National Movements in India Pics

7/29/2019 National Movements in India Pics

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The Nationalist Movements in India were organised mass movements emphasising and raisingquestions concerning the interests of the people of India. In most of these movements, people werethemselves encouraged to take action. Due to several factors, these movements failed to winIndependence for India. However, they did promote a sense of nationalism among the people of thecountry. The failure of these movements made many people poor, uneducated and illiterate due towithdrawal from Government offices, schools, factories and services. Though they did manage to geta few concessions such as the Salt March in 1930, they did not help India much from the point ofview of their objective.

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Early influences[edit source | editbeta]

The void rising from the precipitous decline of the Mughal Empire from the early decades of 18thcentury allowed emerging powers to grow in the Indian subcontinent. These included the SikhConfederacy, the Maratha Confederacy,Nizamiyat, the local nawabs ofOudhand Bengal and othersmaller powers. Each was a strong regional power influenced by its religious and ethnic identity.However, the East India Companyultimately emerged as the predominant power. One of the resultsof the social, economic and political changes instituted in the country throughout the greater part of18th century was the growth of the Indian middle class. Although from different backgrounds anddifferent parts of India, this middle class and its varied political leaderships contributed to a growing

"Indian" identity".[1] The realisation and refinement of this concept of national identity fed a rising tideof nationalism in India in the last decades of the 19th century. [2][3][4]

Swadeshi movement== Swadeshi or boycott were the movements when Indians stopped using theBritish products and started using their own handmade products.Indian textile industry has played an important role in the freedom struggle of India. Themechanization of the textile industry pioneered the industrial revolution in England and soon she wasproducing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated and inrequired to capture foreign markets to sell the production. On the other hand, India was rich in cottonproduce and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material, they required. This was thetime when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its rootsin british india. Raw materials went to England at very low rates and very cotton cloth are refined

quality was brought back to India and sold here at very high prices. This was draining the economyand textile industry of India suf.fered greatly. This led to a great resentment among cotton cultivatorsand traders. To add fuel to fire Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905, and there wasmassive opposition of the people Bengal. Initially the partition plan was opposed through presscampaign in partition. The total follower of such techniques led to boycott of British goods and thepeople of India pledged to use only swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth. Importedgarments were viewed as hateful. At many places, public burnings of foreign cloth were organized.Shops selling foreign cloths were stopped. Swadeshi movement emanated from the partition ofBengal in 1905 and continued upto 1908. The swadeshi movement which was a part of the Indianfreedom struggle was a successfully economic strategy to remove the British empire from par andimprove economic conditions in India.The swadeshi movement soon stimulated local enterprise in

many areas. The cotton textile industry is rightly described as swadeshi industry. The periodwitnessed the growth of swadeshi textile mills. swadeshi factories came into existenceeverywhere. Surendranath Banerji,Rabindranath Tagore, Ramesh Chandra Dutt, Bipin ChandraPal, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai,Ashwini Kumar Dutt,Ambika Charan Majumdarwere some of theprominent leaders of this movement. The swadeshi movement was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian era. According to Surendranath Banerji , swadeshi movement changed the entire texture ofour social and domestic life. The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajinikant Singh andSyed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit from for the nationalists. The movement soon spread to therest of the country and the partition of Bengal have to be firmly inhaled on the first of april 1912. Laterwhen mahatma Gandhi entered the scene of the Indian freedom struggle he described swadeshi asthe sole of swaraj and docted it as the key strategy for our fight for independence. The charka or the

spinning wheel became the symbol of rural self-employment and swadeshi symbolized the politicalideas and independence itself.gandhi movement are also very powerfulin freedomThe Coming of Gandhi[edit source |editbeta]
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Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa after being a part of theApartheid. Afterhis return he faced similar conditions in India. His aim was clear : To gain Independence. But hismethod ofSatyagrahawas a little complicated from the common man's point of view. As he went ongiving speeches about the power ofAhimsa or Non-Violence, he was criticized for his weakness. Hisreply was, "Ahimsa is not the weapon of the weak. It is the weapon of the strong. Weak cannotpractice Ahimsa. It involves active participation and presence of Mind." He also said that, "NonViolence is not a garment to be put on and off at will. Its seat is in the heart, and it must be aninseparable part of our very being." Though his views were met with praise, he did not achieve

immediate national co-operation.The Non Co-operation Movement[edit source| editbeta]

Main article: Non-cooperation movementThis movement lasted from September 1920 to February 1922.The Non Cooperation Movement inIndia was the first of the three major movements carried out by Gandhi. The movement was startedwith the thought in mind that the British rule had lasted in India only because of the cooperation byIndians. If Indians refused to cooperate then India would gain Independence. The Movement sooncaught National attention and Millions joined the movement. People left their offices, jobs, factories orany other Business which Cooperated the British. People forced their Children out of the Governmentschools and Colleges. The name of Mahatma began spreading around. People started following himin all parts of the country. However, the movement could not continue as anticipated by Mahatma. He

had hoped for a Nationwide peaceful and Non-Violent movement.The Dandi March or the Salt Satyagraha[edit source | editbeta]

Main article: Salt SatyagrahaThe Salt Satyagraha was started by Mahatma Gandhi on 11 March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to 5

April until Dandi where he manufactured Salt, broke the Salt Law and started a nationwide CivildisobedienceThe Quit India Movement[edit source |editbeta]

Main article: Quit India MovementThe Quit India movement was the final of the three major Nationalist movements in India. It wasstarted in August 1942 by MK Gandhi. Though the Quit India Movement collapsed within a very short

time it will be a mistake to suppose that the movement was a total failure.Firstly, the movement revealed the determination of the people to undergo any amount of suffering forthe cause of the country.Secondly, the popular character of the August Rebellion was revealed through the participation ofstudents, working class and peasants.In the opinion of Sumit Sarkar, it was the participation of the peasant communication that turned themovement into a mass upsurge.Thirdly, 1942 Movement marked the end of Indias struggle for freedom and may be regarded as anapex of the freedom struggle.Fourthly, the violent mass upsurge of 1942 convinced the British rulers that their hold was sure tocollapse in India sooner or later.

Result[edit source | editbeta]Though the Nationalist movements in India did not play a big part in bringing independence to thecountry, they did bring a sense of Nationalism among the people. It was because ofthis Nationalism and Unity among Indians that the British had to finally leave the country leavingbehind Pakistan and India.
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Indian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that defined the principles of theIndianindependence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being theheart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society.Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied thebroaderIndian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India.Contents

[show]National consciousness in India

India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history. Ancient texts mention Indiaunderemperor Bharata andAkhand Bharat, these regions roughly form the entities of modernday greater India. Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all ofIndia, South Asia, and much ofPersia.In addition, much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires, such asthe Gupta Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire, Mughal Empire, Indian Empire etc.Conception of Pan-South AsianismIndia's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalisticsentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history, [1] as the birthplace of the IndusValley Civilization and Vedic Civilization, as well as four major world religions

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines

across the Indian Subcontinent.Ages of war and invasion

The extent ofMaratha Empire, without its vassals. The last Hindu empire ofIndia.India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination, [2] suchas Shivaji of the Maratha Empire, Rani Laxmibai ofJhansi, Kittur Chennamma, MaharanaPratap ofRajputana, Prithviraj Chauhan, who combated theMahmud of Ghazni and Tipu Sultan whofought the British. The kings ofAncient India, such as Chandragupta Maurya and EmperorAshokathe Great of the Magadha Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, incredible conquestsand remarkable religious tolerance.Muslim kings are also a part of Indian pride. [3]Akbar the Great was a powerful Mughal emperor who

sought to resolve religious differences, and was known to have a good relationship with the RomanCatholic Church as well as with his subjects Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. He forged familialand political bonds with Hindu Rajputkings. Although previous Sultans had been more or lesstolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first timein Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religiousdiscrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religiousscholars to debate in his court.Swaraj

In the Indian rebellion of 1857, Indian soldiers and regional kings fought the forces allied withthe British Empire in different parts of India. This event laid the foundation not only for a nationwide

expression, but also future nationalism and conflict on religious and ethnic terms.

[4]

The Indian desire for complete freedom, orSwaraj, was born with Bal Gangadhar Tilak, whosefollowers were the first to express the desire for complete independence, an idea that did not catch onuntil afterWorld War I. When theAmritsar Massacre of hundreds of unarmed and innocent civiliansby British forces took place in the same year, the Indian public was outraged and most of India'spolitical leaders turned against the British.The Gandhian eraMohandas Gandhi pioneered the art ofSatyagraha, typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa (non-violence), and civil disobedience. This permitted common individuals to engage the British inrevolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherenceto democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the firsttime in India's history. The masses could participate in India's freedom struggle for the first time, andthe membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi'svictories in theChamparan and Kheda Satyagraha in 191819, gave confidence to a rising youngergeneration of Indians that the British hegemony could be defeated. National leaders like Sardar
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Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari,MohandasGandhi, Rajendra Prasad and Badshah Khan brought together generations of Indians across regionsand demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.More than just "Indian"

See also: Demographics of IndiaIndian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnicallyand religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature.

The most controversial and emotionally-charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion.Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities arediverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.Hindu RashtraMain article: Hindu nationalism

An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time ofIslamic empires in India.Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly thebackbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindusociety across the boundaries ofcaste, linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, K.B.Hedgewarfounded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur, Maharashtra, which grew into the

largest civil organisation in the country, and more potent, mainstream base ofHindu nationalism.Vinayak Damodar Savarkarcoined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as aHinduRashtra, a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religiousagendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa HinduParishad. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants aspecial semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state ofKashmir, adopting a uniform civilcode, thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims. These particular demands are based uponending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims.The QaumMain articles: Indian Muslim nationalism andTwo-Nation Theory

In 19061907, theAll India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslimintellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress, which was perceived asdominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi's leadership attracted awide array of Muslims to the freedom struggle and the Congress Party. TheAligarh MuslimUniversity and theJamia Millia Islamia stand apart the former helped form the Muslim league, whilethe JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic andGandhian values and thought.While prominent Muslims likeAllama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embracedthe notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed

Ansari, Maulana Azad and most ofDeobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership ofMahatmaGandhi and the Indian freedom struggle, opposing any notion ofMuslim nationalism and separatism.The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the IslamicnationalistMuslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support. State of Pakistan wasultimately formed following Partition of IndiaNationalism and politics

Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi led India to victory in 1971 against Pakistan, imposed theIndianEmergency, led it to become a nuclear power state in 1974 and is blamed fortheKhalistan insurgency and Operation Blue Star a controversial blend of nationalism and hardpolitics.

The political identity of the Indian National Congress, India's largest political party and one whichcontrolled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to Mohandas K.Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Nehru-Gandhi family which has controlled the Congress sinceindependence. The Congress Party's fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by itslegacy as the flagship of India's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party todayevokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India's freedom, democracy andunity. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party, seen as defender of Nehruvian
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secularism.[5] In contrast, the Bharatiya Janata Party employs a more aggressively nationalisticexpression. The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the Hindus, the majority population.It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India's borders and interests against archrivalsChina andPakistan, with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority.Religious nationalist parties include the Shiromani Akali Dal, which is closely identified with thecreation of a Sikh-majority state in Punjab and includes many Sikh religious leaders in itsorganisation. In Maharashtra, the Shiv Sena uses the legacy of the independent Marathakingdomunder heroes like Shivaji to stir up support, and has adopted Hindutva as well. InAssam, theAsom

Gana Parishad is a more state-focused party, arising after the frustration of the United LiberationFront of Asom (ULFA) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In Tamil Nadu came thefirst of such parties, the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK). Today the DK stands for a collection of parties,[6] with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK), theAll India Anna Dravida MunnetraKazhagam (AIADMK), the Pattali Makkal Katchi(PMK) and the Marumalarchi Dravida MunnetraKazhagam (MDMK). Caste-based politics invite the participation of the Bahujan Samaj Party and theparty ofLaloo Prasad Yadav, who build upon the support of poor low-caste and dalitHindus in thenorthern, and most populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Almost every Indian statehas a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state.Nationalism and military conflicts

Military history, both past and present, serves as a source of nationalist sentiment in India. The firstreference to armies is found in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. There weremany powerful dynasties in India such as the Maha Janapadas, Shishunaga Empire,GangaridaiEmpire, Nanda Empire, Maurya Empire, Sunga Empire, Kharavela Empire, Kuninda Kingdom, CholaEmpire, Chera Empire, Pandyan Empire,Satavahana Empire, Western Satrap Empire, KushanEmpire, Vakataka Empire, Kalabhras Kingdom, Gupta Empire, Pallava Empire,KadambaEmpire, Western Ganga Kingdom, Vishnukundina Empire, Chalukya Empire, Harsha Empire, ShahiKingdom, Eastern Chalukya Kingdom, Pratihara Empire, Pala Empire,Rashtrakuta Empire, ParamaraKingdom, Yadava Empire, Solanki Kingdom, Western Chalukya Empire, Hoysala Empire, SenaEmpire, Eastern Ganga Empire, Kakatiya Kingdom, Kalachuri Empire, Delhi Sultanate, DeccanSultanates,Ahom Kingdom, Vijayanagar Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Mughal Empire, MarathaEmpire, Sikh Empire etc.The modernArmy of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century. Today the Republic ofIndia maintains the world's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong.[7] The officialdefence budget stands at 1644151.9 million (US$25 billion)[8] but the actual spending on the armedforces is estimated to be much higher. [9] The army is undergoing rapid expansion andmodernisation[10] with plans to have an active military space program, [11]missile defence shield,[12] and nuclear triad capability.[13]
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