• Weathering – breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces (sediments) because of ‘weather’: ice, freezing, rain, wind & temperature & plants (roots)
• Sediment – small pieces of broken rock, sand, silt• Erosion- the movement of sediment from one place
to another: wind, moving water (river), ice (glacier), gravity (landslide)
• Deposition- the ‘deposit’-ing or dropping of sediments from water erosion (delta) or wind erosion
•
Natural Resource – anything that nature gives us that we use
Renewable Resource- a resource that can be replaced(trees, wind, water cycle, sunlight)Nonrenewable Resource- a resource that takes
millions of years to replace (fossil fuels: natural gas, oil/petroleum, coal
FLOW OF ENERGYFood Chain – energy flow is shown with anThe SUN is the first part of any food chain PRODUCERS- produce their own food= PLANTS(all plants get their energy from the sun-photosynthesis)• CONSUMERS- must consume their food(must get their energy from other sources)- Herbivore- eats only plants- Carnivore- eats other animals: meat/flesh- Omnivore- eats both plants & animals/meatECOSYSTEM- a combination of plants and animals living
in one community all connected
LIFE CYCLES- stages an organism goes throughFrog- egg, tadpole, young frog, adultButterfly- egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, adultGrasshopper- egg, nymph (no wings), (molts & loses
its hard outer skeleton), adult (incomplete metamorphosis)
Flower- egg, seed, seedling, mature plant, flower/pollen
Animals – egg, embryo, infant, adolescent, adultMammal- nurse their young (mammary/milk gland)
MINERAL PROPERTIESA nonliving solid in crystal form, which forms in nature- under the ground-even the air (minerals do not contain rocks!)
• Cleavage/Fracture- a crack or break in a mineral• Streak – the color left behind when a mineral is rubbed on a white tile
• Hardness- ability to scratch another mineral (Mohs scale is 1-10) talc=1 [fingernail=2.5] diamond=10• Luster- how shiny or dull a mineral is (shiny, dull, earthy, waxy, metalic, glassy)
ROCK: a solid in nature that is made of one or more minerals• IGNEOUS ROCK- forms from a volcano’s lava that
cools (‘ignite’)-cools deep underground = more crystals form-cools above ground= not as many crystals form• SEDIMENTARY ROCK- when bits of ‘sediment’ push
and cement together deep under water (fossils)• METAMORPHIC ROCK- form deep underground
from heat & pressure changing from one form into another (‘morph’- means change)
IGNEOUS ROCK- can break down into sediments (from wind or water), fall to bottom of river/ocean, cement from weight of water into SEDIMENTARY ROCK
METAMORPHIC ROCK- Can melt in a magma chamber and erupt out of vocano, cool into an IGNEOUS ROCK. Or, be at the edge of a plate, be pushed up exposed above ground, be eroded by wind/water into sediments, cemented into SEDIMENTARY ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK- can be at edge of plate, be pushed down into mantle, be heated & pressed into METAMORPHIC ROCK.
EARTH, MOON, SUN• Moon Phases- appear to change [as seen from Earth]
caused by the Moon revolving around Earth.• Seasons – caused by Earth’s axis being tilted*when Northern Hemisphere is tilted TOWARD Sun, its having SUMMER*when Northern Hemisphere is tilted AWAY from Sun, its having WINTER
• Earth’s ROTATION (spinning) on its axis causes:1.DAY & NIGHT: One complete spin= 12 hrs of day & 12 hrs of night. (sun
rising & sun setting)2.Moon appears to move across the Earth’s sky3.Sun appears to move across the sky in the daytime• MOON rotates same time it revolves, so we only see one side of moon
INVERTABRATES
DO NOT HAVE BACKBONES
ARTHOPODS (spider, scorpions, crab) , INSECTS, SNAILS, SQUIDS, SEA SLUGS,
VERTABRATES
HAVE BACKBONES
AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS, FISH,
PLANT PARTS & STRUCTURES:ROOTS- anchor/hold plants in ground; take in/absorb water & nutrients from soilSTEM – support plant to stand tall & strong; carries water & nutrients up/ glucose food downLEAF/NEEDLE – use energy from sun, carbon dioxide to make food: glucoseFLOWER – attracts pollinators, helps some plants reproduce, many grow into fruit (containing a seed) CONE- not a fruit, but disperses seedsSEED – structure that contains a young plant and its food supply
PLANT SEXUAL [MALE/FEMALE] REPRODUCTIONMALE PARTS:• STAMEN- male organ; thin stalk topped with a saclike anther produces pollen• ANTHER – male organ that produces pollen• POLLEN- male part contains sperm, which is needed to fertilize the female eggFEMALE PARTS:• PISTIL- female organ that contains the ovary-where eggs are made• OVARY- female structure where eggs are made
PETAL – puter part of flower that attracts Pollinators: butterflies, birds, bats, wind (25%),bees/insects
SEED- fertilized egg that will grow into a seedling
GERMINATION – when a seed sprouts
SEEDLING – when the small plant grows roots &a stem (a very small beginning of the plant
SEED DISPERSAL- the spreading of seeds through Wind, animal dung, catching on moving animals.Animals bury seeds, floating on water,
