AapasthreenstexofefdavefrreNstniintoevcofo

Knave

1 Texseconuhithveon

Natu

1D

2Lec

Abstract. Thpproach, not ons opposed to thehe passive biocesult in better inergy consumptrategies for coxclusively the tf the presentffectiveness ofaytime ventilaentilation, in thramework, a epresentative tr

Nicosia, in ordtrategies duringight ventilationn traditional dwo the two othevidence that nigonsequently, imollowing day.

Key words atural ventilaentilation, Me

. Introduc

The vernaculaxample of bioeries of envomfort duringumber of pasigh thermal bhe appropriateentilation andne of the mos

ral ventil

Department o

cturer, Depart

3Assistant Pr

he reuse of vernly because it lee construction oclimatic designindoor thermal

ption. This studooling purposeechnique of crot paper is tof various nattion, full-day

he rural vernacufield research

raditional dwelder to assess g the hot, summ is the most eff

wellings during er ventilation sght ventilation

mproves the in

ation strategediterranean c

ction

ar architecturoclimatic archvironmental fg the summessive cooling building matee shading of d proper vegetst important c

International C

e

ation stra

D. D

f Civil and En

tment of Arch

rofessor, Depa

rnacular dwellineaves a small eof new building

n features of vel comfort and idy investigates es in traditionaoss ventilation. o quantitativeltural ventilatio(24-hour) ven

ular architectureh study was lling in the vi

the aforemenmer season. Thfective strategy the hot summestrategies. Thereduces indoor

ndoor thermal e

gies, thermal limate, vernac

e of Cyprus hitecture sincefeatures [1]. er season is design princ

erials, the arcthe building ation [2]. Nat

cooling strateg

Conference on RenMadrid

exÇxãtuÄx XÇxÜzçISSN 21

ategies forarchite

Demosthenou

nvironmental Edemosth

hitecture, Facu

artment of Arphilokyp

ngs is a sustainecological footpgs, but also becernacular buildin the reductionatural ventila

al buildings, uThe main objec

ly investigate on strategies, ntilation and ne of Cyprus. In

conducted iillage of Kapentioned ventila

he results show for passive coo

er period, compe analysis provr temperatures environment of

comfort, ccular architect

is an excele it incorporat

Indoor therthe result o

iples such aschitectural layenvelope, nat

tural ventilatiogies of vernac

newable Energies(Spain), 4th to 6th

ç tÇw cÉãxÜ dât172-038 X, No.14

r cooling ecture of C

us1, A. Micha

Engineering, Fhenous.d@gm

ulty of Engine

chitecture, Faprou.maria@u

nable print, cause dings on of ation using ctive

the i.e.,

night n this in a edes, ation

that oling pared vides and,

f the

cross ture

llent tes a rmal of a the

yout, tural on is cular

arocopdawencltethveofen Thenofwspardeteenexthacdetece Thdidafinpeloqufo

s and Power QuaMay, 2016

tÄ|àç ]ÉâÜÇtÄ(RE&4 May 2016

purposesCyprus

ael2, M. Philo

Faculty of Enmail.com

ering, Univers

aculty of Enginucy.ac.cy

rchitecture in ccupants’ habpening behavaytime ventilahere air tem

nvironment faimates, night chnique that i

he following entilation depf the locationnvelope [5].

he effectivenenvelope in stabf outdoor temell document

pecifically, thrchitecture of elays the apmperature in

nvironment. Hxamined quanhe building elchieved by esefined as themperature an

ertain period o

he present stifferent ventilaay (24-hours)ndings of a fieriod of 2015ocated in a seuantitative assor cooling in

ality (ICREPQ’16

&PQJ)

in the ru

okyprou3

ngineering, Un

sity of Cyprus

neering, Univ

Cyprus. Its bits and, morvioural patternation is most amperature andall within comventilation is

improves indoday [4]. T

pends upon thn and the the

ess of the thebilizing the in

mperature flucted in other fhe studies co

Cyprus [1, 3ppearance of n relation

However, thentitatively thelements, e.g. stablishing thee time delay nd the peak iof time [7].

tudy evaluateation cooling ) and night

field study un5 in a represeemi-mountainsessment of nn residential

6)

ural verna

niversity of Cy

s, aimilios@u

versity of Cypr

efficiency dre specificallyns [3]. Geneappropriate fod humidity omfort limits. H recommende

oor thermal coThe effectivehe diurnal temermal mass o

ermal inertia ndoor temperactuations durifield studies [onducted on 3] indicate tha

the maximuto that of studies in qu heat storagethe walls. T

e time lag(φ)between the

inside temper

s the effectivstrategies, i.eventilation,

ndertaken durientative vernanous region onatural ventil

vernacular

acular

yprus,

cy.ac.cy

rus,

depends on ty, on window

erally speakinr mild climate

of the externHowever, in hed as an indireonditions durineness of nigmperature ranof the buildin

of the buildinature, regardleing the day, [1, 3, 6]. Mothe vernacul

at thermal maum indoor a

the externuestion have ne capabilities This analysis factor which e peak outsirature, within

veness of thre., daytime, fu

based on ting the summacular dwellinof Cyprus. Tlation strategiarchitecture

the w-ng, es, nal hot ect ng

ght ge ng

ng ess

is ore lar ass air nal not of is is

de n a

ree ull-he

mer ng, he ies of

4/27

https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 526 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016

Caite 2

Tcesenamoffoofarqu

Tseenstdile

Tlogyabrobyorch

Cyprus is carriir temperatureemperature).

. Research

The building uentre of Kapemi-mountainarrow streets

majority of thef the buildingorm. The tradf the envirrchitecture ofualitative and

Fig. 1. Exte

The dwelling iemi-open spantrance, as wetreet and the ichoro (Fig. evel and two b

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. In

The walls of thocal stone anypsum plasterbout 40-45 cmoofs are madey tiles. The riginal formharacteristics.

ied out througe, time lag an

h methodo

under investigpedes village, nous region) s and a conte traditional dg under study ditional buildironmental cf Cyprus whiquantitative a

erior view of the

is a two storeace called iliaell as of an inhouse, a larg2b), other au

bedrooms on t

nterior views of

he building arnd adobes ar. They are 50m thick on thee of timber, re

house has rm, preserving

gh a comparatind thermal co

logy

gation (Fig. 1)Nicosia (cliwhich is c

tinuous builddwellings in th

are conserveding selected icharacteristics ch facilitates assessment.

e building unde

y building whakos (Fig. 2antermediate spge double spuxiliary roomthe second lev

f (a)iliakos and

re load bearinand plastered0 cm thick at e first floor leeeds and clayrecently beeng almost al

ive assessmenomfort (opera

) is located atimatic zone 0characterized

ding system.he neighbourhd to their origincorporates m

of vernaca more accu

er investigation

hich consists a), serving aspace between

pace room, cams on the grovel.

(b)dichoro

ng, constructed internally w

ground level evel. The incliy and are coven restored toll its authe

nt of ative

t the 03 -

by The

hood ginal most cular urate

of a s an n the alled ound

d of with and

ined ered

o its entic

Thpeveexenscvetatrathcl

Inforevebeenroveapcoveverefrowclstropitsdabeve ThfotemeqanWabsawwenincove

he field monieriod of 201entilation for xamined. Dunvironmental cientifically doernacular archaken in dichoaditional dwe

he door betweosed in order

Fi

nitially, the corm of ventilateference valueentilation straetween the 25t

nsure high rateoom remainedentilation strpplied sequenonsecutive daentilation, fuentilation. Duemained open om 21:00h to indows remaiosed from 07rategy, a meapenings were s initial theraytime and fuetween full-entilation.

he indoor envollowing: air mperature. T

minute intervquipment, i.e.nd a Vaisala

WMT700. The bove floor levame time, a was installed hich recorded

nvironment. Tndoor and oomparative eventilation stra

toring was ca15. Thereforecooling purpo

uring the inparameters w

ocument the ehitecture of Coro, which coellings in Cypeen the dichoto create a co

ig. 3. Plan view

case study wation between

es could be recategies were th of July and e of air exchan

d wide open drategies. Thentially (each says) in the

ull-day (24-houring daytime

from 07:00h07:00h, while

ined open from7:00h to 21:00antime period

closed in ordrmal conditioull-day (24-hoday (24-hou

vironmental patemperature

The measuremvals, using . ELR610M -a WINDCAP®

equipment wvel, at a centrawireless weathe

on the roof d the climatic The recordedoutdoor envivaluation of thategy. Furthe

arried out durie, the potenoses was the

nvestigated pwere recorde

effect of naturCyprus. Measomprises the prus. During oro and the ilntrolled indoo

w of the case stu

as investigatethe 7th and 9th

corded. Afterwexamined durthe 2nd of Augnge, all three

during field me different sstrategy inves

following oour) ventilate ventilation

h to 21:00h ae, during nighm 21:00h to 00h. Between eintervened, du

der for the spon, i.e. 34 our) ventilatiour) ventilatio

arameters meae, air velociments were

appropriate - Heat Shield® Ultrasonicas placed at a

al point of the er station Vanof the traditconditions of

d temperatureironment arehe cooling po

ermore, temp

ing the summntial of natur

only parametperiod, specifed in order ral ventilation surements wemain room

the field studliakos remainor environmen

udy

ed without anh of July, so thwards, the thrring the periogust. In order windows of t

measurementsstrategies westigated for tworder: daytimion and nig, the window

and were closht ventilation t07:00h and weeach ventilatiouring which tace to return hours betwe

on and 38 houon and nig

asured were tity and glotaken at fiv

measuremed Base Moduc Wind Sensa height of 75c

dichoro. At tntage Pro 2 Pltional dwellinf the immediaes of both te used for otential of eaerature senso

mer ral ter fic to in

ere of

dy, ned nt.

ny hat ree od to

the of

ere wo me ght ws ed

the ere on the to en

urs ght

he be

ve-ent ule sor cm he lus ng ate the

a ach ors

4/27

https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 527 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016

wsola

wthte TSTocexsucoderetevaTdecatereteverene 3 A TdorequTdepocoshrew Inwda

were installed outh façade ofag factor using

where τ(Tsi_max

he inner surfemperature of

Thermal comfotandard (ACS

The principle ccupants of xpectations ofupported indoonditions. Teveloped by desearch studemperature, inalue of air te

The acceptabetermined usialculated as aemperature, uefers to the semperature. Ielocity, whichelatively smaegligible.

. Results an

. Contribution

The cooling efocumented begistered induestion, was

This may be atense fabric oositive contribomparing indhown in figuepresents the

with an annotat

n the beginniwithout any na

ays of lack

on the insidf the case studg the followin

x) is the exacface and τ(T

f the external w

fort is assessedS) which is incof the ACS naturally venf thermal com

oor spaces, dueThe Adaptivde Dear & Braies at a g

n the present emperature anble indoor ing the 80%

a moving averusing a sevenstandard, i.e. It is worth h is a cruciaall in all ca

nd discussi

n of ventilatio

ffect providedby air temp

door air velorather low inttributed to thof the traditiobution of natu

door and outdures 4 and 5period when tion of the coo

ing, the spacatural ventilatik of ventila

de and outsiddy in order to ng equation:

t time of peaTse_max) is thwall for a part

d using the Acorporated in is based on

ntilated spacemfort than thoe to their adap

ve Comfort ager [9], after global scale. study, is takend mean radoperative teand 90% acc

rage of mean n–day movinthe prevailinmentioning

al parameter ases and wa

ion

n as a cooling

d through venperature andocity, in then all cases, ofhe narrow streonal core of ural ventilatiodoor air temp. The shadedthe windows oling strategy

ce under studion (Fig 4.). Dation, the p

Fig. 5. Air

de surface of calculate the t

(1)

ak temperaturhe time of picular day [7]

Adaptive ComASHRAE 55 the fact that

es have diffeose of technicptation to outd

Standard a number of f

The operaen to be the mdiant temperatemperatures ceptability limdaily outdoor

ng average. Tng mean outdthat, indoor for cooling,

as thus, deem

g strategy

ntilation is mad velocity. e monitoringf about 0.01 mets and the rathe village.

on is evaluatedperaturesand id area in Figwere open alapplied.

dy was examiDuring those thpeak indoor

r temperatures r

f the time

re of peak .

mfort [8]. the

erent cally door was

field ative mean ture.

are mits, r air This door

air was med

ainly The

g in m/s.

ather The

d by it is g. 5 long

ined hree

air

tethinthtestaexcoenes

IninenreteA5.enobboeninlo Inteteni0.aiaibestrvestrteve

recorded in diff 

mperatures whe respective ondoor air temphermal mass omperature fluable, i.e. 1.2xternal enviroontribution onvelope in stastablished.

Fig. 4. Air tem

n the case ofndoor air tempnvironment, wetains high valmperature isdditionally, m8oC above

nvironment. Tbserved whenoth to the heatnvelope durinn the interior ower ambient t

n the case mperature omperature pright. In partic4oC lower thar temperaturer temperatureetween dichorrategy of full-entilation strarategy of full-mperatures dentilation.

ferent ventilatio

were recorded outdoor ones. perature is dueof the buildinguctuation in d2oC, regardlesonment i.e. 9.of the thermabilizing the in

mperatures for t

f daytime venperature followwhile nocturnlues. More spes 0.6oC lowmean nocturn

the respectivThe rapid inthe windows

t stored in the g daytime, asof dichoro d

temperature is

of full-dayof the indoorofile of outdcular, the peaan the outdoo

e during night-e. The differenro and externa-day (24-hourategy. Thus, i-day (24-hourduring the n

on strategies 

approximatelThe particula

e to the thermag envelope. Fdichoro was ss of the flu.7oC. Therefo

mal inertia ofnternal tempe

the period with

ntilation (Figws the patternnal indoor aecifically, the

wer than the al indoor air ve mean ofncrease of aclosed (21:00thermal mass

s well as to thduring the nis registered.

(24-hour) vor space fodoors, during ak indoor air or one, while, -time is 2.7oCnce of the noal environmenr) ventilation tit has been p) ventilation i

night compar

ly 5 hours aftar time delay al storage in t

Furthermore, trecorded to ctuation in t

ore, the positif the buildin

erature has be

hout ventilation

g. 5), the dain of the externair temperatupeak indoor aoutdoor on

temperature f the externair temperatu0h), is attributs of the buildinhe heat retainight-time, wh

ventilation, tollows the a both day antemperature average indo

C above outdoocturnal averant is lower in tthan in daytimproven that tmproves indoed to daytim

ter of

the the be

the ve ng en

ily nal ure air ne.

is nal ure ted ng ed en

he air nd is

oor oor ge

the me the oor me

4/27

https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 528 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016

Tinstduthteenwthvetetoveexen Ffofa

Ineafractevecoduinex4tico5peextrbeadin B

Tth7 fo80pebo23frfowan

The strategy ofndoor air temtrategies. Mouring night fohe outdoor emperature benvironment. T

which is much he applicatioentilation straemperature deo the peak tementilation hasxtracts heat nvelope.

urthermore, thor each ventiactor of time l

Table I. –

Strategy of VNo ventil

DaytimFull-day (24

Night-t

n particular, tiach strategy. rom daytime ccordance wemperature. entilation, theompared to thue to the posincorporated inxhibits, as exp:40h compareme ventilatioomparison wi:20h. The moeriod of no xternal enviroransfer in the ieen made edvantage of thn relation to th

B. Evaluation o

Thermal comfohe three ventil

respectively.or thermal env0% and 90% eriod of no voth 80% and3.6oC respectrom 29.3oC toor 90%.The sh

which the windn annotation o

f night ventilamperature comore specificaollow closely

environmenteing 0.7oC loThe peak indolower than th

on of daytimategies. Addielays approximmperature of th

a positive imfrom the th

he thermal inilation strateglag (Table I).

Mean time lag

Ventilation lation me 4-hours) time

ime lag is calcIt is observed

to night-timwith the prIn the stra

e indoor peak he peak tempitive contributn the full-dapected, signified to all the oton has slightlith the periodost protected i

ventilation, onmental condinterior of theevident that he thermal in

he two other v

of thermal com

fort for the pelation strategie The comfortvironmental cof the occupaentilation, the

d 90% are betively. The coo 29.6oC for 8haded area ofdows were opof the strategy

ation providesmpared to thlly, indoor the respectivet, with me

ower than thaoor air tempehe temperatureme and fulitionally, the mately 6 houhe external en

mpact on the ihermal mass

nertia of the bgy is determi

for each ventila

Mean t5124

culated as an d that, mean tme ventilatiorevious asse

ategy of fultemperature oerature of daytion of night vay strategy. Nficantly wider ther strategiesy narrower m

d with no venindoor enviroi.e. no inter

ditions, led to e building. Co

night ventilnertia of the bventilation stra

mfort

eriod of no vees is evaluatedt zone for botonditions acc

ants within dice lower accepetween 22.3-2orresponding u0% and from

f Fig.7 represepen for each cy applied. The

s lower noctuhe two prevair temperate temperatureean indoor at of the outderature is 29.7e recorded dull-day (24-hpeak indoor

urs in comparnvironment. Nindoor space aof the build

building envelined through

ation strategy

ime lag (h) 5:20 1:50 2:20 4:40

average valueime lag incre

on, which isessment of ll-day (24-hoccurs 0.30h lytime ventilatventilation thNight ventilamean time la. However, ni

mean time lagntilation, whicnment duringraction with the delay of

onsequently, itlation takes building envelategies.

entilation andd in figures 6 th graphs waseptable to at lchoro. During

ptability limits22.6oC and 2upper limits v28.3oC to 28

ents the periocase, followedthermal comf

urnal vious tures es of

air door 7oC,

uring hour) r air rison

Night as it ding

lope the

e for ases s in

air hour) later tion, at is

ation ag of ight-g in ch is g the

the heat t has full

lope

d for and

s set least g the s for 23.3-vary .6oC

od in d by fort

zo80fo InteThenenHduSpby

Fi Intewlim1.te12vethbeshopth Aveaptecoexwoplimfu90ofreteefveapnototenove

one in Fig. 7 r0% acceptabilor 90% accepta

n the case mperatures fherefore, thenvelope (Tablenvironment wowever, opeuring the thpecifically, thy 1.1oC from 7

ig. 6. Operative

n the case omperatures ehereas nocturmit. The peak7oC above themperatures e2% of the timentilation, in the case of 90%egin to fall wihortly after perative tempehe correspondi

s shown in fientilation exhpproximately mperatures

onditions. Suxceeds the upithin the limperative tempmits of 80% ull-day (24-ho0% acceptabilf full-day (24-espective onesmperatures at

ffect. Duringentilation, pproximately 2octurnal operao daytime vemperatures arocturnal operentilation peri

ranges from 22lity and from ability.

of no natfall within the high therme I), ensures t

without the aperative temphree days ofhe peak opera7th to 9th of Ju

temperatures f

f daytime veexceed the rnal ones rem

k operative teme limit of 90%

exceed the upme of the expthe case of 80

% acceptabilityithin the com18:00h. The erature after 2ing increase o

igure 7, the sthibits high di5oC. This is rfollow close

ubsequently, pper limits du

mits during niperatures excfor 27% of thour) ventilatiolity. It is note-hour) ventilats in daytime vet that particug the periopeak oper2oC above theative temperatentilation as re 1.4oC lowrative temperod.

2.4-23.1oC to 23.4-24.1oC t

tural ventilathe required

mal mass ofthermal comfopplication of aeratures incrf the periodative temperaly.

for the period w

entilation, diuupper accep

main below tmperatures are%. Additionallpper acceptabperimental per0% acceptabiliy. The operativfort zone in a

rapid incre21:00h is in af relative air t

trategy of fuliurnal temperrelated to the ely the outhe operativ

uring daytimeght-time. Moeed the uppehe time durinon and 44% ed that the exction are muchentilation. Hig

ular period cood of full-rative tempe limit of 90%tures are impr

mean noctuer than the rratures durin

29.4-30.1oC fto 28.4-29.10o

tion, operaticomfort zon

f the buildinort in the indoany ventilatioreased slight

d under studatures increas

without ventilati

urnal operatiptability limithe 90% uppe approximately, the operatibility limits friod of daytimity, and, 31% ve temperatur

afternoon hourease of indoaccordance witemperature.

ll-day (24-hourature range fact that indo

utdoor weathve temperatue, while it faore specificaller acceptabili

ng the period in the case

ceeding perioh higher than tgher outdoor a

ontribute to thday (24-houperatures a%. Neverthelesroved in relatiournal operatirespective meg the daytim

for oC

ve ne. ng

oor on. tly dy. ed

ion

ve ts,

per ely ve for me in

res rs,

oor ith

ur) of

oor her ure lls ly, ity of of

ods the air his ur) are ss, on ve an

me

4/27

https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 529 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016

InnocoHrecoteonverecostvetemvesi5 4 Tveofsu80Ttethstveinveliitmcomveanbeth Thasp

n the case oocturnal opeorresponding

However, in emains belowomfort duringemperatures enly for 11%entilation. Fuecorded at 19orresponding trategies. Thentilation semperatures th

morning hoursentilation, ensignificantly h.0oC at that pa

. Conclusio

The present sentilation has f indoor spaceummer period0% acceptabi

The findings alemperatures dhe morning antudy providesentilation strandoor enviroentilation excmits, thus cre

t is noted that mean time laontributing po

midday hours. ery low indoond night hourse safely asseshe effectivene

The present stas a positive paces during t

of night venterative temp

ones of futhis case, d

w the upper lig hot midday

exceed the upp of the time

urthermore, pe9:00 which is

peaks of therefore, it bsignificantly hrough the das in comparisuring better

higher outdooarticular time.

ons

study has qua positive co

es of the tradd, ensuring theility limits of lso show that

during the nexnd hot middays evidence thategies fail to onment. Bo

ceed, to some eating discomfnight ventilati

ag compared ositively to thConcerning t

or air velocitys in all cases assed. The incoss of natural v

tudy has estacontribution t

the hot summe

tilation, the merature are

ull-day (24-hdiurnal operamit of 80%, y hours. Morper acceptabie during the eak operative approximatel

the two prevbecomes evi

reduces pay and, in partison to full-dthermal cond

or air temper

ualitatively shontribution to titional dwellin

ermal levels wf indoor opera

night ventilatxt day and, in y hours. On that both day-tensure therm

oth day-timeextent, the up

fort to the resiion exhibits si

to all the he thermal cothe air velocit

y was recordedand thus its coorporation of fventilation.

ablished that to the coolinger period and

Fig. 7. Ther

measurementssimilar to

hour) ventilatative tempera

ensuring therreover, operaility limit of 9

period of ntemperatures

ly 3:30h aftervious ventilaident that npeak operaticular, duringday and daytditions, even wratures of 2.5

hown that nthe cooling efng during the

within the rangative temperattion reduces pparticular, du

he other hand,time and full-

mal comfort ine and full-pper acceptabidents. Moreoignificantly wother strateg

omfort during ty measuremed during both ontribution canfans will impr

night ventilag effect of indhas revealed t

rmal comfort ev

s of the

tion. ature rmal ative 90% night s are r the ation night ative g the time with 5 to

night ffect e hot ge of ture. peak uring , the -day

n the -day

bility over, wider gies,

hot ents, day

nnot rove

ation door that

thhuaboftraar 5. [1EnCa34[2“AALePr[3“DCoVEu[4CoTh24[5mstr[6veinhu20[7deBu[8CoThO[9naSt54

valuation for di

he occupants ouman comfortbove underlinef the occupanaditional dwerchitecture to a

. Reference

] M. Philokynvironmental ase Study in 49-354. 2] M. PhiloAssessment ofrchitecture. Te Vies dei Meroceedings, 203] A. MichaDocumentatioontribution oernacular AuroMed 2014,

4] M. Santamooling: The She State of th45 5] E. Shaviv,

mass and nighrategy”, Rene

6] D. Toe andernacular pasndoor thermal umid climate 015, pp. 229-27] H. Asan, “ecrement facuilding and En

8] American Sonditioning hermal Envccupancy”, A

9] R. De Deaaturally ventitandard 55”, E49-561.

ifferent ventilat

of vernacular t by using paes the necessint’s role in

ellings as welladapt to the su

es

yprou and A.Features of

Cyprus”, Proc

okyprou, A. f the Bioclim

The Historic Cercanti XI For013, pp. 666-6ael, M. Philn and Evaof Natural

Architecture , pp. 310-320.mouris, “Ve

State of the Ahe Art, Londo

, A. Yezioroht ventilationewable Energyd T. Kubota, ssive coolingcomfort of mof Malaysia

258. “Numerical coctors for difnvironment, v

Society of HeEngineers,

vironmental Atlanta, Georgi

ar and G. Bilated buildinEnergy and B

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https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 530 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016