Natural Stone 101:Everything you NEED to know about
designing with the oldest building materialHeld in conjunction withNatural Stone Institute
https://www.naturalstoneinstitute.org/ceu
OUR VISIONProvide accurate & ongoing
education about the value, benefits, and best practices of using natural
stone as a building material to architects, designers, and other
professionals in the construction industry.
YOUR SPEAKERIn order to become certified by
Natural Stone Institute, your speaker must complete a strategic training process followed by an oath that
outlines his/her responsibilities and a promise to uphold Natural Stone Institute’s educational standards.
Continuing Education Information
• AIA Course Number: MIA10• IDCEC: CEU-105466-R1, Subject Code: 5.3, 0.1
HSW CEU• LACES Course Number: MIA10• NKBA: 0.1 CEU
This CEU is registered with the Interior Design Continuing Education Council (IDCEC) for continuing education credits. This credit will be accepted by the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID), International Interior Designers Association (IIDA) and Interior Designers of Canada (IDC). The content included is not deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by IDCEC of any material or construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services should be directed to the instructor or provider of this CEU. This program is registered for 0.1 CEU value. The IDCEC class-code is: (refer to sign in sheet) • This CEU will be reported on your behalf to IDCEC and you will receive an email
notification. Please log in and complete the electronic survey for this CEU.• Certificates of completion will be automatically issued once you have submitted the
online survey for this CEU.• Attendees who do not belong to ASID, IIDA or IDC and do not have a unique
IDCEC number will be provided with a Certificate of Completion after this CEU.
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Description
This one-hour class is designed for design & construction industry professionals desiring to gain a full understanding of natural stone as a building material. Learn more about the various natural stones (limestone, travertine, onyx, marble, serpentine, sandstone, slate, quartzite, basalt, and granite). Obtain information about common quarrying techniques, fabrication, and finishing methods. With this understanding, you'll enhance your ability to select the right stone, fabrication technique, and finish for your project.
Learning Objectives
1. Obtain a better understanding about how the mineral composition and formation of stone affects its performance as a building material.
2. Learn about the science of each species of stone, examples of how it is quarried, unique characteristics, and common applications.
3. Gain knowledge about stone fabrication and finishing methods.4. Understand the resources available that are relevant to natural stone.
MODULES
• I Geology• II Calcareous Stones• III Siliceous Stones
What is Natural Stone?
• Stones which have been harvested from their in-situ position in the earth, then cut and machined into final products without alteration to the natural fabric of the material
• Engineered products which have been processed into small particles and reconstituted with cementitious or resin binders do not meet the definition of natural stone
What is Natural Stone?
What is Natural Stone?
BASIS OF STONE MAKE-UP
Calcareous StonesMade up of Calcium Carbonate
Siliceous StonesMade up of Silica or Silicates
What is Natural Stone?
BASIS OF STONE FORMATION
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
• Igneous
What is Natural Stone?
SEDIMENTARY FORMATION
What is Natural Stone?
SEDIMENTARY FORMATION
Travertine Deposits forming in Pamukkale, Turkey
What is Natural Stone?
METAMORPHIC FORMATION
What is Natural Stone?
IGNEOUS FORMATION
What is Natural Stone?
STONE SPECIES
GEOLOGY CHAPTERSections 1.0 – 4.5
Defining Characteristics
• Absorption• Density• Compressive Strength• Abrasion Resistance, Hardness• Flexural Strength• Modulus of Rupture
STONE TESTING CHAPTERSections 1.0 – 6.0
Defining Characteristics MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS
Defining Characteristics
POROSITY
Module I Recap
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
• Are quartz surfacing materials considered natural stones?
• What are the two types of mineral composition? • What are the three types of rock formations?
• Give an example of each.
Natural Stone Types
CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTARY:LIMESTONE
A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of the mineral calcite, (CaCO3) with or without magnesium carbonate
Dolomite Calcium Magnesium Carbonate CaMg(CO3) 2
LIMESTONE CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 9.0
Limestone
Moleanos Limestone Quarry in Portugal (Gascogne Beige/Blue)
Limestone
May contain fossils or shell formationsOften has calcite streaks or spots, pit holes, iron spots, and grain formation changes
Limestone
Limestone Columns Lagos Blue Limestone
Buff Dolomitic LimestoneResidence in Long Island, NYPinnacle Award Winner 2013
Natural Stone Types
CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTARY:TRAVERTINE
A finely crystalline, massive deposit of calcium carbonate, of white, tan, or cream color, formed by chemical precipitation from solution in surface and ground waters, as around the mouth of springs, especially hot springs
TRAVERTINE CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 8.4
Travertine
Desert Gold Travertine Quarry in Belen, NM
Travertine
• Pronounced anisotropic properties
• Generally includes holes
Walnut Travertine
Travertine
Beige Travertine
Noce Travertine
Natural Stone Types
CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTARY:ONYX
A compact, cryptocrystalline, and generally translucent variety of calcite, usually deposited in cold water solutions, often in the form of stalagmites and stalactites in caves
MARBLE & ONYX CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 11.0
Onyx
White Onyx Quarry in Turkey
Onyx
• Used for decorative applications
• Can be translucent• Vulnerable to chemical
and mechanical attack
FLUERI CUT VEIN CUT
Onyx
Vein Cut Honey Onyx
White Onyx
Natural Stone Types
CALCAREOUS METAMORPHIC:MARBLE
A metamorphic rock consisting of fine to coarse-grained re-crystallized calcite and/or dolomite
Varying levels of soundness A, B, C, D (Ref: MIA Design Manual)
MARBLE & ONYX CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 11.0
Marble
White Carrara Quarry in Carrara, Italy
Marble
Highly prized for aesthetic values.Relatively uniform crystal matrix.Some marbles have large crystals while some are very fine (< .5 mm).
Marble
White Cararra Emperador Light Turkish
Calacatta Marble
Module II Recap
CALCAREOUS STONES
Can you name a calcareous stone within each of the following formation categories?
• Sedimentary• Metamorphic• Igneous
What are some common applications for the following types of calcareous stones?
• Limestone• Travertine• Onyx• Marble
Natural Stone Types
SILICOUS SEDIMENTARY:SANDSTONE
A clastic sedimentary rock composed of grains of sand size (1/16 mm to 2 mm) set in a matrix of silt or clay and united by a cementing material, commonly silica, iron oxide, or calcium carbonate-the sand particles are commonly quartz
QUARTZ CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 9.0
Sandstone
Sandstone Quarry in Colorado
Sandstone
• Generally more porous than other dimension stone
• Abrasive non-slip surface• Most are resistant to chemical
and salt deterioration
Sandstone
Oakwood Sandstone
Oakwood Sandstone
High Desert Red Sandstone
Natural Stone TypesSILICEOUS METAMORPHIC:
SERPENTINEA rock group made up principally of the mineral serpentine (Mg, Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4. Serpentines have a greasy or silky luster, a slightly soapy feel, and a tough, conchoidal fracture; they are usually compact but may be granular or fibrous and are commonly a green or greenish gray.
SERPENTINE CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 8.6
Serpentine
Serpentine Quarry in Vermont
Serpentine
Wide range in quality and performance due to diversity in mineral contentHardness varies from 2.5 to 5 on the Mohs’ Scale
Serpentine
Verde Antique Serpentine
Verde Antique Serpentine
Natural Stone Types
SILICEOUS METAMORPHIC:SOAPSTONE
Soapstone is a metamorphic stone or rock composed of one or more minerals including talc, magnesite, dolomite, micas, or chlorite.Soapstone texture can vary from massive to fibrous or flaky. The best commercial grades are highly compacted and are low in absortion.
SOAPSTONE CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 4.2
Soapstone
Soapstone Quarry in Virginia
Soapstone
-It commonly has a “soapy” to slippery and soft feel.-It has a high chemical resistance.-Often treated with mineral oil to enhance the color and veining.-Also has high heat retention and high heat resistance properties.
Soapstone
Green Iron Soapstone
Soapstone Veneer
Soapstone with Mineral Oil
Natural Stone TypesSILICEOUS METAMORPHIC:
SLATE
A compact, microcrystalline metamorphic rock, usually formed from shale deposits
SLATE CHAPTERSections 1.0 - 8.4
Slate
Slate Quarry
Slate
Exceptionally pronounced anisotropic propertiesHas a “slaty” cleavage quality that allows it to be split into thin sheets
Brazilian Black Slate, Prairie Slate, Dolomitic Limestone
Slate
Shengli Slate
Natural Stone Types
SILICEOUS METAMORPHIC:QUARTZITE
A metamorphic rock consisting mainly of quartz, formed by recrystallization of sandstone by regional or thermal metamorphism
QUARTZ CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 9.0
Quartzite
Meta Quartzite Quarry In Nevada
Quartzite
Breaks across grain, not around grainVery durable material, withstands weathering well
Perla Venato Quartzite Slab
Quartzite
Azul Macauba Quartzite Mixed Quartzite Floor Tile
Meta-Quartzite
Natural Stone Types
SILICEOUS IGNEOUS: BASALT
Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. Basalts can range from grey to black in color. It has a composition similar to gabbro . The difference is that gabbro is an intrusive (cooled beneath the surface) igneous rock, while basalt is one of very few extrusive (cooled above the surface) igneous rocks used as dimension stone.
Basalt
Basalt Quarry in China
Basalt
Some basalt varieties are good for wet environment applications.
Basalt is highly abrasion resistant (compared to marble or limestone).
Basalt
Basalt Installations
Gray Basalt
Natural Stone Types
SILICEOUS IGNEOUS: GRANITE
Geological Definition: A plutonic rock in which quartz makes up 10 to 50 per cent of the felsic components, and the alkali feldspar to total feldspar ratio is between 65 and 90 per cent
Commercially: Any holocrystalline quartz-bearing plutonic rock
GRANITE CHAPTERSection 1.0 – 13.1
Granite
Dakota Mahogany Granite Quarry in Milbank, SD
Granite
High abrasion resistanceHigh densitiesChemical/weathering resistanceCan be nearly isotropic to mildly anisotropic
Blue Ice Granite Slab
Granite
Caledonia, Newton Brown, Peribonka, and Stanstead granite 2013 MIA
Pinnacle Award Winner
Juparana Persa Granite
Iridian, Rockville White, and Lake Superior Green granite
Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial CenterPinnacle Award Winner 2013
Module III Recap
SILICEOUS STONES
Can you name a siliceous stone within each of the following formation categories?
• Sedimentary• Metamorphic• Igneous
What are some common applications for the following types of siliceous stones?
• Soapstone• Slate• Quartzite• Granite
Know Your Stone
• All stones are unique• Properties may vary even within one type of stone• Always identify a specific material to ensure its application
is appropriate• Perception of color will vary depending on orientation,
lighting & surrounding materials
Know Your Stone
Some stones are categorized commercially under a different definition than what they are scientifically classified as.
Fabrication and FinishesVEINING: BOOK MATCHED
Fabrication and Finishes
VEINING: DIAMOND MATCHED
Fabrication and Finishes
VEINING: SLIP MATCHED
Fabrication and Finishes
Vein Cut
Fleuri Cut
Common Stone FinishesSMOOTH
Polished Honed
Common Stone FinishesLIGHT TEXTURE
Sandblasted Acid Washed
Common Stone FinishesLIGHT TEXTURE
Brushed Tumbled
Common Stone FinishesLIGHT TEXTURE
Brushed & Chiseled Sandblasted & Brushed
Common Stone FinishesHEAVY TEXTURE
Flamed Deep Line Cleft
Common Stone FinishesHEAVY TEXTURE
Split Face Bush Hammered
Resources
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS
American Concrete Institute
(ACI)
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
NSI Specific Resources
• NSI’s Dimension Stone Design Manual• iPad Apps• NSI Technical Bulletins• NSI Membership Directory
• Including Accredited Fabricators & Contractors
THANK YOUFOR ATTENDING THE PRESENTATION
Please don´t forget to collect your CPD certificate during the event from the CPD collection area