National Music: Wagner & Liszt

Franz Liszt Richard Wagner

Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

NationalismA people with a Common:

Geography, Language, History, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture…

Community of the ImaginationThe “National Project”:

• Arts: Music, Painting, Literature• Folklore, Dance, Costume/Dress• History

A people with:Common Geography, Language, History, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture

Nationalism & Liberalism, Or…

Nationalism & Liberalism, various attemptsFrance, 1789, 1830, 1848, 1871….

Germany, 1830, 1848….

Hungary, 1848….

Italy & Garibaldi….

Great Britain & Reform

Nationalism & Or….Bismark & Germany

Italy & Victor Emmanuel

The Fiction of Nationalism

Linguistic, Ethnic InterminglingGr. Brt. -- Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Irish

France -- Brittany, Basques

Spain -- Basques, Catalan

Belgium -- Waloons (Dutch dialect), Flanders (Flemish = French dialect)

Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire• GIVE IT UP!!!!!

Everywhere, esp. Central/Easter-Europe:• JEWS

Lines on a Map & Implications for Future

Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy

Post-1848 = re-establish centralized, autocratic Hapsburg rule

German-speaking gov’t alienates minorities, esp. Hungarians

Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 -- post Franco-Austrian War

Creates a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary• Separate contitutions & gov’t

German and Magyars dominate minorities• Minority/Nationality prob. persists until WWI

Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of HungarySome things in held in common

• monarch, army, foreign policy, finances

Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

Imperial RussiaAlexander II, 1855-1881 -- need for reform in face of Crimean defeat

Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861• Deal w/ backwardness of agriculture, uneducated

peasantry (army!) & peasant revolts

Problems with emancipation• Landowners kept best land• Peasants pay for own “freedom” (village commune: mir)

Zemstvos (local assemblies) -- nobility dominateGrowing dissatisfaction, reform mov’ts, radicalsAssassination of Alexander II (1881)Alexander III (1881-1894)

• Return to traditional methods of repression

Great Britain: The Victorian Age

Did not experience revolts in 1848 Reforms -- 1832, 1860’s = polit. participation

Economic growth -- workers’ wages

Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the ageDuty & moral respectability

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) -- Tory Extension of voting rights

Reform Act, 1867 prop. rq.s, double # voters!

William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)

Liberal reforms: patronage, secret ballot, officers

Education Act of 1870 -- universal elem. sch.