M E T H O D S A D O P T E D B Y G A N D H I I N T H E N A T I O N A L M O V E M E N T [ S A T Y A G R A H A & S W A D E S H I ]
T H E C A U S E S F O R T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T
T H E S I G N I F I C A N C E O F T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T
S W A R A J I S T S , S I M O N C O M M I S S I O N , N E H R U R E P O R T , L H O R E S E S S I O N , P O O R N A S W A R A J D E M A N D , C I V I L
D I S O B E D I E N C E M O V E M E N T .
NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND MAHATMA GANDHI
CAUSES FOR NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT ✔
ROWLATT ACT ✔
JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE ✔
FAILURE OF BRITISH TO FULFIL WARTIME PROMISES
Non – Cooperation Movement •Gandhi’s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) •Non- cooperating with the Govt •Till demands are fulfilled
1920 1918
Khilafat Movement •End of WW1 – Turkey Surrendered •Defeat of the Caliph •Ali Brothers – led the Khilafat Committtee •Gandhi’s view – Hindu –Muslim unity •Advised committee – not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) •Significance – sense of national unity
•Feb 1919, Sedition Committee – Justice Rowlatt •Two bills – ‘black bills’ – enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) •No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal •Gandhi’s view – destruction of individual elementary rights – urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence •6th April, 1919 – Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act •Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha – people – fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal
1919
Khilafat Movement
Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
10th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13th April, 1919 – public meeting – Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Hundreds died
Non – Cooperation Movement •Gandhi’s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) •Non- cooperating with the Govt •Till demands are fulfilled
1920 1918
Khilafat Movement •End of WW1 – Turkey Surrendered •Defeat of the Caliph •Ali Brothers – led the Khilafat Committtee •Gandhi’s view – Hindu –Muslim unity •Advised committee – not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) •Significance – sense of national unity
•Feb 1919, Sedition Committee – Justice Rowlatt •Two bills – ‘black bills’ – enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) •No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal •Gandhi’s view – destruction of individual elementary rights – urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence •6th April, 1919 – Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act •Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha – people – fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal
1919
Khilafat Movement
Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
10th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13th April, 1919 – public meeting – Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Hundreds died
Objectives of Non – Cooperation Movement •Restoring the old status of Sultan of Turkey •Punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab •Attaining ‘ Swaraj’ for India
Programme of Non Cooperation Movement
Two types of programme : negative and positive
Programme of Non Cooperation Movement
Negative aspect of the programme
The boycott of Legislative Councils
The boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers
The boycott of government schools and colleges
The boycott of British goods
Surrender of titles and honorary posts
Positive aspect of the programme
Hindu-Muslim Unity
Removal of untouchability
Promotion of Swadeshi (home-spun and home woven cloth)
Prohibition of intoxicating drinks
WITHDRAWAL/SUSPENSION OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT
GANDHI REALISED THAT PEOPLE WERE NOT READY FOR A NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENT
DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN A LARGE SCALE MOVEMENT FOR A MUCH LONGER TIME
Impact of the Non-cooperation Movement
CONGRESS BECAME A MASS PARTY - a national base to the Congress Organisation
POWER OF THE BRITISH UNDERMINED – anti British feeling. Loss of faith in the system
LACK OF FEAR OF GOVERNMENT REPRESSION – people – bold and patriotic (PEOPLE WERE READY FOR A MASS MOVEMENT)
GANDHI DETERMINED TO EMANCIPATE THE POOR AND THE OPPRESSED – Removal of untouchability and promotion of Khadi. Spread of ‘Swadeshi’
HINDU – MUSLIM UNITY
The weapons of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation changed the Character of the Congress overnight. Nehru says “ a peaceful rebellion,, a most civilised form of warfare and yet dangerous to the stability of the state. (NEW
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT - CAUSES
SIMON COMMISSION AND DEATH OF LALA LAJPAT RAI ✔
LAHORE SESSION – POORNA SWARAJ ✔
NEHRU REPORT – GANDHI’S FAVOURING DOMINION STATUS- MOVEMENT TO BE LAUNCHED IF DOMINION STATUS NOT GIVEN WITHIN ONE YEAR
ARREST OF GANDHI
IRWIN STATEMENT
CONGRESS DEMAND FROM FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
GANDHI’S ELEVEN POINTS ULTIMATUM NOT AGREED TO
SIMON COMMISSION 1928
3rd Feb, 1928 – observed as day of strikes (hartal) and hostile demonstrations
Whole country rang with the slogan – ‘Simon Go Back’
Lahore – 30th October, 1928 – Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries – Nov 17th, passed away.
Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru
REACTION TO SIMON COMMISSION 1928
All members were British
Lahore – 30th October, 1928 – Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries – Nov 17th, passed away.
Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru
Simon Commission – February 1928
Nehru Report – August, 1928 – demanded ‘Dominion Status’
Congress Kolkata Session (1928) – plan to launch Non-cooperation Movement (including non-payment of tax), if Nehru Report not accepted
No assurance on Dominion Status, instead British govt announce First Round Table Conference – invites Congress
Lahore Congress Session – Dec, 1929 – passed resolution to boycott Round Table Conference – declared Purna Swaraj – took steps to launch a
programme of Civil Disobedience – 26th January, 1930 celebrated as Purna Swaraj day
12nd March, Dandi March – launched Civil Disobedience Movement
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT – 1930 Dandi March – 12th March, 1930
GANDHI MADE SALT THE CENTRE OF THE MOVEMENT
DANDI MARCH – FROM SABARMATI ASHRAM, AHMEDABAD TO DANDI COAST TO BREAK SALT LAW
Gandhi’s campaign against the salt-laws was signal to disobey the Government laws.
The Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement
DEFIANCE OF SALT LAWS
BOYCOTT OF LIQUOR AND FOREIGN CLOTHES
REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES
LAWYERS TO GIVE UP PRACTICE
BOYCOTT OF COURT LITIGATION
VIOLATION OF LAWS OF DIFFERENT KINDS
GOVERNMENT SERVANTS TO RESIGN
FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
HELD AT LONDON – EXCEPT CONGRESS ALL OTHER PARTIES SENT REPRESENTATIVES
BRITISH REALISED – NO EFFECTIVE DISCUSSION WITHOUT CONGRESS
GANDHI IRWIN PACT – RELEASE OF GANDHI AND OTHER CONGRESS LEADERS / AGREEMENT TO RELEASE POLITICAL PRISONERS NOT INVOLVED I VIOLENCE / RIGHT TO MAKE SALT ALONG COASTAL AREAS / PEACEFUL BOYCOTT TO BE ALLOWED / EMERGENCY ORDINANCES TO BE WITHDRAWN
GANDHI WITHDRAWS THE MOVEMENT AND AGREES TO GO FOR THE SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE TO DISCUSS ON PROSPECT OF INDEPENDENCE TO INDIA
Gandhi Irwin Pact – Why?
Gandhi and Congress Working Committee members were
released on 26th January, 1931
Gandhi wanted peace but with honour, Government wanted peace but without trouble
Gandhi Irwin Pact
5th March , 1931 – Gandhi – Irwin Pact was signed
• Release all political prisoners except of those guilty of violence • Give back the confiscated properties of Congressmen • Permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth shops • Permit people near sea-shores to manufacture salt
Lord Irwin agreed to:
• Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement • Take part in Second Round Table Conference
Mahatma Gandhi agreed to :
Gandhi Irwin Pact – Impact
The Viceroy having to negotiate with Gandhi as ‘an equal’ was
seen as a major achievement of the Congress.
The British Government was forced to recognise the Congress
as a true representative of the Indian people.
Second Round Table Conference
He could not persuade the British Government to grant Freedom or even the Dominion Status to India
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India empty handed.
The question of independence or of setting up of a responsible government receded into background.
Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about their vested interests.
The conference devoted most of its time to communal question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures both at the centre and the provinces.
Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the second round table conference.
Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement
People were not silent and subdued. The
Movement caused a tide of patriotic fervor in the
country
Government was convinced that bold
constitutional reforms were now essential
The struggle had a healthy effect upon the life of the exploited, the poor and the oppressed
The Movement brought women in large
numbers out of their homes
Violence as a political weapon ceased to have
much impact on the youth of India because of Gandhi’s preachings
of non-violence