Natomas Unified School District 2014 Seizure Training Module
Transcript
Slide 1
Natomas Unified School District 2014
Slide 2
What is Epilepsy? What causes Epilepsy Seizures Types of
seizures Prevention Triggers Managing seizures
Slide 3
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Department of
Education health services policy 6A:16- 2.1
Slide 4
Epilepsy is sometimes referred to as seizure disorder Temporary
disturbance in brain function Seizures happen when the electrical
system of the brain malfunctions. Instead of discharging electrical
energy in a controlled manner, the brain cells keep firing.
Slide 5
May be a surge of energy through the brain Disturbances of
nerve cell activity produce symptoms, such as unconsciousness and
contractions of the muscles, that vary depending on which part (and
how much) of the brain is affected.
Slide 6
Is having a seizure the same as having epilepsy? Not
necessarily In general, seizures do not indicate epilepsy if they
only occur as a result of a temporary medical condition such as a
high fever, low blood sugar, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or
immediately following a brain concussion. Among people who
experience a seizure under such circumstances, without a history of
seizures at other times, there is usually no need for ongoing
treatment for epilepsy, only a need to treat the underlying medical
condition.
Slide 7
What is the burden of epilepsy in the United States? CDC
estimates that about 2.0 million people in the United States have
epilepsy and nearly 140,000 Americans develop the condition each
year. The total indirect and direct cost of epilepsy in the United
States is estimated to be $15.5 billion. This estimate is based on
a reported cost of $12.5 billion in 1995 converted to 2004 dollar
value using Bureau of Labor Statistics data.
Slide 8
What causes epilepsy? Disruptions to the normal connections
between nerve cells in the brain (much like disruptions in wiring
of a complex electrical circuit) When there are imbalances of
natural chemicals or neurotransmitters that are important to the
signaling among nerve cells Or, when there are changes in the
membranes of nerve cells. Some of these may develop early in life
while others may be acquired later.
Slide 9
Oxygen deprivation (e.g., during childbirth). Brain infections
(e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscess). Traumatic brain
injury or head injury. Stroke (resulting from a block or rupture of
a blood vessel in the brain).
Slide 10
Other neurologic diseases (e.g., Alzheimer disease). Brain
tumors. Certain genetic disorders (Down syndrome; Angelmans
syndrome; tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis)
Slide 11
In nearly two-thirds of the cases of epilepsy, a specific
underlying cause is not identified. In these instances, the cause
may be labeled cryptogenic if the cause is unknown, or idiopathic
if the epilepsy is not associated with other neurologic disease but
is consistent with certain syndromes that may be inherited.
Slide 12
Electrical system of the brain malfunctions Causes a change in
awareness, movements, sensations, and behavior More than 30
different types of seizures Most common symptom of Epilepsy
Slide 13
Not necessarily the same as having epilepsy Some are barely
noticeable while others cause muscle jerks or loss of consciousness
Can last a few seconds to several minutes
Slide 14
There are many different types of seizures. People may
experience just one type or more than one. The kind of seizure a
person has depends on which part and how much of the brain is
affected by the electrical disturbance that produces seizures.
Slide 15
Primary Generalized Seizures: affects both sides of the brain
Tonic-clonic Absence Focal aka Partial Seizures : affects one side
of the brain Simple consciousness or awareness is retained Complex
consciousness is impaired or lost
Slide 16
Can have one symptom Tonic or Clonic, or a mixture of both
Tonic-Clonic Tonic seizures cause stiffening of muscles of the
body, generally those in the back, legs, and arms. Clonic seizures
cause repeated jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the
body.
Slide 17
Tonic-clonic seizures cause a mixture of symptoms, including
stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs
as well as loss of consciousness. Tonic-clonic seizures are
sometimes referred to by an older term: grand mal seizures
Slide 18
may cry out Loss of consciousness fall to the ground rigidity
and muscle jerks lasting up to a few minutes extended period of
confusion and fatigue afterward
Slide 19
a.Tonic phase: There is a cry and loss of consciousness b.Arms
flex up then extend in and remain rigid for a few seconds c.Clonic
phase: Series of jerking movements take place as muscles contract
and relax together. The jerking will slow down and will even stop.
d.Place on side to aid breathing and to keep airway clear.
Slide 20
Failure to resume breathing signals a complication of the
seizure such as a blocked airway, heart attack or severe head or
neck injury. In these unusual circumstances, CPR must start
immediately. If repeated seizures occur, or if a single seizure
lasts longer than 5 minutes, the person should be taken to a
medical facility immediately. Prolonged or repeated seizures may
suggest status epilepticus, which requires emergency medical
treatment.
Slide 21
No aura Begins and ends abruptly (few seconds) Brief myoclonic
jerking of the eyelids or facial muscles Staring into space Lapse
of awareness Prompt recovery
Slide 22
More common in children than in adults, absence seizures almost
always start between ages 4 and 12 years. They rarely begin after
age 20. Sometimes, the only clue that a person is having an absence
seizure is rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space
neither speaking nor apparently hearing what is said. Then, as
abruptly as it began, the impairment lifts and the child continues
with his or her previous activity There is no warning and no
after-effect. Absence seizures are frequently so brief that they
escape detection, even if the child is experiencing 50 to 100
attacks daily.
Slide 23
More prolonged episodes may be accompanied by automatisms
(unconscious tic such as lip smacking or chewing). No immediate
first aid is usually necessary, but if this is the first
observation of an absence seizure, medical evaluation is
recommended. Most children with typical absence seizures are
otherwise normal. About half the children also have infrequent
generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Slide 24
Although partial seizures affect different physical, emotional,
or sensory functions of the brain, they have some things in common:
They dont last long. Most last only a minute or two, although
people may be confused and need a lot more time (2 to 30 minutes)
afterwards to recover fully. They end naturally. Except in rare
cases, the brain has its own way of bringing the seizure safely to
an end after a minute or two.
Slide 25
You cant stop them. In an emergency, doctors may use drugs to
bring a lengthy, non-stop seizure to an end. However, the average
person should wait for the seizure to run its course and try to
protect the person from harm while consciousness is clouded. People
who have been shown how to use a Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS)
magnet may try to stop a seizure in that way. They are not
dangerous to others. The movements produced by a seizure are almost
always too vague, too unorganized and too confused to threaten the
safety of anyone else.
Slide 26
Last between 30-60 seconds No loss of consciousness Sudden
jerking Starts with hand and moves to arm, leg, or side of body
Sensory phenomena Transient weakness or loss of sensation
Slide 27
Last 1 to 2 minutes May have aura (or warning most typical is
sensation in stomach) Automatisms (such as lip smacking, picking at
clothes, fumbling) Unaware of environment Actions and movements are
unorganized, confused, and unfocused Amnesia for seizure events May
wander Sleepy after episode
Slide 28
Slide 29
Most seizures end after a few moments or a few minutes. If
seizures are prolonged, (more than 5 minutes), or occur in a
series, there is an increased risk of status epilepticus (a
continuous state of seizure or non-stop seizure) Status epilepticus
is a medical emergency. It requires hospital treatment to bring the
seizures under control.
Slide 30
Some people who have epilepsy have no special seizure triggers,
others are able to recognize things in their lives that do affect
their seizures. Generally, the most frequent cause of an unexpected
seizure is failure to take the medication as prescribed. Other
factors include ingesting substances, stress, photosensitivity,
sleep and wake cycles, hormonal fluctuations and menstrual cycles,
excessive use and withdrawal from alcohol or drugs, illness or
fever, adding or removing prescription medications or supplements
can trigger seizures, and should therefore be done gradually.
Slide 31
First Aid for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: In a
generalized tonic- clonic seizure, the whole brain is affecting
from the beginning: 1. The person suddenly falls to the ground or
has a convulsive seizure. It is essential to protect him or her
from injury. 2. Keep calm and reassure other people who may be
nearby. 3. Time the seizure with your watch.
Slide 32
4. Make sure the mouth is cleared of food and saliva by turning
the person on his or her side to provide an open airway and allow
fluids to drain. 5. Do not try to force the mouth open with any
hard implement or with fingers. It is not true that a person having
a seizure can swallow his tongue. Efforts to hold the tongue down
can cause injury. Dont hold the person down or try to stop
movements. 6. Dont hold the person down or try to stop the seizure
activity
Slide 33
7. Cradle the head or place something soft under it, a towel or
your hand, for example. 8. Remove all dangerous objects. 9. Stay
with the person until the seizure ends naturally and remain calm so
the person having the seizure will be reassured when he or she
regains consciousness. 10. Check for injuries and normal
breathing
Slide 34
Failure to resume breathing signals a complication of the
seizure such as a blocked airway, heart attack or severe head or
neck injury. In these unusual circumstances, CPR must start
immediately. If repeated seizures occur, or if a single seizure
lasts longer than 5 minutes, the person should be taken to a
medical facility immediately. Prolonged or repeated seizures may
suggest status epilepticus, which requires emergency medical
treatment.
Slide 35
First Aid for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures First or
unexplained seizure Lasts for more than 5 minutes (or as ordered by
the doctor) Has multiple seizures or a change in seizures Injury
occurs Child has diabetes Difficulty breathing or does not regain
consciousness
Slide 36
Antiepileptic drugs Surgery Vagus nerve stimulator implant
Ketogenic diet a high fat, low carbohydrate diet
Slide 37
Slide 38
Emergency Care Plan created by the District Nurse Staff trained
for seizure care Medication Administration Authorization Physical
Education accommodations as needed
Slide 39
Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd.
Atlanta, GA 30333 http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy
http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy Epilepsy Foundation 8301 Professional
Pl. Landover MD 20785 1- 800-332-1000 Espaol:1-866-748- 8008
http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org
Epilepsy Foundation of Northern California 155 Montgomery St.,
Suite 309 San Francisco, CA 94104 (415) 677-4011 or (800) 632- 3532
http://www.epilepsynorcal.org http://www.epilepsynorcal.org
Slide 40
BC Epilepsy Society, (Nov 2009) Retrieved from Youtube website
2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbHgKiCUKt0&feature
=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbHgKiCUKt0&feature
=related Center For Disease Control, (2012). Retrieved from
website: http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy
Epilepsy Foundation, (2012). Retrieved from website:
http://www.epilepsyfoundation.orghttp://www.epilepsyfoundation.org
Epilepsy.com website. (2012).
http://www.epilepsy.comhttp://www.epilepsy.com National Institutes
of Health, (2012). Retrieved from website:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/detail_epilep
sy.htm#196693109
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/detail_epilep
sy.htm#196693109