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ce oli Stu and ocume LA Vol. 1.
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The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in thispublication and for the opinions expressed herein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO,and do not commit the Organization.
The designations employed throughout this publication and the modality of presentation ofdata, do not imply the expression of any opiUSDnion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCOconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or the delimi-tations of its frontiers or boundaries.
UNESCO 2010
Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean
Edificio MERCOSURDr. Luis Piera 199211200 Montevideo, UruguayTel. (598-2) 413 2075
Fax: (598-2) 413 [email protected]
First edition: February de 2010
ISBN: 978-92-9089-154-3
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Argentina....................................................................................................................7
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.................................................................................15
Bolivia, Plurinational State of .....................................................................................21
Brazil .......................................................................................................................27
Chile ........................................................................................................................39
Colombia ..................................................................................................................47
Costa Rica ................................................................................................................53
Cuba ........................................................................................................................59
Dominican Republic ..................................................................................................65
Ecuador....................................................................................................................71
El Salvador ...............................................................................................................77
Guatemala ................................................................................................................83
Honduras..................................................................................................................89
Box: The S of UNESCO in the Caribbean: its beggining...........................................94
Jamaica....................................................................................................................95
Mexico....................................................................................................................101
Nicaragua ...............................................................................................................109
Panama..................................................................................................................115
Paraguay.................................................................................................................121
Per.......................................................................................................................125
Trinidad and Tobago.................................................................................................131
Uruguay..................................................................................................................137
CARICOM Countries.................................................................................................145
Box: CARISCIENCE .................................................................................................151
Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................157
Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................162Appendix 3 .............................................................................................................165
Appendix 4 .............................................................................................................171
Appendix 5 .............................................................................................................173
Appendix 6 .............................................................................................................174
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(*) This section was prepared by Martin Vieira Dieste, under the direction and supervision of
Guillermo A. Lemarchand. Lenin Henriquez and Paula Santos collaborated during the work.
Translation:Irene Delgado and Blima Ginzo Daz, Public Translators.Proof-reading: Paula Santos and Kirsty Lee Holstead.
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Population (in millions) (2009) 40,9
Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,8
GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 5739,0
GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14200,0
Percentage of composition per sector (2006)
Agriculture 9,9
Industry 32,7
Services 57,4
Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 513,0
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 48,4
Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 866,0
Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 862,0
Percentage of literate adults (2006) 97,0
Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 49,2
Public expenditure on education /GDP (2006) 3,8
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,5
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP](2007)
60,7
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2007)
2,4
Patents requested (2007) 5617,0
Patents granted (2007) 2922,0
Dependency rate (2007) 4,5
Invention coefficient (2007) 2,7
Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)
15,5
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)
5,6
R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 1506,2
R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 2317,9
Patents per capita(residents)
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants
Expenditure in S&T activities
Percen
tageo
fthe
GDP
USDPPPper
cpita
Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cpita
Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Total FTE S&T staff
To
talFTES&
Ts
taff
FTES&Ts
tafper
1000EAP
Patents per cpitarequested by residents
Patents per cpitagranted to residents
Pa
ten
tsperm
illiono
finha
bitan
ts
Pu
blica
tions
lis
ted
inthe
SCI
SCISc
ien
tificpu
blica
tions
perm
illiono
fin
ha
bitan
ts
Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).
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In 2007, Argentinas System of Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) underwenta re-structuring process that resulted in the
creation of the Ministry of Science, Techno-
logy and Productive Innovation (Ministerio de
Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin Productiva
- MINCYT). Its main functions are: Coordina-
ting the actions of the Systems actors, asses-
sing the activities of bodies in charge of STI
promotion and execution, and formulating STI
policies jointly with the Cabinet for Science
and Technology (Gabinete Cientfico y Tecno-
lgico- GACTEC).
GACTEC is an inter-ministerial body in charge
of formulating STI policies through the appro-
val of pluri-annual plans submitted by the
MINCYT. It is also responsible for defining STI
policy priorities and for allocating the public
sector budgetary resources for Science and
Technology. Its members are representatives
from various Ministries, and it is chaired by
the Head of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Additionally, the National Council for Scienti-fic and Technical Research (Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tcnicas -
CONICET) is a decentralized entity within the
jurisdiction of the MINCYT, whose objective
is to promote and implement scientific and
technological activities in accordance with
government policies, priorities and guideli-
nes set forth in the National STI Plans. The
sytem of executing units of CONICET consists
of 105 research institutes, 6 regional centres,and 2 service centres. In addition to these,
the National Research and Services Labs (La-
boratorios Nacionales de Investigacin y Ser-
vicios- LANAIS) provide services to the scien-
tific and academic community, as well as to
the general public.
The National Scientific and Technological
Promotion Agency (Agencia Nacional de Pro-
mocin Cientfica y Tecnolgica - ANPCYT)
was created to fund the STI by channelling
economic resources and to manage the eco-
nomic demands of promoting and developingthe field. With regards to its structure it is a
decentralized body that reports to the MIN-
CYT administered by a nine-member board of
directors. The Technological Fund of Argenti-
na (Fondo Tecnolgico Argentino- FONTAR),
as well as the Scientific and Technological
Research Fund (Fondo para la Investigacin
Cientfica y Tecnolgica - FONCYT) and the
Trust Fund for Promotion of the Software In-
dustry (Fondo Fiduciario de Promocin de la
Industria del Software- FONSOFT) are all partof the Agency. Created in 2005, the Argen-
tinean Nanotechnology Foundation (Funda-
cin Argentina de Nanotecnologa - FAN) is
a non-profit entity which has to set the basis
for promoting the development of national hu-
man and technical infrastructure in the field
of nano and micro-technology.
Lastly, the Inter-institutional Council on Scien-
ce and Technology (Consejo Interinstitucional
de Ciencia y Tecnologa - CICyT), created byLaw N 25,467 (2000), has the function of
coordinating the systems bodies, seeking ex-
change and cooperation towards more effecti-
ve institutional programmes and projects. Mo-
reover, the CICyT is oriented towards defining
common policies, as well as a closer linkage
to the community and the production sector.
After the 1999 World Conference on Science
held in Budapest, the Science and Techno-
logy System of Argentina underwent several
reforms, both at the legislative and institu-
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tional levels. The following changes are to be
outlined:
Law N 25,467 regarding STI (20 Sept-ember 2001): Sets forth the objectives ofScience and Technology policy, defines the
responsibilities of the State, creates theGACTEC, the Federal Council on Science,Technology and Innovation (Consejo Fe-
deral de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin- COFECYT), the ANPCYT and the CICYTand defines their respective entitlements.It also defines guidelines for policy plan-ning and assessment, and for the fundingof research and development activities,
among other regulations;
Law N 25,922 for the Promotion of theSoftware Industry (07 September 2004):Creates the Trust Fund for Promoting theSoftware Industry (Fondo Fiduciario dePromocin de la Industria del Software -FONSOFT) which is administered by the
ANPCYT;
Law N 26,075 for Education Funding(January 2006): Establishes that inves-tment in education and STI by the Natio-nal Government, the governments of the
Provinces and those of the City of BuenosAires, will be increased progressively up to6% of the GDP for the year 2010;
Law N 26,270 for the Promotion of Mo-dern Biotechnology (25 July 2007): Crea-tes the Fund for Promoting New Enterpri-ses in Modern Biotechnology (Fondo deEstmulo a Nuevos Emprendimientos en
Biotecnologa Moderna);
Law N 26,338 (06 December 2007):Creates the MINCYT as a response to the
need to promote research and the applica-tion, funding and transfer of scientific andtechnological knowledge to society;
Law N 26,421 (11 November 2008): Es-tablishes that the Network of ArgentineanResearchers and Scientists Abroad (Pro-grama Red de Argentinos Investigadores y
Cientficos en el Exterior- RAICES), crea-
ted within the framework of the MINCYT,is to be considered as part of the Statepolicy, and will define its main objective.
Three initiatives for the promotion of a grea-ter interaction between the private sector andother actors of the Science and TechnologySystem at the international level are to be po-inted out:
The Secretariat for Scientific and Techno-logical Articulation (Secretara de Articu-
lacin Cientfico Tecnolgica) (MINCYT):Aimed at fostering the linkage betweenacademic agencies, universities and R&Dinstitutions towards greater coordinationin research activities;
The National Inter-university Council ( Con-
sejo Interuniversitario Nacional): An orga-nization that encompases all the nationalpublic universities. Since 2001, it has helda cooperation agreement with the Indus-trial Union of Argentina (Unin Argentina
Industrial) to work jointly in the creationof cooperation opportunities between theproductive sectors, the public and privateuniversities, and the rest of the scientific,technological and education system;
The Network for Technology Linkage ( Redde Vinculacin Tecnolgica - RedVT) bet-ween public universities in Argentina: Its
overall objective is to coordinate the effortsof technology-related areas for promotingknowledge contribution and cooperationbetween Argentinian universities and thesocial, productive and governmental sec-tors.
Furthermore, there are innitiatives in the formof programmes and projects that also contri-bute to articulating the Science and Techno-logy System with private actors:
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INNOVAR Programme (2005): A platformfor launching products and/or processeswhich have outstanding design, technolo-gy or originality. It is aimed at consolida-ting an environment favourable to innova-
tion in society;Fund for Scientific and Technological Re-search (Fondo para la Investigacin Cien-
tfica y Tecnolgica - FONCyT): FundsProjects for the Adjustment and/or Im-provement of Infrastructure (Proyectos deAdecuacin y/o mejora de infraestructura- PRAMIN), Projects for Infrastructure and
Technological Equipment (Proyectos de In-fraestructura y Equipamiento Tecnolgico- PRIETEC), Scientific Meetings (Reunio-
nes Cientficas - RC), Projects for equip-ment modernization (Proyectos de moder-nizacin de equipamiento- RC), Research
and Development projects (Proyectos deinvestigacin y desarrollo - PID), Orien-ted Scientific and Technological ResearchProjects (Proyectos de investigacin cien-tfica y tecnolgica orientados - PICTO),and Projects on Scientific and Technolo-
gical Research (Proyectos de investigacincientfica y tecnolgica- PICT);
Venture Capital Programme for Enterpri-ses in the Field of Science, Technologyand Productive Innovation: Promotes theinvestment of venture capital and favoursthe initial phases of emerging enterprises.
Projects in Strategic Areas ( Proyectos enreas Estratgicas- PAE), and ProductiveClusters Integrated Projects (Proyectos In-tegrados de Aglomerados Productivos- PI-TEC): Intended for strengthening research
and technology innovational capacity, withfocus on the strategic sector through thepromotion of public-private associations;
Sectoral Fund ( Fondo Argentino Sectorial-FONARSEC): The Secretariat for Planningand Policies of the Ministry of Science,
Technology and Productive Innovation, in
addition to the Agencies, is currently as-sessing alternative funding schemes thatare complementary to those already avai-lable, such as the mechanisms of sectoral
funds. The FONARSEC is a new fundinginstrument of the Agency that is compli-
mentary to the lines of action developedby the FONCYT and the FONTAR;
Technological Fund of Argentina ( FondoTecnolgico Argentino- FONTAR): It fundsinnovation projects through different ins-truments implemented by public calls or
permanent windows of opportunity. Pro-jects funded by the FONTAR include: tech-nological development and modernization,
patenting expenses, technological servicesfor institutions and for SMEs, training, te-chnical assistance, technological advisory
programmes, entrepreneurial incubatorsand technology parks and poles.
National Institute for Industrial Techno-logy (Instituto Nacional de TecnologaIndustrial - INTI): This institute has theobjective of promoting competitiveness inthe industrial sector through the transfer
of research and technology;
National Institute for Agricultural Tech-nology (Instituto Nacional de TecnologaAgrcola - INTA): Its main objective is tocontribute to the competitiveness of theagriculture, forestry and agro-industry
sector throughout the nation, by providingsupport to STI and technology transfer, wi-thin a framework of ecological and socialsustainability;
Integrated Fund for Regional Development
(Fondo Integral para el Desarrollo Regional- FONDER): A programme framed by the
current public STI policiesand focused onthe strengthening of local productive de-velopment processes from an integratedapproach.
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Science and Technology opportunities are clo-sely related to the expertise of researchers andmore specifically to the dynamics of scientificnetworks. Since the Budapest conference in1999, the following initiatives in search of
better collaboration and stronger scientificnetworks are to be pointed out:
Argentinean Science and Technology In-formation System (Sistema de Informa-cin de Ciencia y Tecnologa Argentino -SICyTAR): A system consisting of variousdata bases (CvLAC: rsums, GrupLAC:
directory of research groups and scientific
and technology institutions) that gathersall actors in the National Science and Te-chnology System;
European Union Liaison Bureau (EU):Since 2005 this bureau has assisted the
Argentinean scientific community and hasprovided it with information regarding pos-sibilities for cooperation through the EUFramework Programmes;
Consulting Committee on InternationalProgrammes on Science and Techno-logy Cooperation Abroad: Intended for
strengthening international linkage withResearch and Development institutionalrepresentatives from other countries, andfor establishing contact with Argentineanscientists residing abroad;
Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-tre (Centro Argentino Brasileo de Biotec-nologa - CABBIO): A coordination entitythat includes a network of biotechnology
research groups. Its objective is to promo-te interaction between scientific centresand the productive sector.
Argentina has considerable STI human ca-pital. The Argentinean System is orientedtowards promoting its own growth, develop-ment and strengthening through the followinginitiatives:
Postgraduate and Doctorate scholarships:There are two main modalities of scholar-ships, one of which is co-funded by en-terprises, the other is fully funded by CO-NICET. They are granted for postgraduatestudies in both national and internationaluniversities;
Career of Science and Technology Resear-
cher of CONICET: Intended for encoura-ging permanent full-time work of resear-chers in Science and Technology;
Human Resources Programme ( Programade Recursos Humanos- PRH) of the FON-CyT: Funds Projects for Doctorate training
in Priority Technology Areas (Proyectos deFormacin de Doctores en reas Tecno-lgicas Prioritarias - PFDT), the TrainingProgramme for Technology Managers andTechnology Linkage (GTec), and Researchand Development Programmes for the
Settlement of Researchers (Proyectos deInvestigacin y Desarrollo para la Radica-cin de Investigadores- PIDRI);
RAICES Programme (2008): Intended forstrengthening Argentina Science and Te-chnology capacity through linkage with
Argentinean researchers working abroad,and for promoting the permanence of re-searchers in the country as well as the re-
turn of all those interested in developingtheir activity within the country;
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Programme for Hierarchization of theScientific and Technological Activity:Implemented in March 2004, orientedtowards improving the working conditionsof researchers and scholarship beneficia-
ries, as well as at updating their remune-ration in order to keep them within the sys-
tem and promoting the inclusion of youngindividuals;
Science Fairs: Public exhibits of Scienceand Technology work done by school chil-dren and young students, organized byformal education authorities. They also in-
clude the participation of other non-formaleducation actors (science clubs) to attractyoung students to pursue their studies in
scientific careers;National Science and Technology Weeksfor Young People: These include a num-ber of activities scheduled by research
centres, museums, science clubs and uni-versities aimed at raising public awarenesson Science and Technology issues withinthe community, specifically in relation toS&T education;
Year of Science Teaching (2008): This ini-
tiative includes two schemes: The Scien-tists go to the schools Programme, andthe Bicentennial Scholarships Program-me for Scientific and Technical Careers;
University Professors Incentives Program-me: Aimed at allocating salary incentivesto ranked university professors working in
the field of R&D at national universities.
Argentina has subscribed STI agreementswith over 150 countries and stands out for the
number of ongoing projects and cooperationprogrammes with Brazil, Chile, Mexico, theU.S., and Canada in America; France, Bel-gium, England, Germany, Holland and Italy inEurope; China, Israel and Japan in Asia, and
South Africa in Africa. Also, the following pro-
grammes and projects should be mentionedas they are Argentinas most ambitious and areevidence of a significant international trend inthe Argentinean System:
CYTED Ibero-American Programme: Oneof the main areas of international partici-pation of Argentina;
Ibero-American Network for Local Knowled-ge and Practice on the Plant Environment(RISAPRET) within the framework of theCYTED Ibero American Programme;
BIOTECSUR is a biotechnology platformfor the MERCOSUR (the Common Marketof the South) originating in the BIOTECH
- MERCOSUR EU project for the develo-pment of specific R&D actions focused onregional priorities;
Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-tre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Biotec-nologa - CABBIO): A coordinating entitythat includes a network or biotechnology
research groups. Its objective is to pro-mote interaction between science centresand the productive sector by means of twotypes of activities: The implementation of
bi-national projects for research and thedevelopment and training of high-level hu-
man resources with courses at the Argen-tinean/Brazilian School of Biotechnology(Escuela Argentina Brasilea de Biotecno-loga- EABBIO);
Pierre Auger Project: A basic science ini-tiative that aims at the study of the cau-
ses of the existence of known high-energyradiation such as the cosmic rays. Theserays originate in outer space and upon rea-
ching the surface of the Earth are sensedby the detectors at an observatory locatedin the Argentinean province of Mendoza;
Gemini Observatory: Made up of two op-tical/infrared telescopes, one located atthe Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii and theother on Pachn Hill in Chile. Both opera-
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te with the cooperation of Argentina, Aus-
tralia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the U.K andthe U.S..
Morning Constellation: An internationalinitiative for observing the Earth, consis-
ting of the US satellites Landsat 7, Eo-1and Terra and the SAC-C Argentinean sa-tellite. The Constellation increases syner-
gy among different instruments, providesnew capacities for observing the Earth, ex-plores the usefulness of autonomous navi-gation techniques and allows instrumentsaboard the different satellites to obtain
images of different resolutions in differentbands;
Italian-Argentinean Satellites System for
Emergency Management: This is a jointinitiative of argentinian and italian spaceagencies to prevent, mitigate and assesscatastrophes, to preserve the environment
and to improve agriculture. This is the firstsatellite system in the world designed spe-cifically for this purpose;
Multinational System of Specialized Infor-mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-logy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS) for Latin America and theCaribbean: A virtual network for connec-ting scientists, experts and research cen-tres interested in biotechnology, food te-chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsoredby the member States and the OAS. The
SIMBIOSIS network provides informationon existing research programmes, nationalinstitutions, development efforts and hu-man capacity for STI;
Great Hadrons Collisioner (also refered to
as European Particles Accelerator): Thisis a highly sophisticated 27-kilometer un-
derground ring located in Geneva, Switzer-
land. It was built by the European Particle
Physics Lab (CERN) with the objective ofreproducing the physical conditions thatgave origin to the Universe and to find theso-called Higgs boson.
UNESCO-AUGM Ecology and EnvironmentChair La Plata National University Bue-nos Aires Argentina
UNESCO-AUGM Micro-electronics Chair Rosario National University Rosario Argentina
UNESCO-COUSTEAU Eco-technical Chair General San Martn National University
Buenos Aires ArgentinaUNESCO Chair on Science and Technolo-gy Indicators Quilmes National Universi-ty Buenos Aires Argentina
UNESCO Bio-physics and Molecular Neu-robiology Chair Southern National Uni-
versity Baha Blanca Argentina
UNESCO Women, Science and Techno-logy Chair Latin American Faculty ofSocial Science (Facultad Latinoamericanade Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO), Argenti-nean Academy Seat Buenos Aires Ar-gentina
ANPCYT: www.agencia.gov.arBIOTECSUR: www.biotecsur.orgCICYT: www.cicyt.mincyt.gov.arCOFECYT: www.cofecyt.mincyt.gov.arCONICET: www.conicet.gov.arGACTEC
: www.mincyt.gov.ar/gactec.htmMINCYT: www.mincyt.gov.arSICYTAR: www.sicytar.mincyt.gov.ar
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Population (in millions) (2009) 26,8
Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,8
GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 357,4
GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 13500,0
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008)
Agriculture 3,8
Industry 37,6
Services 58,6
Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 482,0
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 20,4
Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 844,0
Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 827,0
Percentage of literate adults (2006) 93,0
Percentage of women /S&T staff (2008) 53,2
Percentage of Public expenditure on education/GDP
-
Percentage of expenditure in Science andTechnology activities /GDP (2008)
2,5
Expenditure in Science and Technology activi-ties per capita in [USD PPP] (2008)
326,7
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2007)
0,4
Patents requested (2007) 3,1
Patents granted (2007) 98,0
Dependency rate (2008) 22,6
Invention coefficient (2008) 0,4
Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)
4,6
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)
0,2
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 746,8
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 9126,7
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants
Expenditure in S&T activities
Percen
tageo
fthe
GDP
USDPPPper
cpita
Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cpita
Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Total FTE S&T staff
To
talFTES&
Ts
taff
FTES&Ts
tafper
1000EAP
Patents per cpitarequested by residents
Patents per cpitagranted to residents
Pa
ten
tsperm
illiono
finha
bitan
ts
Pu
blica
tions
lis
ted
inthe
SCI
SCISc
ien
tificpu
blica
tions
perm
illiono
fin
ha
bitan
ts
Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).
Patents per capita(residents)
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In 1999 the Ministry of Science and Tech-
nology, currently named Popular Power Minis-
try for Science Technology and Intermediate
Industries (Ministerio del Poder Popular para
Ciencia, Tecnologa e Industrias Intermedias -
MPPCTII) was created to provide the national
System with a more coherent structure and
functionality. As the entity which governs,
coordinates and articulates the system, the
MPPCTII focuses its efforts on connecting di-
fferent agents and institutions and on formu-
lating scientific policies.
STI activities are performed by the Founda-tions for the Development of Science and
Technology (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo
de la Ciencia y la Tecnologa - FUNDACITE),
which are the bodies responsible for the pro-
motion, support, strengthening, coordination
and management of scientific and technolo-
gical activities, seeking to attain feasible al-
ternatives that may enable the improvement
of productivity and efficiency of various eco-
nomic sectors.
On the other hand, the Corporation for the
Scientific and Technological Development also
exists, whose main objective is the execution
of activities related to the encouragement,
development, investment and promotion of
the Venezuelan technological and scientific
sector.
There is also a group of specialized institu-
tes and offices that perform STI activities:
Fund for Telecommunications Research and
Development (Fondo de Investigacin Desa-
rrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDETEL),
Superintendency of Electronic Certification
Services (Superintendencia de Servicios de
Certificacin Electrnica - SUSCERTE), Vene-
zuelan Institute of Scientific Research (Insti-
tuto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientficas
- IVIC), State Research Centre for Agro-Indus-
trial Experimental Production (Centro de In-
vestigaciones del Estado para la Produccin
Experimental Agroindustrial - CIEPE), Foun-
dation Engineering Institute for TechnologicalDevelopment (Fundacin Instituto de Inge-
niera para el Desarrollo Tecnolgico - FIIDT),
Zulian Institute of Technological Research
(Instituto Zuliano de Investigaciones Tecno-
lgicas - INZIT-CICASI), Quimbiotec, Centre
for Research in Astronomy (Centro de Investi-
gaciones de Astronoma - CIDA), Venezuelan
Foundation of Seismological Research (Fun-
dacin Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismo-
lgicas - FUNVISIS) and Foundation Institute
for Advanced Studies (Fundacin Instituto deEstudios Avanzados - IDEA).
With regard to the funding of the system,
the National Fund of Science, Technology
and Innovation (Fondo Nacional de Ciencia,
Tecnologa e Innovacin - FONACIT) has the
mission of providing financial support for the
execution of programmes and projects as defi-
ned by the MPPCTII.
Finally, the National Observatory of Science,
Technology and Innovation (Observatorio Na-
cional de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin
- ONCTI) is the body that evaluates the Ve-
nezuelan System by providing STI indicators
that measure the social and economic impact
of STI policies and programmes.
The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela (December 30 1999) includes
the STI in its Third Title relating to Duties,
Human Rights and Guarantees, in particular,
into Chapter VI referred to Cultural and Edu-
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cative Rights. Article 110 states the respon-
sibility of the State in the promotion, fundingand development of Science and Technologyactivities, and the duty of the private sector ofproviding resources for the field.
There also exist other important legislativemodifications:
Organic Law on Science, Technology andInnovation (September 21 2001): Setsforth a framework for strengthening the
social capacity of creation and the absorp-tion of knowledge, adapting the supply ofScience and Technology developed in thecountry to the social demand, stimulatingtransfer of knowledge generated in re-
search institutes to the rest of society andits appropriate application oriented to thesolution of problems of national interest;
Organic Law of Telecommunications (June12 2000): This law creates the Fund forResearch and Development of Telecom-munications (Fondo de Investigacin De-
sarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDE-TEL);
Decree 825 (May 22 2000): Declaresaccess to and use of Internet as priority
policy for the cultural, economic, socialand politic development in Venezuela, for
which the State institutions must promotepublic access and the development of in-formation contents linked to the processof educative formation of the population;
Partial Regulations of the Organic Lawon Science, Technology and Innovation(2006): with reference to contributions
and investments, they state that STI fun-ding is not only the responsibility of theState, but also of other societal actors,in particular enterprises. The law statesthat enterprises must contribute between0.5% and 2 % of their gross income to the
development of research projects.
The existence of a Plan of Science and Tech-nology 2030, must be mentioned. Elaboratedon a participative basis with the presence ofrepresentatives from all the Systems actors,
it has the purpose of improving the coherenceof STI policies in-line with the needs of theproductive sector of the country. Additionally,there exists a series of initiatives that seek toimprove relationships between the scientificcommunity and the productive sector. Among
them, the following are to be illustrated:
Launching of the Simon Bolivar Satelli-
te (October 29 2008): It is designed tohandle signals of TV, radiotelephony, highspeed internet, videoconferences, specificapplications in programmes of telemedi-cine and tele-education, support to social
missions, control of processes and infor-mation of defence and security;
National Centre of Information Technolo-gies (Centro Nacional de Tecnologas deInformacin - CNTI): It is oriented towardspromoting and backing activities such as
teaching, research and scientific and te-chnological development between insti-tutions, academies and R&D centres. Italso seeks to develop strategies in areas ofinformation technologies that enable thepromotion of their implementation, to de-
velop human resources education and tofoster the bases for the creation of laws forthe use of said technologies.
With regards to collaboration and the streng-
thening of networks, the Venezuelan Associa-tion for the Advance of Science (AsociacinVenezolana para el Avance de la Ciencia -
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AsoVAC) has a particular importance. It is an
organization mainly formed by scientists andassociated professionals, whose mission is
oriented to favour the progress of Venezuelanscientific research. The objective of AsoVAC is
to disseminate scientific knowledge producedin the country and abroad.
Additionally the Science Mission Presiden-
tial Commission is of relevance. Its objectiveis to incorporate and articulate the different
STI social and institutional actors througheconomic, social, academic and political net-works for the intensive and extensive use of
knowledge, according to the endogenous de-velopment. Venezuela has also proceeded to
the development, broadening and consolida-ting of the National Network of Seismological
Observation.
Finally, between 2001 and 2008, 623 Net-works of Productive Innovation were created
to promote social and economic local develop-ment, starting with a cooperative and associa-
tive organization of producers and communi-ties, consolidating the production of products
with national added value.
Between 2000 and 2008, 653 operativeInfo-Centres and 13 Mega-Info-Centres were
created all over the country, thus facilitatingaccess to ICTs to 2,000 communities. New
universities have also been founded (Boliva-rian University of Venezuela, Sucre Mission,
University of Security, University of Arts,Bolivarian University of Workers, Salvador
Allende Latin American School of Medicine,Latin American Institute of Agro-Ecology). Inaddition, the foundation of 24 more educative
centres is being planned.
On the other hand, it must be mentioned thatthe FONACIT promotes the international mobi-
lity of researchers for the presentation of theirworks in science, technology and innovation
events, as well as for attending short courses
and internships in Venezuela or abroad.
Additionally, the function of Venezuelan Foun-
dation of Researcher Promotion (Fundacin
Venezolana de Promocin del Investigador -
FVPI) is the strengthening, development and
support of activities of scientists and techno-
logists, acting to stimulate quality in the pro-
ductivity of scientific research and technolo-
gical development. Finally, the Programme of
Promotion and Incentive to National Research
stimulates high level talent in institutions of
higher education and of research of public
and private sectors.
In the last decade Venezuela has multiplied
its international connections with regard to
STI. The following are illustrated below:
Strengthening of institutional projects
such as University of the South and Insti-
tute of High Strategic and Historical Stu-
dies for Latin America and the Caribbean;
Negotiation and subscription of new coo-
peration agreements with equivalent insti-
tutions in the field of STI with Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Ecuador, India,
Peru and Uruguay;
Participation in mixed commissions of high
level and working groups with: Cuba, Fran-
ce, India, Iran, Italy, Russia, who agreed,
in the joint action plan, to develop actions
with regard to STI;
International Cooperation with Cuba in
education and health, and with Argentina,
Brazil and Nicaragua, to genetically im-
prove herds;
Cooperation with China for constructing
and putting into orbit the Simon Bolivar
Satellite from the Satellite Centre of Xi-
chang;
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Creation of the Antarctic Presidential Com-mission: The two first Venezuelan expedi-tions to the continent were undertaken;
Project Cacao Route in America: culturaldiversity and endogenous development:
Collaboration in research projects at theregional level with Colombia, Cuba, Ecua-dor and Peru;
There also exists the Multinational Sys-tem of Specialized Information on Biote-chnology and Food Technology for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS),which is a virtual network aimed at con-tacting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food
technology and biodiversity. It is sponso-red by its member states and the OAS. TheSIMBIOSIS network provides informationon research programmes in process, natio-
nal institutions, development efforts andhuman capacity for STI.
ASOVAC: asovac.netCENIT: www.cenit.gob.veCNTI: www.cnti.gob.veFONACIT: www.fonacit.gob.veMPPCTII: www.mct.gob.veONCTI: www.oncti.gob.ve
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Population (in millions) (2009) 9,8
Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,1
GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 43,3
GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 4500,0
Percentage of composition per sector (2008)
Agriculture 11,3
Industry 36,9
Services 51,8
Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 601,0
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 41,0
Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 729,0
Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 728,0
Percentage of literate adults (2006) 87,0
Percentage of women /S&T staff (2001) 43,5
Public expenditure on education /GDP -
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2002) 0,3
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP](2002)
9,0
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2002)
0,3
Patents requested (2001) 300,0
Patents granted (2001) 7,0
Dependency gate (2001) 6,5
Invention coefficient (2001) 0,5
Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)
4,9
R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 74,3
R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 78,3
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants
Expenditure in S&T activities
Percen
tageo
fthe
GDP
USDPPPper
cpita
Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cpita
Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Total FTE S&T staff
To
talFTES&
Ts
taff
FTES&Ts
tafper
1000EAP
Patents per cpitarequested by residents
Patents per cpitagranted to residents
Pa
ten
tsperm
illiono
finha
bitan
ts
Pu
blica
tions
lis
ted
inthe
SCI
SCISc
ien
tificpu
blica
tions
perm
illiono
fin
ha
bitan
ts
Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).
Patents per capita(residents)
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The Bolivian Innovation System (Sistema
Boliviano de Innovacion - SBI) includes tho-se Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
actors that work in a coordinated manner to
generate integral solutions for productive, so-
cial and environmental problems, with a par-
ticipative, equitable and sustainable develop-
ment approach. The SBI is comprised of four
institutions that operate together towards the
promotion of STI activities in the country.
Firstly, the Vice-Ministry of Science and Tech-
nology (Vice Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolo-
ga- VCyT), a body reporting to the Ministry ofPlanning for Development and is responsible
for the design and implementation of the SBI.
It is in charge of the planning and support
for scientific and technological development.
There is also the Inter-ministerial Commission
of Science, Technology and Innovation (Co-
misin Interministerial de Ciencia Tecnologa
e Innovacin CIMCITI), which was created
in 2001 and is responsible for formulating
the STI policy in Bolivia. The Commission isdirected by a representative of the President
of the Republic. It is also composed of the
Ministers of Education, Culture and Sports;
Sustainable Development and Planning; Eco-
nomic Development; Economy; Agriculture,
Livestock and Rural Development; and Health
and Social Security, respectively.
STI activities are carried out by means of two
mechanisms. Firstly, through the SBI Tech-
nical Unit (UT-SBI), whose main functions
include the implementation of policies defi-
ned by the VCyT. At the operative level, the
functions of the Technical Unit are focused on
supporting Innovation Platforms by defining
innovation projects. Secondly, universities
carry out 80% of all R&D activities. The uni-
versitiy system includes 10 public universitiesin addition to the Bolivian Catholic University
and the Military School of Engineering.
There is also the National Science, Techno-logy & Innovation Office (Secretara Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnologa e Innovacin - SENA-
CITI), the body that presides, coordinates andmanages all actions defined regarding scien-
ce, technology and innovation policies. It isresponsible for the yearly budget for funding
STI activities, and reports to the Presidencyof the Republic. The creation of a unique and
integrated Innovation Fund is ongoing. It willaddress priority platforms through internatio-
nal cooperation funds, contributions from theprivate sector, and/or its own funds.
Another fundamental component of the SBI isthe National Council on Science and Techno-
logy (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolo-ga). It is responsible for proposing guidelines,
strategies and regulations relative to science,technology and innovation, as well as for the
elaboration of the National STI Plan, and thecoordination, follow-up and assessment of the
National STI Plan activities. It is also respon-sible for managing national and internationaltechnical and financial cooperation resources
for promoting Science and Technology, in co-ordination with the Ministry of Economy.
Lastly, the National Network of Science and
Technology (Red Nacional de Ciencia y Tec-
nologa- RNCYT) articulates and strengthensofficial centres and institutions, as well as
universities and private entities in the field ofresearch. It is part of the National Platforms
for Innovation (Plataformas Nacionales deInnovacin -PNI) that allows the system to
participate in strategic areas (such as hydro-carbons).
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The only law relating to the System of Boli-via from last decade is Law No. 2.209-2001,also known as the Law for Promotion of Scien-
ce, Technology and Innovation (8 June 2001),which constitutes the legal framework of theSBI and defines the entitlements of the abo-ve-mentioned institutions.
Firstly to be mentioned are two articles of LawNo. 2.209 which set out the framework forcooperation between the scientific communityand the private sector:
Article 28 of Law No. 2.209-2001: Thisarticle states that public or private entitiesmay associate with each other or with pri-
vate actors, national or foreign entities inorder to carry out scientific, technologicaland innovation activities aimed at imple-
menting the National Science, Technologyand Innovation Plan;
Article 35 of Law No. 2.209-2001: Thisarticle rules that public funds for sectoraland social funding will determine specificlines of credit for scientific research andtechnological development in the sector.
The following initiatives have also been im-plemented for promoting interaction betweenthe private sector and the other actors in the
System:
Bolivian Agricultural Technology System(Sistema Boliviano de Tecnologa Agro-pecuaria- SIBTA): Created in 2000 as amodel for articulating private and publicsectors. It is composed of the Foundationsfor Technological and Agricultural Deve-
lopment (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo
Tecnolgico y Agropecuario - FDTA), Pro-
jects for Applied Technological Innova-tion (Proyectos de Innovacin TecnolgicaAplicada- PITA) and the National Strate-gic Innovation Projects (Proyectos de In-
novacin Estratgica Nacional -PIEN), inaddition to the administrative component;
National Institute for Innovation in Agri-cultural and Forestry Innovation (Institu-to Nacional de Innovacin Agropecuaria yForestal- INIAF): Founded for implemen-ting programmes and components of theSectoral Plan, as part of the research de-
velopment, generation and transfer of te-chnology in benefit of all rural actors. Onemust be aware of the ongoing transitional
process of the SIBTA, towards turning theINIAF into the new body that will regulatepolicies for research, generation, transfer
and spreading of agricultural and foresttechnology in Bolivia;
First International Science & Technolo-gy Forum for Industrializing Lithium andother Evaporative Resources (2009): Aninitiative for assessing the status of STIin transformation processes of evaporative
resources in basic chemical products (li-thium carbonate and others), and derivati-ves (lithium ion batteries) through the linkof the knowledge-producing and industrialsectors with the State.
In what concerns cooperation between scien-tists and network promotion and support,Bolivia has concentrated efforts on the Pro-
gramme for the Protection, Recovery and Sys-tematisation of Local and Ancestral Knowled-ge, for Social and Productive Development.The programme is responsible for defining aLaw for Protection of Indigenous Knowled-ge, as a means of protection mechanism forintangible heritage, supported by the Systema-
tization and Appreciation of ethnical knowled-
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ge. Other projects in this programme are: 1)
National policy on intellectual property; 2)Mechanisms for the protection of intellectualproperty in strategic issues; 3) Recording in-cremental knowledge; 4) Recovery and sprea-
ding of local knowledge and ethnical knowled-ge through Information and Communications
Technologies (Tecnologas de Informacin yComunicacin - ICTs) and the Law for the pro-tection of indigenous knowledge.
Also, the Vice-ministry of Science and Tech-nology has proposed the creation of the Boli-vian Scientific and Technological InformationSystem (Sistema Boliviano de Informacin
Cientfica y Tecnolgica- SIBICYT) as part ofthe National Development Plan (Plan Nacio-
nal de Desarrollo-PND) and of the strategy forgenerating a scientific culture with featurescharacteristic of the country. The main objec-tive of the SIBICYT is to develop a knowledge
culture based on the access, exchange andgeneration of scientific and technological in-formation. Therefore, it proposes to work onthe development of systems, networks and STIinformation sources, as well as popularizationof the STI. Through such objectives, the SI-
BICYT will be able to improve the articulationand linkage between the national productiveand state knowledge-producing sectors.
In the areas of education and the promotion
of human resources in STI, the following pro-jects are to be highlighted:
Prizes and awards: National Science Prize,
National Technology and Innovation Prize,National Scientific Journalism Prize;
Bolivian Institute of Biodiversity Researchfor Development: intended for developing
and promoting STI for making use and
preserving biodiversity resources, basedon combining traditional knowledge regar-ding uses and handling, and the technical-scientific research of their properties;
Bolivian Organization of Women Scientists(17 June 1999): Its objective is to promo-te and prioritize the scientific and tech-
nological potential of women by encoura-ging and increasing their participation inissues significant to the development ofthe country, as well as optimizing theirskills and talents in benefit of the Bolivian
society;
National Plan for Digital Inclusion ( PlanNacional de Inclusin Digital - PNID):
This plan outlines a number of actions forattaining targets sought by the NationalDevelopment Plan, oriented at generatinga scientific and technological culture and
at reducing the digital gap in Bolivia, bypromoting ICTs.
STI International cooperation in Bolivia is
scarce. Only the Workshop for Promoting Wo-men in the Area of Science, Technology, Engi-neering and Innovation in the Southern Cone(held in combination with the IADBank) is tobe mentioned here.
UNESCO Environment and SustainableDevelopment Chair San Simn Universi-ty Cochabamba Bolivia
INIAF: www.iniaf.gov.boVCyT: www.conacyt.gov.bo
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Population (in millions) (2009) 198,7
Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 5,1
GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 19930,0
GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 10200,0
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008)
Agriculture 6,7
Industry 28,0
Services 65,3
Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 570,0
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 36,9
Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 813,0
Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 810,0
Percentage of literate adults (2006) 89,0
Percentage of women /S&T staff (2001) 48,0
Percentage of Public expenditure on education /GDP (2006)
4,0
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 1,4
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP](2002)
108,0
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2002)
1,3
Patents requested (2001) 26509,0
Patents granted (2001) 7096,0
Dependency rate (2001) 1,6
Invention coefficient (2001) 5,5
Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)
12,2
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)
4,3
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 6541,4
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 14649,9
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants
Expenditure in S&T activities
Percen
tageo
fthe
GDP
USDPPPper
cpita
Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cpita
Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Total FTE S&T staff
To
talFTES&
Ts
taff
FTES&Ts
tafper
1000EAP
Patents per cpitarequested by residents
Patents per cpitagranted to residents
Pa
ten
tsperm
illiono
finha
bitan
ts
Pu
blica
tions
lis
ted
inthe
SCI
SCISc
ien
tificpu
blica
tions
perm
illiono
fin
ha
bitan
ts
Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).
Patents per capita(residents)
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The node of the Brazilian science, technology
and innovation (STI) system consists of theMinistry of Science and Technology (Minist-
rio da Cincia e Tecnologia - MCT). Created
in 1985, its area of responsibility changed
by means of Decree Law 5,886 (6 Septem-
ber 2006), and include: Defining the natio-
nal policy on STI; planning, coordinating and
supervising Science and Technology activi-
ties; establishing national policies relative to
bio-security, space and nuclear energy and
controlling the exports of sensitive goods. It
acts as Secretariat of the National Council forScience and Technology (Comisso da Cincia
e Tecnologia - CCT), the body responsible for
assisting the Presidency of the Republic in the
definition and implementation of the national
policy on scientific and technological develo-
pment. The CCT has 13 representatives from
the Federal Government, 8 representatives
from the productive sector, and 6 represen-
tatives from the STI sector (universities and
research centres). These members are organi-
zed into committees by topic and sector andare responsible for producing reports, studies
and reference terms.
Among its dependent agencies, the MCT in-
cludes the National Council on Scientific and
Technological Development (Conselho Nacio-
nal de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecno-
lgico - CNPq), the Funding Entity for Stu-
dies and Projects (Financiadora de Estudos e
Projetos- FINEP), the Coordinating Authority
for Perfectioning Higher Rank Staff (Coor-denao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de
Nvel Superior - CAPES), the National Bank
for Economic and Social Development (Ban-
co Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico
e Social BNDES) and the National Scien-
ce and Technology Development Fund (Fun-
do Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e
Tecnolgico - FNDCT). The CNPq promotes,
encourages and funds technological develop-
ment through a variety of instruments related
to the funding of postgraduate studies, the
funding of STI projects, and the support of
STI events and publications. Alongside, theFINEP is the main funding institution for STI
activities at the federal level and supports
projects through the following instruments:
Non-reimbursable financial support for STI;
reimbursable support for innovation at enter-
prises; non-reimbursable funding for entrepre-
neurial innovation, and investments (venture
fund, seed capital and venture capital funds).
The BNDES funds mainly social and econo-
mic projects that may include STI activities
through the Investment Funds Programme,the CRIATEC Programme and the Technology
Fund (FUNTEC). Lastly, the FNDCT is made
up of sectoral funds such as: Biotechnology,
aeronauIcts, energy, agro-business, fuel oil,
and minerals, among others. .
The MCT also includes four thematic secreta-
riats that carry out their institutional mission
and report to the executive Secretariat. They
are: The Secretariat for Research and Deve-
lopment Policies and Programmes (Secretarade Polticas e Programas de Pesquisa e Des-
envolvimento - SEPED), the Secretariat for
Science and Technology for Social Inclusion
(Secretaria de C&T para Incluso Social- SE-
CIS), the Secretariat for Technological Deve-
lopment and Innovation (Secretaria de Desen-
volvimento Tecnolgico e Inovao- SETEC),
and the Secretariat for Computer Science
Policies (Secretaria de Poltica de Informtica
e Automao- SEPIN). They are responsible
for articulating, managing and implementingpolicies and programmes relative to their spe-
cific areas. They are related to the MCT, the
National Committee on Nuclear Energy (Co-
misso Nacional de Energia Nuclear- CNEN),
the Brazilian Space Agency (Agncia Espacial
Brasileira- AEB), the National Technology Ins-
titute (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia- INT),
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the Brazilian Physics Research Centre (Centro
Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas - CBPF), the
Telecommunications Research and Develop-
ment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvol-
vimento em Telecomunicaes - CPqD), the
National Biosafety Technical Commission (Co-misso Tcnica Nacional de Biossegurana -
CTNBio), and the Centre for Strategic Studies
and Management (Centro de Gesto e Estudos
Estratgicos- CGEE).
It must be pointed out that several ministries
are also responsible for implementing STI
activities through different research centres,
foundations and committees. They include:
Ministry of Mining and Energy: Leopoldo
Amrico M. de Mello Research and De-velopment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e
Desenvolvimento Leopoldo A Miguez de
Mello - CENPES-PETROBRAS), Electric
Energy Research Centre (Centro de Pes-
quisas de Energia Eltrica- CEPEL-ELEC-
TROBRAS);
Ministry of Health: Oswaldo Cruz Fund
Institute (Fundao Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz- OCRUZ);
Ministry of Defence: Aeronautics Techni-
cal Centre (Centro Tcnico da Aeronuti-
ca- CTA), the Brazilian Army Technological
Centre (Centro Tecnolgico do Exrcito -
CTEx);
Ministry of Development, Industry and
Foreign Trade: National Metrology, Nor-
malization and Industrial Quality Institute
(Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normali-
zao e Qualidade Industrial- INMETRO),
National Industrial Property Institute (Ins-
tituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial- INPI);
Ministry of Agriculture and Supplies: Bra-
zilian Agriculture Research Enterprise
(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agrope-
curia- EMBRAPA), Food Technology Ins-
titute (Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimen-
tos- ITAL).
Additionally, the Brazilian Industrial Deve-
lopment Agency (Agncia Brasileira de Des-
envolvimento Industrial - ABDI), created in
December 2004, funds STI industrial activi-
ties through the following programmes: The
promotion of practices relative to productive
development and innovation environment,
sectoral competitive funding and funds for
strategic areas.
The Technological Research Institute of the
State of Sao Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas
Tecnolgicas do Estado de SP- IPT) and the
Foundation for the Promotion of Research ofthe State of Sao Paulo (Fundao de Amparo
Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo- FAPESP)
are to be mentioned at the federal level. It
is the most important R&D institution in the
country, which applies approximately 3% of
the total R&D budget. The FAPESP supports
scientific and technological research through
scholarships and financial support to research.
The latter belongs to the network of State
Foundations for Supporting Research, which
includes 21 foundations at the federal level,
organized by the National Council on Foun-
dations for the Protection of Research (Con-
selho Nacional das Fundaes Estaduais de
Amparo Pesquisa- CONFAP). They manage
the PAPPE (Programa de Apoio Pesquisa em
Empresas) technological fund, along with the
FINEP.
Regarding the monitoring of STI activities, it
is the responsibility of the executive entities
or the funding entities. The national Systemis assessed by MCT Office for Oversight and
Evaluation, by means of indicators elaborated
at the General Indicators Coordination de-
partment.
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In the past decade, Brazil has accomplishedsignificant reforms in its innovation system,including:
Law 9,478 (6 August 1997): Creation ofthe Petroleum Oil sectoral fund;
Laws 9,991 to 9,994 (24 July 2000):Creation of sectoral funds relative to Ener-gy, Space, Water and Mineral Resourcesand Transportation;
Law 10,197 (14 February 2001): Creationof the Infrastructure sectoral fund;
Law 10,332 (19 December 2001): Crea-tion of sectoral funds relative to Aeronau-tics, Agro business, Biotechnology, Healthand Green/Yellow (university-enterpriseinteraction);
Decree Law 4,728 (9 June 2003): Appro-val of by-laws and organizational chart ofthe CNPq;
Law 10,893 (13 July 2004): Creation ofthe Waterways sectoral fund;
Law 10,973 (2 December 2004) or In-novation Law: Sets forth incentives forinnovation and scientific research in theproductive sector and defines regulationsapplicable in the STI sector;
Law 11,077 (30 December 2004): Crea-tion of the Computer Science and Amazonsectoral fund;
Law 11,080 (30 December 2004): Crea-tion of the ABDI and definition of its
functions;Law 11,196 (21 November 2005): De-fines tax incentives for technological re-
search and innovation;
Law 11,487 (2007): Regulates tax exemp-tion for enterprises dealing with STI acti-vities;
Law 11,540 (12 November 2007): Defi-nes the functions of the FNDCT.
Of importance are the facts that Brazilianefforts to provide the innovation system withthe financial resources correspond to the re-
sults expected, and that between 2000 and2008, Brazil more than doubled the R&Dbudget.
Created in 2004, the Law on Innovation isa significant initiative for strengthening re-lations between the industry and scientific
and technological sectors. The Law sets forthmeasures for promoting innovation and re-search in the areas of science and technologyat the production level, and favours interac-tions between the different actors involvedin STI activities. The Law has three compo-
nents: Building an environment adequate forestablishing strategic alliances among uni-versities, research centres and enterprises;measures for encouraging the participation ofscience and technology institutes in innova-
tion processes; and incentives for innovationinside enterprises. The main funding instru-ment is a subsidy that allows for the provi-sion of financial support to innovative SMEsthrough the FDNCT .
Additionally, the law known as Goods Law(2005, Lei do Bem) is intended for promo-ting private R&D investment, fundamental for
improving competitiveness in Brazilian enter-prises. More specifically, the objective of thislaw is to increase the capacity of enterprisesfor developing technological innovation thatmight result in improved quality, productivityand competitiveness. The incentive is propa-
gated through tax deductions such as incometax, social contribution on benefits, and re-turn of taxes on the purchase of technologicalequipment.
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There are also a number of programmes su-
pporting the interaction of the productive sec-
tor and STI actors:
COOPERA: A cooperation programme be-
tween institutes, technology centres and
enterprises. Provides financial support to
cooperation projects on R&D and innova-
tion;
ASISTEC: Programme for support to tech-
nological assistance. Provides SMEs with
assistance and technological consultancy
from Technological Research Institutes
(IPT) for solving technological problems.
INNOVAR venture capital programme: An
aid for technology-based enterprises to
have resources for funding their scienceand technology projects. The project is
intended for building an institutional envi-
ronment favourable to venture capital ac-
tivities in the country, so as to strengthen
technology-based new and emerging en-
terprises in Brazil, thus eventually contrib-
uting to the national technological devel-
opment, and the creation of income and
employment;
Enterprise incubators: Among the differ-
ent enterprise incubation programmes,
Juro Zero, a programme including low
rate loans, is worthy of recognition, as is
the National Cooperative Incubators Pro-
gramme (PRONINC), aimed at articulating
the knowledge areas of Brazilian univer-
sities with popular groups interested in
generating income and employment by
the constitution of popular cooperatives or
self-management enterprises;
Support Programme for Research and In-novation in Local Productive Arrangements
(PPI-APL): Financial support for activities
developed by Science and Technology in-
stitutes, oriented towards providing tech-
nological assistance, providing services
and solving technological problems in en-
terprises, by forming conglomerates typi-
cal of local production arrangements;
Programme for Technological Support to
Exports (Programa de Apoio Tecnolgico
Exportao - PROGEX): Support to tech-
nological assistance by technological re-search institutes for improving export per-
formance by small enterprises;
Incentive Programme for Innovation in
Brazilian Enterprises (Pro-Innovation):
Consists of funding with reduced taxes
for implementing research, development
and innovation projects in Brazilian enter-
prises;
Mobile Units Programme (Projeto de Uni-
dades Mveis de atendimento tecnolgico- PRUMO): Supports the assistance and
provision of technological services by
technology research institutes to micro
and small enterprises by means of mobile
units that include laboratory equipment;
Brazilian Technology Network (Rede Brasil
de Tecnologia - RBT): Providing support
for projects which involve collaboration
between supplying enterprises and scien-
tific-technological institutes with competi-tive replacement of imports in selected
sectors (currently petroleum oil, gas and
energy).
The main objective of the RBT is to promote
the articulation of different areas in the fede-
ral government, Brazilian universities, private
enterprises and financial agents. It is specifi-cally aimed towards stimulating development
of technological sectoral networks, the crea-
tion of work groups of the government, enter-
prises, universities and research centres, and
at promoting coordinated initiatives in line
with research and development.
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The organization of STI conferences that in-
clude the scientific community, the govern-
ment and enterprises, and promote scientific
and technological debates for defining natio-
nal priorities should be illustrated as they are
the instruments that help define long termobjectives and assess STI investments. Lastly,
the Knowledge for All programme aimed
at the popularization of STI in young people
with the purpose of arousing their interest in
Science and Technology careers should be
highlighted.
The most important institution for supportingtraining of human resources in STI is the CA-
PES, referred above. It includes an array of
funding instruments, which include:
CAPES/SPM: For the incentive of scienti-fic and technological research and the tra-
ining of human resources holding postgra-
duate degrees, also including the gender
aspect;
CAPES/FCT: Supports joint projects on re-
search and scientific cooperation in Brazi-lian and Portuguese universities promoting
postgraduate education and the perfectio-
ning aspect of professors and researchers;
CAPES/Ministry of Science and Techno-
logy (Argentina): Through the aid of joint
research projects stimulates the exchange
of teachers and researchers between Bra-
zil and Argentina in Postgraduate Progra-
mmes of Higher Education Institutions.
The programme is oriented towards edu-
cating high level human resources in Bra-zil and Argentina, in the different areas of
knowledge;
Programme for Guest Professors fromAbroad (PVE): The objective of the progra-
mme is to support Brazilian postgraduate
studies through the incentive of having
foreign professors with differentiated edu-
cation and renown expertise in the various
related areas of work;
PEC-PG Programme (Programa de Estu-
dante-Convnio de Ps-Graduao): The
objective of the programme is to allow ci-
tizens in developing countries with which
Brazil has cooperation agreements rela-
ting to education, culture or STI, to attend
postgraduate studies in Brazil;
Jlio Redecker Programme: The exchan-
ge is an agreement between Coordina-
tion of Higher Level Staff Perfectioning
(Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Nivel
Superior - CAPES/MEC), the House of Re-
presentatives, the Ministry of EducationFoundation, and the Committee for Edu-
cation Exchange between the United Sta-
tes and Brazil (Fulbright Committee). The
programme was implemented in order to
increase Brazilian knowledge on the U.S.
and on the bilateral relations of both coun-
tries;
LATTES System: Is a data base at the
CNPq including rsums and an inventory
of Science and Technology institutions.The data from the platform may be used
both as support for management activities
and for support of the definition of policies
for the STI area;
Pro defence Programme: An agreement
between the CAPES and the Ministry of
Defence. The programme is open to the
participation of private and public Bra-
zilian institutions, which include those
postgraduate plans with lines of researchin national defence;
French Brazilian Doctoral School Progra-
mme (Collge Doctoral Franco-Brsilien -
CDFB): An agreement of the CAPES with
the Council of Presidents of French Uni-
versities (CPU);
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CAPES/FULBRIGHT Programme: The CA-PES, in combination with the Fulbright
Committee, offers full doctorate scholar-
ships in the U.S. with the purpose of su-
pplementing the efforts of postgraduate
programmes in Brazil, in search of traininghigh level professors and researchers;
CAPES/Cofecub (CAPES/ Comit Franais
pour lvaluation de la Coopration Univer-
sitaire avec le Brsil) Edict: The objective
is to promote scientific exchange and tostimulate the training and perfectioning of
postgraduates and teachers linked to post-
graduate programmes at higher education
and research institutions through joint
projects in research, oriented at training
high level human resources;
CAPES/PIBID (CAPES/ Programa Institu-
cional de Bolsas de Iniciao Docncia)
Edict: The programme is aimed at contri-
buting to an increased average of schools
participating in the Intermediate Level Na-
tional Exam. This action intends to attainthe target plan Compromise: All together
with Education, which is part of the De-
velopment Plan for Education (PDE - Plan
de Desarrollo de la Educacin);Higher Studies School: Gathers top-in-ternational-level foreign professors and
researchers for monographic courses at
Brazilian universities. This is an initiative
of the CAPES aimed at strengthening, ex-
tending and grading postgraduate progra-
mmes at Brazilian institutions.
The CNPq also offers a variety of postgraduate
scholarships in the country and abroad (scho-
larships for the promotion of Science and Te-
chnology, apart from subsidies for researchat institutions, for researchers and for State
research foundations). The various forms of
aid include the subsidy of science publica-
tions, the support provided for the training
of researchers through science exchanges or
the promotion and attendance at meetings
and science seminars and conferences. The
most requested form of aid is the support to
research projects made through public calls
or edicts. The main Edicts published with re-
sources from the CNPq are: Universal, Millen-
nium and Casadinho, and those resulting fromjoint efforts with Foundations for Supporting
Research at the federal state level (FAP- Fun-
daes de Amparo Pesquisa) known as Pro-
nex (Programa de Apoio a Ncleos de Exce-
lncia) and the First Projects Programme.
The national strategy in this field has been to
maintain the existing international agreementsand to seek new agreements on scientific and
technological cooperation with partners who
share the same interests. Bilateral agree-
ments have shown a significant development
and nowadays Brazil has ongoing agreements
with the following countries: Germany, Argen-
tina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colom-
bia, South Korea, Spain, the United States,
France, India, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Mexico,
Pakistan, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru,
Portugal, the UK, Romania, Russia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Uruguay and Venezuela.
There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-
gy and Food Technology for Latin America
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Informacin
Multinacional de Biotecnologa y Tecnologa
de Alimentos para Amrica Latina y el Cari-
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at
connecting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food te-chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-
SIS network provides information on current
research programmes, national institutions,
and efforts relative to development and hu-
man skills in STI.
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The following is a list of regional level projects
in which Brazil has taken part:
The Argentinean-Brazilian BiotechnologyCentre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Bio-tecnologa - CABBIO). It is a coordinating
entity that comprises a network of biote-chnology research groups whose objectiveis to promote interaction between science
centres and the productive sector. For thatpurpose, it carries out two types of activi-ties: The implementation of bi-national re-search and development projects and thetraining of high ranking human resourceswith courses of the Argentinean Brazilian
Biotechnology School (Escuela ArgentinaBrasilea de Biotecnologa -EABBIO);
BIOTECSUR is a biotechnologies platformwithin the MERCOSUR that originates inthe BIOTECH - MERCOSUR EU projectfor development of specific R&D actionsfocused on priority issues for the region.
At the multilateral level, Brazil has subscribedagreements with the following organizations:Americas Free Trade Area (rea de Libre Co-mercio de las Amricas - ALCA), Latin Ame-rica, the Caribbean and the European Union
(Amrica Latina, Caribe y Unin Europea -ALCUE), Brazilian-Argentinean BiotechnologyCentre (Centro Brasilero-Argentino de Biotec-nologa - CBAB), Brazilian-Argentinean Nano-technology Centre (Centro Brasilero-Argentinode Nanotecnologa - CBAN), International Ge-neIcts and Biotechnology Engineering Centre
(Centro Internacional de Ingeniera Genticay Biotecnologa - CIEGB), Portuguese-spea-king Countries Community (Comunidade dosPases de Lngua Portuguesa - CPLP), Orga-
nization of the Amazonian Cooperation Trea-ty (Organizao do Tratado de Cooperao
Amaznica -OTCA), Programme on ThematicCooperation in Science and Technology (Pro-grama de Cooperao Temtica em Matriade Cincia e Tecnologia - PROAFRICA), SouthAmerican Programme for Supporting Science
and Technology Cooperation Activities (Pro-
grama Sul-Americano de Apoio s Ativida-des de Cooperao em Cincia e Tecnologia- PROSUL), Specialized Meeting on Scienceand Technology (Reunin Especializada en
Ciencia y Tecnologa - RECYT), Latin Ameri-can Technological Information Network (Red
de Informacin Tecnolgica Latinoamericana- RITLA), and the Science Academy for Deve-loping Countries (Academia de Ciencias paralos Pases en Desarrollo - TWAS).
Parallel to this, there are other cooperationstrategies that are currently under develop-ment and have been prioritized, such as the
promotion of the south-south cooperation(mainly between South America and Africa),
the incentive of cooperation among regionalgroups (MERCOSUR), IBAS (India, Brazil andSouth Africa), and CPLP. Each agenda variesaccording to shared interests of partners, and
includes, among others: Climate change, re-newable energies, and sustainable exploitationof natural resources, biofuels, nanotechnolo-gy, aerospace technology, ICTs, biomedicalsciences and enterprise innovation.
UNESCO Biology of Form and Develop-ment Chair Rio de Janeiro Federal Uni-versity (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
UNESCO Jos Reis Chair on ScienceSpreading University of Sao Paulo SaoPaulo Brazil
UNESCO Chair on South-South Coopera-tion for Sustainable Development ParFederal University Belm Brazil
UNESCO Chair on Water, Women and De-
velopment Ouro Preto Federal University(UFOP) Ouro Preto Brazil
ABDI: www.abdi.com.br/AEB: www.aeb.gov.br/
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BNDES: www.bndes.gov.brCGEE: www.cgee.org.br/CNEN: www.cnen.gov.br/CNPq: www.cnpq.brCNTBio: www.ctnbio.gov.br/CONFAP: www.confap.org.br/
IPT: www.ipt.br/FINEP: www.finep.gov.brMCT: www.mct.gov.br
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Population (in millions) (2009) 16,6
Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 3,2
GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 244,5
GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14900,0
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008)
Agriculture 4,8
Industry 50,5
Services 44,7
Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 549,0
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 5,2
Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 878,0
Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 871,0
Percentage of literate adults (2006) 96,0
Percentage of women /S&T staff (2004) 30,0
Percentage of Public expenditure on education /GDP (2004)
3,4
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2004) 0,7
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP](2004)
76,6
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2004)
2,0
Patents requested (2008) 3730,0
Patents granted (2008)736,0
Dependency rate (2008) 6,9
Invention coefficient (2008) 2,9
Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)
21,7
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)
4,6
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 684,6
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 1232,7
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants
Expenditure in S&T activities
Percen
tageo
fthe
GDP
USDPPPper
cpita
Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cpita
Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Total FTE S&T staff
To
talFTES&
Ts
taff
FTES&Ts
tafper
1000EAP
Patents per cpitarequested by residents
Patents per cpitagranted to residents
Pa
ten
tsperm
illiono
finha
bitan
ts
Pu
blica
tions
lis
ted
inthe
SCI
SCISc
ien
tificpu
blica
tions
perm
illiono
fin
ha
bitan
ts
Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).
Patents per capita(residents)
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The Chilean innovation system is led by the
Presidency of the Republic, upon the assis-
tance of the National Council on Competitive-
ness Innovation (Consejo Nacional de Innova-
cin para la Competitividad CNIC) created
in 2005. This Council proposes the general
guidelines for defining a National Innovation
Strategy, to be considered by a Committee of
Ministers for Innovation, which is the eventual
body to define the national policies on Scien-
ce, Technology and Innovation (STI), for the
long, medium and short terms. These three