National Seminar on Environmental Issues- WASH

8/13/2019 National Seminar on Environmental Issues- WASH

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According to JMP report 2012:

Open defecation in rural areas persists in every regionof the developing world, even among those who have

otherwise reached high levels of improved sanitation. Open defecation is highest in rural areas of southern

Asia, where it is practiced by 55 per cent of thepopulation.

Globally, 79 % of the urban population use animproved sanitation facility, compared to 47 % of therural population.


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JMP report 2012: In World total 1053.7 million people are practicing

open defecation. Out of them 60 percent are living in India only.

More than half of 2.5 billion people without improvedsanitation live in India or China. China and India contributed 40% of total people who

have gained access to sanitation in last 2 decades.Census 2011: India

49.8% of total 122.9 million households practice opendefecation In rural India the situation is still worse. 67.3% i.e. 113

million households practice open defecation.


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Nearly 60 percent of 1053.7 million of those practicing open

defecation live in India (JMP - 2012)

Countries with the largest numbers of people practicing open defecation(millions)

Rest of World 150

India 626

Indonesia 63

Pakistan 40

Ethopia 38

Nigeria 34

Sudan 19

Nepal 15

China 14

Niger 12

Burkina Faso 9.7

Mozambique 9.5

Cambodia 8.6

Madagascar 7.7

Brazil 7.2

India

626


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Globally, 63 % of the population use improvedsanitation facilities, an increase of almost 1.8 billionpeople since 1990.

At current rates of progress, we will reach 67%

coverage in 2015, but still far from the 75% needed toreach the target.

Many countries are off track in meeting the MDGsanitation target, including much of sub-Saharan

Africa and several of the most populous countries inAsia.

India is not likely to reach MDG target.


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Child Mortality Rate is

62.7/1,000 children. Lack of toilets in school-

Drop-out of girls fromschools.

Stump of children very highdiarrheal disease death.

Public places like railwaystations, bus stops, religiousand tourist places, had no

provision of public toilets. Tourist, both foreign and

Indian, face a lot ofdifficulties due to absence oftoilet facilities.


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In 1986, MRD initiated Indias first nation-wide program,the Central Rural Sanitation Program(CRSP), withdemanddrivenapproach.

Despite an investment of more than Rs. 6 billion, rural

sanitation grew at just 1% annually in 1990s. By 2001 only 22% of rural households had access to toilets.

GOI restructured the program with the launch of TotalSanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999.

TSC advocates a participatory and demand drivenapproach, taking a district as a unit with significantinvolvement of Gram Panchyats and local communities.


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Some key features of the TSC include: A community led approach with focus on collective

achievement of total sanitation. Focus on Information, Education and Communication

(IEC) to mobilize and motivate communities towards safe

sanitation. Minimum incentives only for BPL

households/poor/disabled, post construction and usage. Flexible menu of technology options. Development of supply chain to meet the demand

stimulated at the community level. Fiscal incentive in the form of a cash prize Nirmal Gram

Puraskar (NGP) to accelerate achievement of totalsanitation outcomes.


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Encouraged by the success of NGP, the TSC is being renamed asNirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA). The objective is to acceleratethe sanitation coverage in the rural areas. Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in

the rural areas. Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas by 2022 with all

gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status. Motivate communities and PRI promoting sustainable

sanitation through awareness creation and health education. To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva

Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Aganwadi Centres in the rural

areas with proper sanitation facilities. Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for

ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation. Develop community managed environmental sanitation

systems focusing on solid & liquid waste management for

overall cleanliness.


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1

9

21.9226

30.934.8

42

33 30.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Census 1981 Census 1991 Census 2001 JMP - 2006 JMP - 2008 NSSO (2008-09)

ASER - 2010 JMP 2010 Census 2011

Sanitation Coverage in Rural India


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Although the rural sanitation coverage has increased exponentiallyin the last decade, the real impact could not be appreciated due toincrease in total number of rural households.

Poverty

Dysfunctional of toilets Septic tanks Lack of Institutional framework Caste based division Community approach Behavior change Lack of land Scavengers


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41

23 18

9 8

10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Poverty Not enough land PRI against us Separatehousehold..

Do not know Did not want the..


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Study by Centre for Media Studies (CMS), in 2010 indicates,41% of the respondents cited poverty as the reason for non-construction of toilets.

Due to increase in cost of toilet construction poor people ofrural areas are not able to afford the price.

GOI provides for BPL households Rs. 3200/-(Rs. 3700/- forhilly and difficult areas) and State governments provide Rs.1400/- per IHHL BPL households are expected to findresources for rest.

MNREGS funding could be taped for funding theconstruction of IHHL.

Most assessments have calculated IHHL cost at about12,000- 16,000.


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Many incomplete/poorly constructed toilets aredysfunctional due to lesser availability of funds.

The CMS study, shows that 41% of respondents are notusing the toilets due to dysfunctional and poorinfrastructure and 22% no superstructure.

One of the important reason for not using the toiletsare poor quality of construction as well as material like

pit/septic tank full, chocked pan/pipes, poor quality ofpan and foot rests wrong location, filled with debrisand used as storage space among others.


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Septic tanks are also big problem in achieving sustainablesanitation target.

Majority of the septic tanks had openings into open drains,which drained the liquid effluents from the septic tanks.This also leads to a high probability of ground waterpollution.

Septic tank requires more space. The construction needs regular technical assistance and

supervision.

This needs ventilation, which adds to cost.

Desludging of Septic tank is needed on regular basis. Thesludge and effluent from a septic tank can not be used as afertilizer straight away without causing health hazards.

Majority of masons, without knowledge of safetechnologies, opt for septic tanks.


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It is desirable that the District Centre is so developed that ithas a manufacturing yard for casting, curing and storage ofdifferent sizes of pipes, specials, latrine pans, squattingslabs, traps etc. required for rural sanitation works.

A mechanical section should be entrusted with theproduction, stocking, supply and distribution of all

materials required for the programme.Each centre could, train the required number of masons,

carpenters, mechanics, mistries and other artisans intheir respective works to handle the field work in rural

areas.The district Centre could, in addition, arrange for the

necessary orientation, refresher and training courses forthe subordinate technical personnel.

The district level resources planning and availability are stillmissin thou h three decades have assed.


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34.80%

23.70% 25%

90%

69.70%

57%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SanitationCoverage

SC ST General OBC SC

NSSO survey, (2008-2009) - India ORG survey (2009) - Punjab

Caste Base Sanitation Coverage

Since the main objective under

TSC is universal sanitationcoverage in rural areas of thecountry, analysis of marginalizedgroup such as SCs/STs isimportant to simultaneously cover

all sections of the society.


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The community is not sensitized regarding the impact of the open

defecation and its impact on health, dignity and security especiallyfor women and children.

An assessment undertaken by WSP-World Bank in Himachal Pradeshin 2005 revealed that

With approximately 30% sanitation coverage, incidence of

diarrhea was reported by approximately 38% households.With 95 per cent sanitation coverage, the diarrheal incidences

were reported by around 26% households.

Only open defection free (ODF) villages with 100 per cent

sanitation coverage reported significantly lower incidences ofdiarrhea by approximately 7% households.

In effect, even if a few individual households switch to usingtoilets, the overall risk of bacteriological contamination andincidence of disease continues to be high.


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The country has come a long way to break thetraditional barrier and taboo associated with toilets,open defecation in rural areas continues to be asocially and culturally accepted traditional behavior at

large, by both rich and poor. At present, up to 15% of project outlay is reserved for

IEC activities.

A study undertaken by UNICEF in 2008, it was found

that out of the 81% of the population having access tosanitation in NGP panchayats, only 67% were usingthe facilities.


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According to census, 2011 in740,078 HH night soil isremoved by human and in1233463 households the nightsoil is disposed in the opendrains in India.

In Rural India (census 2011), in335654 households the nightsoil is disposed in the opendrains and in 503480households the night spoil is

removed by human. For scavengers liberation

proper technology adaptationand rehabilitation ofscavengers are desirable.


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NGOs have an important role in the implementation ofTSC in the rural areas. Their services are required to beutilized not only for bringing about awareness among ruralpeople for the need of rural sanitation but also ensuringthat they actually make use of the sanitary latrines.

538 NGOs are involved with various project districts inimplementation of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). In some states like West Bengal, Orissa and Uttarakhand,

NGOs are playing vital role in implementation of TSC. Local Self Help Groups, Womens organizations, youth

associations and NGOs of repute can play a major role inprogramme implementation.


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1. 12.5 Crores new toilets need to be constructed tomake India opendefecation free.

2. Properly trained masons are not available in the

villages to implement the sanitation programmes.3. Lack of demand and missing supply chain for toilet

hardware like squatting pans, traps and footrests etc.

4. Need for awareness generation and behavior change

towards sanitation among the rural community.


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The village is located inMewat district of Haryana.

Toilets were constructedby Sulabh in collaboration

with Rail Tail corporationPvt. Ltd.

The village is 100%covered with sanitationfacilities.

The villagers are happyand they are using the

toilets.


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Toilets are constructed in thevillage in collaboration withWorld Vision an NGO.

In the village each house hadto contribute Rs. 2000/- forHH toilet construction.

In the same village, villagerscontributed Rs. 45 each

family to meet thecontribution of two widows

who are too poor to pay.


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Rural Sanitation Programme inTuticorin, Tamil Nadu


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National Seminar on Environmental Issues- WASH

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