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National Forest Programme Country
Case Vietnam
Workshop Enhancing the NFP process of Kenya
Nairobi, 28 – 30 June 2005
Some basic facts• Land area 331.123 km2
• Population 80.9 million, growth rate 1,2%, density 244 / km2, 75% in rural areas, 25 million depending directly on forest
• Forest area 12 million ha (2004 est.)• Demand for forest products: about 4 million m3 p.a.
roundwood, >30 million m3 p.a. fuelwood, bamboo, rattan, other products
• Logging quota in natural forest 200.000 m3 p.a. (2004)• Contribution of forest sector to GDP about 1%• Export value forest sector: >1 bln USD (2004) of a total
export value of 20 bln• 80% of processed timber imported• Employment (est.) 250.000 in processing industry, many
more in forest production
Some history and milestones• 1975 end of Vietnam War, reunification of North and South• Since December 1986 Doi Moi Policy: opening up, shift from subsidy-
based, centrally planned control towards market economy • 1988 Land Law (revised in 1993, 1998): boost in agricultural
production• 1991 Forest Protection and Development Law • 1992 new Constitution, further emphasis on renovation • 1992 VFAP concluded, emerging donor support• 1993 revised Land Law: forest land allocation programme started• 1993 New forest policy orientation, “Regreening“ Programme 327• 1997 Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme launched• 1999 Donor-Government Partnership for the 5MHRP launched• 2001 Forest Sector Development Strategy FSDS 2001-2010• 2001 MoA for Forest Sector Support Programme FSSP & Partnership• 2003 revised Land Law allows land allocation to communities• 2004 new Forest Law allows community-based forest management
How did that affect forest area?
Vietnam Forest Area 1943 - 2004
02000400060008000
10000120001400016000
1943 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2004
year
ha Plantations
Natural forests
Vietnam’s National Forest Programme … what is it?
• Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme (5MHRP)
• National Forest Development Strategy (2001-2010)
• The new National Forest Strategy (2006-2020)
• Law on Forest Protection and Development 2004
• Policy reforms
let’s have a look …
at Vietnam’s major programme in the forest sector:
The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme
The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme – Main objectivesenvironmental:• Establishing and restoring 2 million ha of protection
forests and 3 million ha of production forests to increase the forest cover to 43% by 2010, to ensure environmental protection requirements
economic:• Ensuring the forest products supply for development
(every year 15 million m3 of timber and 20 million steres of fuel wood), thereby reducing the pressure on natural forests
social:• Poverty alleviation, hunger eradication and development
of rural mountainous areas, by creating forestry-related employment for 2 million people, increasing the income of people living in forest areas
The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme – Main strategies
• Encourage household forestry and community forestry, mainly by land allocation
• Provide financial support for management of protection forests and special use forests, and favourable loans for development of production forests
• Adopt benefit-sharing policies to encourage people in implementation of the programme
• Strengthen capacities through training and extension activities
• Encourage joint-ventures and foreign investment in plantation forest by tax benefits and land use rights, especially in remote areas
• Provide technical support and conduct technology transfer, with state-owned forest enterprises as the main forces
The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme – achievements/constraints
• 2 million ha of improved forest management or rehabilitation, mainly in protection and special use forests, but performance for production forests lagging behind
• Plantation development, but technical problems and partly poor performance
• Policy reforms, but slow implementation• Involvement of local people in forest management,
but land allocation still slow, extension services weak
• Private entrepreneurship emerging, but still dominance of State Enterprises in forest sector
National sovereignty and country leadership
… in the Vietnamese context: High Government commitment and donor coordination
launching of 5MHRP by National Assembly, PM decision, endorsed by 9th Party Congress
Donor coordination through FSSP: all contributions refer to the 5MHRP
Consistency with national policy and international commitments
… in the Vietnamese context: policy reforms and integration of international commitments
Reference to sustainable development processes, MDGs and environmental conventions (CBD NBSAP, UNCCD NAP refer to forest sector and 5MHRP)
… but no assessment of IPF/IFF proposals
for action yet Policy reforms slow
Integration with the sustainable development strategies of the
country … in the Vietnamese context:
Forests part of national SD Strategy
Forest sector priority area of national SD Strategy (Agenda 21)
Integration of forest sector strategies into Socio-economic Development Plan (2006-2010)
… but allocation of budget an issue
Partnership and participation, participatory mechanisms in which all interested parties are involved
… in the Vietnamese context: Stakeholder involvement
Involvement of local people Mobilisation of all forces Government-Donor partnership for
the 5MHRP… but not all are equal… Still dominance of State over
private sector Representation of stakeholders
groups an issue
Holistic and intersectoral approaches
… in the Vietnamese context:Linkage to other programmes and strategies
5MHRP considered one of the key programmes for poverty alleviation in rural areas
5MHRP linked to other sectors Forests important in National
Environment Strategy… but industry / infrastructure
development is a priority
Decentralisation and empowerment of regional and local government
structures
… in the Vietnamese context: bottom-up & top-down
Decentralisation process on-going, decentralised forest strategies (Province, district)
… but Devolution of budget and decision-
making still slow Forest management still centrally
controlled (planning, logging quota)
Provinces “deviate” from SFM, have their own priorities
Consistency with the constitutional and legal frameworks of each
country
… in the Vietnamese context: Policy and institutional reform:
New Land Law, Forest Law changes of constitution ? Policy development by testing on
the ground… but implementation mechanisms,
guidelines still to be developed Slow reform of State Forest
Enterprises
Recognition and respect for customary and traditional rights
… in the Vietnamese context: dealing with ethnic minorities
Community forestry and recognition of ethnic minorities
… but in practice Dominance of Kinh Resettlement schemes Land conflicts customary rights often not
compatible with modern legal practices and concepts
… in the Vietnamese context: land allocation
Long term user rights (50 years, renewable)
land use planning combined with land allocation
Land Use Certificates can be inherited, sold, mortgaged, …
… but LA process slow, still not
concluded for all forest areas
Secure land and forest tenure arrangements
… in the Vietnamese context:institutional structures for the 5MHRP and the FSSP & P
5MHRP Steering Committee, linkage with other sectors
Reporting to highest level (NA) FSSP & P coordination mechanisms Conflict resolution in the field… but No adequate representation of all
stakeholders Transparency often lacking
Establishment of effective co-ordination mechanisms and conflict-
resolution schemes
Forest sector – recent trends
Forest cover has increased, however, there is still continued degradation of natural forestsMain causes:
– Forest land encroachment– Conversion of forest to agricultural land– Unsustainable and illegal harvesting (>50%)– Infrastructure development– Forest fires
Forest processing industry with emerging potential, boosting exports, but lack of raw material and high import prices, need to invest in up-to-date equipment and capacity building
Forest sector – recent trends• FSSP & Partnership developing, aiming at convergence of donor
support and Government funding • Trust Fund for Forests TFF established• Revision of Programme 661 and National Forest Development
Strategy 2001-2010 update with recent policy changes harmonise with other strategies, e.g. Poverty Alleviation Strategy
(CPRGS) Public Administration Reform (PAR), decentralisation formulation of National Forest Strategy (2006-2020)
• Development of financing instruments: medium-term financial frameworks and medium-term expenditure
frameworks for the Ministry forest sector financing study
• Elaboration of Forest Monitoring and Information System FOMIS