69
National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India 27 th September, 2019
National Mission for Clean Ganga
Ministry of Jal Shakti
Government of India
27th September, 2019
2
Innovation
• Focus on asset creation and not asset maintenance
• Treatment capacities for 30% of wastewater generated
• Under utilization and inefficient operation of many STPs
• Assets rehabilitated every 6-8 years – leading to Design-Build-Neglect-Rebuild [DBNR] model.
Poor service delivery from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Under
construction
6%
Not
operating
STPs
19%
Not
meeting
BOD
Standard
32%
Meeting BOD
standards
43%
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF 152
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Hybrid Annuity Model
Upto 40% of Capital Cost
by Government
Annuity payments➢Remaining capital investment
➢Annual O&M cost
➢Payments linked to performance standards
➢Independent of treated water recycling
revenue
O&M Phase
2 4 6 8 14 15th
Year
Construction Phase
Interest rate risk and inflation risks are covered.
First set of Projects
4
HaridwarTwo STPs – 68 MLD at Jagjeetpur & 14
MLD at Sarai
Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam as Executing
Agency.
Awarded to M/s HNB Engineers Private
Limited
Total awarded cost Rs. 171.53 Cr
Construction completed at Sarai and 3rd
Milestone completed in Jagjeetpur.
Varanasi50 MLD STP at Ramana & rehabilitation of
existing associated infrastructure.
Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam as Executing
Agency.
Awarded to Consortium of Essel Infra-
projects Limited – RPC ECOS LLC.
Total Awarded Cost : Rs. 153.16 Cr
2nd Construction milestone completed.
Asia Pacific Water Deal of the year 2018-
International Infrastructure Journal
Three national level stakeholder consultations,
More than 800 queries replied during pre bid meeting
International Finance Corporation as the Transaction Advisor.
5
One City One Operator
• Paradigm shift in the sector –one stop solution for sewage
treatment in the entire city
• Integration of new and existing
sewage treatment infrastructure
under HAM
CityTotal STP capacity
(MLD)
Prayagraj 343.5
Kanpur 475
Kolkata 183
Howrah 187
Patna 150
“One City One Operator” - STPs in towns/city
Clusters (Kanpur – Unnao - Shuklaganj,
Prayagraj, Mathura, Farrukhabad, Mirzapur –Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur,
Kolkata, Howrah-Bally-Kamarhati-Baranagar,
and Maheshtala – Hugli Chinsura, Bareilly, Agra,
Mathura, Muzzaffarnagar - Budhana, Meerut
etc.) are being integrated & tendered with Hybrid
Annuity based projects.
Mathura Sewage Scheme
• First Project under the concept of One city –One operator under HAM.
• Re Use of Water for ensuring sustainability of assets and resources.
Slide6
Project features:
▪ Development of 30 MLD STP at masani zone
▪ Rehabilitation of 3 existing STPs - (16 MLD
UASB & 14.5 MLD WSP at Trans Yamuna and
6.5 MLD WSP at Masani) & associated
infrastructure
▪ Development of 20 MLD TTP for supply of
water to Mathura Refinery of IOCL.
▪ IOCL to share full O & M cost and partial
capital cost of TTP through water tariff
4 bidders- Adani, Essel, Triveni and VA Tech Wabagh participated.
Work Awarded to Triveni at Rs. 437.95 Cr.
7
Evolution of HAM – towards One City One Operator
approach
Rehab- Brownfield
and new STPs.
Reuse of TWW
Rehab - Brownfield,
O&M of existing STPs,
New STPs and Septage
treatment
Howrah, Allahabad
Kanpur
Network (capex and
O&M) – DBOT STPs –(Capex and O&M) -
HAM
Patna – Digha &
Kankerbagh
Com
ple
xit
y
March 2017 June 2018 Dec 2018 April 2019
Varanasi,
Haridwar
Primarily
New STPs
Mathura
Awarded/under implementation
Under bidding
Haridwar
Varanasi
Mathura
Under Preparation
Kolkata (WB)
Howrah (WB)
Patna (WB)
Allahabad
Kanpur
Bhagalpur (WB)
HAM status
• Total 29 projects in 17
packages.
• Awarded Packages– 7
• Bids received – 4
• Under Bidding – 6
• Total value– USD $ 1.4
billion(Rs.101115 Cr)
• Pvt Capital Mobilized -
$ 46 million(Rs.322 Cr)
• Total potential for
private capital – USD $
350-400
million(Rs.2450-2800
Cr)
• Encouraging new
players to enter the
market
9
Global Water Summit, 2019
National Mission for Clean Ganga has been
awarded Distinction as the 'Public Water Agency
of the Year' by Global Water Intelligence at the
Global Water Summit in London on 9th April
2019.
The Global Water Awards recognize excellence
across the entire international water industry and
reward those initiatives in the water, wastewater,
and desalination sectors which bring remarkable
improvements in the lives of people.
International Accolades
1. Land issues delay the project implementation.
2. Local executing Agencies to gear up to raise to
the occasion.(Business as usual problem)
3. Partnership in true sense.
4. Bandwidth of waste water investors.
5. Optimization of recycle of Sludge and reuse of
waste water.
6. Priority lending for water sector.
7. Polluter Pays principle.
10
Experience
Thank You
11
NMCG as Nascent RBO
1. Seeds of RBO embedded in NMCG Authority Order
• the River Ganga shall be managed as a single system;
• the River Ganga shall be managed in an ecologically sustainable
manner;
• the lost natural vegetation in catchment area shall be regenerated
and maintained;
• the aquatic and riparian biodiversity in River Ganga Basin shall be
regenerated and conserved.
2. NMCG as Authority to plan and implement for all Ganga and
Tributaries in all 11 states and UT.
3. Governance structure cutting across political boundaries, functions
– National Ganga Council
- Empowered Task Force
- District Ganga Committee
NMCG PREPAREDNESS FOR RBOSN PARAMETER CURRENT STATUS
1 water quantity and
allocation
None at present
2 water quality and
pollution
Top most priority
3 hydro power and dam
construction
Major concern, some progress
4 climate change and
environmental problems
No specific intervention
5 Fisheries problem Supporting Research and
awareness
NMCG PREPAREDNESS FOR RBO - 2
SN PARAMETER CURRENT STATUS
6 Infrastructure
development
Allotted role not being fully performed
7 Invasive species Major concern, no specific intervention
8 Flood effects Out of purview
9 Biodiversity Strong intervention
10 Navigation and
related problems
Nominal role.
1. Click on this icon to insert a new photo.
2. Reset the slide. 3. Where necessary, change the section using the Crop function.
River Basin PlanningWater Strategy, Planning and Delivery – Overview
Dr Martin Griffiths
Support to Ganga Rejuvenation
Implementation of the India EU-Water Partnership| New Delhi 27.09.2019
Developed for Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Project
Water Protection and Improvement Programmes are developed via aRiver Basin Planning and Management Cycle
2
water.europa.eu
Example - EU Water StrategyThe Water Framework Directive
European Commission, DG Environment
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Outcomes in the Environment - UK
4
5
Outcomes in the Environment - India
Setting Outcome Based Targets
6
• Strategic Questions
• What does India want from the Ganga
• What is realistic and achievable
• What are the significant management issues
• What timeframes should be set
• What are the costs
• Capital
• Operational
• What are the benefits
• Who will deliver these
• What is the most cost effective way to achieve these Outcomes
• River Basin Planning provides a process to determine this
Developed for Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Project
River Basin Planning and Management CycleInner Cycle – Technical ProcessPlanning and Setting Objectives
7
Clear Governance
8
• United Nations Road-Mapping recommends creating
• Enabling Environment• Clear Institutional Structures• Management Instruments• Infrastructure Development
• EU introduces the concept of ‘Competent Authority’
• A clear and empowered organisation to lead and deliver the RPM plan
• In England this is the Environment Agency
• On the Rhine and the Danube• International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine River (ICPR)
• International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR)
• For the Ganga this will be ???
Characterisation
Risk Based Approach
Understand the characteristics of the Basin/Sub-basin
Identify Significant Management Issues
Use Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Model
Risk Based Approach
Risk Based Monitoring
Risk Based Modelling
Risk Based Regulation
Risk Based Enforcement
Monitoring
11
• Risk Based
• Assess current Water Quality• State of Environment reporting• Essential to set realistic River Quality Objectives• Data to calibrate and run models• Assess remediation options• Ensure correct infrastructure development and operation• Optimise regulatory environment and assess delivery
• Very cost effective when compared with infrastructure capital and operational costs
• All infrastructure options are modelled to ensure certainty of improvement and that benefits are realised
Monitoring
12
• A sample of Ganga Water 15 April 1987 taken by me
• Its been on my desk for over 30 years!
Chemical
Elements
Biological Elements
Hydromorphological
Elements
Physico-chem
Elements
Environmental Monitoring - Programmes
13
From Monitoring Information
Assess Current Quality
Undertake modelling of options and interventions
Set realistic Objectives
Develop improvement Programme
Feed this into Implementation Programme
River Quality Objectives are progressively improved according to an Environmental Improvement Programme
HIGH
GOOD
MODERATE
POOR
BAD
Classes
No orminimal
{
Slight {
Moderate {
Major {
Severe {
Courtesy Peter Pollard, Scottish Environment Protection Agency
EU - Good Ecological Status Objective
Must agree a Timetable for Improvement –EU WFD Example
Don’t Forget the Groundwater!
18
Integrated options for ecological improvement
FlowRegime
PhysicalHabitat
WaterQuality
19
What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions
FlowRegime
PhysicalHabitat
WaterQuality
20
Integrated options for ecological improvement
What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions
FlowRegime
PhysicalHabitat
WaterQuality
21
Integrated options for ecological improvement
What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions
FlowRegime
PhysicalHabitat
WaterQuality
22
Integrated options for ecological improvement
What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions
FlowRegime
PhysicalHabitat
WaterQuality
23
Integrated options for ecological improvement
What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions
Adapted from. Paul Whitehead – Oxford University
Must consider Regulatory Options to Implement Improvement Programme – The Regulatory Cycle
25
Permit standards are progressively tightened
Adapted from. Paul Whitehead – Oxford University 27
Permit Conditions must reflect the Environmental Objectives !
Permits drive water resource Improvement Programmes
29
Regulation for Water Quality - Book
Free to download at
http://www.fwr.org/WQreg/
Or Hard Copy from
Foundation for Water
Reseach
River Basin Planning
Public Participation and Consultation
30
Public participation
in the Water
Framework Directive
supply of information•• consultation
• active involvement
31
River Basin Planning
Public Participation Model
Publish - River Basin Management Plans
• Implementing Water Framework Directive River Basin Plans
Support to Ganga Rejuvenation
Implementation of the India EU-Water Partnership
Thank You!
FACTORS LEADING TO DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SACRED WASTE AND ITS
EFFECT ON URBAN RIVER CONTAMINATION: CASE OF ADI GANGA, KOLKATA, INDIA
Srijita ChakrabartyArchitect - Urban Manager
Rejuvenation of the River Ganga – from Planning to Action
India Water Week 2019September 27, 2019
This research was done under proper guidance from Erasmus University Rotterdam.
BACKGROUND
▪ Rivers are considered as life-givers and given the stature of gods and goddessesand are not seen merely as waterbodies in the Indian culture.
▪ Ganga has been considered holy irrespective of religion.
▪ Being the longest and the national river of India and the second greatest river bywater discharge in the world, the Ganga was ranked among the five most pollutedrivers of the world in 2007.
▪ The relationship of the people with the river, seen as one of the most importantfacets of Hindu rites and rituals like religious bathing, offerings, cremations etc. iswitnessed mostly in the ghats or the stepped landings at the land-water interface.
▪ Adi Ganga is an important tidal creek draining into the river Hoogly from the left inKolkata. Considered as the original flow of Ganga to the Bay of Bengal which hasnow shifted but still considered holy despite being environmentally degraded.
BACKGROUND
▪ Navigable till the first half of the 20th century, Adi Ganga has been reduced to amere drain heading to fast extinction.
▪ In last decade, the city has lost 53% of its wetlands. The rejuvenation of the linkbetween Adi Ganga and the wetlands has thus been highlighted with utmostimportance to make Kolkata resilient to flood.
▪ Even though issues are being addressed locally and also with the help of actionplans, a more holistic approach needs to be taken at the policy level which wouldmake the city resilient and sustainable in the long run.
▪ This brings forth the importance of Adi Ganga as an important urban river in theheart of Kolkata.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
▪ While there are some historical references pertaining to the miraculousproperties of the Gangajal, there are other reports too which could not provethe miraculous power of the river but that has not stopped the people fromtaking a dip in the holy sites.
▪ There’s idol immersion as well which often uses lead based paints and othermaterials like thermocol etc. which are not bio-degradable.
▪ Conflict between concept of purity of Ganga vs actual pollution
▪ In the scientific world, purity of a water is judged by its water quality andcontamination whereas to the believers, the degraded state of the river doesnot stop them from continuing their rituals, which is harming the river waterquality and in also harmful to the people as the river is highly degraded.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Which factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste whichadds to the urban river contamination in Adi Ganga, Kolkata, India? Which individual factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste in thisriver?
Which situational factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste in thisriver?
What kind of contamination happen related to toxic and hazardous sacred waste in thisriver?
SIGNIFICANCE▪ The concept of sacredness is from religious and cultural side whereas the contaminationand pollution is a burning issue based on scientific measurements and waste is studied asboth a sociological issue and also from the scientific aspect but very little has been done onall the aspects together.
▪ Applicable to all rivers in India, the added sentiment in this case is the holiness of the riverand hence the specific rituals meant for Ganga.
▪ Understanding why people do harm to the environment consciously or unconsciouslybased on the literature can help policy-makers address the cause at the root thus bringingout more workable solutions by bottom-up approach for better management of urban blueinfrastructure, which is immensely crucial considering the ever-growing urban population.
▪ Currently, India being the second most populous country in the world, this particular kind ofwaste stream cannot be overlooked with regards to urban rivers. Considering the volume,the issue becomes more significant as 79.8% of India’s population consists of practisingHindus as per the last census.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS▪ Due to time limitation, the focus of this research was on the Kalighat stretch, with Kalighat as the central site, one upstream and another downstream of Kalighat, as this entire stretch is right in the heart of the city, multi-functional and multi-cultural area, tourism potential and also one of the most powerful Hindu temples.
▪ Sites for the research have been chosen based on varying density of temples along this river as the entire stretch could not be studied thoroughly due to time constraints.
▪ Effects of urbanisation, economy and direct politics is not taken into account to limit the scope for this study.
▪ Even though there may be many causes and dimensions to this, the focus of this study is kept on the sacred or holy waste because sewerage, informal settlements and many of the other factors probably need more of direct policy level interventions to begin with whereas understanding people's behaviour may probably help bring a positive change from the grass root levels and at the source.
METHODOLOGY
Date: 20 September 2018THESIS PRESENTATION 2
STRATEGY METHOD INSTRUMENT
Case Study
– 3 sub case studies
Interview Semi-structured interviews (audio recording, notes)Observation Photographs, fieldnotes
Secondary data Reports etc.
Sector Categories Sub-categories Description
Community
Business -Formal shops where devotees keep their shoes and buy offerings before enteringthe temple, formal and informal shops selling souvenirs and other items likebangles, vermillion, statues/idols etc. pertaining to the temple, culture and faith.
ResidentialFormal houses -
Informal settlers Informal settlers who have a proper shelter on their own and also street dwellers.
Related to the temple
Temple administrators and
workersAll levels of the temple management/administrators/priests
Key
informants
Public sector (local
government) Kolkata
Municipal
Corporation
- The concerned municipality
Consultant to the
government-
Some expert with sufficient knowledge in this sector who has been consulting thegovernment on similar issues.
Researcher - Someone working in similar sector.
Local observer -Someone from the community level who does not directly take part in such ritualsbut is a regular observer; religion no bar.
Politician - Mid-level politician of the ruling party at the State level.
SITE
Site BSite A
Site C
Site A
Site B
Site C
RESULTS
“There is a ritual at the end of the pujacalled ‘bishorjan’ which signifies theimmersion of the idol by recitingmantras marking the end of the puja. Thisprocess does not necessarily need idolimmersion into waterbodies but technicallythe idol can be reused again and many dothat as well, particularly in cases whereidols are made of metal instead of clay.However, this is more of a sentiment toimmerse the idol marking the end of theworship in the physical sense. Similarly, fordomestic puja, I have personally no issueswith putting those with the household wasteas the same way we discard other fruitsand vegetables but my mother willnot allow that and she wouldinsist on putting it in the water,more so because the Ganga is consideredholy and we have the privilege of stayingvery near to it. I had tried to make herunderstand the logic but eventually whenshe persists, I throw the organic waste onlyin the river after segregating theplastic and we collect it in ourhome in a bucket and throw the pujawaste once the bucket is full, say, once in 4-5 days.” – Respondent RFA2, Site A
“For our local communitypuja, the committeedecides on buying the idoland one person as suchcannot do much and weusually end up buying theidol with lead paintas it costs almosthalf of the similar onewithout lead free paint.” –Respondent RFA2, Site A
Site A – medium temple density
RESULTS
“Offerings are purely organic in naturelike flowers, leaves, fruits etc. and hencenot toxic and hazardous. However, peopleoften knowingly or unknowingly putthose in a plastic bag and thetied up plastic bag is thenthrown into the river. So the plasticis the main hazardous element eventhough no ritual as such calls for plastic inthe very first place.” – Respondent TA1,Site A
“The local stalls mostly sell plasticbangles for such cases as it costsless whereas the actualmaterial to be used is conchand coral bangles for the marriedwomen and also for the Goddess forsymbolic as well as health purpose.Goddess Kali is visualised as a marriedwoman and hence the same.” –Respondent RFB2, Site B
Site B – high temple density
RESULTS ▪ This can be linked to Site A where the net in front of theChief Minister’s residence blocked the passage of thesuspended solids from Site A and B towards Site A, latterbeing nearer to the main trunk of River Hoogly which inducesthe tidal flow in Adi Ganga.
▪ Net has been provided ahead of the Chief Minister’sresidence near this bank to restrict the major chunk of wastefrom the Kalighat side. So this stretch is relatively cleaner.This related to situational factor of infrastructure. Thissite being in the upstream area and also subject to high andlow tides, the net prevents the major chunk of the waste inSite B from coming in this area. This shows what effect anintervention of political will can have.
▪ Some respondents have also mentioned that they would behappy to see similar action throughout the stretch of the riverrather than just a particular stretch because of its deemedimportance because the river is for everyone and felt thatregular vigilance and enforcement mightactually help.
Site B station point for TSS
0
50
100
150
200
250
avg_2014 avg_2015 avg_2016 avg_2017 avg_2018
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) in High tide and Low tide
High Low
RESULTS
▪ “Though people prefer mostly Kalighatbut to avoid the heavy rush there,some people come here as well and hencethis is also important.” – Respondent BC1,Site C
▪ “The overall situation is getting worse dueto shortage of water in theriver. Not much waste is dumped in thisstretch but being a connected waterbody,everything is connected. This is south ofKalighat and downstream. So during hightide water from the Hoohly come to thisside past Kalighat and bring the wastehere as well and much is left behindwhen the water flows backduring low tide.” – Respondent BC1,Site C
▪ “People in this particular ghat do notthrow much. However, some passers-by often throw discarded stuffon the go from the KeoratalaBridge here which adds up to thegarbage in the stream below.” –Respondent RFC2, Site C
Site C – low temple density
RESU
LTS
Date: 20 September 2018THESIS PRESENTATION 2
VARIABLES SUB-VARIABLES INDICATORS DESCRIPTION SITE A SITE B SITE C
Factors
affecting
disposal of
toxic and
hazardous
sacred waste
Individual
Emotions Feelings that make one take a decision ✓ ✓ ✓Habits
A continuous process which has become a part of life
✓ ✓ ✓Perceived consumer
effectivenessPerception regarding impact of a certain
action or product ✓ ✓ ✓Perceived behavioural
control
Perception of the individual’s behaviour by the person himself in advance in regards to a
context ✓ ✓ ✓
Values and personal norms
Social, ethical and moral values and ideals of an individual which aid in taking an action ✓ ✓ ✓
KnowledgePrevious learning and general awareness
about a certain action or product✓ ✓ ✓
Situational
Socio-cultural factors/Subjective norm
The social system forming a certain image or idea about a certain action or product ✓ ✓ ✓
InfrastructurePresence or absence of infrastructure that that
helps in decision-making and execution✓ ✓ ✓
PriceCost of an item; relates to the affordability of
a product✓ ✓ -
Product availability Relates to availability of alternate options - ✓ -
Product attributes The components of a certain product ✓ ✓ -
Eco certificationMarked under a certain category as
environment friendly by relevant authorities✓ ✓ -
RESULTS
MOST PREVAILING
FACTORSite A Site B Site C
Individual/InternalValues and
personal norms(Lack of) knowledge (Lack of) knowledge
Situational/External Subjective norm Subjective norm Subjective norm
RECOMMENDATIONS
▪ Recognising sacred waste as a distinct waste stream.
▪ Alternate options to idol immersions may also be taken up by spraying water on idol while resting it on a platform.
▪ Municipality vans especially for sacred waste collection
▪ Use of sacred waste for incense stick etc.
▪ Incentives on lead-free paints and idols
▪ General awareness and capacity building
▪ Plastic ban with alternate options
যবা !
DHANYABAD!
THANK YOU!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, Erasmus UniversityRotterdam, where this research was conducted and Dr. Vicky Ariyanti, Prof. Somesh Sharmaand Dr. Ogenis Brilhante. I am also thankful to Dr. Nilangshu Bhusan Basu (Technical Advisor –Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Mr. Tapas Choudhury (Special Municipal Commissioner –Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Mr. Tapas Kumar Mandal (DG & OSD (Nodal Officer), Tolly'sNullah Project – Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Late Robin Pal, the environmentalist betterknown as – Greenman Robin Pal, Dr. Ayanangshu Dey, Dr. Jigisha Panda, Mr. Dipen Paul andMr. Prabir Dutta for being my interviewees and sharing their experiences. I am thankful to myparents for being my research assistants for the fieldtrip which helped me immensely during thedata collection period and being a strong support throughout. I would like to thank JaladharNayak and Pramit Mitra who have also helped during the data collection period. Finally, I amgrateful to Marijk Huysman for her encouragement that inspired me towards giving this idea aproper shape in the very first place.
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