National 5 Key Area 5: Variation and Inheritance€¦ · C polygenic inheritance D random...

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1. Variation in a characteristic can either be discrete or continuous. The range of heights and

weights for a group of students were measured and recorded. Ear lobe types were also examined

and categorised into groups.

Which line in the table below identifies the type of variation shown by each of these human

characteristics?

National 5—Key Area 5: Variation and Inheritance

National 5 Biology 2014, Section 1, Q12.

2. Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance in humans?

A Colour blindness

B Haemophilia

C Height

D Tongue rolling

3. A cell which carries two different alleles of a gene is

A heterozygous

B homozygous

C dominant

D recessive. Int 2 exam style questions, unit 2, Q25&21

4. Differences in the mass of sunflower seeds are due to the interaction of the alleles of several

genes.

This type of inheritance is called

A dominant

B monohybrid

C polygenic

D co-dominant.

Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q15

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5. In humans, the allele for blood group A is dominant to the allele for blood group O. Two

parents both have blood group A. Their child has blood group O.

What is the best explanation for this pattern of inheritance?

A The child has inherited the blood group directly from a grandparent.

B The parents are homozygous for the blood group alleles.

C The parents are heterozygous for the blood group alleles.

D There has been a mutation in the blood group alleles. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2010, Section A, Q16

6. In corn on the cob, yellow seed (G) is dominant to purple seed (g). The cob shown below

shows some yellow and some purple seeds. The seeds have been counted.

The genotypes of the parents that produced this cob were

A GG × gg

B Gg × gg

C gg × gg

D Gg × Gg. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q11

7. A hairy stemmed pea plant is crossed with a smooth stemmed pea plant. All the F1 plants had hairy stems. The genotype of the F1 plants was A heterozygous B homozygous C dominant D recessive. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q14

8. In dogs, uniform coat colour is dominant to spotted coat.

From the family tree above, in which generation(s) are all the dogs heterozygous for coat colour?

A P only

B F1 only

C F2 only

D P and F1 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2012, Section A, Q15

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11. In humans the inheritance of earlobe type is an example of discrete variation. The allele for free earlobes (E) is dominant to the allele for fixed earlobes (e). The diagram below shows the inheritance of this characteristic.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals R and S?

National 5 Biology Specimen, Section 1, Q7.

9. An organism has two different alleles of a gene. The genotype is

A dominant

B homozygous

C recessive

D heterozygous Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q13

10. Distichiasis is a dominant characteristic in humans which causes the person to have two rows of eyelashes. A woman who is homozygous for the condition and a man who is unaffected have children. What proportion of their children would be expected to have Distichiasis? A 0%

B 25%

C 50%

D 100% Intermediate 2 Biology, 2012, Section A, Q14

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Questions 12 and 13 refer to the following information.

Huntingdon’s chorea is a genetic disorder. When one of the chromosomes in a pair carries the

abnormal form of the gene, that person develops the disorder.

The abnormal form of the gene is represented by H and the normal form of the gene by h. The

genotype of an affected individual is Hh.

The tree below shows the inheritance of the disorder in one family.

13. Scott and Emma are expecting a baby. What is the chance of the baby inheriting the

disorder?

A 1 in 3 chance

B 1 in 2 chance

C 1 in 4 chance

D 1 in 1 chance

12. Which of the following shows the correct genotypes of Alison, James and Emma?

Int 2 exam style questions, Unit 2, Q5&6.

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14. A hairy stemmed pea plant was crossed with a smooth stemmed pea plant and all of the F1

had hairy stems.

The genotype of the hairy stemmed parent plant is

A heterozygous dominant

B heterozygous recessive

C homozygous recessive

D homozygous dominant. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2009, Section A, Q13

15. In gerbils, agouti coat colour is dominant to white.

Some heterozygous gerbils were allowed to interbreed and 56 offspring were produced.

What would be the expected number of agouti gerbils?

A 14

B 28

C 42

D 56 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2009, Section A, Q14

16. Skin colour in humans is an example of

A discontinuous variation

B co-dominance

C polygenic inheritance

D random assortment. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2009, Section A, Q15

17. In the fruit fly Drosophila, the allele for normal wings is dominant to the allele for short wings.

A normal winged fly was crossed with a short winged fly and all the F1 offspring had normal wings.

If these F1 offspring were to mate with each other, what percentage of the F2 offspring would be expected to have normal wings?

A 25%

B 50%

C 75%

D 100% Intermediate 2 Biology, 2008, Section A, Q12

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18. The diagram below shows the same sections of matching chromosomes found in four fruit flies, A, B, C and D.

The genes shown on the chromosomes can be identified using the following key.

Which fly has a striped body and abnormal antennae? Intermediate 2 Biology, 2008, Section A, Q13

19. The diagram below shows the same sections of matching chromosomes found in four fruit

flies, A, B, C and D.

The genes shown on the chromosomes can be identified using the following key.

Which fly is homozygous for both genes? Intermediate 2 Biology, 2007, Section A, Q16

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20. Hair type in humans is controlled by a single gene. The dominant form is curly hair (H). The

recessive form (h) produces straight hair.

Both parents of this curly-haired child have the genotype Hh.

(a) State the term used to describe the genotype of both parents. 1

(b) Copy and complete the Punnet square to show the possible genotypes of their offspring. 1

(c) State the possible genotype(s) of the girl in the picture. 1

National 5 Biology Specimen, Section 2, Q8.

21. Polydactyly is a condition which results in extra toes in mice. It is controlled by the dominant

form of a gene (N). The normal phenotype is controlled by the recessive form (n).

The diagram below shows a cross between two mice of different genotypes.

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22. Coat colour in Labrador dogs is an inherited characteristic. Black coat (B) colour is dominant

to chocolate coat colour (b).

(a) A homozygous black Labrador was crossed with a Labrador with a chocolate coloured coat.

Copy and complete the diagram below to show the genotypes of each of the parents and the F1

phenotype. 2

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by polygenic inheritance. 1

(ii) State the type of variation shown by polygenic inheritance. 1

National 5 Biology 2014, Section 2, Q9.

(a)(i) Copy and complete the diagram above to show the possible genotypes of the F2

generation. 1

(ii) Give the phenotypes of each of the following mice: Parent 1, Parent 2 and F1. 2

(iii) State the term used to describe the type of variation shown by these phenotypes 1

(b) Explain why the actual phenotype ratios in the F2 generation often different from the

predicted ones? 1

Standard Grade Biology 2010, Credit, Q14.

Question 21 continued ......

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23. The difference between blue and green feather colour in budgerigars (budgies) is determined by a single gene. The allele for green (G) is dominant and the allele for blue (g) is recessive.

True-breeding blue males were allowed to breed with true-breeding green females.

The offspring were allowed to interbreed to produce a second generation.

a) Explain what is meant by the term “true-breeding”, in terms of the alleles present 1

b) Give the genotype(s) and phenotype(s) of the F1 generation. 1

c) In 1974, a mutation occurred in a budgie which gave rise to one chick with a speckled pattern of wing feathers never before seen. Such birds are called “spangles”. It is now 37 years since the hatching of the first chick, and the number of spangles now living is estimated to be 80 000 in a total population of 30 million captive budgies

i. Name the structures in the nucleus of a cell where mutations arise. 1

ii. Give an example of a factor which can influence the rate of mutation in an organism.1

iii. Calculate the average yearly increase of spangles. Express your answer to the nearest

whole number. 1 Standard Grade Biology 2011, Credit, Q14.

24. The diagram below shows the two ways in which hands can be clasped together

(a) (i) This behaviour is thought to be influenced by a single gene with two forms. What term refers to the two forms of a single gene? 1

(ii) The diagram on the next page shows whether members of a family clasp their hands with the right or left thumb on top.

T represents the left thumb form of the gene.

t represents the right thumb form of the gene.

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Describe the information from parent B proves that the left thumb on top is the dominant

form of the gene? 1

(iii) Copy this table. Use the information in the diagram to complete it. 2

Question 24 (a)(ii) continued ...

(iv) If person D has a child with a man with the same genotype, calculate the chance of

their first child clasping their hands with the left thumb on top. 1

(v) When 1000 people were surveyed, 625 people were found to clasp their hands with the

left thumb on top.

Express this as a simple whole number ratio of left to right thumb people 1

Standard Grade Biology, 2012, Credit,Q16 (a)

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25. Fruit flies show variation in wing structure which can be inherited. Flies were crossed as

shown below.

(a) (i) Using “N” for the normal form and “n” for the vestigial form, give the genotypes of each

of the following:

1 Parent with normal wings

2 A fly from the F1 generation

3 An F2 fly with vestigial wings 2

(ii) Which of the following flies could be described as true-breeding? 1

(b) What term is used to describe the different forms of a gene? 1

(c) Variation in a species can be caused by mutation.

(i) What is meant by the term “mutation”? 1

(ii) Give an example of a factor which can increase the rate of mutation in an organism. 1

A. Parent with

normal wings

B. Parents with

vestigial wings C. F1 flies

D. F2 flies with

normal wings

Standard Grade Biology, Credit, 2013,Q12

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26. In shorthorn cattle, the allele for red coat colour (R) is co-dominant with the allele for white coat colour (W). Heterozygous shorthorn cattle have a mixture of red and white hairs and are described as “roan”.

(a) (i) State the genotype of white cattle. 1

(ii) A red female and roan male were crossed. Copy and complete the Punnett square be

low to show the expected results of this cross. 1

(b) Seed mass in plants is controlled by several genes. Name this type of inheritance. 1

(c) Copy and complete the sentence.

In humans, blood group displays discrete/continuous variation and height displays

discrete/continuous variation. 1

Intermediate 2 Biology, 2010,Q6

27. Hair appearance in mice is controlled by a single gene.

Wavy hair (H) is dominant to straight hair (h). Two homozygous mice were crossed, one had wavy

hair and one had straight hair.

(i) State the genotypes of the parental generation (P). 1

(ii) State the phenotype of the F1 mice. 1

(iii) An F1 mouse was crossed with a straight haired mouse. State the genotype of the wavy

haired offspring. 1

Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Q7

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28. Sorghum is an important food crop in some parts of the world. The colour of the seed husk

(coat) is controlled by a single gene.

Purple husk colour (H) is dominant to tan husk colour (h).

(a) A true breeding purple husk plant is crossed with a true breeding tan husk plant.

(i) State the term is used in genetics to indicate true breeding. 1

(ii) Copy and complete the genotypes of the parental (P) generation below: 1

(iii) State the phenotype(s) of the F1 plants. 1

(b) An individual from the F1 generation is crossed with a true breeding tan husk plant.

(i) Copy and complete the Punnett square to show the expected results of this cross. 2

(ii) State the expected phenotype ratio for the offspring of this cross. (Purple: Tan) 1


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29. The following table shows four blood groups and their frequency in a population.

(a) Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of the frequency of blood groups O to AB.

(b) Name the type of variation shown by these blood groups. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2009, Section B, Q6

30. Feather colour in parrots is controlled by a single gene. Blue feather colour (B) is dominant to

yellow feather colour (b).

(a) A homozygous blue parrot is crossed with a homozygous yellow parrot.

(i) Copy and complete the diagram to show the genotypes of the P generation.

P phenotype blue X yellow

P genotype ______ X _______ 1

(ii) State the genotype of the F1 parrots. 1

(iii) State the phenotype of the F1 parrots. 1

(b) An F1 individual is crossed with a true breeding yellow parrot. Copy and complete the punnet

square to show the expected results of this cross. 2

Intermediate 2 Biology, 2008, Section B, Q7

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31. In fowl, the dominant form (R) of one gene determines rose comb shape; single comb shape results from the recessive form (r) of the gene.

The diagram below shows the results of two crosses.

(a) Which offspring contains only one phenotype? 1

(b) Copy and complete the Punnet square below to show the genotypes of the gametes of the

Cross 2 single comb parent and the genotypes of the offspring produced. 2

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Key Area 6—The need for transport

(a) Plant Transport Systems

The diagram below represents part of a cross section through a leaf.

(a) Identify one example of each of the cells described below by using letters from the diagram.

Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

i. Transparent cells

ii. Cells which carry out photosynthesis

iii. Mesophyll cells

iv. Guard cells 2

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20. The list below refers to features of a capillary network.

1 It has a large surface area.

2 It is in close contact with tissue cells.

3 Capillaries are thin walled.

Which statements refer to features that allow efficient gas exchange?

A 1 and 2 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

Key Area 6—The need for transport

(b) Animal Transport Systems—Circulatory System


A student has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a cardiac output of 4 litres per minute.

Cardiac output is calculated using the following equation: Cardiac output = volume of blood × heart rate per beat

What is the volume of blood pumped per beat?

A 5cm3

B 20cm3

C 50cm3

D 320cm3 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q21

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The diagram below shows the heart and circulation.

Which line in the table describes correctly the types of blood in vessels X and Y?


The diagram below shows the heart and circulation.

Which labelled structure is the pulmonary artery?


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The diagram below shows a cross section of a human heart.

Which line in the table identifies the parts of the heart correctly?


The diagram below represents the heart and circulation.

Which labelled structure is the aorta? Intermediate 2 Biology, 2014, Section A, Q20

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The graph below shows the results of an investigation on the effect of exercise on blood pressure.

What was the difference between the blood pressure at exercise level 0 and exercise level 3?

A 13 units

B 27 units

C 54 units

D 66 units Intermediate 2 Biology, 2014, Section A, Q22

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(a) State whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated in vessels P and Q. 1

(b) Name heart chamber S and blood vessel R. 1

(c) What is the function of the heart valves? 1

(d) Explain why a blocked coronary artery damages heart muscle. 1

The diagram below represents the human circulatory system.


The following diagram shows the human heart.

(a) (i) Name chamber Q and valve R. 2

(ii) Describe the function of valve P. 2

(b) Name the blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs.

1 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2013, Section B, Q10

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Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.

Young at Heart?

New research shows that decades of hard-won progress in reducing the risk of heart disease in

America appears to be losing pace. Recent death rates from heart disease remain almost

unchanged in men and women under 55 years old.

This trend comes at a time when even young people are increasingly likely to be obese, suffer

from diabetes and have high blood pressure. Each of these increases heart attack risk.

Data from 1980 to 2002 showed that the death rate from heart disease had fallen. In the whole

population there was a yearly reduction of 2.9 percent during the 1980s, 2.6 percent during the

1990s and 4.4 percent from 2000 to 2002.

However the numbers told a strikingly different story for people aged 35 to 54. The yearly

death rate from heart disease fell by 6.2 percent in the 1980s, by only 2.3 percent in the 1990s

and showed no reduction at all between 2000 and 2002.

The message is that heart disease has not gone away, and could become an even greater

problem if people fail to pay attention to known warning signs. Dr F S Ford, a medical officer for

the American government said, “Young adults should take stock of their lifestyles. Don’t smoke

and take at least 30 minutes of exercise per day. If you need to lose weight, you must burn

more energy than you take in. Good habits should start early. Changes that lead to heart

disease, for example hardening of the arteries, occur at an early age. Therefore it is especially

important that children and young people develop appropriate habits that minimise their risk

of heart disease later in life.”

(a) From the passage, identify three factors which contribute to the risk of heart disease . 1

(b) Complete the table below to show the changes in death rates for the whole population and for the 35–54 age group. 2

(c) According to Dr Ford, why is it important that “good habits should start early”? 1

Standard Grade Biology, credit, 2010, Q9

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A pupil carried out an investigation into the effect of exercise on the body’s heart rate. Using an

exercise bike, he pedalled at different work rates for three minutes with a one minute rest

between each exercise period.

During the exercise periods his heart rate was measured. The results are shown in the table.

(a) Use the results to draw a line graph (on graph paper) of the pupil’s heart rate over the range of work rates. 2

(b) Calculate the percentage increase in his heart rate from his resting state to a work rate of 200 watts. 1

Standard Grade Biology, Credit, 2011, Q12

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The diagram below shows three types of blood vessel in the human body.

For each of the three types of blood vessel shown, describe their

(a) structure;

(b) function. 5 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2013, Section C, Q1A

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The table below shows the composition of inhaled air and exhaled air.

How many times greater is the oxygen concentration in inhaled air than in exhaled air?

A 0·08

B 1·25

C 4


Key Area 6—The Need for Transport

(b) Animal Transport Systems—Respiratory System

Which letter identifies a bronchiole?

The diagram below shows the structure of the lungs.


26

The diagram below shows some structures of the human lungs.

(b) (i) Name the process by which oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood. 1

(ii) State two features of alveoli which allow efficient gas exchange. 1

(a) Copy and complete the following flow chart to give the pathway of air from X to the alveoli

by inserting the names of the structures labelled in the diagram. 2


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Two athletes, R and S, carried out a six month training programme in preparation for the 2014

Commonwealth Games in Scotland.

The fitness of the two athletes was tested on the first day of each month by measuring their

rate of oxygen absorption. An increase in fitness is shown by an increase in the rate of oxygen

absorption.

The rate of oxygen absorption was measured for each athlete during exercise as shown in the

picture below.

The following table shows the results of these fitness tests.

(a) State which athlete has benefitted most from the training programme. Justify your answer. 1

(b) Construct a line graph to show the results for athlete R. 2

(c) Calculate the volume of oxygen absorbed per minute by athlete R when tested in month 6.

Athlete R had a mass of 60 kg. 1

(d) From the results, it was concluded that fitness levels improve in the first months of training

and then remain constant. Suggest one way in which the reliability of this conclusion could be

improved. 1


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(a) Select one option in each bracket to make the following sentence about breathing correct.

1

(b) The effect of changing the carbon dioxide concentration in inhaled air on a person’s breathing was investigated.

The table below shows the average volume of air inhaled each minute at different concentrations of carbon dioxide.

(i) How many times greater is the average volume of air inhaled per minute when the carbon dioxide concentration is increased from 2% to 8%? 1 (ii) Calculate the average volume of carbon dioxide entering the lungs each minute when the carbon dioxide concentration in the air is 4%. 1 (iii) Calculate the increases in the average volume of air breathed per minute when the carbon dioxide changes from 0 to 2% and from 6 to 8%. Express these increases as a simple whole number ratio. 1


The diagram below shows some cells from the lining of a human trachea.

(a) Name the microscopic hair-like structures labelled Y and describe their function. 2

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Question continued .....

(b) The diagram below represents an air sac in a human lung.

(i) Explain why each of the following features, shown in the diagram, are needed for the

efficient diffusion of oxygen.

1 Film of moisture 1

2 Thin lining of air sac 1

(ii) Describe what happens to oxygen after it enters a red blood cell. 2


The diagram below shows an alveolus and a capillary in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

(a) How is oxygen carried in the red blood cells? 1

(b) Blood plasma transports the blood cells. Name two other substances carried by the blood

plasma. 1

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The diagrams below show structures which are involved in the transport of oxygen.

Describe the path taken by oxygen through these structures from the air to a skin cell. 5

Question continued ...

(c) Decide if each of the following statements about gas exchange is True or False.

If the statement is False, give the correct word(s) to replace the word underlined in the statement.


31

The diagram below shows the human alimentary canal.

Which structure contains villi? Intermediate 2 Biology, 2011, Section A, Q19

The diagram below shows the human alimentary canal and its associated organs.

Which numbered parts produce digestive enzymes?

A 1, 2, 4

B 3, 4, 8

C 2, 7, 8

D 1, 3, 4 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2012, Section A, Q17

Key Area 6—The Need for Transport

(b) Animal Transport Systems—Digestive System

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Which food molecules are absorbed by structure Y?

A Amino acids

B Fatty acids

C Glucose

D Glycogen

The diagram below shows the structure of a villus.


When different foods were burned, the following results were obtained.

Using the equation Energy value (kJ) = 4·2 × temperature rise (°C), the energy value (kJ) of fat

is

A 40

B 63

C 84

D 168. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2012, Section A, Q18

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The graph below shows the relationship between oxygen concentration and the concentration of

oxyhaemoglobin.

The table below shows the composition of inhaled air and exhaled air.

How many times greater is the oxygen concentration in inhaled air than in exhaled air?

A 0·08

B 1·25

C 4


What is the percentage increase in the concentration of oxyhaemoglobin when the

concentration of oxygen increases from 2 units to 4 units?

A 2

B 35

C 55


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The table below shows some of the functions and sources of minerals.

Which of the following minerals involved in contraction of muscles would be supplied by a

meal of fish and green vegetables?

A Calcium and potassium only

B Iron, sodium and potassium only

C Calcium, sodium and potassium only

D Sodium and potassium only Intermediate 2 Biology, 2013,Section A, Q18

Peristalsis occurs in

A P only

B P and R only

C P, R and S only

D P, Q, R and S.

The diagram below shows the human alimentary canal.

Intermediate 2 Biology, 2013,Section A, Q22

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The diagram below shows the human digestive system.

(a) Name structures X and Y. 1

(b) Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine into blood capillaries in the villi

before being transported to the liver.

(i) State one feature of a villus that increases the rate of absorption of glucose. 1

(ii) Name the blood vessel that transports glucose from the small intestine to

the liver. 1

(iii) Excess glucose is stored in the liver. Name the storage carbohydrate 1

found in the liver. Intermediate 2 Biology, 2013,Section B, Q11

The diagram below represents the alimentary canal from mouth to anus.

(a) Name the process that moves food from A to C. 1

(b) Name the part of the alimentary canal in which bile is added to food and give the letter labelling

this part from the above diagram. 1

(c) Amino acids are absorbed from the alimentary canal and transported in the blood. The

concentration of amino acids in the blood varies with activity.

How many times greater is the amino acid concentration in the blood when exercising than when

sleeping? 1 Intermediate 2 Biology, 2014,Section B, Q9

36

(a) What is the name of this structure? 1

(b) Which letter identifies the position of the fluid with the highest glucose content, after the absorption of digested food? 1

(c) Which letter identifies the position of the fluid with the highest fat content, after the absorption of digested food? 1

The diagram below represents a structure found in the small intestine. The arrows show the direction of the flow of fluids through the structure.

Standard Grade Biology, Credit, 2011, Q7(c)

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National 5 Key Area 5: Variation and Inheritance€¦ · C polygenic inheritance D random...

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