National Wildlife Disease Surveillance Systems:
an European perspectiveMarc ARTOIS
VetAgro Sup, OIE working group on wildlife.Diplomate ECVPH
20111 OIE Global conference on wildlife
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Outline: WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 3
Use of data Aims Case definition Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion Conclusion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
What is surveillance
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 4
1° Monitoring Ongoing process Real time Early warning
2° Decision & management Information of veterinary services, other bodies Management options Often fail Protection & Prevention
K Capello et al. 2010, Eurosurveillance 15; (28)
Use of data
Main use of surveillance data
Maps Graph
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 5
H5N1HPAI, OIE
H. Roberts et al. 2011, DEFRA report OIE information department
Use of data
Data “extracted” for epidemiological studies
Incidence & seroprevalence of pestivirus infection in a population of Pyrenean chamois.
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 6
PIOZ, M. et al. 2007. Vet Microbiol
http://www.parcsnationaux.fr/layout/set/fiche/content/view/full/7568
Use of data
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Aims of wildlife surveillance
Wild animal Pathogen
Natural habitat
Other species
7
Use of data Aims
Main aims for surveillance in wildlife
Release riskExposure risk
Highly communicable pathogens
Pathogens in wild maintenance or liaison host
Possibly emerging pathogens
Diseases affecting Game species
populations Endangered populations
Wildlife as sentinel(environment health)
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 10
PathogenDisease
Aims
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Disease in wildlife Affect wild animal
(victim) Surveillance based
on clinical signs Important for
game management, animal conservation.
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 11
http://thierrydacko.typepad.fr/grandeurnature/2008/09/la-krato-conjon.html
Aims Case def.
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Data for diseases surveillance
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 12
Lesions Tissue Modification
Aetiology
Diagnostic
http://www.thestalkingdirectory.co.uk/showthread.php?4582-TB-in-Roe-Deer
TB lesions in Roe deer
Case def.
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
► Trend Monitoring & expected background noiseWARNS PETIT, E. 2011. PhD Univ Grenoble
Syndrome 2
An example of syndromic surveillance in wildlife
13 See: Warns Petit, E. et al. 2010, BMC veterinary
Case def.
Surveillance of pathogen in wildlife
Wild animals frequently are healthy carriers of pathogens:
clinic is useless
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 14
A hidden danger
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Carriage (infection/intoxication) in wildlife
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 15
Target the pathogen (pathogen surveillance) Diagnostic test
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/aiworkshop/index.jsp?search=Cloaca&pagemode=submit
Download: FAO “Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance. “http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0960e/a0960e00.htm
Case def.
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Sampling Power/ precision Enough data
Reliability/ representativeness
i.g. CWD in Europe (EFSA report, 2010. 8, 10, 1861)
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 16
Artois, M. et al. 2009. Springer
Case def. Sampling
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Randomised sampling or planed sampling
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 17
True “active surveillance”...
Does not exist, yet:Mostly sub sampling of hunted carcasses
Sampling
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
“Ad hoc” or opportunistic sampling
Probability of detection,
A function of Prevalence Level of awareness
Iceberg metaphor
18
Sampling
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Data processing & management Transmission Validation & coding Storage Analysis
WOBESER G. (2007) Springer.
19
Sampling Data storing
See: DUFOUR, B., HENDRIKX, P. et al. (2009). OIE
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Field watcherhunter, public
Veterinary laboratory
Anses FNC
ONCFS
FDC
InterlocutorONCFS
Case study: the SAGIR network
Data storing
Data management
Communication20 TERRIER, M.E. et al. 2006; Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr
http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Reseau-SAGIR-ru105
Current situation of surveillance in Europe
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 21
Ryser-Degiorgis, M. et al. 2009, EWDA report
Case studies
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Europe: state of the art 25 replies to the questionnaire/23 no Few generalist, country-scale surveillance Roughly 20 000 carcasses examined (minimum) Most: gross lesions few: histology and parasitology Some: bacteriology and virology Occasionally: toxicology & serology
5 top diseases Avian influenza, CSF, Rabies, Trichinellosis, Tuberculosis
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 22
Ryser-Degiorgis et al. 2009
Case studies
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Critical points arising with ad hoc and generalist wildlife surveillance
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 23
Diagnostic Quality of tests Code (putting words & digits) Skill, imputation
Data Complex (many species, many diseases…)
Lack of accuracy ? Population size & structure
Low frequency of notifiable diseases Difficulty of assessment Financial and human cost of the network http://www.astronomy-
pictures.net/pictures_of_stars.html
Case studies Discussion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Basic data needed
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 24
Unique Ref/ Date/ Tissue/ Name of test or Modification/
test result Animal Context: Single/ cluster/ mass mortality Species name (Genus species, e.g. Cervus elaphus) Location
Extra Age class Sex Tag (if any) Cause of death or disease (+ imputation)
Discussion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Consequences of notification
The notification of a disease or even an infection of a wild animal can have a deleterious effect on trade.
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 25
http://samaw.com/mizoram-on-bird-flu-alert-india-h5n1-news/849
Discussion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Risk resulting from wildlife infection (still) needs to be appropriately assessed
Can the infection spread FROM wildlife to domestic animals?
Are any cases in domestic animals notified?
Are wild animals Maintenance hosts Spill over hosts? credit: Texas A&M University; the photo is apparently
from an outbreak in South Africa in 1897http://www.samefacts.com/2010/11/uncategorized/virus-movies/
26
Discussion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Conclusion
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 27
Good decision = good information
Good information =A network =
means human eyes, noses and ears in the fields…
The best data =Accurate and simple Steady record Steady report
http://ecobirder.blogspot.com/2008/01/immature-red-shouldered-hawk-on-sanibel.html
Discussion conclusion
WDA EWDA 2012 meeting
2011OIE Global conference on wildlife 28
61st International conference of the WDA 10th biennial conference of the EWDA
Marcy l’Etoile & Lyon (France) from Sunday July 22nd through Friday July 27th
2012
http://wda2012.vetagro-sup.fr/
“Convergence in wildlife health"
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
References
Existing report on Wildlife surveillance in Europe
Anonym (2005). (IREC) Ciudad Real, Spain, IREC.
Briones, V. (Editor, 2000), Universidad de Madrid: 70p.
Leighton, A. (1995).." Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizootie14(3): 819-830.
Ryser-Degiorgis, et al. (2009). EWDA. Brussels, EWDA: 7p.
General references on Wildlife surveillance
Artois, M., R. Bengis, et al. (2009)...
Kuiken, T., F. A. Leighton, et al. (2005 ).
Mörner, T., D. L. Obendorf, et al. (2002)..
Pittman, M., A. Laddomada, et al. (2007).
Thulke, H.-H., D. Eisinger, et al. (2009).
29
conclusion
“Wildlife” Defined1
1 OIE Working Group on Wildlife Diseases 1999
• Pathogens and diseases from all four groups must be reported
• Wildlife Focal Points may be asked to report on Pathogens in:• Wild animal (free living)• Feral animals• Captive Wildlife (Zoos, Wildlife Parks, etc.)
30
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Liaison, Maintenance, Spill-over, Vector, …Victims...
31
Aims
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion
Comparisons and sharing of data
Standards “Babel Tower”:
we do speak the same language
Need of a medical nomenclature
32
http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2006/06/country_or_comp.html
Discussion