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National identity and birthplace of respondent & respondents' parents GHS 2003-4
John MacInnes Edinburgh / UAB
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Table 1 Birthplace of adult respondents by current place of residence
Residence Birthplace London England
ex London
Wales Scotland GB
England 2896 26386 463 406 30151 75.1 92.8 23.9 11.9 80.1
Wales 73 437 1459 52 2021 1.9 1.5 75.3 1.5 5.4
Scotland 68 648 8 2927 3651 1.8 2.3 .4 85.4 9.7
Northern Ireland 35 150 3 24 212 .9 .5 .2 .7 .6
Rep. of Ireland 122 198 1 7 328 3.2 .7 .1 .2 .9
Non UK/Ireland 663 624 3 10 1300 17.2 2.2 .2 .3 3.5
All 3857 28443 1937 3426 37663 Unweighted N 1432 12338 887 1395 16052
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London R of England Wales Scotland
Rest of worldRep IrelandOther home nationHome nationParents Home nation
Birthplace of respondents and respondent’s parents
Margaret Thatcher (World in Action, Jan 27 1978)
… it is not easy to get clear figures from the Home Office about immigration, but there was a committee which looked at it and said that if we went on as we are then by the end of the century there would be four million people of the new Commonwealth or Pakistan here. Now, that is an awful lot and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture and, you know, the British character has done so much for democracy, for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London Englandex
London
Wales Scotland
NEITHER GB
ONE GB
BOTH GB
Parents’ Birthplace
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
London R ofEngland
Wales Scotland
Other combinations
British only
British & English /Welsh /ScottishEnglish /Welsh /Scottish only
National Identity by residence
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London R ofEngland
Wales Scotland
Other combinations
British only
British & English /Welsh /ScottishEnglish /Welsh /Scottish only
National identity by residence: P & R born in home nation
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London R ofEngland
Wales Scotland
Other (inc home nation ofbirth)
British only
British & any home nation
Home nation of residenceonly
National Identity by Residence: R born in other home nation
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London R of England
Other
British only
British & any home nation
Home nation of residenceonly
National Identity by residence: R born Ex GB
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Scottish In England English in Scotland
Home nation of birth (HNB)onlyBritish and HNB
British only
British and HNR
Home nation of residence(HNR) only
National Identity of ‘Home nation’ migrants
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London England excl.London
Wales Scotland
OtherWhite British
Residence by ‘ethnic identity’ R & P born in same home nation
Residence by ‘ethnic identity’ All others
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
London Englandexcl. London
Wales Scotland
Other
White British
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
GB Scotland
I am not BritishNot at all proudNot very proudFairly proudVery proud
‘YouGov’ 20-22 July 2005 ‘How proud would you say you are to be British?’
YouGov Poll July 2005
>50% say very important in defining ‘Britishness’:– British people’s right to say what they think
– Britain’s defiance of Nazi Germany in 1940 – British people’s sense of fairness and fair play
– The landscape of Britain– The achievements of Britain’s scientists and engineers
– British justice – Our parliamentary democracy
Reaction to Sunday Times Reporter investigating effect of wearing ‘Union Jack’ T-
shirt in Chancellor’s constituency
‘I thought you were English and trying to start something’
Some Conclusions• Birthplace (as opposed to residence) of both respondent and respondent’s parents influences how national identity is reported.
• Rather unclear what national identity is!– Interviewer instructions– (White) respondents apparently happier with ethnic rather than civic definition of Britishness
– YouGov Scotland results contradict this– LFS results: ‘New Commonwealth’ passport holders
• Survey categories and way they are presented strongly influence results.
• Existing ‘ethnic’ census & survey categories lack coherence
Order and context of questions GHS
– Time at current address– Country of birth (if UK which country)
– Country of birth of mother and father (if UK which country)
– ‘What do you consider your national identity to be? Please choose your answer from this card, choose as many or as few as apply’ ORDER
– To which of these ethnic groups do you consider you belong? • White - British 1• White - Any other White background 2
Other problems of question wording and interpretation
• Order and context of questions• Order of show card categories• Format of question prompts (‘Moreno’ v lists)• ‘Trigger’ words. E.g ‘culture’ in 2003 Citizenship
survey• Respondent interpretation of question meaning• Inability to define categories used
Scottish Executive Review of Census Ethnicity Classifications
Consultation• Country of birth• National Identity• Area(s) of family descent or origin• Religion• Colour / membership of visible minority ethnic group
• Language• Identification with a community or culture not covered by the other facets
•Is national or ethnic ‘identity’ an individual property capable of reasonable measurement by survey or census?
Margaret Thatcher (World in Action, Jan 27 1978)
… it is not easy to get clear figures from the Home Office about immigration, but there was a committee which looked at it and said that if we went on as we are then by the end of the century there would be four million people of the new Commonwealth or Pakistan here. Now, that is an awful lot and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture and, you know, the British character has done so much for democracy, for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in
Gordon Brown Fabian Society 14 Jan 2006
• While we have always been a country of different nations and thus of plural identities –a Welshman can be Welsh and British, just as a Cornishman or woman is Cornish, English and British - and may be Muslim, Pakistani or Afro-Caribbean, Cornish, English and British – there is always a risk that, when people are insecure, they retreat into more exclusive identities rooted in 19th century conceptions of blood, race and territory – when instead we the British people should be able to gain great strength from celebrating a British identity which is bigger than the sum of its parts and a union that is strong because of the values we share and because of the way these values are expressed through our history and our institutions.
Gordon Brown Fabian Society 14 Jan 2006
• if we are clear about what underlies our Britishness and if we are clear that shared values – not colour, nor unchanging and unchangeable institutions – define what it means to be British in the modern world, we can be far more ambitious in defining for our time the responsibilities of citizenship…British patriotism is, in my view, founded not on ethnicity nor race, not just on institutions we share and respect, but on enduring ideals which shape our view of ourselves and our communities… What has emerged …. from the 2,000 years of successive waves of invasion, immigration, assimilation and trading partnerships; … is a distinctive set of values …
Scottish Executive Review of Census Ethnicity Classifications
Consultation• Country of birth• National Identity• Area(s) of family descent or origin• Religion• Colour / membership of visible minority ethnic group
• Language• Identification with a community or culture not covered by the other facets
• Values
Juan Goytisolo
• Se oye hablar mucho de raices … de nuestras sociedades y comunidades históricas. .. De cómo el hombre, como los vegetales, es producto de la tierra. … Pero el hombre no es un arbol: carece de raíces, tiene pies, camina.
• You hear a lot about roots … of our historical societies and communities. … As if man, like a vegetable, was fruit of the earth. But man is not a tree: he has no roots, he does have feet; he walks.