Natural Language Processing

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What is natural language processing?

Natural language processing can be a theoretically motivated range of computational techniques for analyzing and also which represents naturally occurring texts or speech with more than one numbers of linguistic analysis for the purpose of achieving human such as language processing with regard to a variety of tasks or even applications.

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• Natural-Language-Processing– Process information within natural language

text.–Also called Computational Linguistics(CL),

Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Engineering (NLE)

• Can machines understand human language?–Define understand.

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• Analyze, understand as well as generate human languages the same as humans do.

• Using computational techniques to language domain.

• To describe linguistic theories, to make use of the theories to build systems which can be regarding social use.

• Started off like a branch associated with Artificial Intelligence.

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• Borrows from Linguistics, Psycholinguistics, Cognitive Science as well as Statistics.

• Help to make computers learn our language rather than we learn theirs.

Kinds of Natural Language

• The input or output of a natural language processing system could be called– written text and– speech

• We will mainly focused on written text (not necessarily speech).

• To be able to method written text, we need:– Lexical– Syntactic– semantic information

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– discourse details– real world knowledge

• In order to procedure spoken language, we need every thing necessary to process written text, as well as the problems associated with speech recognition as well as speech synthesis.

Purposes involving Natural Language Processing

• Machine Translation• Database Access• Information Retrieval– Choosing from the set of documents the ones that

tend to be relevant to a query• Text Categorization– Sorting text into fixed topic categories

• Extracting information through text– Transforming unstructured text into structure data

• Spoken language control systems• Spelling as well as grammar checkers

Components of Natural Language Processing

• NL Understanding– Mapping the particular provided input in the natural language

into a helpful representation.– There are very various level associated with analysis needed.

i.e, morphological, discourse, syntactic and semantic analysis• NL Generation

– Generating output in the natural language through a few internal representation.

– There are many level of synthesis needed. i.e, deep planning and syntactic generation

• Natural Language Knowing is a lot harder compared to Natural Language Generation. However, still each of these tend to be hard.

By using NLP• Syntactic– Parsing to recognize phrases– Complete syntactic structure comparison

• Semantic– Creating an understanding of a document’s

content• Discourse– Taking advantage of record structure?

NLP Applications

• Text Categorization or Routing– For example, user e-mails.

• Text Mining– Find everything that interacts

• Machine Translation• Language Teaching or Learning– Application verifying

• Spelling modification

Cont…• Machine Translation - Translation in between 2 NL. • Information Retrieval - Web search• Query Answering - NL interface user interface having

a data source program, or a dialogue system.• Report Generation - Generation associated with

reports for example weather reports.• Many Applications i.e,– Checking Grammar correctly – Checking the spelling – Spell Corrector

Knowledge of Language• Phonology - considerations the way words tend to be

related to the sounds which recognize all of them.

• Morphology - considerations the way words are constructed from more basic meaning units that is known as morphemes. A morpheme would be the primitive unit connected with meaning in a language.

• Semantics - considerations what exactly words indicate as well as exactly how these types of meaning combine in sentences to form sentence meaning.

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• Syntax - considerations how should be placed together to form correct sentences as well as decides what structural role each word plays within the sentence and what phrases tend to be subparts associated with other phrases.

NL Understanding

NL Generation

Natural Language Generation• Natural Language Generation could be the means of

constructing natural language outputs through non-linguistic inputs.

• Natural Language Generation can be viewed the reverse process of Natural Language understanding.

• A Natural Language Generation system may have two primary components:– First is called Discourse Planner and– Second is called Surface Realizer

• Lexical Selection - choosing the right phrases explaining the concepts.

Representation Knowledge for NLP

• Which usually information representation will be used dependent upon the particular application;– Machine Translation– Database Query System

• Needs the choice of representational framework, along with the particular which means vocabulary

• Should be computationally effective.• Typical representational formalisms: – predicate logic– conceptual dependency graphs– semantic systems – Frame based representations

NLP Terminology• Phonology • Morphology • Morpheme • Syntax • Semantics• Pragmatics• Discourse • World Knowledge

Why is NL Understanding difficult?

• The particular hidden structure of language is highly ambiguous

• Structures with regard to: Fed raises interest rates 0.5% within work to manage inflation

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