National Aeronautics and Space Administration

December 2006

Introduction Name: Rogerio “Roger” Rojas Born: Brownsville, TX Schools:

Cromack, Rosa Del Castillo Faulk Porter University of Texas at Austin

NASA Cooperative Engineering Program (UT sophomore year) NASA 1988 to current NASA Position: Rendezvous Flight Dynamics Officer

Engineering Types

Civil Electrical Mechanical Aerospace Chemical

NASA Centers (How many?)

Ames Dryden Glenn Goddard Headquarters Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Johnson Kennedy Langley Marshall Stennis

NASA TeamNASA Team

1959 - 1961: Mercury 1962 - 1972: Apollo 1973 - 1974: Skylab 1981 - Now: Space Shuttle 1998 - Now: International Space Station

Space Exploration Programs

Enterprise Pathfinder Challenger Endeavour Columbia Atlantis Discovery

Space Shuttles

SOLIDROCKET

BOOSTERS

SOLIDROCKET

BOOSTERSEXTERNAL

TANKEXTERNAL

TANK

ORBITERORBITER

Length Space Shuttle: 56 meters (184 ft.) Orbiter: 37 meters (122 ft.)Height Orbiter on runway: 17 meters (57 ft.)Wingspan 24 meters (78 ft.)Maximum cargo to orbit 28,803 kilograms (63,500 lbs.)SRB Separation Two minutes after launchExternal Tank Separation 8.5 minutes after launchOrbit 185 to 643 kilometers (115 to 400 miles)Velocity 27,875 kph (17,321 mph)

Length Space Shuttle: 56 meters (184 ft.) Orbiter: 37 meters (122 ft.)Height Orbiter on runway: 17 meters (57 ft.)Wingspan 24 meters (78 ft.)Maximum cargo to orbit 28,803 kilograms (63,500 lbs.)SRB Separation Two minutes after launchExternal Tank Separation 8.5 minutes after launchOrbit 185 to 643 kilometers (115 to 400 miles)Velocity 27,875 kph (17,321 mph)

Where do we launch from?

Where do we launch from?

SRB Recovery Ship

Today … Today …

International Space StationInternational Space Station

Pressurized Mating Adapter-1 (U.S.)

Quest Airlock (U.S.)

Docking Compartment(Russian)

U.S. Lab Destiny

Port PhotovoltaicArrays (U.S.)

P6 TrussSegment (U.S. )

Pressurized Mating Adapter-2 (U.S.)

Unity (Node 1)(U.S.)

Pressurized Mating Adapter- 3 (U.S.)

Soyuz(Russian)

Progress Cargo Vehicle

(Russian)

Thermal Radiator

S1 TrussSegment

Zarya (Dawn) Control Module

(Russian Built, US Owned)

Zvezda (Star)Service Module

(Russian)

Z1 Truss Segment (U.S.)

S0 Truss Segment (U.S.)

Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (Canada)

Mobile Transporter (US)

Canadarm2

P1 TrussSegment

Thermal Radiator

P5 TrussSegment

S5 TrussSegment

S4 TrussSegment

Solar AlphaRotary Joint

S3 TrussSegmentS6 Truss

Segment

StarboardPhotovoltaicArrays

P4 Truss

Segment

P3 Truss

Segment

Solar Alpha Rotary Joint

Express Pallet

Cupola

Node 2

Centrifuge Accommodation Module

U.S. Elements based on President’s FY 2004 Budget

Elements On Orbit today (As of July 2003)

U.S. Owned (U.S. built) Elements to be added

U.S. Owned (Partner built) Elements to be added

International Partner Owned Elements to be added

JEM Exposed Section

JEM Pressurized Section

JEM Remote Manipulator System

JEM Exposed Facility

JEM Pressurized Module

Science Power Platform

ResearchModule

Research Module

Universal Docking Module (Russian)

Docking and Stowage Module

European LabColumbus Orbital Facility

SPDM

Kibo (Hope),The Japanese Experiment

Module (JEM)

Launch Year Highlights Crew rotation on ISS continues while U.S. ISS assembly launches are on hold until

the Space Shuttle’s return to flight.

ISS TodayISS Today

Additional Truss Segments & Solar Array WingsAdditional Truss Segments & Solar Array WingsFlights 12A, 12A.1, 13A, 13A.1, 15AFlights 12A, 12A.1, 13A, 13A.1, 15A

Flight 12A.1(Install P5,

complete P4 activation, retract P6 SAW 4B )

Flight 12A.1(Install P5,

complete P4 activation, retract P6 SAW 4B )

Flight 13A(Install S3/S4,

deploy 3A, 4A SAW, retract P6

SAW 2B, P6 remains on Z1)

Flight 13A(Install S3/S4,

deploy 3A, 4A SAW, retract P6

SAW 2B, P6 remains on Z1)

Flight 15A(Relocate P6,

install S6,redeploy 2B,

4B SAWdeploy 1B,3B SAW)

Flight 15A(Relocate P6,

install S6,redeploy 2B,

4B SAWdeploy 1B,3B SAW)

Flight 12A(Install P3/P4,

deploy 2A, 4A SAW)

Flight 12A(Install P3/P4,

deploy 2A, 4A SAW)

Flight 13A.1(Install S5)

Flight 13A.1(Install S5)

ISS Flight Control RoomISS Flight Control Room

Johnson Space Center, HoustonJohnson Space Center, Houston

Mission Control Center - MoscowMission Control Center - Moscow

MoscowMoscow

Mission Control Center - HoustonMission Control Center - Houston

Johnson Space Center, HoustonJohnson Space Center, Houston

Mission Operations

MCC Flight Controllers Trajectory Officer Flight Dynamics Officer Ground Control Officer Propulsion Officer Mechanical, Maintenance,

Arm, and Crew Systems Electrical Generation and

Illumination Officer Data Processing and

Systems Officer Assembly, Activation, and

Checkout Officer

Flight Activities Officer Emergency, Environmental,

and Consumables Manager Instrumentation and

Communications Flight Director Capsule Communicator Surgeon Extra Vehicular Activities

What’s a Flight Dynamics Officer?

FDO Responsibilities

Trajectory Design Space Shuttle Tracking Trajectory Modeling Collision Avoidance Mass Property Tracking Deorbit Targeting

Trajectory Design

Space Shuttle / ISS Tracking

Discovery radar: Cape Cod Phased Array Tracking radar: Globus II

Optical telescopes: GEODSS Socorro Space Based Visible sensor

Trajectory Modeling

Collision Avoidance

Mass Property Tracking Return/Resupply

Multi-Purpose Logistics ModuleSpacehabMiddeck

ContingenciesRemote Manipulator SystemOrbiter Boom Sensor SystemKU Antenna

Deorbit Targeting

Kennedy Space Center Landing Edwards Air Force Base Landing

Deorbit Targeting (cont’d)

Kennedy Space Center Landing Edwards Air Force Base Landing

Vision for Space Exploration

2008: Initial flight test of Crew Exploration Vehicle 2008: Launch first lunar robotic orbiter 2009-2010: Robotic mission to lunar surface 2011: First uncrewed CEV flight 2014: First crewed CEV flight 2012-2015: Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

(JIMO)/Prometheus 2015-2020: First human mission to the Moon

Other Data

Enterprise

The shuttle was named after the star ship Enterprise from the popular TV show, Star Trek. The shuttle was originally called the Constitution until a large group of Trekies (die hard Star Trek fans) wrote letters to the White House requesting that the name of the shuttle be changed to the Enterprise. After the Enterprise was assembled in September 1976, it was put through many mock space flight tests. It was transported from state to state and even to other countries like Germany and France. The Enterprise made its last trip to Washington D.C. were it became property of the Smithsonian.

The Enterprise never got a chance to orbit the earth because it was built as a test vehicle and was not equipped for space flight. Even though Enterprise never flew, it was still a very important shuttle. The data collected from its tests helped pave the way for Columbia, the first space shuttle to fly into orbit.

Pathfinder

The Pathfinder is a 75 ton orbiter simulator that was created so that scientists and astronauts would know how to handle a shuttle in space. It was constructed almost exactly like a real orbiter but like the Enterprise, it was not equipped for orbit. After testing at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Kennedy Space Center, the Pathfinder sat in storage for many years. One day a group of Japanese offered to spend $1,000,000 (a whole lot of money!) to fix up the Pathfinder and make it as close to a real space shuttle as possible. The Japanese used it at the "Great Space Shuttle Expedition" in Tokyo, Japan. After the exposition the Pathfinder was returned to MSFC and is now on display at the Alabama Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

Columbia

Columbia is the oldest orbiter in the shuttle fleet. It was named after a great ship that was used to sail dangerous missions. It was also the first American ship to sail around the globe. It's name is also derived from the famous explorer, Christopher Columbus. The Columbia space shuttle was also a pioneer. It was the first space shuttle to fly into earth orbit in 1981. Since then, it has flown seventeen times and has made 2,421 orbits around the earth.

Challenger

The Challenger was named after an American Naval ship that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was built to use for testing but was later converted to a shuttle fit for space travel. The Challenger made its first space flight in 1982. Since then it has flown ten missions only nine of which were successful. Seventy-three seconds into the Challenger's tenth flight, a booster failure occurred resulting in the break up of the Challenger. Sadly, the Challenger and its seven member crew was lost.

Discovery

Discovery was the third shuttle to become operational at the Kennedy Space Center. It was named after one of the two ships that were captained by the famous British explorer, James Cook. Discovery was similar to Columbia and Challenger but a little better. (It weighed 6,870 pounds less than Columbia.) August 30. 1984 marked Discovery's first flight. It has completed 19 space mission since then.

Atlantis

Atlantis was the fourth orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center It was named after the first U.S. vessel to be used in oceanographic research. It seems as if the people who assembled the space shuttles had become old pros at the job because Atlantis was made in one-half the time and nearly 7,000 pounds lighter than Columbia. Atlantis also underwent 165 modifications to enable it to stay in orbit longer and make it more heat resistant just to name a few. On October 3. 1985 Atlantis took off on its first flight.

Endeavour

Endeavor is the newest space shuttle. It was named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, an 18th century British explorer. The name Endeavor was chosen as a result of a competition involving elementary and secondary school students. Endeavor flew the first of its eight flights in May of 1992 with the purpose of rescuing a stranded communications satellite. The Endeavor, as well as the other space shuttles, is very, very heavy. Without anything in it, Endeavor weighs 151,205 pounds and with its main engines it weighs 172,000 pounds. Imagine 1,700 people around your age getting on one scale... That's about how much a space shuttle weighs.

Ames Ames Research Center is one of NASA's four Aeronautical Research Centers, and the Agency’s

Center of Excellence for Information Technology. Ames has a wide variety of experimental, computational, and theoretical capabilities, which are dedicated to the advancement of aeronautical and space sciences. These include a large collection of wind tunnels, shock tunnels, arc jets and ballistic ranges for experimental studies; and the Agency's most advanced supercomputing capability. The aeronautics capabilities at Ames range from computational fluid dynamics to flight, and include lead Center responsibilities for several key program elements.

In addition to aeronautical research, Ames is managing the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which is a national consortium of scientists focused on interdisciplinary research in astrobiology. Ames researchers also work on Space, Earth, and Life Sciences programs. This includes work projects such as high performance computing and communications and the study of various species' adaptation to the zero-G environment. Also, Ames researchers have developed excellence in fields that are complementary to the aeronautical sciences such as computational chemistry and thermal protection materials design. Space sciences, solar system exploration, and infrared astronomy are also included in the Center's major program responsibilities.

Dryden

The Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) is NASA's center for aeronautical flight research and atmospheric flight operations. DFRC is chartered to research, develop, verify, and transfer advanced aeronautics, space and related technologies. It also serves as a backup landing site for the Space Shuttle and a facility to test and validate design concepts and systems used in development and operation of the Orbiters

Glenn The Glenn Research Center has been chartered to be NASA's lead Center in aeronautic

propulsion, and power system technology. It is also NASA’s Center of Excellence in Turbomachinery. Research on advanced technology has been closely coordinated with the aerospace industry since the early 1940's. The Center had, until recently, been responsible for the design and fabrication of the power system for use on the Space Station Freedom.

To compliment the Center’s expertise in state-of-the-art aerospace technologies, organizations exist within to develop advanced technologies. These areas include advanced power, aeronautical and space propulsion, and advanced communications. The advanced power systems include static conversion, dynamic conversion, energy storage, and power management and distribution techniques. The Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program develops technologies for the most critical propulsion issues that impact local airport air quality and global climate change: reducing nitrogen oxides and improving performance. The advanced communications group was responsible for the recently launched Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). The Space Communications Program develops and demonstrates the technology for high-performance space communications systems need for critical NASA missions. Additional expertise in materials and structural analysis augments these research areas.

Goddard

GSFC is NASA's Center of Excellence for Scientific Research. Goddard supports four Enterprises of the NASA Strategic Plan: Earth Sciences, Space Science, Human Exploration and Development of Space, and Aeronautics (at Wallops Flight Facility) in several endeavors, including research in the Earth and space sciences and the design, fabrication, testing and operation of scientific satellites that survey the Earth and the universe. Tracking and data network support is supplied to several NASA Centers in support of a variety of missions. The Center is involved in the mission operations of dozens of spacecraft on a daily basis.

Among the space science spacecraft, the highly successful Hubble Space Telescope is probably the best known Goddard project.

Headquarters

NASA has transformed its organizational structure, streamlining the agency and putting it in a better position to implement the Vision for Space Exploration.

The agency has redefined its relationships with the NASA Field Centers by developing clear and straightforward lines of responsibility and accountability. Specific Mission Associate Administrators are now assigned as Headquarters Center Executives. They have oversight of field center performance in implementing agency policies and programs.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Trailblazing has been the business of JPL since it was established by the California Institute of Technology in the

1930s. America's first satellite, Explorer 1, was created at JPL. In the decades that followed, we sent the first robotic craft to the Moon and out across the solar system, reconnoitering all of the planets except one. Pushing the outer edge of exploration, in fact, is the reason JPL exists as a NASA laboratory.

The Deep Impact spacecraft recently scored a phenomenal success when it blasted a crater in the nucleus of comet Tempel 1, revealing for the first time the inner stuff of these ancient wayfarers of the solar system. Another comet-chasing spacecraft, Stardust, is on its way back to Earth with a cargo of dust samples it collected when it flew by comet Wild 2 last year. The flagship explorer Cassini continues its looping orbits of Saturn, scrutinizing the ringed planet and its moons, including the haze-shrouded Titan. Like the alkaline batteries that don't give up, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers carry on in their ambles across the surface of Mars, probing rocks for signs of water in the planet's past -- far beyond the mission they were originally designed for. The Voyagers are exploring the edge of our solar system. In total, JPL has 16 spacecraft across the solar system. All these missions are part of NASA's Vision for Space Exploration, to send robots and humans to explore the Moon, Mars and beyond.

Closer to home, a contingent of Earth-orbiting satellites monitors the lands, oceans and atmosphere of our own planet. When CloudSat is launched this year, it will join a number of JPL satellites and instruments returning important information on topics ranging from atmospheric ozone to El Nino events. And yet another collection of explorers is looking far beyond the solar system to search for Earth-like planets and understand the history of distant galaxies. These include the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, as well as ground-based projects such as JPL instruments on the Keck Telescope in Hawaii.

Johnson Johnson Space Center's primary mission is Human Exploration and Astro Materials. This entails work on the country's two manned space

flight programs: Space Shuttle and Space Station. Work on the Shuttle program includes engineering support for the Shuttle Orbiter; flight crew selection, training and operations; mission operations; and medical research related to space flight. Johnson's role in the Station program has been significantly expanded in the past year in that it has been chosen as the lead Center for the development of the Station. This means that in addition to its own work on station, the primary responsibility for coordinating the efforts of other NASA Centers and the international partners will reside at JSC.

Johnson Space Center has many unique facilities that are in use to help it fulfill its mission. These include the WETF (Weightless Environment Training Facility), the SMS (Shuttle Mission Simulator), the SESL (Space Environment Simulation Laboratory), the ARMSEF (Atmospheric Reentry Materials and Structures Evaluation Facility), and, of course, the well known (MCC) Mission Control Center. The WETF is basically a very large swimming pool where astronauts practice procedures that are planned for upcoming space walks. The SMS is full fidelity flight simulator that can interface with MCC for very realistic mission training. The SESL is a complex of vacuum chambers including the enormous Chamber A, which is 120 feet high and 65 feet in diameter. The ARMSEF is a 10 megawatt arc-jet that is used to test TPS materials such as the Shuttle tiles. The MCC is probably the best known NASA facility. Since 1965, it has served as the nerve center for America's manned space programs. This includes every manned flight since Gemini 4.

JSC also has unique aircraft nearby at Ellington Field. These include KC-135s, T-38s, B-57s, and Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA). The KC-135 or "vomit comet" is used to conduct experiments during the about 40 short (~20 seconds) periods of weightlessness per flight it produces by continuously flying parabolas. The T-38 is a twin seat training fighter jet flown by the astronaut pilots to maintain their skills. The B-57's wings have been extended so it can be used for high altitude atmospheric studies. Through the use of a control computer the STA can be made to handle like the Shuttle when it is gliding towards landing in order to train the astronaut pilots.

Kennedy

KSC is America's gateway to space and hosts an average of seven Space Shuttle launches per year. NASA's fleet of Space Shuttles is housed in the three Orbiter Processing Facilities on base. It takes about 3 months to prepare a Shuttle, paylaod and facilities for launch. KSC is home to Space Shuttle, Space Station and payload ground operations. There are just fewer than 1900 NASA civil servant employees and about 12,000 contractors (as of the end of 2001). The major contractors are: Untied Space Alliance which processes the Space Shuttles for flight; Boeing which performs payload ground operations processing (PGOC) which is transitioning to the new Checkout, Assembly, and payload Processing Services (CAPPS) contract; and SGS which is the Joint-Base Operations Support Contractor (J-BOSC).

Thousands and thousands of spectators come to witness the Shuttle launches on base.

Langley

Langley's primary areas of responsibility concern Aeronautics research and technology development. Agency lead for high-speed research; hypersonics; advanced subsonics; and critical aeronautics disciplines. Some research and technology development for the following Space areas: advanced spacecraft concepts, remote sensing, atmospheric science, and small flight projects. Engineering and Facilities support, especially wind tunnels, is another major effort. Technology transfer and commercialization is being increasingly emphasized, and a major office has been established to facilitate this.

Marshall MSFC is NASA's Center of Excellence for Space Propulsion. As such, MSFC

performs leading edge research in Earth-to-orbit and in-space propulsion systems. MSFC’s mission areas are Space Transportation Systems Development, Microgravity, and Space Optics Manufacturing Technology. As part of Space Transportation Systems Development, Marshall is responsible for all of the primary propulsion elements of the Space Shuttle. Marshall is the Lead Center for NASA's Space Launch Initiative Program, intended to support Government and private-sector decisions on development of a full-scale operational next generation reusable launch system by 2006. In the area of Advanced Space Transportation Technology, MSFC manages the X-37 Program and develops 3rd Generation reusable launch vehicle technologies. The Microgravity Research Program Office (MRPO) is responsible for implementing the Agency’s microgravity initiatives. MRPO accomplishes its mission by providing program management of research and associated instrumentation, apparatus, and facilities. The Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center (SOMTC) is continuing the development of new technologies for the production of large-aperture, lightweight optics for space-based systems. SOMTC is managing and evaluating the development of advanced mirror technologies for use in space based observatories including the Next Generation Space Telescope and the Constellation X-Ray mission.

Stennis Rocket Propulsion Testing

The Propulsion Test Directorate at Stennis Space Center oversees one-of-a-kind national test facilities. SSC is America's largest rocket test complex and state-of-the-art facilities include the A, B and E Test Complexes, designed for rocket propulsion testing that ranges from component to engine to stage level.

Applied Sciences Directorate The Applied Sciences Directorate at Stennis Space Center plays a key role in NASA's Science Mission Directorate. Applied science applications use NASA's unique science research results, data, remote sensing and other technical capabilities to help provide information for better decision-making.

Technology Development and Transfer The Technology Development & Transfer Office transfers NASA-developed technologies to the commercial sector to help improve the economic strength of the United States and quality of life for its citizens.

Environmental Assurance Program The NASA Environmental Staff at Stennis Space Center has the responsibility for permitting, compliance and monitoring activities for all NASA and NASA contractor operations that may affect the environment.

White Sands

White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) is a preeminent resource for testing and evaluating potentially hazardous materials, space flight components, and rocket propulsion systems. These services are available to NASA, the Department of Defense, other federal agencies, universities, and commercial industry.