National Rural Support Programme · Size of biogas plant 14 Type of plant and functionality 15...

National Rural Support ProgrammeIslamabad, Pakistan

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who assisted us in this research, particularly

Muhammad Azhar, RP-MER Rahim Yar Khan, Tazeemullah RP-MER Mianwali, Hamza Hasan, PO-

MER, Ali Jibran PO-SHP for their support in data collection. We are grateful to Tahir Waqar for his

support and constructive comments for putting together this paper.

We warmly thank NRSP's teams in Rawalpindi, Mianwali and Rahim Yar Khan regions and ENRM section

at NRSP head office who supported the MER team during the survey and for the provision of all required

information.

Evaluation & Research Report - MER/2011-II

Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab

Prepared by: Ghaffar Paras, Rachel Abbey

Reviewed & Supervised by: Muhammad Tahir Waqar (Programme Manager - MER)

Design & Layout: Mansoor Abid

All rights reserved, but development organizations which are working in the rural areas specially non-profit

organizations working for capacity building can use this material for the benefit of poor rural

communities. It is requested that please acknowledge the effort made by NRSP. No parts of this

publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording for the commercial or profit making purpose or otherwise

without the written permission of the National Rural Support Programme.

Copyright © National Rural Support Programme - August 2011

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

Background 2

Introduction 4

Methodology 5

Sampling 5

Evaluation tools and process 5

Participant criteria 7

Participant selection 8

Plant size and consumption 8

Occupation 8

Land holding pattern 8

Livestock owned 9

Household expenditure 10

Construction, Operation and Maintenance 12

Plant functionality 12

Age and functionality 13

Cost share and functionality 13

Size of biogas plant 14

Type of plant and functionality 15

Biogas production 15

Impact Analysis 17

Biogas as alternative source of energy for cooking 17

Utilisation of Biogas slurry as fertiliser 17

Biogas as hygienic and environment friendly technology 18

Time saving 18

Economic analysis 18

Razia Bibi; beneficiary of biogas plant in Nurpurthal, Khushab 19

Abdul Ghafoor; beneficiary of biogas plant in Sadiqabad, Rahim Yar Khan 20

Muhammad Niaz; beneficiary of biogas plant in Fatehjang, Rawalpindi 21

Conclusion and Recommendations 23

SWOT Analysis 23

Community concerns and suggestions 25

List of Annexures

List of Figures

List of Tables

Annexure-1: List of Biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 2001 28

Annexure-2: List of randomly selected biogas plants 35

Annexure-3: Questionnaire 37

Annexure-4: Recommended daily feeding pattern of dung for Biogas plants 40

Annexure-5: Surveyed data 41

Figure 1: How biogas plants function 2

Figure 2: Analysis of correlation between plant size and family size 8

Figure 3: Landholding pattern of plant owners by region 9

Figure 4: No. of Livestock and plant size 9

Figure 5: Region-wise plant functionality 12

Figure 6: Age and Plant functionality 13

Figure 7: Beneficiary's share and plant functionality 14

Figure 8: % of functioning plants against % meeting input requirements

by size and region 15

Figure 9: Type of plant and functionality 15

Figure 10: Comparison of hours of usage in summer and winter 16

Figure 11: Biogas: Fulfilling energy requirements 17

Figure 12: Slurry usage 17

Table 1 Survey sample and profile 6

Table 2 Daily requirements of biogas plant by size 7

Table 3 Analysis of participant selection (overview and by region) 10

Table 4 Regional breakdown of functioning and non-functioning plants 12

Table of Contents


Acronyms

ADB Asia Development Bank

AEDB Alternative Energy Development Board

CO Community Organization

ENRM Environment and Natural Resource Management

IEC Information Education and Communication Materials

JDW-SM Jamal-ud-Din Wali Sugar Mills

LSO Local Support Organization

LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas

MER Monitoring Evaluation and Research

NRSP National Rural Support Programme

NARC National Agricultural Research Council

NGOs Non-Governmental Organisation

PPAF Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund

PCRET Pakistan Centre for Renewable Technologies

PITD Physical Infrastructure and Technology Development

RP Regional Professional

RWP Rawalpindi

RYK Rahim Yar Khan

RSPN Rural Support Programmes Network

SGAFP Small Grant Ambassador Fund Programme

SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats

USAID United States Agency for International Development

VO Village Organisation

Executive Summary

Pakistan has huge renewable energy resources comprising wind, water, solar, geothermal,

tidal power and biomass. Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials that

can be used as fuel or for industrial production. As an agricultural based economy, biomass

is readily available in most areas of the country, particularly in rural areas. Biomass energy

uses natural materials such as trees, plants and wastes to make electricity and biofuel. It is

also environmentally friendly.

Since 1974, more than 1,700 biogas plants have been installed under a nationwide

programme funded by the Government of Pakistan. Organisations involved in this

programme are the: Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Centre for Renewable

Energy Technologies, National Agricultural Research Council, Asian Development Bank,

PPAF, RSPN, NRSP and smaller NGOs. To date, the NRSP has installed 197 biogas plants

in Pakistan. The main objectives of this programme are to reduce the dependency on wood

for cooking, reduce household expenses on energy, decrease the workload of women as the

primary persons involved in the collection, cutting and loading of wood and cooking and to

improve conditions for this reducing infections and respiratory disorders.

The purpose of this research was to assess the design, maintenance, usage and sustainability

of biogas plants as an energy source at household level. The study was completed through

conducting a survey selecting a sample of 51 households under the biogas programme in

three districts. The results of this study show that 51% of biogas plants installed by NRSP

in Rawalpindi, Khushab, and Rahim Yar Khan are functioning (100% of these belonging to

women and 45% of these belonging to men). The highest number of functioning plants is

situated in the Rawalpindi region. Out of these plants, biogas is meeting 61-100% of energy

requirements of 65% of plant owners, 85% of these reported a daily production of 2-6

hours or more of biogas in summertime. Almost all beneficiaries reported biogas as an

environmentally friendly and hygienic technology. According to female beneficiaries, their

workload has significantly decreased spending less time on cooking and wood collection.

Most of the beneficiaries (34%) reported a 20-40% reduction in biogas production in

winters, and in some cases, the plant is simply closed during these months.

The failure to provide adequate training to beneficiaries on the operation and maintenance

of plants was found to be an important reason for low productivity for 39% of plants and to

be an indirect cause of plant closures. Improper construction also causes low productivity,

this was found to be a major setback to programme activities in Rahim Yar Khan where the

NRSP team worked with a specialised biogas institution for the installation of the first plant

only. The study shows that biogas technology only works on a sustainable basis when

implemented correctly with proper support and training, it is only then that the potential of

biogas as realistic alternative energy source is realised.


1

1 | www.environment.gov.pk (Solid Waste Management in Pakistan) 2004

2 | http://www.hedon.info/TheBiogasProgrammeInVietnam

2Figure 1: How biogas plants function

Background

With the depleting supply of oil causing price rises, instability, and increasing business costs

globally, identifying viable sources of alternative/ renewable energy has become an

increasing priority. Price rises and depleting gas reserves are particularly felt at household

level with basic needs such as cooking and lighting becoming difficult to fulfill. Pakistan also

has an increasing gap in its supply of energy causing daily loadshedding which can last for

up to two to four hours in urban areas and fifteen hours or more in rural areas. Yet Pakistan

has huge renewable energy resources comprising wind, water, solar, geothermal, tidal power

and biomass.

Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials such as trees, plants and

wastes, which can be used to make electricity and biofuel. This process can include; leftover

paper and wood waste from paper mills, trash, animal waste/dung, corn stalks, corn cobs,

seed corn from farms, paper and cardboard that cannot be recycled, fast growing crops and

trees. As an agricultural based economy, biomass is readily available in most areas of

Pakistan, particularly rural. It is also environmentally friendly. Biomass energy offers

significant environmental advantages: it saves space in landfills by reusing waste products

and contains no sulphur so does not contribute to acid rain.

Excluding agricultural waste, urban areas of Pakistan produce more than 55,000 tons of

solid waste per day . Pakistan has approximately 50 million animals for agricultural and 1

2


livestock related activities. On average, the daily waste produced from a cow, bullock or bull

(the most common animals kept in Pakistan) is around 10kg, if 50% of this can be collected

for fuel; it amounts to 150 million kgs translating into around 12 million cubic meters of

biogas. The potential uses of this are for households (cooking/ lighting) and industry,

transportation and to generate electricity helping to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel

imports.

The Government of Pakistan started its biogas programme in 1974; by 1987, a total of

4,137 biogas units had been commissioned for construction. The units were designed to

provide 3,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of biogas per day for cooking and lighting. This

programme was developed in three phases. During the first phase, 100 demonstration units

were installed under a government funded grant. During the second phase, the cost of the

plants was shared between the beneficiaries and the Government of Pakistan. In the third

phase, the government withdrew its financial support, although technical support was

continued free of cost. Unfortunately, after the withdrawal of financial support, the project

did not progress any further until 1990. Since this time, the government has installed a

further 1,700 biogas plants in Pakistan. The government is now taking further steps to

promote this technology through the: Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy Technologies

(PCRET), Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) and the Government

Agricultural, Dairy and Livestock Departments in collaboration with larger NGOs such as

the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP).


3

Background

Introduction

PCRET first approached NRSP to collaborate on its biogas programme in 2001/02. A pilot

project was then successfully carried out in Rawalpindi. This district was chosen due to the

fact that there was already a biogas plant running successfully in this area and that people

were therefore already aware of the technology and requesting access to this. NRSP agreed

to pilot the programme as an organisation that researches and pilots the use of new

technologies and sources of renewable energy. The Environment and Natural Resource

Management (ENRM) section took the lead on this. Since the completion of this successful

pilot, the ENRM section has been working with the Government of Pakistan, PPAF, and

JDW Sugar mills on the testing and expansion of the biogas programme. As of May 2011,

197 biogas plants have been installed in Rahim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi and Mianwali.

Annexure-1 contains a list of installed biogas plants under NRSP's interventions.

Over the years it has been realised that in order to be successful, biogas requires very specific

inputs and conditions. For this reason, it should be understood that the biggest limit of

biogas is that it cannot be used for the poorest families. Biogas plants require a warm climate

and large daily inputs of water and dung. This means that families involved in the

programme should have easy access to a reliable water source and own a relative large

number of livestock. They should also own sufficient land to manage the slurry (the by-

product of biogas production), and to maximise the benefits of the plant through the use of

the same as a fertiliser/ soil conditioner. In June 2011, the NRSP MER initiated an

assessment of its biogas programme, this was specifically to:

• obtain an overall picture of the current programme i.e. the number of plants still

functioning (some being up to nine years in age), and the reasons for plant closures.

• decipher a profile of the ideal family to receive a biogas plant of x size e.g. according

to family size, the number of cattle, environmental conditions, income level, other

sources of energy available.

• decipher, if there are problems/weaknesses in the programme, e.g. lack of human

resources, technical staff, training, monitoring and how these can be addressed.

• plan as how to make best use of future investments in this area e.g. geographical

location, coverage, training or equipment/maintenance and where the most money

is needed and why.

4


Methodology

The study was conducted to evaluate the 197 biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 31,

2011; these are from all regions covered under the programme: Rawalpindi, Mianwali and

Rahim Yar Khan. Region wise distribution of biogas plants is given in table 1 and the list in

Annexure 1. The available data at the head office did not provide any information about the

size of plants and therefore cluster sampling was not possible for this component.

The following parameters were used to calculate the sample size.

• Population (N) 197

• Margin of Error (ME) 10% or 0.1

• Confidence level 90% or 0.90

• For proportions P value assumed as 50%

Based on the above parameters the sample size was calculated using the following formula

2 2 2 2n = [ (z * p * q ) + ME ] / [ ME + z * p * q / N ]

Where

• Alpha is equal to one minus the confidence level. Thus, alpha = 1 - 0.90 = 0.1 and

the critical standard score (z) = 1.645

• p value = 0.5

• q value = 0.5

• Margin of Error (ME) = 0.1

• Population (N) = 197

2 2 2 2n = [ (1.645) * 0.5 * 0.5 + 0. 1 ] / [ 0.1 + (1.645) * 0.5 * 0.5 / 197]

n = (0.676506 + 0.01) / ( 0.01 + 0.003434)

n = (0.686506 ) / ( 0.013434)

Sample size (n) = 51.10199 say 51

To obtain a better understanding of the overall programme the sample was proportionally

distributed amongst the regions. The Sample was 26% (51/197*100) of the population so it

was decided to select 26% of biogas plants from each region as shown in table 1. For the

selection of biogas plants region wise lists were prepared and random numbers were

generated for each (12 for Rawalpindi, 13 for Mianwali and 26 for Rahim Yar Khan) using

the random number generator at http://www.randomizer.org/form.htm. These random

numbers were then matched with the serial numbers of the region wise lists and selected for

the study. The list of the 51 sample biogas plants selected is provided in Annexure 2.

Sampling


5

Table 1: Survey sample and profile

A questionnaire was developed and finalized in consultation with the ENRM section and

pre-tested in Rawalpindi. The questionnaire was divided into four parts including a) basic

information, b) household level information, c) biogas plant specifications and usage and st

d) suggestions and recommendations. The survey was conducted from the 1 June, 2011 to th

the 5 July, 2011. Primary data was collected via household interviews. Secondary data/

information was collected from a range of published reports studies on biogas undertaken

both in Pakistan and internationally.

After completion of the survey, an MS Excel based data input sheet was created and data

entry undertaken at the NRSP Head Office. The data is given at Annexure 5. MS Excel

based tools were used for the analysis of data.

Evaluation tools and process

6


Methodology

Region/ District

DonorNo. ofPlants

Length ofprogramme

Type ofplant

Size ofplants

Sample

Rawalpidi(Jhelum,Chakwal,Rawalpindi)

Mianwali(Khushab)

Rahim YarKhan

Total

PCRET

PPAF,RSPN

JDWSugarmills

4

47

50

100

197

1-9 years

6 months - 2 years

1-3 years

Floatingdrum

12 fixed dome, 1

floating drum

fixed dome

35m = 10,38m = 2

36m = 13

38m - 24,310m = 1,315m = 1

12

13

26

51

Participant criteria

In order to function efficiently, biogas plants require regular inputs consisting of large

quantities of water and dung. This means that people should have a minimum of three 3animals for a 4m plant (the smallest plant available). However, it should also be taken into

account that the smaller the plant, the smaller the output. The percentage of energy needs

covered will also reduce as family size and therefore consumption increases. In order for

people to gain the maximum benefits from biogas i.e. in the form of both fertiliser and gas,

they should have productive land, means that they should be working in agriculture in some

form. These aspects mean that biogas needs to be targeted responsibly at households with

very specific profiles i.e. they need to have a relatively large land size, the plant size should be

as far as possible in line with both consumption and livestock size, it should be targeted at

households working in the agricultural sector and where utility bills/ access to energy

sources places a strain on the household. It should also be noted that the plants perform

best in warmer climates. This means that participant selection should be based on:

a) their geographical area – with a preference for warmer climatic zones to obtain optimum output,

b) areas where a supply of natural gas is not availablec) their ownership of livestock and hence their ability to provide inputs for the plant

(required number increases with plant size), d) their proximity to a reliable water source to run the plant (required amount increases

with plant size),e) it should be ensured that participants have adequate land in order to manage the

by-product from the plant – slurry (required amount increases with plant size), f) employment with those in the agricultural sector better able to maximise on the

benefits of the plant using the slurry as a supplement for fertiliser.

Table 2: Daily requirements of biogas plant by size

For the above outlined reasons, for the programme to be effective, it is essential that

participants are selected according to this clear criterion, requirements will of course increase

with plant size and required inputs.

3

3 | RSPN information brochure on biogas http://www.rspn.org/our_projects/projects_pdfs/Brochure.pdf


7

Plant sizedaily dung

requirementslivestock

requirementsdaily water

requirementsGas Production

3(M / day)

34

36

38

310

30 kgs

45 kgs

60 kgs

75 kgs

2-3 cow/ bullocks

4 - 5

5 - 6

7 +

30 litres

45 litres

60 litres

75 litres

4

5 - 6

6 - 8

8 - 10

4 | Government of Pakistan, 1998 Census Report

Participant selection

This section will analyse the extent to which the process of participant selection under the

NRSP biogas programme has met the outlined criteria.

The total number of participants covered by the 51 households included in the study is 529.

The average family size is ten, higher than the national average of 6.8 . Only 12% of biogas

plants were installed in households with 1 to 5 members tallying with the programme criteria

to target larger families. Despite this, there was found to be little, if any, correlation between

plant size and family size/

consumption. This is because whilst

those with larger families have higher

consumption needs, they may not

have the inputs in terms of the

number of livestock required for the

running of a larger plant. The most

common plant provided to people was 3the 8m plant, primarily provided to

those with a family size of between 6

and 10 (predominately in Rahim Yar 3Khan where fourteen 8m plants were

distributed to this size of family).

The primary income for 92% of households owning biogas plants is agriculture. This shows

that participant profiles are broadly in line with the programme selection criteria. Only 2

(4%) biogas plant owners indicated wage labour as their primary source of income. The

secondary income source for 67% of households is livestock, other secondary income

sources include wage labour and small enterprise.

The average land holding size of biogas plant owners is 16 acres per household, much higher

than the average national land holding size of 1.38 acres. This is again in line with the

selection criteria for programme participants. Overall, just 4% indicated to have no land,

these were found to be in Mianwali (15% of plants installed in this region), it is advised that

these cases be investigated further.

Plant size and consumption

4

Occupation

Land holding pattern

Figure 2: Analysis of correlation between plant size and family size

8


2

4

7

4

0

16

3

4

10

10 0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21

Family Size

5m³

6m³

8m³

10m³,15m³

>_

Plant size and family size

Some of these subsequently had biogas plants installed inside their houses. This is not

recommended due to the spread of slurry which can lead to unhygienic conditions causing

disease. Figure-3 shows region-wise information on the size of participant land holdings.

Participants with the largest land size are based in Rahim Yar Khan with 70% owning six or

more acres of land.

The average number of livestock

(cows, oxen, buffalos, camels ) owned

by biogas plant owners is six per

household, again much higher than

the national average. 33% of

households owned one to three

animals, 20% owned ten or more and

2% do not own any livestock

(acquiring inputs for their plants from

relatives/ neighbours). 27% of

households reported a reduction in

their cattle size after plant installation,

leading to a decline in inputs.

There appears to be some correlation between the number of livestock and plant size

although this is only evident if Rahim Yar Khan is removed from the analysis. This is 3because only plants of size 8m and above were distributed to all households regardless of

consumption needs or livestock size in this region. This may be due to a supply issue and

needs to be investigated further, 3particularly the cases of why five 8m

plants (two in Rawalpindi – both cases

in Fateh Jang and three in Rahim Yar 3Khan) and a 10m plant (Rahim Yar

Khan) was supplied to families owning

1-3 livestock. All of these were

installed less than three years ago and

three (60%) are already not 3

functioning. Seven plants of 8m were

also distributed to families owning 4-6

livestock in Rahim Yar Khan, these

Livestock owned

5

5 | The livestock analysis is restricted to cows, oxen and buffalo since these are the only animals where inputs are used for the

production of biogas in Pakistan, household sewerage is not being used

Figure 3: Landholding pattern of plant owners by region

Figure 4: No. of Livestock and plant size


9

Participant Selection

> 21

16-20

11-15

6-10

1-5

No land

Unknown

Mianwali Rahim YarKhan

Rawalpindi

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

15%

15%

31%

15%

15%8%

12%8%

23%

27%

27%

8%8%

17%

17%

33%

17%

35m36m38m

310m315m

0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10 >_

Livestock

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1

6 6

5

1

3 3

7 7 7

1

2 2

were again all installed less than three years ago and 6 (85%) have already been closed. It is 3not advised to provide plants of more than 5m to families owning less than three 3 or 4

animals.

It is expected that utilitiy bills should have declined as a priority expenditure following the

installation of biogas plants. 22% of households indicated utility bills to be their major

household expenditure. 63% of these households are in Rahim Yar Khan where 71% of

these families own plants that are not functioning and 14% report a low level of production,

18% are in Rawalpindi – Fateh Jang although these are reported as having functional plants.

Other major expenses included investments in farming and spending on children's health

and education, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Analysis of participant selection (overview and by region)

Household expenditure

10



Occupation Livestock Land Expenses Gender

Overview

Profile 1 92% agriculture 33% 1-3 25% 1-5 49% food 75% men (38)

Profile 2 4% self-employed 25% 4-6 25% 6-10 22% utilities 25% women (18)

20% 7-9 20% 10+

Rawalpindi

Profile 1 75% agriculture 67% 1-3 33% 1-5 42% children 83% men

17% 6-10, 17% 11-15, 17% no response

8% 16-208% >21

Rahim Yar Khan

27% 1-5/ 27% 6-10

Profile 2 4% employed 27% 4-6 23% 11-15 27% utilities

Profile 3 - 12% 1-3 12% >2115% farming inputs

Mianwali

Profile 1 100% agriculture 46% 1-3 31% 6-10 76% food 85% women

15% 1-5 8% children

15% 11-15/ 8% utilities/

15% >218% farming inputs

15% no land

15% 7-9/ 15% >10

Profile 2 - 23% 4-6 25% men

Profile 3 - 8% no response

-

Profile 1 96% agriculture 31% 7-10/ 31% >10

42% food 100% men

13 participants sampled from a total of 50

Profile 3 8% employee 8% no animals

25% utilities

26 participants sampled from total of 100

Profile 2 17% self employed 25% 4-6 33% food 17% women

12 participants sampled from a total of 47Profile 3 4% employee 19% 11-15 20% children

51 participants sampled from 197

In Rawalpindi 75% of those selected are involved in agriculture as their primary income

source; this is lower than in the other regions analysed. However, 25% reported this as a

secondary income source meaning that all participants are involved in agriculture as

means of income earning in some capacity. Of these, 50% were found to own a

substantial amount of land maximising the benefits of the plant through the use of slurry as

a fertiliser/ soil conditioner. Utilitiy bills were cited as a high priority by 25% of participants.

This broadly correlates with the number of non-functioning plants in this region. 17% of

participants are women, this is an area that needs to be looked into as women are the main

users of the biogas plants and therefore have a greater stake in its operation and

maintenance.

96% of those selected in Rahim Yar Khan are also involved in agriculture, this again is a

good figure to maximise the potential benefits from installed plants in terms of slurry

management and usage. 62% of people had a substantial amount of land also. Participants

in this area have a large number of livestock with 62% owning seven or more animals

indicating the availability of adequate inputs. However 27% of participants still cite

utility bills as their highest household expense, the reasons for this will be explored in

the section on findings and analysis later in this study.

100% of participants in Mianwali were found to work in agriculture as their primary

occupation; this is a very positive figure in terms of participants gaining the optimum

benefits from the plants. 66% of those interviewed had six or more acres of land. 53% of

participants have four or more animals, which is adequate for plant operation. Ideally no

participant should have less than two animals; the ideal number for inputs depends on plant

size, consumption and type of animal. Only 8% of participants cited utility bills as a high

priority after the installation of the biogas plant which is a positive indication of success in

this area, this aspect will again will explored in further detail in the analysis section of the

study. A very positive aspect of the programme in this region is that 85% of

participants are women.


11


Construction, Operation and Maintenance

Construction, operation (inputs) and maintenance (repairs) are directly proportional to the

level of gas produced. Detailed findings on this are provided in the following section.

Excluding all those under construction

(10% of the total) – all situated in

Mianwali, overall 57% of plants were

found to be functioning and 43% not

functioning. A regional breakdown of

these figures is provided in the

following table.

It should be noted that despite women

constituting 25% of programme

participants, 100% of plants owned

by women are functioning. 45% of

plants owned by men are functioning.

Table 4: Regional breakdown of functioning and non-functioning plants

Plant functionality

Figure 5: Region-wise plant functionality


12

RegionLength of

programmeType Functioning

Not functioning

Rawalpindi 1-9 years Floatingdrum

83% 17%

12 fixed dome,

1 floating drum

Reasons

- Lack of support given for maintenance

-Few maintenance services available locally

-Early dissatisfaction due to low production with most plants installed in winter

-Insufficient inputs with much larger plants than in other regions.

-Construction faults.

Rahim Yar Khan

1-3 years Fixeddome

31% 69%

Mianwali (Khushab)

6 months - 2 years

Size

5m3=103

8m =2

38m =24

315m = 1

36m =13 100% 0%

Non Functioning Functioning

Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

83%

17%

100%

31%

69%

310m = 1

Under the current programme, it is participants that are responsible for the maintenance of

biogas plants, however to ensure that plants are maintained properly, a comprehensive

training programme needs to be undertaken.

There was little correlation found between plant age and functionality. This is despite some

plants in the Rawalpindi region being in operation for up to nine years. There does appear to

be a dip in terms of the number of functioning plants that were installed three years ago and

nine years ago it was found that in all these cases insufficient inputs were used, but a larger

survey sample is needed to look into this in more detail. Plants installed in Rahim Yar Khan

appear to have stopped functioning relatively early on with just 38% of plants functioning

after just two years or less in operation. Just 28% of plants were found to be functioning

after three years; this is extremely low in comparison to plants in Rawalpindi where over the

same period 100% and 67% of plants were still in operation. This indicates a problem not

just with maintenance, but with the construction and installation of plants installed in this

region. It is advised that an engineer specialising in biogas technology fully investigate this.

Maintenance services for biogas plants are difficult to find in Pakistan, for this reason many

cease to function once technical difficulties are encountered. Trainings on maintenance for

programme staff, local engineers and

participants are important areas which

have been overlooked to date.

Participants stated that they did not

know who to contact in the case of

technical faults with the plant, this was

a major problem reported among staff

in Rahim Yar Khan. Overall, major

repair works have been carried out by

18% of plant owners. These repairs

include pipeline replacement, gas stove

replacement and structured repairs,

costs ranged for Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 4,000.

Participant cost share varies according to project/donor. The lowest percentage cost share

was 5% and 10% in Rahim Yar Khan and the highest 100% in Rawalpindi. The central

reason for using cost share is to promote a sense of ownership, the higher the cost share, the

higher the sense of ownership and interest in maintaining the plant. Our study to some

Age and functionality

Cost share and functionality

Figure 6: Age and Plant functionality


13


120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

< 1 year < 2 year < 3 year < 4 year < 6 year < 9 year


100%

100%100%

100%

67%67%

38%

28%

extent reaffirms this theory with all plants carrying a cost share of less than 20% now

closed, it should however be taken into account that these plants are based in Rahim Yar

Khan, a region where overall plant functionality is very low. In the 20% cost share bracket,

35% of plants are functional in Rahim Yar Khan whereas none carrying this cost share are

still functional in Rawalpindi, although plants in this later sample have been installed for

approximately nine years. All plants installed in Mianwali have a cost share of 20% and all

are currently functioning, although it should be noted that the programme in this region has

been running for less than two years with maintenance issues, if any, expected to arise later

on. Those carrying a 50-100% cost share also performed well with between 75-100%

functionality.

The most successful plant size sampled in terms of numbers and the percentage of those 3functioning are the 6m plants. These were tested in Mianwali, although again it needs to be

taken into account that the programme here has only been running for less than two years.

Taking time period into account, Rawalpindi presents the most reliable and tested sample, in 3this region the 5m plant was the most successful with 80% functioning (covering a six-year

3period). The 8m plant also worked well in Rawalpindi although there are only a few plants in

this sample and they have been in

operation for less then two years. The 3 3

10m and 15m plants are also

functioning in Rahim Yar Khan but

this sample is very small with only one 3

15m plant installed under the

programme to date. Also due to data

gaps during sample selection, cluster

sampling was not possible and from

the overall random sample only one

plant was assessed out of seven in 3

10m category, this also reflects the

programme focus on smaller plants.

Analysis indicated that 85% of biogas plant owners are not feeding enough dung into their

plants leading to low production levels. 41% of plant owners are using 61-80% of the

required amount of dung; only 14% are putting in the correct amount of dung required.

88% of plant owners reported that no proper information was provided on this; this is a

major reason for low levels of gas production. As would be expected, analysis shows that as

plant size increases, the percentage of those meeting input requirements decreases. 88% of

plant owners reported that no proper or formal training was provided although 75% did

receive Information, Education and Communication materials (IEC) materials. It is advised

Size of biogas plant

Figure 7: Beneficiary's share and plant functionality



14

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

5% 10% 20% 50% 70% 100%


100% 100% 100%

75%

35%

to provide trainings to all new plant owners and refresher courses on inputs and

maintenance for existing owners.

Two types of biogas technologies have been introduced: the fixed dome comprising 75% of

biogas plants (87% of which are in Mianwali and Rahim Yar Khan)and the floating drum

design constituting 25% of plants (100% of plants in Rawalpindi and 13% in Mianwali).

83% of plants in Rawalpindi, meaning 83% of those with the floating drum design, are

functioning covering a nine year period. 100% of those from the same design are

functioning in Mianwali but it should

be stressed that the sample for the

design in this region is very small and

only covers plants installed less than

six months previously. 100% of the

fixed dome plants are also functioning

in Mianwali although a longer period

of testing is needed to come to any

firm conclusion on this design. Only

31% of fixed dome plants are

functioning in Rahim Yar Khan but it

is understood that there were

problems in the construction of these

leading to the early occurrence of

faults and plants closures.

The main use for biogas among

programme participants is for cooking

and in some cases as fuel for gas

lamps also. On average 58% of

participants reported their plant to be

producing gas for three or more hours

of cooking time on a daily basis which

seems adequate to cover cooking

requirements, depending on family

size. This percentage is applicable to

warmer seasons only. 27% of plants

produce more than five or six hours

of biogas each day.

Type of plant and functionality

Biogas production

Figure 8: % of functioning plants against % meeting input

requirements by size and region

Figure 9: Type of plant and functionality


15


Rawalpindi

RYK

Mianwali

% meeting input requirements

80% 100% 100% 100% 100%

30%12% 12%

25%

5m 6m 8m 10m 15m

140%

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%


100%

150%

100%

50%

0%

Floating Drum Fixed Dome

83%

100%31%

100%

34% of participants reported a decrease of 20-40% in the gas produced in the winter

season, this drives many owners to close their plants (given as the reason for 39% of non-

functioning plants).

Figure 10 compares levels of gas output in summer and winter. As expected, production is

lower in winter with 54% of plants

only producing enough gas for 0-2

hours of cooking time per day. 86%

of plants in the lowest category of 0-1

hours in winters are the floating drum

design, although these constitute 43%,

less than half of the next lowest

category. This may be due to the fact

that most other plants in this category

are from Rahim Yar Khan, an area

identified as having a general problem

of closed plants and low levels of gas

production.

Figure 10: Comparison of hours of usage in summer and winter



16

4%

27%

27%

12%

31%

19%

15%

27%

8%

19% 4%8%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

0-1 hour 1-2 hour 2-3 hour 3-4 hour 4-5 hour 6 hour

Summer Winter

Impact Analysis

Prior to the installation of the biogas plants, wood and coal were the primary sources of

energy for cooking for 94% of participants, the survey found that for 47% of these this is

now biogas. For these participants,

wood is now the secondary energy

source for cooking, this is partly

because wood is traditionally used to

cook bread/ roti on a tandoor stove,

this also works much quicker than a

biogas stove. 26% of plant owners

reported a decrease in cooking times,

whilst 25% stated that before receiving

the biogas plant they had used their

own wood for cooking, meaning that

cooking times were already relatively

low due to easy collection.

42% of plant owners reported that biogas is fulfilling 81-100% of their daily energy

requirements for cooking and 35% reported it to fill 60% of these. The percentage was

largest in Mianwali where 87% of people reported biogas to be fulfilling 81-100% of their

energy requirements. Those questioned in Rawalpindi gave quite varied responses which may

suggest how expectations and the uses of the plant has changed over time. 43% of overall

participants also reported an 81-100% reduction in energy costs.

Biogas slurry is of high nutrient value

and the economic benefits of biogas

further increase if this is used/ sold as

a fertiliser. The survey found that 81%

of plant owners are in fact utilising

biogas slurry in this way containing

more in nutrients than other types of

manure. This also reduces the use of

chemical fertilisers.

15% of participants however, throw

away the slurry believing this to be of

Biogas as an alternative source of energy for cooking

Utilisation of Biogas slurry as fertiliser

Figure 11: Biogas: fulfilling energy requirements

Figure 12: Slurry usage


17

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK % reduced spending

1-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%

25%

25%

10%40%

13%12%

25%

87%

20%13% 30%

Fertiliser

Fuel for cooking

Thrown away

4% 15%

81%

Utilisation of Slurry

less nutrient value than a normal fertiliser, it is therefore advised to provide further

information on this to participants. 4% of participants are using slurry as fuel for cooking

which they report it to be highly flammable.

Prior to the installation of the biogas plant, the majority of participants used wood and dung

(dry) for cooking. The use of dung for cooking is considered to be unhygienic as handling

dung immediately prior to cooking can cause the spread of bacteria. A major portion of

programme participants switched from this practice to biogas improving levels of hygiene.

Almost 100% of biogas plant owners reported biogas technology to be environmentally

friendly being free from smoke; although 8% of plant owners reported at times detecting a

bad smell around the stove area; this may be due to technical faults. Women participants

were more likely to directly benefit from the biogas technology being the ones primarily

involved in cooking activities. Many reported a reduction in eyesight problems and coughing.

One of the main objectives of introducing biogas technology was to decrease the workload

of women for wood collection and cooking and indeed, the introduction of biogas has

decreased this. Women participants reported spending more time with their children and in

other productive activities.

Non-users also benefit from the use of biogas through having a cleaner community

environment, the conservation of forest areas, the reduction in carbon emissions, the

reduction in smoke-borne diseases, and an improvement in general health and hygiene

conditions.

Biogas as hygienic and environment friendly technology

Time saving

Economic analysis


Impact Analysis

18

Razia Bibi; beneficiary of biogas plant in Nurpurthal, Khushab

Razia Bibi, aged 40, lives in Khushab

with her husband and seven children.

They reside in a three-room house.

Four of their children are attending

school, the others being too young.

Razia's husband is retired from the

army and the family's primary source

of income is now farming, growing

crops on their ten-acre plot; they also

have five cattle (one cow and four

buffalos). Razia is also an active

member of her local CO Masjid

Nizam regularly attending meetings in

village Johrakalan.

Prior to the installation of the biogas plant near the family home, there was no gas facility

available for cooking and the family had to rely on collecting wood for cooking. Razia first

learned about the biogas plant programme when NRSP gave an introduction to this in a

local community meeting. She submitted her nomination and was selected after undergoing a

social and technical appraisal by the NRSP team. The total cost of the floating drum plant

installed was Rs. 36,000, Rabia and her family paid 20% of the cost. The family's cattle

produce 60-70kgs of dung on a daily basis. This does not completely meet the daily

requirement for the biogas plant; and further inputs are obtained from neighbours and

relatives.

Razia states that using biogas has reduced the time she used to spend on cooking and

preparation by around one fourth enabling her to spend more time with her family. Razia

says that "smoke from burning wood all day inside used to make me cough, I also used to have a lot of

infections in my eyes and the kitchen was coated in soot, I don't have any of these problems anymore.” Razia

believes that biogas is also more hygienic providing a proper mechanism for handling dung,

she reports that since she has stopped cooking with dung cakes there are now fewer flies in

the house. Razia and her family can use biogas produced from their plants for four to five

hours a day which is sufficient to meet all their needs. They also use the slurry as a fertiliser,

reducing the need for chemical fertilisers. The family put the savings from this towards their

children's education.

Razia is fully satisfied with the training/orientation provided to her by the field engineer on

the operation of the biogas plant and with the family's cost share for the construction of the


19

Impact Analysis

plant. According to Razia, “It's very easy to manage and operate and is much better than collecting wood

for cooking. My husband and I have been using the plant for 7 months now and we have not had any 3

maintenance issues.” Razia says that she now wants to install a 10m biogas plant so that the

family can be provided with light also. “I hope that the NRSP will initiate this programme soon.”

Abdul Ghafoor, aged 36 lives with his

extended family in Rahim Yar Khan.

There are 15 members of their family

which includes four children. They

grow sugarcane, wheat and vegetables

on 14 acres of agricultural land; this

constitutes their main source of

income. Abdul is also a member of his

local Community Organisation (CO)

named Walaya. He is an active

member of his organisation and

attends the CO meetings in village

Kot Faqiraon of a monthly basis.

There was no gas facility available for cooking before the installation of the biogas plant

near Abdul's house; the family used to spend much of their time and money collecting wood

for this purpose. Abdul was anxious to participate in the biogas programme when it was

initiated in his village and gave his nomination. NRSP initially offered him a cost share of 320% (Rs. 10,000) toward the 8m plant but due to the size of Abdul's family he requested a

315m fixed dome plant agreeing to pay a cost share of 40% (Rs. 40,000). Abdul has 15 cattle

(cows/ buffalos) which are enough to meet the input requirements of the plant.

The introduction of the biogas plant reduced the total time spent on cooking (inclusive of

wood collection) by one fourth. This has enabled Abdul and his wife to spend more time

with their children. Abdul says that the smoke from burning wood in the house used to

cause coughing and eyesight problems during cooking but after the installation of the plant,

the kitchen is now smoke-free. The outside area is also cleaner with dung being used for the

biogas plant rather than being left on the ground. They can use the plant for four to five

hours on a daily basis fulfilling almost 90% of their energy requirements for cooking

although this decreases slightly in winters. According to Abdul, 80% of his energy costs have

been reduced, he is also using the slurry as a fertiliser. This has helped reduce the use of

chemical fertilisers saving a further Rs. 10,000 from this. The family are using the savings for

their children's education and to expand the family farm.

Abdul Ghafoor; beneficiary of biogas plant in Sadiqabad, Rahim Yar Khan


Impact Analysis

20

Abdul Ghafoor is fully satisfied with the training provided to him on the operation and

maintenance of the biogas plant by the field engineer. “It's very easy to manage and operate the

biogas plant and it is much better than buying or collecting wood for cooking.” The plant is now three

years in age and no maintenance has so far been needed. He believes that, if properly

managed, biogas can be an excellent sustainable source of alternative energy. Living in a

large joint family, Abdul wants to install a 35 cubic metre plant which could fulfil 100% of

energy requirements for cooking and contribute to lighting also. He says, “NRSP should now

initiate solar technology for lighting, my family and I are willing to undertake this on a cost share basis.”

Abdul says that he will not take up the initiative of the national natural gas pipeline system if

initiated in his village, as biogas is already fulfilling the family's major energy requirements.

Muhammad Niaz, aged 35 lives with

his wife and three children in a three-

room house. Two of the children are

in school. The family earn their

income from growing wheat, fruits

and vegetables on 1.5 acres of land.

Prior to the installation of the biogas

plant near his house, there was no gas

facility available. Muhammad and his

family relied on wood for cooking

which they bought and collected, this

took both time and money.

Muhammad learnt about the

opportunity to obtain biogas through his local CO Jabbi Niazi in village Jabbi Kassa where

he has been active member for 14 years. Muhammad currently works voluntarily as the CO

President. Upon hearing of the programme, Muhammad submitted his nomination and was

selected after a technical and social appraisal carried out by NRSP fulfilling all the selection

criteria. Muhammad and his family paid 50% of the cost of the installed floating drum plant,

the remainder being subsidised.

The family own four cattle (one cow and three buffalos), from which they collect 50-55kgs

of dung per day, which Muhammad believes is enough to run the biogas plant. Muhammad

states that the time the family used to spend on cooking and collecting fuel has been reduced

by one fourth. Smoke from burning wood inside the house during cooking used to cause

coughing and eye sight problems, using biogas technology has made their house a smoke-

free environment. Muhammad also believes it is more hygienic for the children not to have

Muhammad Niaz;

beneficiary of biogas plant in Fatehjang, Rawalpindi


21

Impact Analysis

dung cakes in the house. The family use biogas for two to three hours per day fulfilling

almost 70% of their energy requirements for cooking although in winter they again rely on

wood due to the limited production of gas in this season. Muhammad states that, since the

installation of the plant, the costs he incurred for purchasing wood have been reduced by

almost 50%; further savings of Rs. 4,500 have been made with the family using the slurry as

fertiliser. These savings have been invested in agricultural inputs for the family farm.

Muhammad is fully satisfied with the training/orientation he received from the field engineer

on the operation and maintenance of the biogas plant. "It is very easy to manage and operate the

plant and it is much better than buying or collecting wood for cooking. I have been running this plant for the

last nine years and the only costs I incur are for the replacement of the plastic gas pipe which I carry out

annually. No other maintenance work has ever been needed.” Muhammad believes that biogas can

only be a sustainable technology if managed properly. “Electricity has become very expensive, now I

would just like to get rid of my electricity bills completely and use biogas for lighting, for this I need a bigger

plant.”


Impact Analysis

22

Conclusion and Recommendations

•

NRSP programme is fulfilling 61-100% of daily energy requirements for cooking for

65% beneficiaries.

• Workload: One of the main objectives of introducing biogas technology was to

decrease the workload of women as the primary persons involved in the collection,

cutting and loading of wood for cooking. The survey revealed that the workload of

women has been reduced by one fourth.

• Health: Cooking with biogas has led to smoke-free kitchens reducing eyesight and

respiratory problems kitchens. The reduction in the use of dung cakes has led to

better hygienic levels with less flies in the house, these also required some handling

during cooking which led to bacteria being transferred onto food.

Weaknesses• 88% of beneficiaries reported receiving no formal training or orientation, one of the

main reasons for 85% of plant owners not feeding the correct amount of inputs.

This weakness can be eliminated with the provision of comprehensive training and

refreshers courses.

• The construction of biogas plants and beneficiary identification was the core role of

NRSP in all three regions surveyed. Several construction faults were noted in biogas

plants installed in Rahim Yar Khan which performed consistently poorly in almost

all analysis completed in terms of functionality and output. NRSP staff engineers

have since checked these plants but have been unable to decipher the faults. These

faults need to be looked into by a specialist in this area with further training provided

to field engineers on this.

• In the case of Rahim Yar Khan most of the plants have been installed with the

financial support of Jamal Din Wali Sugar Mills (JDW). JDW provided training to

NRSP staff through Fida (another organisation with experience in biogas

technology), following this training field staff constructed the plants independently.

The quality and contents of the trainings provided by Fida need to be reviewed to

decipher whether they are in line with the level of knowledge required for the

construction and long term maintenance of plants. Also, as in the other two districts

under the biogas programme, it is recommended that all plants are constructed in

continuous coordination with an institution or technical staff specialised in biogas

technology.

• Some programme participants were found to have been charged a cost share of

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Energy: Analysis indicated that biogas technology in all three districts under the


23

70-100% during the survey, villagers generally indicated that they are not willing to

pay for the full cost of a biogas plants which ranges from Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 80,000

and above depending on the size. Due to this, 30-50% of the cost recommended to

be subsidised.

• Repair and maintenance appears to be a neglected area. With no access to these

services, most biogas plants ceased to function, this situation continues.

• In some cases, biogas plants were installed in places with no nearby field meaning

there was nowhere for participants to dispose of slurry produced from the plants,

for this reason, many of these participants closed their plants. This should be taken

into account in participant selection.

• In many field offices, no proper records have been maintained on the programme

with field staff having little knowledge about the size or age of biogas plants. It is

recommended to keep data on constructed plants for the purpose of maintenance

and accountability.

• In some cases, no proper feasibility studies have been undertaken. The selection of

suitable participants and areas is crucial to the success of the programme. Biogas

plants need a great deal of water in order to operate properly, yet some of plants

were installed in areas where communities do not have access to drinking water. On

the other hand, some plants were installed in areas where water levels are too high

reducing the ground temperature and causing a low output of gas.

• In some cases, participants say that they were not interested in adopting the

technology and claim they were pushed into this; these claims need to be further

investigated.

• The survey revealed that many members of staff in PITD including engineers have

not received trainings or any orientation in the use of biogas technology. In Rahim

Yar Khan some members of staff reported researching this on the internet. This

is to be used for background research only and needs to be supplemented with

practical trainings.

Opportunities

• An increasing number of participants in the programme have been requesting larger

plants to be provided for lighting in addition to cooking, these requests are

concentrated in rural areas following a rise in electricity rates. A small number of

people in the programme are already using the technology to power gas lamps.

However, as brought out in the analysis, the larger the plant, the larger the input

requirements resulting in increased cases of plant closures for larger plants, again

there needs to be a careful participant selection process before larger plants can be

distributed.

• Due to the large potential savings to be made on fuel, there is a potential for biogas

programmes to be implemented as an option under comprehensive poverty

alleviation programmes at household level in Pakistan. The technology is particularly



24

beneficial in rural areas where further savings can be made from the use of slurry as

fertiliser. NRSP should create greater awareness among its Local Support

Organizations (LSOs) and Village Organizations (VOs) of biogas as a viable and

standard option under its ENRM programme; it is also an option being considered

by a number of large donors in Pakistan including USAID, PPAF and UNDP.

• Community level plants may also be considered, although these need to be carefully

managed given the potential for conflict over input requirements and gas usage.

• Further training needs to be provided to participants on the potential uses of biogas

slurry as a high quality fertiliser that can be used or sold locally.

• 100% of biogas plants installed for women are functioning; this seems logical given

that women are usually primarily responsible for cooking in the home and

therefore reap greater direct benefits from plant installation. This is an aspect to be

considered in programme planning.

• It is recommended that the floating drum design be used in warmer areas (having

now been successfully tested in Rawalpindi for the last nine years). However the

fixed dome model is recommended for colder areas as it can be covered and

preserving more heat and maintaining productivity levels.

Threats• Most beneficiaries have not received any comprehensive training on plant operation

and maintenance causing problems leading to low productivity levels and in several

cases to the closure of plants.

• In Rahim Yar Khan, very low cost shares (5% or 10%) have been charged in some

cases resulting in plant closures in all cases. Cost shares below 20% are found to

discourage a sense of ownership in participants.

• Although the installation of biogas plants connected with household toilets would

assist where there is a shortage of inputs, participants were against this due to

cultural reasons. It is advised that extensive awareness raising campaigns take place

on the benefits of this before this is in any way tested.

• 34% of participants reported a reduction in the production of biogas production by

20-40% in winters. This factor led many participants to close their plants, particularly

if this was soon after installation.

FGDs were conducted with programme participants as part of the research into this

technology, the following suggestions were made:

• Many people expressed an interest in using biogas for lighting; many participants

believed that given the recent increases in electricity rates and petrol prices, this

would lead to substantial savings

Community concerns and suggestions


25


•

occurred in the biogas plants, in some cases, participants did not know how to

arrange an engineer for this. This issue has led to the closure of plants.

• Communities reported the poor management of biogas slurry. In a small number of

cases, plants have been installed within the house causing slurry to spread around;

this has led to unhygienic conditions.

• It was found that, most plant owners are not feeding their plants the correct amount

of water and dung. In some cases, communities connect water pipes with the tap

and feed mixer without knowing whether the correct amount of water has been

mixed or not. Participants requested that small containers be provided with markers

to indicate the correct measurements of dung and water.

A common complaint was the lack of maintenance or facilities available when faults



26

Annexes


27


Annexes

Annexure-1: List of Biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 20011

Rah

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Annexes

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