Natural Gas Engineering

8/9/2019 Natural Gas Engineering

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1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION


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Energy Resources

• Renewable Energy Resources

(Solar, W n!, " o#$ass, %y!al&

• Non#Renewable Energy Resources(Na'ural Gas, e'roleu$, Coal&


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General Class )ca' on o* +uels

FUELS

Conventional Nuclear

Natural or Fossil Manufactured or Synthetic 238 U92 ; 238 U92 ; 239 Pu 93

Solid

Li uid

!aseous

"ood # Coal

Petroleu$

Natural !asCoal %ed Methane&C%M'

Marsh !as

Solid

Li uid

!aseous

Co(e # Charcoals

)lcohols

Coal *asCo(e oven *asProducer *as

"ater *as+ydro*en # etc,


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NATURAL GAS

De)n ' on ( n nor$al usage&

-Na'ural Gas. n nor$al usage, s cons !ere! 'o be

a na'urally occurr ng $ /'ure o* %y!rocarbons 0C1 , C , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 56 7 an! non#%y!rocarbons

0CO , N , 8e , 8 O , 8 S , RS8 , COS , CS ,

e'c9 7 assoc a'e! w '% :e'rol *erous geolog c*or$a' ons (roc;s n ear'%.s crus'&9

What is NaturalGas ?


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‘Natural !ases - as su..lied /y the utility *as co$.anies #

usually

contain 80 to 91 C+ # 4ith C 2+ 5 # C 3+ 8 # N 2 # etc, $a(in* u. the re$ainder,

have heatin* or calorific value ran*in* fro$ 900 to 6200 %tu7SCF,

have s.ecific *ravity &4,r,t, air 6,0' varyin* fro$ 0,18 to 0, 9 ,

What is NaturalGas ?

Methane &C+ ' ( Some properties )

) uto: or S .ontaneous:i*nition e$.erature < 600 oF &1 0 oC'

Fla$$a/ility Li$its < 1 to 61 v

C ritical P ressure < 5 3 .sia & 1,8 at$'

Critical e$.,< = 665,3 oF &3 3, o>' OR 82.4= o C (191 o K)

( For other properties, see literature &


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Generally,

1


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RawGas

Water

Helium

Nitrogen

Carbon io!i e

H" rogensul#$i e

%et$ane

&t$ane

'ro#ane

N utane

i utane

'entanes *

Gas'ro+essing

'ro u+t,late

WaterHeliumNitrogenCarbon io!i eH" rogensul#$i e

'i#eline gas (=e'%ane&

&t$ane

'ro#anen utanei utaneNatural gasoline


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+ydrocar/ons Non:hydrocar/ons

"ater + 2?

Car/on dio@ide C? 2

Nitro*en N 2

+eliu$ +e

+ydro*en sul.hide + 2S

Merca.tans >S+

Car/on [email protected] C?S

Car/on disul.hide CS 2

Methane C 6

Ethane C 2

Pro.ane C 3

n:%utane n:C

i:%utane i:CPentanes C 1

+e@anesA C 5A

Natural !asConstituents

Co$/usti/les

Natural !asConstituents

Non:co$/usti/les

H 2O

CO 2

N2

He

HCs

H 2S

RSH

COS

CS2

Hydrocarbonsvs

Non-hydrocarbons

Combustiblesvs

Non- combustibles


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8 s'ory o* Na'ural Gas


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+ rs' U9S9 Na'ural Gas WellIn 1@ 1, W ll a$ 8ar' !ug '%e )rs' na'ural gas well n

+re!on a, NB9


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+or$a' on


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O l an! gas are *oun! on lan! an! un!erwa'er


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Se! $en'ary Roc; an! e'roleu$ Tra:


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E/:lora' on ro!uc' on S% :: ng Re)n ng C%e$ cal=anu*ac'ur ng Uses

O l an! Gas rocess


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Se s$ c Tec%nology

Lan! Wa'er


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Seabe! Se s$ c


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Core Sa$:les


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2 2<


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Dr ll ng rocess

lace '%e !r ll b ', collar an! !r ll : :e n '%e %ole9

A''ac% '%e ;elly an! 'urn'able an! beg n !r ll ng9

As !r ll ng :rogresses, c rcula'e $u! '%roug% '%e : :e an!ou' o* '%e b ' 'o oa' '%e roc; cu'' ngs ou' o* '%e %ole9

A!! new sec' ons( o n's& o* !r ll : :es as '%e %ole ge's!ee:er 9

Re$o?e('r : ou'& '%e !r ll : :e, collar an! b ' w%en '%e :re#se' !e:'%(anyw%ere *ro$ a *ew %un!re! 'o a cou:le'%ousan! *ee'& s reac%e!9


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ar's o* an O l Well


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ro!uc' on

C%r s'$as Tree 8orse 8ea! u$:


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SUI GASCo$.osition of >a4 B Purified y.ical Natural !as fro$ Sui !as Field

Ma or Constituents Co$$ercial Units >a4 !as Purified !as

C+ volu$e 88,12 9 , 2

C 2+ 5 0,89 6,01

C 3+ 8 0,25 0,28

C A 0,3 0,6

N2 2, 5 3,89

+ 2S !rains 7 600 SCF 92,2 races

>S+ !rains 7 600 SCF 3,8 races

C? 2 volu$e ,31 0,02!ross +eatin* Dalue %tu 7 SCF 933 9 1

000 *rains 6 avoirdu.ois .ound ; 6 *rain 0,051 *$, ;

531 *rains7600 SCF 6 /y volu$e


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GAS CO= OSITIONS O+ +IELDS RELATING SNG L NETWOR


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GAS 8BDRATES!as +ydrate Dalue of

Methane C+ , + 2? 5 to

Ethane C 2+ 5 , + 2? 5 to 8

Pro.ane C 3+ 8 , + 2? to 68

Car/on dio@ide C? 2 , + 2? 5 to

Natural *as N! , + 2? 9

1 -t o* l >u ! $e'%ane H 2/0= o / 0 -t o* gaseous $e'%ane

Te$:era'ures 2/0= o can be use! * '%e l >u ! s'a'e s $a n'a ne!a' 23 #sig an! 133= o 9


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LI UE+IED NATURAL GASLNG

1 Gallon o* LNG H 2/= o

J we g%s .4/ lbsJ %as a s:ec )c gra? 'y o*


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=A OR C8E=ICALS DERIKED DIRECTLB OR INDIRECTLB +RO= =ET8ANE


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A OR C8E ICALS DERIKED DIRECTLB OR INDIRECTLB +RO ET8ANE


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Gas %eter

( HC li;ui s o-43 /3 6'<Gra=it")

Customer

I

II

III


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Conce:' o* Na'ural Gas Sys'e$

!as Processin*


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!as Processin*

> ? %&5R


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? %&5R C G6, C %%&RC 6? N 5,

C C @C H

, C , C @, C H

Hun re A 10 2 A C, C C, C @C, C H

5$ousan A 10 A % , C % , C @

%illion A 10 / A %% , C %% , C @

illion A 10 9 A C

5rillio n A 10 12 A 5 C

, m A illion , tan ar m 5 , m A 5 rillion

tan ar nits o- @e ne Calori + >alues


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,tan ar nits o- @e ne Calori + >aluesarrel o- il &;ui=alent (b.o.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dbarrel o- oilE

wit$ an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 3.8 ! 10 / tu gross.

5on o- il &;ui=alent (t.o.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dton o- oilE wit$

an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 4 ! 10/

tu gross.%etri+ 5onne Coal &;ui=alent (m.t.+.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dmetri+ tonne o- +oalE wit$ an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 2F. F ! 10 / tu gross i.e. ( 12 400 tu lb ! 2204./2 ) .

Std. Fuel Units ft 3 Natural Gas m 3 Natural Gas

1 b.o.e. 5,800 155.501 t.o.e. 43,000 1152.82

1 m.t.c.e. 27,337 732.90

1 ton fuel oil equiv. 41,400 1109.92

Natural Gas &;ui=alents o- >arious uels


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ENERGB SCENARIO


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N 5& A ?E ≡ on of ?il E uivalent )v*,+eatin* Dalue of 3 @ 60 5 %tu *ross


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A ISTAN


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A ISTANOIL & GAS PRODUCTION SCENARIOREFERENCE : Press Release dated 5-3-2 !

uture 'lan " #ells to be drilled $er year %uccess Ratio to be enhanced &rom ":25 to ":"

Units Present

Production Future Production

Target

OI !!l"da# $$,000 1,00,000

G%S &'F( 3.8 5.0

bbl'day barrels $er day C*+ illion Cubic *eet $er +ay

3, billion . 3, / " 0 . 3 arb crore 5, billion . 5 / " 0 . 5 arb

GAS CO= OSITIONS O+ +IELDS RELATING SNG L NETWOR


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Distribution of proved natural gas reserves


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p g(%) in 2004

= !!le Eas'

Russ an +e!era' on

Natural gas production (billion cubic metres ), 1970 2004


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g p ( ),


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2ORIGIN O+ NATURAL GASP

EQ LORATION ROS ECTING

J e'roleu$ GeologyJ Reser?o rsE'c9

T%e = l;y Way


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y yGala/y

5$e , N

130miles se+

5$e ,un

Crust &st. 6ge o- ni=erse A 141 eon


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Cross se+tional =iew o- &art$ s interior

##er%antle

?ower

%antle

uter Core


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eds are also &ormed as the shoreline recedes,


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SandMud B SiltLi$estone?cean7Sea

>iver

Geolog c T $e Scale1 &on B1000 million"ears


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ears

G& ? G


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Re#resentation o- ‘6+tual


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ears in terms o- ‘&;ui=alentHuman ears


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Histor" o-


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&art$ wit$?i-e orms

,,


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,


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or:%r n $olecule 'or#$"rin mole+ule 'or#$"rin metal +om#le!

=e'ala'o$ one9g9 +e , =g ,Cu e'c9

M1


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5"#es o- Ro+7 ol


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Ro+7


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ol s

Surface$.ervious Ca.roc(


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"ater ?il

!as Li$estone

6N5


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An' cl ne

@e#osits

il

,ur-a+e

Gas

Water

Cla"s

?imestone

,alt

Sal' Do$e

S%ee'S'ra' gra:% c

,ur-a+e

,ur-a+e

,ur-a+e

L '%olog calScreene!

?imestone5

R

6

'

,

5

R

6

'

,

@


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,tru+tural 5ra#s ,tratigra#$i+ 5ra#s

im#le


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,im#le6nti+line

aulte6nti+line

,$oe string ,ant"#e

Ree- @e#osit t"#e

@


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Salt Go$e 7 Salt Plu*ty.e

Unconfor$ity ra.


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nterconnected ra.s Sta*es of Mi*ration of

"ater# ?il B !as fro$ ra.s


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ater# ?il B !as fro$ ra.s

!ravity < 6,

2,2 2, 2,5 3,6

Gistri/ution of !ravity

over a /uried )nticline


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Gas#ca: Dr ?e Reser?o r


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Co$b na' on Wa'er P Gas#ca: Dr ?es Reser?o r


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Wa'er#Dr ?e Reser?o r


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GEOLOGICAL ROS ECTING P EQ LORATION u!t "or OIL GAS


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GEOLOGICAL ROS ECTING P EQ LORATIONGAS

METHODS

GEOPH S!C"# GEOCHEM!C"#

G$%vimet$ic Seismic Elect$ic%l M%&netic Soil Testin&

C'emic%l

Mic$obi%l

See(%&e Geolo&ist

Di$ect !n)ic%tion Geolo&ic%l Su$ve*

1. 5"#e o- Ro+7 2. 6ge o- Ro+7

. Histor" o-Ro+7

)i*es + ndu+ts

>ecordin* ruc(


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(

%attery

>eceiver Ca/leCSU &Control Station Unit'

SU &Station Unit'

Stoc( of Ca/lesat the site

Fe4 GefinitionsFor$ation


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Field

1n area consistin o& a sin le reservoir or multi$le reservoirs all rou$ed on or relatedto the same individual eolo ical structural &eature or strati ra$hic condition, 4he &ieldname re&ers to the sur&ace area althou h it may re&er to both the sur&ace and theunder round $roductive &ormations,

>eservoir 1 $orous $ermeable sedimentary roc containin commercial 6uantities o& oil and as,

Giscovery "ell 4he &irst oil or as #ell drilled in a ne# &ield, 4he discovery #ell is the #ell that is drilledto reveal the actual $resence o& a $etroleum-bearin reservoir %ubse6uent #ells aredevelo$ment #ells,

1 se$arate layer o& roc or rou$ o& intermin led beds,

"ildcat 4ell

1 #ell drilled in an area #here no current oil or as $roduction e/ists 1lso called a 7 ran


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1 #ell drilled in an area #here no current oil or as $roduction e/ists, 1lso called a 7 ran#ildcat ,8

[email protected] 4ell

1 hole drilled:

a) to &ind and $roduce oil or as in an area $reviously considered un$roductivearea

b) to &ind a ne# reservoir in a no#n &ield i,e, one $reviously $roducin oil and as

&rom another reservoir orc) to e/tend the limit o& a no#n oil or as reservoir,

Gevelo.$ent 4ell

1 #ell drilled #ithin the $roved area o& an oil or as reservoir to the de$th o& astrati ra$hic hori9on no#n to be $roductive a #ell drilled in a $roven &ield &or the$ur$ose o& com$letin the desired s$acin $attern o& $roduction,

!as "ell 1ny #ell:

$


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&)' #hich $roduces natural as not associated or blended #ith crude$etroleum oil at the time o& $roduction&%' #hich $roduces more than " cubic &eet o& natural as &or eachbarrel o& crude $etroleum oil &rom the same $roducin hori9on or &C' #hich $roduces natural as &rom a &ormation or $roducin hori9on$roductive o& as only encountered in a #ellbore throu h #hich crude$etroleum oil also is $roduced throu h the inside o& another strin o& casinor tubin , 1 #ell #hich $roduces hydrocarbon li6uids a $art o& #hich is&ormed by a condensation &rom a as $hase and a $art o& #hich is crude$etroleum oil shall be classi&ied as a as #ell unless there is $roduced onebarrel or more o& crude $etroleum oil $er " cubic &eet o& natural asand that the term crude $etroleum oil shall not be construed to mean anyli6uid hydrocarbon mi/ture or $ortion thereo& #hich is not in the li6uid $hasein the reservoir removed &rom the reservoir in such li6uid $hase andobtained at the sur&ace as such, ?il "ell

1ny #ell #hich $roduces one barrel or more crude $etroleum oil to each " cubic&eet o& natural as,


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N /


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Natural ;as *lo#$ath

&rom the


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Gas %eter

( HC li;ui s o-43 /3 6'<Gra=it")

Customer

I

II


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Conce:' o* Na'ural Gas Sys'e$


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Low#Te$:era'ure E/'rac' on ( LTQ & Sys'e$

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