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Natural Disasters of the 14Natural Disasters of the 14thth CenturyCentury
The Great Famine (1315-The Great Famine (1315-1317) 1317)
The Black Death (1346-1351)The Black Death (1346-1351)
1414thth Century Disasters: Century Disasters: Human and Natural Human and Natural
Avignon PapacyAvignon Papacy Great SchismGreat Schism Hundred Years WarHundred Years War Great FamineGreat Famine Black DeathBlack Death
ConsequencesConsequences
Europe experiences tremendous Europe experiences tremendous strainsstrains
Become aware of new vulnerabilities Become aware of new vulnerabilities Famine and plague cause millions of Famine and plague cause millions of
deaths deaths Many challenge old institutions Many challenge old institutions Many more doubt traditional values Many more doubt traditional values Calamities altered the path of Calamities altered the path of
European development European development
The Great Famine of 1315The Great Famine of 1315
800 to 1300 AD - the total 800 to 1300 AD - the total production of Europe had production of Europe had increased steadilyincreased steadily
local food shortages - people did local food shortages - people did die of starvation die of starvation
standard of living in Western standard of living in Western Europe had risen even while the Europe had risen even while the population had steadily increased population had steadily increased
14th century14th century
the population so large that the the population so large that the land could provide enough land could provide enough resources only under the best of resources only under the best of conditionsconditions
no margin for crop failures or no margin for crop failures or harvest shortfallsharvest shortfalls
climate underwent a slight change, climate underwent a slight change, cooler and wetter summers and cooler and wetter summers and earlier autumn stormsearlier autumn storms
Wet spring 1315, 1316, 1317Wet spring 1315, 1316, 1317
ConsequencesConsequences
Europeans malnourishedEuropeans malnourished 10-15% die of 10-15% die of pneumonia, pneumonia,
bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other sicknessessicknesses
Fewer mouths to feedFewer mouths to feed Nobles and peasants alike sufferNobles and peasants alike suffer Recovery begins by 1325Recovery begins by 1325
An Essay on PopulationAn Essay on Population
Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus (1766-1834),(1766-1834),
Arithmetic vs Arithmetic vs geometric increasegeometric increase
the population of a the population of a region will eventually region will eventually increase until there increase until there are not sufficient are not sufficient resources to support resources to support it it
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ProductionPopulation
The Black Death of 1347-The Black Death of 1347-13511351
revival of commerce and trade = revival of commerce and trade = more movement of people more movement of people
merchants travelled to regions merchants travelled to regions from which they could bring both from which they could bring both profitable wares and contagious profitable wares and contagious diseasedisease
hot water a luxury and personal hot water a luxury and personal hygiene substandard hygiene substandard
The DiseaseThe Disease
transmitted primarily by fleas and transmitted primarily by fleas and ratsrats
three forms:three forms: bubonicbubonic [infection of the lymph system [infection of the lymph system
60% fatal] 60% fatal] pneumonicpneumonic [respiratory infection -- [respiratory infection --
about 100% fatal] about 100% fatal] septicaemicsepticaemic [infection of the blood and [infection of the blood and
probably 100% fatal]probably 100% fatal]
Impact on the ChurchImpact on the Church
Church can’t protect Christians from the Church can’t protect Christians from the ravages of the plagueravages of the plague
The Avignon Papacy “The Babylonian The Avignon Papacy “The Babylonian Captivity”Captivity”
The Great SchismThe Great Schism ConciliarismConciliarism Councils of Pisa (1409) and Councils of Pisa (1409) and
Constance(1415)Constance(1415)
Personal PathsPersonal Paths
Brethren of the Common LifeBrethren of the Common Life MysticsMystics Reforming PrincesReforming Princes HereticsHeretics
Wycliffe who’s protectedWycliffe who’s protected Jan Huss who’s NOTJan Huss who’s NOT
Images and Rhymes Images and Rhymes
Ring around the rosie,Ring around the rosie,A pocketful of posie,A pocketful of posie,
Ashes, ashesAshes, ashesAll fall down! All fall down!
http://us.imdb.com/Trailers?0050976&screenplay&E13837&5&3
"How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies. Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth."
Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron
The Effects of the PlagueThe Effects of the Plague
new attitudes toward death, the value new attitudes toward death, the value of life, and of one's selfof life, and of one's self
growth of class conflictgrowth of class conflict loss of respect for the Churchloss of respect for the Church emergence of a new pietism (personal emergence of a new pietism (personal
spirituality) spirituality) new cultural vigor in Europe new cultural vigor in Europe national languages, rather than Latin, national languages, rather than Latin,
were the vehicle of expression were the vehicle of expression Giovanni Boccaccio's Giovanni Boccaccio's TheThe Decameron Decameron, ,