Nation Building & Reform

Imperial RussiaCrimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms

emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861

“better to abolish from above than below”

Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay back

1864 zemstvos - local assemblies

property based elections favor wealthy

Imperial Russia

1864 - legal reform judicial code - equality before law

Populism movement - wanted greater reform

People’s Will, radical group - assassinated Alex II 1881

son Alex III - reactionary

Russia

Alexander III - reactionary

secret police expanded, social reform/trade unions persecuted

Russification - Russian language in all schools, pogroms - organized violence against jews

Alex III dies in 1894 - son Nicholas II weak

tried to follow father’s policies

Russia

Nicholas II increased father’s push for ind

Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903

encouraged foreign capital to build factories

35,000 miles of rail lines including 5,000 mile Trans-Siberian

Russia

1898 Social Democratic Party underground

growing nationalism among Poles and Ukranians - not happy w/ conditions and russification

Russian territorial expansion brought into contact w/ Japan - humiliating defeat in Ruso-Japanese War 1904

Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905Growing discontent group of workers petition to Winter Palace St. Petersburg Jan 9, 1905

troops fire on crowd killing hundreds

workers strike and riots through October

October Manifesto - Nich II granted civil liberties and agreed to establish Duma

By 1907 dismissed Duma & returned to authoritarian rule through army and bureaucracy

Germany

Reichstag - universal male suffrage but no ministerial responsibility

2 barriers to real democracy: army & Biz

Germany Army - defenders of monarchy and aristocracy - officers Junkers

Biz - serves as chancellor til 1890

Biz - domestic policies

kulturkampf - attack on Catholics - distrusted loyalty to new Germany: closed seminaries, abolished religious orders

priests ignored, jailed, paid fines - growing Catholic party

shifts policy 1878 - economic problems needs growing Catholic party to stop growing socialist party SPD antinationalistic, anticapitalistic, antimonarchial

Persecution of SPD - welfare state

1878 Biz pushed laws banning SPD meetings/publications

Tries to woo socialists w/ socialism

sickness, accident, disability benefits and social security system

Failed to slow growth of socialists * remember largest party by eve of WWI

Biz planned more restrictive measures but canned by William II 1890

William II

reversed policies of outlawing socialism to win over workers - no more success than Biz

Industrialization led to expansion of SPD but less revolutionary more revisionist

William II turns to active foreign policy - expansionism to divert from democratization

3rd Republic France

After defeat of Nap III 1870 - Biz forces elections on universal male suffrage

French elect a monarchist majority to NA

1871 radical republicans form Commune

Apr 1871 fighting breaks out in Paris

20,000 killed another 10,000 deported

3rd Republic cont.

NA could not agree on who to select as king

1875 - constitution republican form of gov

76/77 elections add more republicans

1889 avoids Boulanger Crisis

strengthens support for republicans

Dreyfus Affair

Jewish Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed by royalist officers

declared guilty of selling military docs to Germany - life in prison

1906 exonerated - turns out it was a Catholic

Effects - move to more democratic society

Break from Catholic Church - religious orders leave

Monarchist officers removed from army

anti-Semitism discredited

Gained support for republicanism

GB: Victorian Age

had not experienced rev troubles of 1848

Reform Act of 1832 opened politics to middle class

real wages increase 25% from 1850-70

stable monarch Queen Vic 1837-1901

era of political compromising between 2 parties

Disraeli & Gladstone

Whigs (now called Liberals)

Responsible for Reform Act of 1832

William Gladstone

Tories (now called Conservatives)

would be responsible for Act of 1867

Benjamin Disraeli

Disraeli & Reform Act of 1867

Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for voting - enfranchised male urban workers

Backfires on Disraeli - liberal victories 1868

brings Gladstone in as PM

both parties must take into account workers

Liberal Policies of Gladstone 1868-1874

competitive civil service exams rather than patronage

Purchase of military officer’s commission abolished

secret ballot for voting

Ed Act of 1870 - gov responsible for elementary schools for all children

Disraeli & Conservatives 1874-

1880 Pubic Health Act - duty of states to interfere w/ private property to protect health

Artisan Dwelling Act - gov provided housing for working class

Gladstone reelected in 1880

2nd Ministry of Gladstone 1880-85Reform Act of 1884 vote to all men paid rents or taxes - 2 million more voters

Home Rule & Irish Question:

1801 Act of Union

1860s Irish push for independence

1886 Gladstone home rule bill voted down

Irish Question put off by WWI

Liberalism - welfare state

David Lloyd George - People’s Budget

National Insurance Act of 1911 - sickness and unemployment benefits

Legislation - pension for retirees - programs to be paid for by increase tax on wealthy - redistribution of wealth

Liberals abandoned laissez-faire for social programs steps towards future British welfare state

Austrian EmpireEmancipation of serfs only lasting effect of 1848 Revolt - return to autocratic rule

Industrialization - working class combined w/ defeat in Austro-Prussian War - changes

forced to deal w/ Hungarian nationalists

Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy

did not satisfy other minority nationalities

Austria-Hungary

Nationalistic minority groups still a problem

ethnic Germans only 1/3 of pop in Austria Czechs, Poles & other slavs want change

Emperor Francis Joseph and Catholic Church unifying factors holding empire together

A-H

Universal male suffrage in Austria 1907 only fans the fire - prime ministers ignore parliament

Magyars in Hungary push for separation 1903, Francis Joseph threatens to grant universal male suffrage in Hungary - Hungary falls in line

Spain & ItalySp - Parliamentary gov dominated by wealthy

Generation of 1898 for pol/social reform

w/ ind. more attracted to socialism & anarchism

military crushes violence 1909 Barcelona - tough to mess w/ tradition: Catholic, landowners, army

IT - united geographically 1870 but loyal to family, town, region

sectional diff: Ind - N Ag - S, CC not accept Italy

Socialism and 2nd IR

Influence of Marx

Industrialization on continent picks up 1850-1870

workers & trade unions not able to combat factory owners

Influence of Marx in 1870s = formation of socialist parties and socialist trade unions

Marx

Publication of The Communist Manifesto 1848

Marx Ideas - class struggle throughout history “the working men have no country”

Radical, revolutionary overthrow of gov

proletariat would reorganize means of production

classless society would emerge

Marx cont.

Also wrote Das Kapital - critique on the capitalist economic model

spent the latter years of his life helping organize the International Working Men’s Association or “First International”

would fail in 1872, brought back 1889

“La Belle Epoque”• Beautiful Era or Golden Age 1895-WWI

• Peace in Europe

• New technology and scientific discoveries

• Economic prosperity

World’s Fair Paris 1900

2nd IR

2nd IR 1870-20th century

1st IR - dominated by GB and focused on textiles, railroads, iron & coal

2nd IR - Germany would lead the way focus on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil

Advances Made

lightbulb, telephone, radio, internal combustion engine give way to car and plane, assembly line production

Rise in wages - europeans could spend more - consumer economy - department store, leisure spending

European Economic Zones

Western Europe and N. Italy industrialized while areas S and E little industry

Set pattern for modern European economic model - affects seen in post WWII

Increase In Industry on Continent =

socialismtrade unions had been restricted across Europe until 1860s - had little impact helping workers

• German Social Democratic Party (SPD) forms 1875

• Wilhelm Liebkecht & August Bebel

• Marxist in rhetoric but organized politically

• 1890 SPD 35 seats in Reichstag, 1912 largest party in Germany

Evolution of Socialism

• Bizmark tried to persecute and stop socialism in Germany but no luck

• Socialist parties would emerge across Europe end of 19th c - in Russia 1898

• 1889 Second International - May Day (May 1)

Revisionism

• Challenge to orthodox Marxisism

• Eduard Bernstein - influenced by moderate English socialism (Fabian Socialism)

• Evolutionary Socialism - capitalism had not broke down

• must continue to use democratic means not rev.

Problems for Socialism

• Nationalism - Marx underestimated difference of local issues and loyalty to state on eve of WWI

• Trade Unions - slow to grow but by WWI 3-4 million Brits, 3 million in Germany - strikes and collective bargaining was working

• As Marxism became less radical - drove some to anarchism - less ind and less democratic countries

Age of Mass Politics

How to deal w/ lower class?

• Extension of voting rights, better standard of living as real wages increased

• Achievements of science and tech had improved transportation and communication

• Changing family dynamic, leisure time, recreation = mass society

Women & Mass Politics

• 1840s & 50s beginning of women’s rights

• Liberal Millicent Fawcett - pushed for democratic means of reform

• Emmeline Pankhurst & daughters (Christabel and Sylvia) Women’s Social & Political Union 1903

• radicals labeled “suffragettes” - chained to lampposts, egged officials, smashed windows of department stores

Women’s Movement

• 1913 Emily Davison martyred at Epsom Derby

• Only Finland, Norway and few Am states granted women vote before 1914

• gain traction after WWI

Jews & Mass Politics• Since Middle Ages had been quartered off in

ghettos

• By 1867 Jews granted citizenship across Europe

• End of 19th C, Jews become scapegoat again

• increase in anti-Semitism esp. Aus, Ger, Rus

• Vienna mayor Karl Lueger blamed Jews for corruption of German Culture - Adolph Hitler

• Russia - pogroms - massacre and forced migration of hundreds of thousands of Jews - calls for zionist movement

Imperialism

Old vs New

• Old Imperialism - Result of Commercial Revolution 16th - 18th c

• Trade routes - settlements - rule

• New Imperialism - Result of Ind Rev 1870-1914

• cheap raw materials - markets for goods - exploit

Causes

• Nationalism - glorify state, divert attention from democratic reform

• Racism - belief 1 race superior to another

• Social Darwinism - survival of fittest

• Religious - “white man’s burden” to civilize backwards cultures

• Economic - tin, oil, rubber

Enabling Forces

• External & Internal forces allowed European conquest of Africa & Asia

• External - weapons, railroads/steamships, cure for diseases

• Internal - variety of cultures/languages, low tech., ethnic strife

Scramble For Africa

• Early 1800s GB had begun establishing control Cape Colony S. Africa

• French Company completed Suez Canal 1869

• British take over occupation of Egypt 1882

• Belgians explore and claim Congo 1876

• French & Germans begin scramble

Berlin Conference 1885

• European powers meet to set guidelines for partitioning of Africa

• notify claims and prove could control area

• treat Africans humanely - yeah right

• British violate by chasing Dutch out of S. Africa - Boer War - significance - continental powers seek alliances

Imperialism In 34 Years

1880

1914

Asia

• India - British dominated economic life through BEIC since 1600s “Jewel of the Crown”

• Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 leads to direct control - Raj

• SE Asia - dominated by France through local elites and economic dependence

• 1880s - Union of Indochina - later Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

China

• By 19th c ruling Manchu dynasty weak in decline

• British Opium Wars 1839-43 forced Treaty of Nanking

• ceded Hong Kong to GB & opened trade to European powers - spheres of influence

• John Hay - “Open Door Policy” 1899

China cont.

• humiliation from foreign influence leads to revolt - Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900

• European forces suppress

• 1911 Sun Yat-sen overthrows Manchu dynasty and weak Republic of China formed

Japan Westernization• Avoided western influence til 1853

• U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry rolls into Tokyo Bay pressed for diplomatic privileges

• Samurai revolt 1867 Mutsuhito as emperor

• adopted Western methods of education, U.S. industrial and financial methods, develop strong military state

• Defeat of Russia in 1905 proved they could play the “white man’s” game

Effects of Imperialism

• Emergence of a true world economy as markets extended around globe

• Most of the world controlled by industrialized west

• Competition for land raises competition and rivalries between European states