Nationalism in Asia

World Studies Summer School

Early Japan

• Geography makes Japan different– Japan is about the size of Montana – Chain of Islands off the coast of Korea and

China– Too far for China to conquer– Close enough to be influenced by Korea and

China– 4/5ths of land mountainous– Volcanic and Earthquake prone

Early Japanese Society

• Society divided into uji or clans

• Each clan had its own chief and special god that was claimed was the clan’s ancestor.

• Some clan leaders were women

• Yamato Clan becomes first Japanese dynasty.

• Influence Japan for over 1000 years

Religion and Language

• Early religions in Japan worshiped the forces of nature. Known as Shinto

• While not evolved into a major religion, Shinto ideas and culture are important to Japan and shrines are still important in Japan today

• Shrines were created to honor special geographic features such as mountains and waterfalls

• Japanese Language distantly related to Korean, but completely different from Chinese.

Chinese influence Japan

• Early 600s Yamato Prince sends nobles to study in China. Previously they learned about china by way of Koreans visiting.

• Those returning over the next 200 years bring Chinese art, technology, and ideas about government.

• Japan adopts idea of strong central government• Outside of capital though countryside still controlled

by ruling clans.

Selective Borrowing

• Japan only integrated that parts of Chinese culture they thought would benefit them.

• Buddhist and Confucian ideas were popular.

– Filial Piety

• Do not use ideas of Civil Service

– Preserves power of clan rule through inherited status

• Results in creating a unique civilization

Feudalism develops• Feudal Warfare sweeps Japan in 1400s• Emperor just a figurehead of society• Power lay in the hands of the Shogun or supreme military

commander– Kamakura Shogunate established in 1192 first of 3 military

dynasties that would rule Japan for 700 years.

• Shogun only controls small parts of Japan– He distributes control over smaller areas to Lords or Daimyo.

• Daimyo distribute land to Samurai– Fighting aristocracy

• Like Knights in Europe

– Develop code of honor called “Bushido”• Bushido emphasizes honor, bravery, and loyalty

Tokugawa Unites Japan• Determined to end feudal warfare the Tokugawa Shogunate

took power in 1600• Impose a centralized government on all of Japan.

– Centralized Feudalism– To control Daimyo’s they are forced to move to Capital City of Edo.

They have to live in capital every other year but family must stay full time.

– This gives Shogun great power over the Daimyo– Shogun also forbids Daimyo from marrying or repairing castle

without permission. – Only Samurai were allowed to work in government and military. – Idea of Bushido becomes important aspect of society

Assignment

• Questions:– P.395 # 3-5

Japan ends Isolation

• Early 1600s Japan shut itself off from the rest of the world

• Some trade with China and Dutch in Indonesia was it• By Early 1800s Western powers tried to convince Japan

to open up as China had.• In 1853 Commodore Perry takes 4 Ships into Tokyo

Harbor• The Black Wooden Ships powered by Steam with

cannon not seen before shock the Shogun Feudal society

• Realizing they would not be able to survive a fight, they received Perry and his letter from President Fillmore asking for free trade between U.S. and Japan.

• Perry also adds that he will return in a year for Japan’s reply with a much larger fleet.

Japan gives in• When Perry arrives in 1854 he receives

the Treaty of Kanagawa.– Japan will open two ports where U.S. ships

can take on supplies.

• By 1860 Several foreign countries have permission to trade in several treaty ports.

• The Japanese people were angry the Shogun had given in to Western demands.

• They turn to Japans young emperor. Mutsuhito

Emperor Takes Control

• Mutsuhito taking control ends Shogun control that had lasted since the 12th century.

• This becomes known as the Meiji Era “Enlightened Rule”

• Emperor realizes the best way to counter Western Influences is to become like them and modernize.

• This is the opposite of what China does.

Modernization of Japan

• Sends Diplomats to learn Western ways• Took the best ideas and adapted them to

their own country• Model their constitution and Government

on Germany• Model Army on Germany, Navy on Britain• Japan adopts U.S. Universal education

system• Encourages Students to go Study abroad

Industrialization of Japan

• By early 1900s, Japan was as industrialized as any Nation in the world.

• Built first Railroad in 1872, by 1914 Japan had more than 7000 miles of Railroad.

• Coal production grew from 500,000 tons in 1875 to 21 million tons in 1913.

• State supported companies build thousands of Factories.

• Traditional industries grow with new production methods giving Japan more unique goods for export

• Shipbuilding Industry becomes one of largest in the world

Strategy Pays Off

• By 1890, Japan becomes dominant military power in Asia

• They began to remove the extraterritorial rights of foreign countries

• They are able to convince the foreign countries they will still allow trade rights, just no more territorial rights.

• Western countries accept diminished rights and Japanese feeling of strength and nationalism grow.

• As their power grows, so does their ambitions.

Japan gets Imperialism

• Japan wants to demonstrate to Europeans they are just as powerful.– Japan wants Korea– So does China

• They sign hands off agreement in 1885

– Chinese troops enter Korea in 1894 when the King asks for Chinese help.

– Japan protests saying China broke agreement• Sends troops to Korea to fight Chinese

– Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895• Japan wins quickly• Destroys Chinese Navy• Gains first colonies

Russo-Japanese War

• Japan defeating China changes balance of power.

• Japan and Russia now dominant powers in East Asia

• They go to War over Manchuria– Japanese agree to stay out of Manchuria if

Russians stay out of Korea– Russians refuse

• War breaks out

Russo-Japanese War Results

• Japanese drive Russians out of Korea

• Captures most of Russian Pacific Fleet

• Destroys all of Russia’s Baltic Fleet

• Treaty of Portsmouth– Japan gets to keep captured Territory– Russia must leave Manchuria– Russia must stay out of Korea

• Japan now wants ALL of Korea

Japanese occupation of Korea

• Japan makes Korea a Protectorate in 1905• 1907 Korean Government gives up control• 1910 Japan officially Annexes Korea and is totally under

Japanese control.• Japanese were harsh rulers• Korean Language and study was banned from schools

and Japanese culture and language was forced to be taught

• Land taken away and given to Japanese interests• Koreans could not own businesses• While countries around the world were concerned about

what Japan was doing, they largely did nothing to stop them.

Japan Wants an Empire

• 1920s Japan becomes more Democratic.– 1922 Sign treaty with China respecting their

borders– 1928 signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing

war.

• Great Depression 1929– Military blames civilian government and people

want military back in power.– Military wanted to solve economic problems

through foreign expansion.

Japan invades Manchuria

• Manchuria – Northeast province of China– Rich in Iron and coal– Army set up puppet government– Japanese engineers and technicians come to

build large mines and factories.

• First Challenge to the League of Nations– Many members of League protested– Japan simply left League in 1933

Japan Invades China

• 1937 Japan invades China– China’s Army no match for better equipped

and trained Japanese.– Beijing and other major cities fell including

capital of Nanjing – Over 10,00 captured soldiers are killed – 1936 Japan joins Germany and Italy in the

Axis Powers

Japanese aggression continues• Due to the tough resistance in China, Japan

needed more resources.– Japan focuses on European colonies in

Southeast Asia• Japan overruns French controlled Vietnam, Cambodia,

and Laos. July 1941.• U.S. now fears Japanese invasion of U.S. controlled

Philippines and Guam

– President Roosevelt cuts off Oil Shipments to Japan.

– Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th 1941• By end of January Japan controls Thailand, Phillipines,

Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong

Japan Loses War• U.S. Occupation forces Japan to completely

disband Army leaving only a small police force. – 6 war criminals including Premier Tojo, sentenced to

Hang.

• New Japanese constitution – Power rests in the people– Emperor had to admit he is not divine and becomes

only a figurehead

• With U.S. help, Japan is rebuilt and a lasting friendship is begun.

Assignment

• Questions:– P.395 # 3-5– P,790 # 3-6– P.877 # 3-6

British in India

• East India company gain control of India in 1757 • Company rules India without interference from

British Government until 1800s• With the amount of raw materials and the

growing market for British goods, the British government begins to increase its control.

• In 1858, British government takes complete control of India after the Sepoy Mutiny.

• British repress and exhibit racism against native Indians.

India wants British out

• Indian National Congress Founded 1885– Primarily Hindu Group

• Muslim League founded 1906

• Common ground between Muslim’s and Hindu’s were hatred of British

• Groups work together for Independence

• Before WWI Nationalist movement was small

WWI changes India

• British entice Indians to Join Army for WWI by saying their would be reforms after war which would lead to increased civil rights and eventually Self-Government.

• When they return from war, They continue to be treated as second class citizens

• Acts of Violence occur against British which result in the Rowlatt Acts

• Allows British to jail protesters for 2 years without trial.

Enter Gandhi

• Mohandas Gandhi• Blends ideas from all religions• Western educated and trained as a lawyer in

London.• Noncooperation/Nonviolence and Civil

Disobedience were his philosophies– Strikes– Boycotts– Demonstrations

• Freedom From British through Nonviolent means• See Movie….

Nonviolence movement takes toll on British

• By the time WWII ended Britain had huge war debts and the Nationalist movement in India had taken a great toll on the British Economy

• Britain decided it was time to give up India• Now a new dilemma presented itself• Who would rule?

– Muslims? – Hindus?

British decide fate

• Britain decides partition of India into two countries is best choice.

• This creates Pakistan in Northwest India and East Pakistan in the east for Muslims.

• Gandhi was upset by partition believing they could all live together.

• India Becomes Independent Nation Aug. 15, 1947• Attacks by Hindus on fleeing Muslims and vice

versa erupted all over the country. • In an attempt to plead with Hindus to give Muslim

refugees fair treatment, Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist.

Pakistan and India

• Both countries have struggled with a variety of issues over the last 60 years

• East Pakistan broke off from Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of Bangladesh– Both countries have more than 35% of the people

living in poverty• India and Pakistan are in a constant struggle

against one another• Both claim the northern border area of Kashmir

as their own. • Both are Nuclear Powers• India’s population is expected to overcome

China’s as the worlds largest by 2035

Nationalism in the Middle East

• Turkey– Fall of Ottoman Empire forces last Sultan to

give up all land Except Anatolia and Istanbul– Greeks invade in 1919– 1922 brilliant commander Mustafa Kemal

leads Turkish Nationalists to fight back Greeks.

– After winning, they overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan

Turkey becomes Republic

• Kemal becomes first president• New reforms

– Separates laws of Islam from laws of nation– Abolishes religious courts and creates new legal

system based on European Law– Grants women right to vote and hold office– Launches programs to modernize and industrialize

Turkey.• Kemal’s Leadership give country new sense of

Identity– After his death in 1938 he is given the name of

Ataturk or “Father of the Turks”

Iran

• After WWI British and Russia both had areas of influence in the country of ancient Persia

• British tried to kick Russians out after the Bolshevik revolution.

• Leads to Nationalist revolt – 1921 Persian officer gains power– 1925 kicks out ruling Shah– New Leader Reza Shah Pahlavi

• Tries to Modernize country like Kemal• Builds roads, schools, promotes industrial growth and

women’s rights• Unlike Kemal though he keeps all power in his hands• Changes country name from Greek name Persia to

traditional name Iran

Saudi Arabia

• While Turkey broke from Islamic Traditions, The new country of Saudi Arabia embraced them

• 1902 Abd al Aziz Ibn Saud begins campaign to unite Arabia.

• In 1932 he named the new Kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family

• The new King carries on Arab and Islamic traditions• Loyalty to government was based on family ties,

religion and customs.• Modernization limited to religiously accepted areas• No efforts at democracy, Religious and Family Rule

OIL!

• During 1920s and 30s Oil is discovered in the Middle East.

• The race began to see who could claim what would change the structure and balance of power in the world.

• Geologists eventually discover 2/3rds of the worlds oil deposits are found in the Middle East

Assignment

• Questions:–P.771 # 3-5

–P.867 # 3-5

–P.864 # 3-6