Natural Vegetation

North Sea--there is a lot of oil there

Fjords--jagged cliffy drops to the Sea on the Scandinavian Peninsula

Chp. 11 sec. 1

More Fjords

• Polders--land reclaimed from the sea in the Netherlands, through dams, etc.

• Rivers and Canals—major transportation links

• black earth--Chernozem

Traffic on the Danube

Planning a polder

Another polder?

• effects of North Atlantic Drift & prevailing westerlies--warmer than the latitude would indicate in England, France, and near the coast

• coal and iron ore--a resource of Europe which contributed to the industrial revolution

ClimatesChp. 11 sec. 2

• their demographics--high GDP, high life expectancy, low population growth rate, low infant mortality rate, low percentage of population under age 15, high literacy rate

Chp. 12 sec. 1

• Greece and Rome--birthplace of western democracy

• exploration, colonization, imperialism-- led to the spread of European culture to much of the world

• population patterns--highly urbanized

• population density--one of worlds most densely populated areas

Chp. 12 sec. 2

• Ruhr Valley--industrial center near a mineral deposit of coal and iron ore

• Po Valley--another industrial center near mineral deposits

• Mountain Regions—tourism

• educated workforce--one of the resources of Europe

• the Industrial revolution--began in England, spread to Germany, etc.ethnic groups--many different languages, religions, customs, etc...this in turn, has led to periodic wars and conflicts--such as WWI & II and the trouble in Yugoslavia today.

• NATO--North Atlantic Treaty Organization--formed years ago to protect against communism, now an organization in search of a mission

• interdependence--trade is very important to these nations, particularly to island nations such as the U.K.

• Socialism--the government plays a large role in some of their economies, and a larger role than in the U.S. in almost all of them, the government owns the major industries, they have government health care, etc.

Chp. 13 sec. 1

Land Use

Chp. 13 sec. 1

a village in the Alps

Ruhr Valley

• industrial development in Eastern and Western Europe--Eastern Europe is far behind, - cause they used to be Communists

• European Union--grew out of the European Common Market

• Farming--advanced techniques--high yields, fertile soil,

• infrastructure--communication, transportation, electronics, etc. in place

• the Chunnel-- runs between the U.K. and France, a tunnel under the English Channel

• Change in Easter Europe--they have gone to capitalism from communism in the past 15 years.

• Areas threatened by pollution--Forests (Black Forest), cities (Venice), Rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine)

Black Forest

The Cultural Landscape

Eiffel Tower--Paris

Arc de Triumph--Paris

Louvre - Paris

Notra Dame--Paris

Colosseum - Rome

Leaning Tower - Pisa --Italy

St. Peter’s Basilica -Rome

Parthenon

Westminster Abbey

Big Ben - London

Windmills - Netherlands

Castles—throughout Eruope