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Natomas Unified School District 2014. What is Epilepsy? What causes Epilepsy Seizures Types of...

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Natomas Unified School District 2014 Seizure Training Module
Transcript
  • Slide 1
  • Natomas Unified School District 2014
  • Slide 2
  • What is Epilepsy? What causes Epilepsy Seizures Types of seizures Prevention Triggers Managing seizures
  • Slide 3
  • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Department of Education health services policy 6A:16- 2.1
  • Slide 4
  • Epilepsy is sometimes referred to as seizure disorder Temporary disturbance in brain function Seizures happen when the electrical system of the brain malfunctions. Instead of discharging electrical energy in a controlled manner, the brain cells keep firing.
  • Slide 5
  • May be a surge of energy through the brain Disturbances of nerve cell activity produce symptoms, such as unconsciousness and contractions of the muscles, that vary depending on which part (and how much) of the brain is affected.
  • Slide 6
  • Is having a seizure the same as having epilepsy? Not necessarily In general, seizures do not indicate epilepsy if they only occur as a result of a temporary medical condition such as a high fever, low blood sugar, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or immediately following a brain concussion. Among people who experience a seizure under such circumstances, without a history of seizures at other times, there is usually no need for ongoing treatment for epilepsy, only a need to treat the underlying medical condition.
  • Slide 7
  • What is the burden of epilepsy in the United States? CDC estimates that about 2.0 million people in the United States have epilepsy and nearly 140,000 Americans develop the condition each year. The total indirect and direct cost of epilepsy in the United States is estimated to be $15.5 billion. This estimate is based on a reported cost of $12.5 billion in 1995 converted to 2004 dollar value using Bureau of Labor Statistics data.
  • Slide 8
  • What causes epilepsy? Disruptions to the normal connections between nerve cells in the brain (much like disruptions in wiring of a complex electrical circuit) When there are imbalances of natural chemicals or neurotransmitters that are important to the signaling among nerve cells Or, when there are changes in the membranes of nerve cells. Some of these may develop early in life while others may be acquired later.
  • Slide 9
  • Oxygen deprivation (e.g., during childbirth). Brain infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscess). Traumatic brain injury or head injury. Stroke (resulting from a block or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain).
  • Slide 10
  • Other neurologic diseases (e.g., Alzheimer disease). Brain tumors. Certain genetic disorders (Down syndrome; Angelmans syndrome; tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis)
  • Slide 11
  • In nearly two-thirds of the cases of epilepsy, a specific underlying cause is not identified. In these instances, the cause may be labeled cryptogenic if the cause is unknown, or idiopathic if the epilepsy is not associated with other neurologic disease but is consistent with certain syndromes that may be inherited.
  • Slide 12
  • Electrical system of the brain malfunctions Causes a change in awareness, movements, sensations, and behavior More than 30 different types of seizures Most common symptom of Epilepsy
  • Slide 13
  • Not necessarily the same as having epilepsy Some are barely noticeable while others cause muscle jerks or loss of consciousness Can last a few seconds to several minutes
  • Slide 14
  • There are many different types of seizures. People may experience just one type or more than one. The kind of seizure a person has depends on which part and how much of the brain is affected by the electrical disturbance that produces seizures.
  • Slide 15
  • Primary Generalized Seizures: affects both sides of the brain Tonic-clonic Absence Focal aka Partial Seizures : affects one side of the brain Simple consciousness or awareness is retained Complex consciousness is impaired or lost
  • Slide 16
  • Can have one symptom Tonic or Clonic, or a mixture of both Tonic-Clonic Tonic seizures cause stiffening of muscles of the body, generally those in the back, legs, and arms. Clonic seizures cause repeated jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the body.
  • Slide 17
  • Tonic-clonic seizures cause a mixture of symptoms, including stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs as well as loss of consciousness. Tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes referred to by an older term: grand mal seizures
  • Slide 18
  • may cry out Loss of consciousness fall to the ground rigidity and muscle jerks lasting up to a few minutes extended period of confusion and fatigue afterward
  • Slide 19
  • a.Tonic phase: There is a cry and loss of consciousness b.Arms flex up then extend in and remain rigid for a few seconds c.Clonic phase: Series of jerking movements take place as muscles contract and relax together. The jerking will slow down and will even stop. d.Place on side to aid breathing and to keep airway clear.
  • Slide 20
  • Failure to resume breathing signals a complication of the seizure such as a blocked airway, heart attack or severe head or neck injury. In these unusual circumstances, CPR must start immediately. If repeated seizures occur, or if a single seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, the person should be taken to a medical facility immediately. Prolonged or repeated seizures may suggest status epilepticus, which requires emergency medical treatment.
  • Slide 21
  • No aura Begins and ends abruptly (few seconds) Brief myoclonic jerking of the eyelids or facial muscles Staring into space Lapse of awareness Prompt recovery
  • Slide 22
  • More common in children than in adults, absence seizures almost always start between ages 4 and 12 years. They rarely begin after age 20. Sometimes, the only clue that a person is having an absence seizure is rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space neither speaking nor apparently hearing what is said. Then, as abruptly as it began, the impairment lifts and the child continues with his or her previous activity There is no warning and no after-effect. Absence seizures are frequently so brief that they escape detection, even if the child is experiencing 50 to 100 attacks daily.
  • Slide 23
  • More prolonged episodes may be accompanied by automatisms (unconscious tic such as lip smacking or chewing). No immediate first aid is usually necessary, but if this is the first observation of an absence seizure, medical evaluation is recommended. Most children with typical absence seizures are otherwise normal. About half the children also have infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
  • Slide 24
  • Although partial seizures affect different physical, emotional, or sensory functions of the brain, they have some things in common: They dont last long. Most last only a minute or two, although people may be confused and need a lot more time (2 to 30 minutes) afterwards to recover fully. They end naturally. Except in rare cases, the brain has its own way of bringing the seizure safely to an end after a minute or two.
  • Slide 25
  • You cant stop them. In an emergency, doctors may use drugs to bring a lengthy, non-stop seizure to an end. However, the average person should wait for the seizure to run its course and try to protect the person from harm while consciousness is clouded. People who have been shown how to use a Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS) magnet may try to stop a seizure in that way. They are not dangerous to others. The movements produced by a seizure are almost always too vague, too unorganized and too confused to threaten the safety of anyone else.
  • Slide 26
  • Last between 30-60 seconds No loss of consciousness Sudden jerking Starts with hand and moves to arm, leg, or side of body Sensory phenomena Transient weakness or loss of sensation
  • Slide 27
  • Last 1 to 2 minutes May have aura (or warning most typical is sensation in stomach) Automatisms (such as lip smacking, picking at clothes, fumbling) Unaware of environment Actions and movements are unorganized, confused, and unfocused Amnesia for seizure events May wander Sleepy after episode
  • Slide 28
  • Slide 29
  • Most seizures end after a few moments or a few minutes. If seizures are prolonged, (more than 5 minutes), or occur in a series, there is an increased risk of status epilepticus (a continuous state of seizure or non-stop seizure) Status epilepticus is a medical emergency. It requires hospital treatment to bring the seizures under control.
  • Slide 30
  • Some people who have epilepsy have no special seizure triggers, others are able to recognize things in their lives that do affect their seizures. Generally, the most frequent cause of an unexpected seizure is failure to take the medication as prescribed. Other factors include ingesting substances, stress, photosensitivity, sleep and wake cycles, hormonal fluctuations and menstrual cycles, excessive use and withdrawal from alcohol or drugs, illness or fever, adding or removing prescription medications or supplements can trigger seizures, and should therefore be done gradually.
  • Slide 31
  • First Aid for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: In a generalized tonic- clonic seizure, the whole brain is affecting from the beginning: 1. The person suddenly falls to the ground or has a convulsive seizure. It is essential to protect him or her from injury. 2. Keep calm and reassure other people who may be nearby. 3. Time the seizure with your watch.
  • Slide 32
  • 4. Make sure the mouth is cleared of food and saliva by turning the person on his or her side to provide an open airway and allow fluids to drain. 5. Do not try to force the mouth open with any hard implement or with fingers. It is not true that a person having a seizure can swallow his tongue. Efforts to hold the tongue down can cause injury. Dont hold the person down or try to stop movements. 6. Dont hold the person down or try to stop the seizure activity
  • Slide 33
  • 7. Cradle the head or place something soft under it, a towel or your hand, for example. 8. Remove all dangerous objects. 9. Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally and remain calm so the person having the seizure will be reassured when he or she regains consciousness. 10. Check for injuries and normal breathing
  • Slide 34
  • Failure to resume breathing signals a complication of the seizure such as a blocked airway, heart attack or severe head or neck injury. In these unusual circumstances, CPR must start immediately. If repeated seizures occur, or if a single seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, the person should be taken to a medical facility immediately. Prolonged or repeated seizures may suggest status epilepticus, which requires emergency medical treatment.
  • Slide 35
  • First Aid for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures First or unexplained seizure Lasts for more than 5 minutes (or as ordered by the doctor) Has multiple seizures or a change in seizures Injury occurs Child has diabetes Difficulty breathing or does not regain consciousness
  • Slide 36
  • Antiepileptic drugs Surgery Vagus nerve stimulator implant Ketogenic diet a high fat, low carbohydrate diet
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Emergency Care Plan created by the District Nurse Staff trained for seizure care Medication Administration Authorization Physical Education accommodations as needed
  • Slide 39
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333 http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy Epilepsy Foundation 8301 Professional Pl. Landover MD 20785 1- 800-332-1000 Espaol:1-866-748- 8008 http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org Epilepsy Foundation of Northern California 155 Montgomery St., Suite 309 San Francisco, CA 94104 (415) 677-4011 or (800) 632- 3532 http://www.epilepsynorcal.org http://www.epilepsynorcal.org
  • Slide 40
  • BC Epilepsy Society, (Nov 2009) Retrieved from Youtube website 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbHgKiCUKt0&feature =related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbHgKiCUKt0&feature =related Center For Disease Control, (2012). Retrieved from website: http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy Epilepsy Foundation, (2012). Retrieved from website: http://www.epilepsyfoundation.orghttp://www.epilepsyfoundation.org Epilepsy.com website. (2012). http://www.epilepsy.comhttp://www.epilepsy.com National Institutes of Health, (2012). Retrieved from website: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/detail_epilep sy.htm#196693109 http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/detail_epilep sy.htm#196693109

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