includinghumanresearch,lifesciences,physicalsciences,andEarthobservation,aswellaseducationandtechnologydemonstrations(http://exploration.nasa.gov/programs/station).

AsofJune2006,90scienceinvesti-gationshavebeenconductedonthe

ISSover64monthsofcontinuousresearch.Nineresearchracksareonboard.Morethan7,700kg(17,000lb)ofresearchequipmentandfacili-tieshavebeenbroughttotheISS.

• Researchtopicshavebeendiverse—fromproteincrystalgrowthtophysicstotelemedicine.NewscientificresultsfromearlySpaceStationresearch,ineldsfrombasic

sciencetoexplorationresearch,arebeingpublishedeverymonth.

• Some100scientists,fromasmanyinsti-tutions,havebeenprincipalinvestigatorsonISSresearch,eithercompletedorongoing.NASAresearchhasinvolvedleadinvestigatorsfromtheU.S.,Belgium,Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,andSpain.Onsomeexperiments,theseprincipalinvestigatorsrepresentdozensofscientistswhosharedatatomaximizeresearch.

• TheISSprovidesanexcellentviewingplatformforEarth;itsrangecoversmorethan90%ofthepopulatedareasoftheplanet.Stationcrewshavetakenmorethan200,000imagesofEarth—almostathirdofthetotalnumberofimagestakenfromorbitbyastronauts.

• About700,000NASAdigitalpho-tographsofEartharedownloadedbyscientists,educators,andthe

publiceachmonthfromthe“Gate-waytoAstronautPhotographyofEarth”(http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov).

• In2005,ISSastronautstookkeyphotographsofthehurricanedamageinMississippiandLouisiana,aswellasdamageandrecoveryeffortsfromthetsunamiinSriLanka;documentedoodsanddroughts;andtookdetailedphotographsofcitiesaroundtheworld,fromLondontoJeddahtoIrkutsk.

Education

• EducationalactivitiesrelatingtotheISSincludestudent-developedexperi-ments;educationaldemonstrationsandactivities;andstudentparticipationinclassroomversionsofISSexperiments,NASAinvestigatorexperiments,andISSengineeringactivities.

• Fromearly2000throughApril2006,

24uniquetypesofeducationalprogramsinvolved31.8millionstudents,andover12,500teachersparticipatedinISS-basededucationworkshops.

• IntheEarthKAMexperiment,nearly1,000schoolsand66,000middleschoolstudentshavecontrolledadigitalcameraonboardtheISStophotographfeaturesofEarth.Thestudentshaveinvestigatedawiderangeoftopicssuchasdefores-tation,urbanization,volcanoes,riverdeltas,andpollution.

• In-ighteducationdownlinks(partofEducationPayloadOperations)havelinkedcrewmembersaboardtheISSwithstudentsaroundtheworld.Thestudentshavestudiedthescienceactivi-tiesontheISSandlivingandworkinginspaceinpreparationforaskingquestionsofthecrewmembers.Throughbroad-castssponsoredbyChannelOneandtheU.S.DepartmentofEducation,over30millionstudentshavebeenabletowatch

theinterviews.

Crew Medical Care

• Informationfrombiomedicalrese archonISSisdesignedtodevelopcountermea-surestothenegativeeffectsoflong-durationspaceflightonthehumanbodysothatfutureastronautswillbeabletoexploremoresafely.Forexample,

• Resistiveexerciseallowsastronautstodoweighttrainingwhiletheyare

weightlessandisbeingsseeifitcanslowtheratelossthatoccursinspace.

• GenetictechniqueswillsousedtoexaminethemicrobenvironmentoftheSpaceSandculturestudieswilldettheeffectofthespaceenvironthegrowthofmicrobes.allowbetterassessmentoft

ofpathogenstocrewmemblong-durationmissions.

• Medicalultrasoundwillbeusadiagnostictoolshouldacrewbehurt,eveniftherestofthecnotbeenpreviouslytrainedindoaspecictypeofscan.Thetelemedicinetechniquesbeneinruralareasandmayeventuaultrasoundimagestakenonamtobesentaheadtothehospita

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Exploration 92

Efcient, reliable spacecraft systems are critical to reducing crew and mission risks.The development and testing of systems of the ISS will reduce mission risks andadvance capabilities for missions traveling interplanetary distances.

 As we expand permanent human presence beyond low-Earth orbit to theMoon and, later, to Mars and beyond, we will face challenges in management;integration; remote, long-duration assembly and maintenance operations; scienceand engineering; and international culture and relationships. The ISS Program isproviding critical insight and amassing new knowledge in all of these areas, and theISS experience can help to guide our success in space exploration.

The International Space Station (ISS) isinstrumental to the exploration of space.

Systems developed for use on ISS may serve as the basis of future lunar outposts.