NATURE AND CAUSES OF HOUSING PROBLEMS IN KAMPALA CITY, UGANDA BY KIBUGO ALLAN

7/23/2019 NATURE AND CAUSES OF HOUSING PROBLEMS IN KAMPALA CITY, UGANDA BY KIBUGO ALLAN

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H[HYA O@ H ABKYBB O@ IHJGBMOY O@ ZJEBNJB EN IRZENBZZ

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HJDNO[MBAKBLBNQ

E qhdb qgez ossoyqrnequ qo bwsybzz lu zenjbyb qghndz qo hmm qgb shyqebz qghq ghpb bnzryba

qghq E ènhmmu jolsemb qgb enòylhqeon sybzbnqba gbyben.

Hz shyq o` lu {hyl hjdno{mbakblbnq- E {orma medb qo jonèyl go{ lrjg E {emm

jonqenrb qo phmrb uor òy uory jonqyeirqeon qo{hyaz lu hjgebpblbnq.

Haleqqbamu- E {ezg qo hjdno{mbakb qgb gbms hna kreahnjb qghq {hz soyqyhuba iu lu

zrsbypezoy- Ly. FI Hzeel{b- hl pbyu kyhqb`rm òy qgb ybkrmhy zrssoyq qghq mba qo qgez

ybzbhyjg ybsoyq jolsmbqeon.

@ryqgbyloyb E {ezg qo qghnd lu `bmmo{ jommbhkrbz4 Ly. Fhlbz Dehyeb Nkonub- Lezz.

Nhmribkh Omepby hna Lezz Lrqonue Aoyez òy qgbey hapejb {gbnbpby nbba hyozb.

@enhmmu E jhn―q òykbq Koa qgb hmlekgqu- òy gb dbbsz rz hmepb.

Lhu hmm uory b`òyqz hna {oydz ib imbzzba hz {b irema òy qgb `rqryb



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HJYONULZ

J.I.O Jollrnequ Ihzba Oykhnevhqeonz

K.S.O Kopbynlbnq Syenqenk O`èjb

K.A.S Kyozz Aolbzqej Syoarjq

D.J.J Dhlshmh Jequ Jornjem

D.J.J.H Dhlshmh Jhseqhm Jequ Hrqgoyequ

L.A.K Lemmbnnerl Abpbmoslbnq Kohm

N.K.O Non kopbynlbnqhm Oykhnevhqeon

N.Y.L Nhqeonhm Ybzezqhnjb Lopblbnq

Zgz Zgemmenkz

ZSZZ Zqhqezqejhm Shjdhkb òy Zojehm Zjebnqezqz

R.I.O.Z Rkhnah Irybhr o` Zqhqezqejz

RK Rkhnah

R.N Rneqba Nhqeonz

[.G.O [oyma Gbhmqg Oykhnevhqeon



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HIZQYHJQ

Qgez ybzbhyjg {hz jhyyeba orq qo bwhlenb nhqryb hna jhrzbz o` gorzenk syoimblz

hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz hna qgb bwezqenk zqyhqbkebz hna syokyhlz abblba

hssyosyehqb òy hmmbpehqenk qgb sooy gorzenk jonaeqeonz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en

Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ. Qgybb ':% shyezgbz `yol Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ shyqejeshqba

en qgb zqrau hna qgbzb {byb Lhdbybyb9- I{hezb9 hna [hnabkbuh. Qgb lhen ybzbhyjg

enzqyrlbnq rzba {hz h zble zqyrjqryba xrbzqeonnheyb {gejg {hz ezzrba qo 03

ybzsonabnqz en qgb lrnejeshmequ.

Qgb bwbyjezb enpompba joaenk- baeqenk hna qhirmhqenk o` qgb jommbjqba enòylhqeon. Qgb

ahqh {hz qgbn bnqbyba enqo qgb jolsrqby hna hnhmuvba rzenk ZSZZ hna Lejyozo`q bwjbm

zo`q{hyb shjdhkbz. H qbzq o` enabsbnabnjb rzenk qgb jge,zxrhyb qbzq {hz rzba qo

hzzbzz {gbqgby sheyba oizbyphqeonz on q{o phyehimbz- bwsybzzba en h jonqenkbnju qhimb-

{byb enabsbnabnq o` bhjg oqgby.

Qgb lrnejeshmequ {hz lhenmu h``bjqba iu rnsmhnnba zqyrjqrybz- mhjd o` bnorkg

zhneqhqeon o`èjehmz qo enzsbjq qgb lrnejeshmequ- sooy zb{byhkb nbq{oyd- sooy ayhenhkb

zuzqbl hna mhjd o` hn habxrhqb yoha hjjbzz. Hmqgorkg enjolb kbnbyhqenk

ossoyqrneqebz `yol khyihkb òy qgb jollrnequ bwezqba- qgb zb{byhkb zuzqbl zbypba

mbzz qghn 83" o` qgb sosrmhqeon. Qgbyb {hz hmzo h sozeqepb joyybmhqeon ibq{bbn qgb

enjolb mbpbmz hna qgb gorzenk jonaeqeonz zenjb 10" o` qgb ybzsonabnqz zsbnq qgbey

mhykbzq soyqeon on qgbey ybnq. Go{bpby- hq mbhzq ;3" o` qgb ybzsonabnqz gha h

jblbnqba mhqyenb.

Bnpeyonlbnqhm barjhqeon qo qgb jollrneqebz zgorma ib qhdbn zbyeorzmu hna qgbyb lrzqib hn elsyopblbnq en enjolb mbpbmz hz {bmm hz hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz.

@enhmmu- enqbynhqeonhm oykhnevhqeonz- {eqg qgb `rmm shyqejeshqeon o` NKOz hna mojhm

hrqgoyeqebz- zgorma zrssoyq qgb jybhqeon o` h ybkeonhm nbq{oyd- {gejg syoloqbz kooa

gorzenk jonaeqeonz.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table




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QHIMB O@ JONQBNQZ

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HJYONULZ ............................................................................................................................ pe

HIZQYHJQ ............................................................................................................................. pee

MEZQ O@ @EKRYBZ ................................................................................................................... :

JGHSQBY ONB ....................................................................................................................... 1

8.3 ENQYOARJQEON ............................................................................................................... 1

8.8 Ihjdkyorna o` qgb zqrau...................................................................................................... 1

8.9 SYOIMBL ZQHQBLBNQ ................................................................................................. 28.: ZJOSB O@ QGB ZQRAU ................................................................................................... 2

8.1 ZEKNE@EJHNJU O@ QGB ZQRAU.................................................................................... 0

8.2 LHEN OIFBJQEPB O@ QGB ZQRAU ............................................................................... 0

8.0 ZSBJE@EJ OIFBJQEPBZ O@ QGB ZQRAU ...................................................................... 0

8.; GUSOQGBZEZ O@ QGB ZQRAU ....................................................................................... 0

8.5 MELEQHQEONZ O@ QGB ZQRAU ...................................................................................... ;

9.3 JGHSQBY Q[O................................................................................................................. 7

9.8 MEQBYHQRYB YBPEB[ .................................................................................................... 7

9.8.8 [go hyb qgb Dhlshmh ryihn sooy? ................................................................................... 7

9.8.9 Srimej Gorzenk ................................................................................................................. 5

9.8.: Ybnqhm Zrizeaebz ............................................................................................................. 83

:.8.8 Ybzbhyjg abzekn .............................................................................................................. 8:

:.8.9 Zqrau Hybh. ..................................................................................................................... 8:

:.9 Zhlsmb ............................................................................................................................... 81

:.: Ahqh jommbjqeon lbqgoaz .................................................................................................... 81

:.1 Ahqh hnhmuzez...................................................................................................................... 82

:.2 Qbzq o` gusoqgbzez.............................................................................................................. 82

JGHSQBY @ORY ................................................................................................................... 8;

1.3 YBZRMQZ- ENQBYSYBQHQEON HNA AEZJRZZEON.................................................... 8;

1.3 Enqyoarjqeon. ...................................................................................................................... 8;

1.8 Sosrmhqeon.......................................................................................................................... 8;

1.9.8 Nrliby blsmouba. ......................................................................................................... 87

1.9.9 Sbyjbnqhkb bwsbnaeqryb o` qoqhm enjolb on ybnq ............................................................. 85



9

1.: Zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg. ........................................................................................................ 93

1.:.8 [hqby òy aolbzqej rzb. .................................................................................................. 93

1.:.9 Mhqyenb hna qoembq enòylhqeon......................................................................................... 98

1.:.: @mooaz ............................................................................................................................. 91

1.:.1 [hzqb aezsozhm ................................................................................................................ 91

1.1 Zojehm {bm`hyb .................................................................................................................... 90

1.1.8 Zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb..................................................................................................... 9;

1.1.9 Enhabxrhqb yoha hjjbzz ................................................................................................... 97

1.2 Bpejqeonz ............................................................................................................................ 95

JGHSQBY @EPB ..................................................................................................................... :2

2.3 JONJMRZEONZ HNA YBJOLLBNAHQEONZ ............................................................ :2

2.8 JONJMRZEONZ. .............................................................................................................. :2

2.9 YBJOLLBNAHQEONZ .................................................................................................. :7

YB@BYBNJBZ ........................................................................................................................ 13

Hssbnaew84 Xrbzqeonnheyb òy gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en Dh{blsb

Lrnejeshmequ ............................................................................................................................ 18



:

MEZQ O@ @EKRYBZ

@ekryb 86 Zbqqmblbnq gezqoyu ......................................................................................... 87

@ekryb 96 Nrliby qghq zsbnaz iekkbzq soyqeon on ybnq. ................................................ 85

@ekryb :6 Aolbzqej {hqby zoryjbz hna {hqby ioynb aezbhzbz. ...................................... 98@ekryb 16 @mooaz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ ................................................................. 91

@ekryb 26 Aezsozhm o` zomea {hzqb ................................................................................. 92

@ekryb 06 Nrliby o` qbnhnqz. ....................................................................................... 9;

@ekryb ;6 Gorzb {hmm zqyrjqryb. .................................................................................... 9;

@ekryb 76 Bphmrhqeon on yoha hjjbzz ............................................................................ 97

@ekryb 56 Bpejqeonz en Dh{blsb. ................................................................................. 95

MEZQ O@ QHIMBZ

Qhimb 36Zojehm,ablokyhsgej jghyhjqbyezqejz o` qgb ybzsonabnqz††. ......................... 8;

Qhimb 96 Nrliby o` sbosmb blsmouba. .................................................................................... 85

Qhimb :6 Nhqryb o` blsmoulbnq ............................................................................................... 93

Qhimb 16 [hqby ioynb aezbhzbz. ................................................................................................ 98

Qhimb ;6 Nhqryb o` mhqyenb `mooy lhqbyehm .................................................................................. 9:

Qhimb 76 deqjgbn enòylhqeon ................................................................................................... 9:

Qhimb ;6 Hrqgoyeqebz― bphmrhqeon on zhneqhqeon ........................................................................ 90

Qhimb 76 Hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz..................................................................................... :3

Qhimb 886 Zh`bqu o` qgb shyezg hna mojhqeon ............................................................................. ::



1

JGHSQBY ONB

8.3 ENQYOARJQEON

8.8 Ihjdkyorna o` qgb zqrau.

Qgb [oyma Ihnd ybsoyqz qghq en 9338 sby jhseqh gorzbgoma jonzrlsqeon 'en jonzqhnq

8552 RZ Aommhyz% {hz !:89. Gorzbgoma jonzrlsqeon enjmrabz bwsbnaeqrybz o`

enaepearhmz hna gorzbgomaz hna NKOz on kooaz hna zbypejbz bwjmraenk sryjghzb o`

a{bmmenkz. Eq {hz bzqelhqba qghq en 9338 hiorq :2" o` qgb sosrmhqeon gha enjolbz

ibmo{ qgb sopbyqu menb. 'Bnjujmosbaeh o` nhqeonz- H`yejh- Rkhnah- 9330%- Hmqgorkg

gorzenk en òyl o` zgbmqbyz h ihzej nbba ybxreyba òy grlhnz qo mepb h lenelrl

zqhnahya o` mepenk- òy mo{ enjolbz bhynbyz qgez ibjolbz h lbnhjb zenjb h ybhzonhimb

soyqeon o` qgbey enjolb ez shyqba qo jhqby òy zgbmqby. Qgb kbnbyhm hssbhyhnjb o` qgb

bnpeyonlbnq aobzn―q bnjoryhkb jolòyqhimb me`b òy qgb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz. Pbyu

o`qbn khyihkb ez meqqbyba hmm opby qgb smhjb- zb{byhkb aezsozhm hna zhneqhqeon hyb en

sooy zqhqb hna lozq qelbz lhnu gorzbgomaz zghyb mhqyenbz- ihqg yoolz hna {hqby

zoryjbz qgrz lhdenk eq ae`èjrmq qo loneqoy ybkrmhy jmbhnenk. Qgb arb ybzrmq ez qghq qgb

gorzbgoma `hjb gbhmqg ghvhyaz ybzrmqenk `yol qgb rn`yebnamu bnpeyonlbnq. Zenjb lhnu

gorzbgomaz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ hyb o` zlhmmby zevb- qgb ybnqba gorzbz hyb qoo

zlhmm qo ghpb bnorkg mepenk zshjb {gejg lhdbz qgbl rnjolòyqhimb. Qgb gorzbgomaz

en qgb hybh {oyyu qoo lrjg hiorq qgb zbjryequ o` qgbey mepbz hna syosbyqu. Mo{ enjolb

bhynbyz noq onmu jhyb hiorq qgb zgbmqby irq hmzo eqz jolshqeiemequ {eqg qgb `hlemu nbbaz

hna zevb. En Rkhnah ybxreyblbnqz qghq lhdb qgez hyb zbjryequ- bnpeyonlbnqhm

zqhnahyaz- mojhqeon hna lhnu oqgbyz. H gorzenk syoimbl hyezbz e` zolb oy hmm qgbzb

ybxreyblbnqz hyb noq lbq. Qgb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz hyb lozq h``bjqba zenjb qgbu jhn―qh`òya qgb bwsbnzbz o` srqqenk rs zreqhimb zqyrjqryb òy qgb zgbmqby oy ybnq qgbl. Hz h

ybzrmq qgez ghz òyjba lhnu qo zbbd yb`rkb en zmrl hybhz {gbyb eq ez jgbhs qo ybnq

qgorkg qgb xrhmequ o` mepenk zqhnahyaz ez mo{.

Qgbyb ghpb ibbn no nb{ gorzenk rneqz srq rs òy qgb enjybhzenk sosrmhqeon. Qgb

lhfoyequ o` qgb sooymu gorzba {oydbyz hyb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz jybhqenk rnbpbn

aezqyeirqeon o` gorzenk `hjemeqebz. Lozq o` qgb enghieqhnqz mepb en qghqjgba grqz {eqg

lra hna {hqqmb {hmmz- irq zqumbz o` iremaenk phyu `yol kyors qo kyors. Bpbn en

zriryiz- go{bpby joyyrkhqba eyon ez rzba bwqbnzepbmu hz h yooènk lhqbyehm. En ryihn



2

jbnqbyz- zrn ihdba lra iyejdz- jonjybqb imojdz- hna bpbn èyba iyejdz {byb

bnjoryhkba iu qgb kopbynlbnq {gejg {hz ybzsonzeimb òy h nrliby o` gorzenk

zjgblbz syeoy qo qgb Hlen byh. Qgb nhqeonhm gorzenk hna jonzqyrjqeon joysoyhqeon- h

kopbynlbnq òrnaba hkbnju en 8501 iremaz ybzeabnqehm gorzenk hna ghz zsonzoyba h

nrliby o` abpbmoslbnqz en ybjbnq ubhyz. Onb o` eqz syofbjqz {hz jhmmba qgb kyo{enk

gorzb.

8.9 SYOIMBL ZQHQBLBNQ

Qgb 8559 nhqeonhm zgbmqby zqyhqbku {eqg hn hel o` gbmsenk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz iu

elsyopenk qgbey gorzenk jonaeqeonz iu qgb ubhy 9333 {hz bzqhimezgba. En qgez qgb

kopbynlbnq bnjoryhkba hna `hjemeqhqba enaepearhmz hna gorzbgomaz hz {bmm hz qgb

syephqb oykhnevba zbjqoy o` gorzenk abpbmosbyz qo jonqyeirqb qo zrssmu o` kooa xrhmequ

gorzenk qo qgb mo{ enjolb bhynenk sosrmhqeon. [gemb qgbzb somejebz hna qgbey

syokybzzepb ybènblbnqz ghpb elsyopba gorzenk abmepbyu en Rkhnah opbyqelb qgb

gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz hyb noq ubq bmelenhqba. Jghmmbnkbz

yblhen en qgb hybhz o` mhna qbnryb 'enpompenk hz eq aobz h jolsmbw lrmqesmejequ h

lewqryb o` qbnryb%- en`yhzqyrjqryb enhabxrhju hna zgoyqhkb o` ybxrezeqb syo`bzzeonhm

hna qbjgnejhm zdemmz medb hyjgeqbjqz {eqg jonzbxrbnq syogeieqepb jozqz o` qgb zbypejbz o`

qgb hphemhimb syo`bzzeonhm zdemmz. Enhabxrhqb hphemhiemequ o` gorzenk/loyqkhkb ènhnjb

ez hmzo h jonqenrenk jghmmbnkb. Abzseqb gorzenk ibenk h ihzej nbba òy hmm- qgb

kopbynlbnq o` Rkhnah zqemm yblhenz rnhimb qo lbbq qgb gorzenk nbbaz o` hmm qgb

sbosmb hna jhnnoq h`òya qo irema hna lhenqhen soom gorzbz qgbybiu `hemenk qo èkgq qgb

sooy gorzenk jonaeqeonz.

8.: ZJOSB O@ QGB ZQRAU

Qgb zqrau {emm shu loyb hqqbnqeon on ènaenk orq {bhqgby mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en

Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ `hjb gorzenk syoimblz hna qo {ghq bwqbnq. Qgb qhykbq

sosrmhqeon jonzezqz o` mo{ enjolb bhynbyz bhynenk ibmo{ !12 sby lonqg. Eq enjmrabz

mo{ enjolb bhynbyz {go `hjb gorzenk syoimblz hna mo{ enjolb bhynbyz {go aon―q

`hjb qgbl.



0

8.1 ZEKNE@EJHNJU O@ QGB ZQRAU

Qgb zqrau {emm bwhlenb qgb zqyhqbkebz on haosqenk o` b``bjqepb hna jgbhs hssyohjgbz

hkhenzq gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en Dhlshmh hna qgb bwqbnq qo

{gejg qgbu ghpb khenba jonèabnjb qo èkgq qgb syoimblz. Qgb zqrau {emm hmzo

bnjoryhkb `ryqgby zqraebz en qgb èbma o` gorzenk lozqmu qo qgb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz

{gejg {emm `hjemeqhqb somejebz qo lenelevb qgb gorzenk syoimblz en qgb hybh.

8.2 LHEN OIFBJQEPB O@ QGB ZQRAU

Qo bwhlenb qgb nhqryb hna jhrzbz o` gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en

Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ.

8.0 ZSBJE@EJ OIFBJQEPBZ O@ QGB ZQRAU

Qo bwhlenb qgb syoihimb `hjqoyz en`mrbnjenk gorzenk jonaeqeonz hlonk mo{ enjolb

bhynbyz.

Qo bwhlenb {gbqgby qgb hrqgoyeqebz― zqyhqbkebz hna syokyhllbz hyb abblba

hssyosyehqb òy hmmbpehqenk qgb sooy gorzenk jonaeqeonz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz.

8.; GUSOQGBZEZ O@ QGB ZQRAU

Go6 Bpejqeonz hyb absbnahnq on qgb hrqgoyequ―z {bhdnbzz qo jonqyom qgbl.

Go6 Hrqgoyeqebz ghpb aonb bnorkg qo syoloqb kooa gorzenk en Dh{blsb.

Go6 Lozq o` qgb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ `hjb gorzenk

syoimblz.

Go6 Qgbyb ez h ybmhqeonzges ibq{bbn zh`bqu hna mojhqeon.

Go6 Qgb xrhmequ o` gorzenk absbnaz on zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg jonaeqeonz.

Go6 Lonqgmu bhynenk en`mrbnjbz zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb.

Go6 @mooaz hyb absbnabnq on yriiezg aezsozhm lbqgoaz.



;

8.5 MELEQHQEONZ O@ QGB ZQRAU

8. Enhabxrhqb `rnaz qo ib rzba òy `rmèmmlbnq o` ybxreyblbnqz

9. Rnbhzu hjjbzz qo qgb ybzsonabnqz.

:. Meleqba hphemhiemequ o` ahqh on gorzenk.



7

9.3 JGHSQBY Q[O

9.8 MEQBYHQRYB YBPEB[

Qgez jghsqby iyenkz `yol qgb hmybhau bwezqenk meqbyhqryb hiorq qgb gorzenk syoimblz.

Qgb zbjqeon ybpbhmz hmm qghq ghz ibbn aonb zo `hy {eqg ybkhya qo nhqryb hna jhrzbz o`

gorzenk syoimblz hlonk qgb mo{ enjolb bhynbyz.

9.8.8 [go hyb qgb Dhlshmh ryihn sooy?

Qgb lhfoyequ ';3"% o` Dhlshmh―z sooy gorzbgomaz hyb qbnhnqz. Onmu :3" o` qgbgorzbgomaz o{n h gorzb hna syosbyqu qgbu mepb on. Qgb lbaehn lonqgmu enjolb o` h

qbnhnq gorzbgoma ez 'RZ!:5 sby lonqg%- go{bpby ;:" o` qbnhnq gorzbgomaz mepb en

onb yool {eqg hn hpbyhkb o` òry gorzbgoma lblibyz- shuenk h lonqgmu ybnq o`

RZ!19. En jonqyhzq- gorzb o{nbyz rzrhmmu ghpb lrjg loyb mepenk zshjb- {eqg onmu

82" ybzeaenk en h gorzb {eqg onb yool 'irq on hpbyhkb {eqg èpb lblibyz%. Hiorq

ghm` o` qgb qbnhnqz `bhy bpejqeon `yol qgb gorzb qgbu mepb en- {gemb onmu 0"o` gorzb

o{nbyz bwsybzzba qgez {oyyu. Absbnaenk on ybnqhm zqhqrz qgb qelb gorzbgoma

ojjrshnqz zsbna en qgb zhlb gorzb hmzo ae``byz zekneèjhnqmu- qgb lbaehn qelb òy

qbnhnqz ez q{o ubhyz jolshyba qo qbn ubhyz òy gorzb o{nbyz. Loybopby- qbnhnqz hyb

hmlozq zew qelbz loyb medbmu qo ghpb lopenk smhnz {eqgen qgb nbwq zew lonqgz qghn

o{nbyz. Qgez aezjoryhkbz hnu monk qbyl enpbzqlbnqz en zhneqhqeon oy golb

elsyopblbnqz. 'Kýnqgby- E. bq hm 9388%

@yol @yhndmen Yoozbpbmq qo Munaon Fognzon- Ghyyu Qyrlhn qo Iemm Jmenqon-

Hlbyejhn sybzeabnqz hna qgbey gorzenk halenezqyhqoyz ghpb jrq qgb yeiionz on nb{

pbyzeonz o` zrizeaevba gorzenk syofbjqz. Qgbey qgboyu ghz ibbn jonzezqbnq6 syephqb

lhydbqz `hem qo syopeab gorzenk òy sbosmb {eqg mo{ enjolbz- hna qgrz kopbynlbnq

zrizeaebz hyb nbbaba qo èmm qgb khs. Bpbn sybzeabnqz zrjg hz Yejghya Newon hna

Kboykb [. Irzg- {go aea noq syoloqb qgb jonzqyrjqeon o` nb{ srimej gorzenk-

hjjbsqba qgb eabh qghq gorzenk lhydbqz `hem qgb sooy hna ihjdba gorzenk porjgbyz òy

ybnq en syephqb a{bmmenkz. Srimej gorzenk syofbjqz bybjqba qo ybsmhjb zmrlz zoon

ibjhlb )zbpbybmu aezqybzzba-) en qgb sgyhzb rzba iu onb jonkybzzeonhm zqrau. Gorzenk



5

porjgbyz lbhnq qo bna )jonjbnqyhqba sopbyqu) enzqbha lopba eq hyorna. Qgb mo{

enjolb gorzenk qhw jybaeq syokyhl syopeabz mhykb zrizeaebz qo abpbmosbyz hna `b{- e`

hnu- ibnbèqz qo mo{,enjolb `hlemebz. Qgbu ghpb `hemba noq ibjhrzb o` sooy

hyjgeqbjqryb oy abzekn- noy lenoy lhnhkblbnq syoimblz- irq ibjhrzb o` lrjg loyb

`rnahlbnqhm `hjqoyz. Qgbu hmzo ybzq on qgb `hmzb syblezb qghq qgb syephqb zbjqoy jhnnoq

syopeab gorzenk òy qgozb o` loabzq lbhnz. En 9335- qgb `babyhm kopbynlbnq zsbnq

hiorq !92 iemmeon on ybnqhm hea òy mo{,enjolb gorzbgomaz hna hiorq !7 iemmeon on

srimej gorzenk syofbjqz. 'RZ irakbq 9383%.

9.8.9 Srimej Gorzenk Qgb 85:; gorzenk hjq bnjoryhkba qgb jonzqyrjqeon o` srimej gorzenk syofbjqz {eqg qgb

jybhqeon o` h `babyhm gorzenk hrqgoyequ qo sryjghzb mojhm jonzqyrjqeon ionaz- irq mojhm

hrqgoyeqebz {byb qo irema hna lhnhkb qgb syofbjqz. Srimej gorzenk {hz zrssozba qo ib

zrssoyqba qgyorkg ybnqz hna mojhm `rnaenk. Go{bpby- qgb bwoarz o` {oydenk,jmhzz

`hlemebz `yol srimej gorzenk- hmonk {eqg h ybnq jhs elsozba iu Jonkybzz en 8505-

lhab mojhm gorzenk hrqgoyeqebz absbnabnq on `babyhm osbyhqenk hna ybshey zrizeaebz.

Qgb qrynenk soenq {hz mbkezmhqeon qghq meleqba ybnqz qo 92 sbyjbnq o` qbnhnq enjolb-

{gejg gha qgb rnenqbnaba jonzbxrbnjb o` zghysmu jrqqenk qgb ybpbnrbz o` gorzenk

hrqgoyeqebz. @babyhm osbyhqenk zrizeaebz yozb `yol !0.2 lemmeon en 8505 qo !1.1 iemmeon

iu 9335. Qgb `babyhm bjonolej zqelrmrz iemm en bhymu 9335 dejdba en hn haaeqeonhm

onb,qelb en`rzeon o` !1 iemmeon òy jhseqhm zsbnaenk. 'R.Z. K.S.O

9383%gqqs6//{{{.ao{nzevenkkopbynlbnq.oyk/gra/srimej,gorzenk,hna,ybnqhm,zrizeaebz

Hjjoyaenk qo Kmhbzby M. bq hm. '9337%- lozq sbosmb hkybb qghq iek srimej gorzenk

syofbjqz jhn ib noweorz bnpeyonlbnqz òy qgbey qbnhnqz. Qgbu hyb aezsyosoyqeonhqbmu

golb qo bwqyblbmu sooy- zenkmb,shybnq gorzbgomaz- hmonk {eqg qgb jyelb- zojehm

syoimblz- hna sooy hjhablej sbyòylhnjb hzzojehqba {eqg qghq ablokyhsgu.

Eyonejhmmu- srimej gorzenk {hz oyekenhmmu lbhnq qo zbypb mo{by leaamb jmhzz {oydenk

`hlemebz. Irq hz qgb bjonolu ioolba h`qby [oyma [hy EE- qgozb `hlemebz òrna syephqb

golbz en qgb kyo{enk zriryiz- hna iu qgb 8503z qgbu gha hihnaonba srimej gorzenk.

Mb`q ibgena {byb sooy- non{oydenk `hlemebz- hmlozq hmm o` qgbl gbhaba iu zenkmb

{olbn. Srimej gorzenk ibjhlb h dbu jolsonbnq o` qgb phzq {bm`hyb nbq{oyd qghq

khpb uornk {olbn qgbey o{n enjolb hna hshyqlbnq e` qgbu khpb ieyqg qo emmbkeqelhqb

http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hud/public-housing-and-rental-subsidies









83

deaz. Hz qgb `hqgbymbzz jgemaybn o` qgozb {olbn kyb{ rs hna {bnq hzqyhu- lhnu

syofbjqz ibjhlb mh{mbzz smhjbz- opbyyrn {eqg khnk hjqepeqebz. Srimej gorzenk syofbjqz

ghpb hmzo ahlhkba qgb jequ nbekgioygooaz qghq zryyorna qgbl. Qgbu ghpb yhaehqba

auz`rnjqeon hna zojehm syoimblz orq{hya- ahlhkenk mojhm irzenbzzbz hna gryqenk

nbhyiu syosbyqu phmrbz. Qgbu ghpb hmzo ghylba zryyornaenk jeqebz iu engeieqenk

yrnao{n hybhz `yol jolenk ihjd qo me`b iu hqqyhjqenk gekgby,enjolb golbo{nbyz hna

nb{ irzenbzz enpbzqlbnq. @bhy o` qgozb {go mepb en gorzenk syofbjqz ghz ayepbn h{hu

zqyepenk4 rs{hyamu loiemb sbosmb {go hyb qgb onbz qghq lhdb nbekgioygooaz `moryezg.

Jequ somejebz ghpb o`qbn lhab lhqqbyz {oyzb iu bnzryenk qgb sbylhnbnjb o` srimej

gorzenk. Zenjb srimej gorzenk jhnnoq ib iorkgq hna zoma on qgb lhydbq- eq ghz

aezyrsqba qgb gbhmqgu ybjujmenk o` syosbyqu qghq gbmsz aunhlej jeqebz kyo{ hna qghqzsh{nz ossoyqrneqebz òy yejg hna sooy hmedb. Rnmedb syephqbmu o{nba iremaenkz- srimej

gorzenk ghz hmlozq hm{huz ibjolb syosbyqu sbylhnbnqmu èwba en h shyqejrmhy- mo{,

phmrb rzb- bpbn hz zryyornaenk jeqebz hna lbqyosomeqhn hybhz ghpb jghnkba. En ybjbnq

abjhabz- grnaybaz o` qgorzhnaz o` srimej gorzenk rneqz ghpb ibbn ablomezgba h`qby

`hmmenk enqo aezybshey hna ibenk opbyqhdbn iu jyelb hna aezoyaby. Zrjg syofbjqz hyb

sybaejhqba on qgb qgboyu qghq e` gekgby,enjolb `hlemebz mepb en qgb zhlb jolsmbwbz hz

sooy `hlemebz- qgb zrjjbzz`rm qbnhnqz {emm zbq h kooa bwhlsmb òy qgb mbzz zrjjbzz`rm

qbnhnqz. Sbyghsz zo- irq zo `hy qgbyb ez no bpeabnjb o` qgez. Eq lekgq ib frzq hz medbmu

qghq qgb jgemaybn o` qgb auz`rnjqeonhm `hlemebz zbq iha bwhlsmbz òy qgb jgemaybn o` qgb

loyb zrjjbzz`rm `hlemebz.' Irakbq o` qgb R.Z. Kopbynlbnq- @ezjhm Ubhy 9383%

Hjjoyaenk qo Kmhbzby M. bq hm. '9337%- hnoqgby ybzsonzb qo qgb `hemryb o` qyhaeqeonhm

srimej gorzenk ghz ibbn qgb jybhqeon o` qgb Mo{ Enjolb Gorzenk Qhw Jybaeq en 8570-

{gejg jryybnqmu zrizeaevbz jonzqyrjqeon oy ybghiemeqhqeon o` yorkgmu ;3-333 rneqz o`

mo{,enjolb gorzenk bhjg ubhy. Qgez ez hnoqgby `hemba hqqblsq qo lhnesrmhqb lhydbqz-hna eq ghz h phyebqu o` nbkhqepb b``bjqz. @oy onb qgenk- qgb zqyrjqryb o` qgb qhw jybaeq

syokyhl bnjoryhkbz qgb mojhqeon o` syofbjqz en shyqejrmhymu mo{,enjolb hybhz- qgrz

bwhjbyihqenk qgb jonjbnqyhqeon o` sopbyqu en jeqebz- frzq hz qyhaeqeonhm srimej gorzenk

aea.

9.8.: Ybnqhm Zrizeaebz

Qgb Irakbq o` qgb R.Z. Kopbynlbnq- '@ezjhm Ubhy 9383% noqbz qghq qgorkg jyelb,








88

yeaabn srimej gorzenk syofbjqz hyb qgb lozq en`hlorz zuliom o` `babyhm gorzenk

someju- lrjg loyb `rnaenk qoahu kobz qo{hya ybnqhm zrizeaebz òy mo{,enjolb

`hlemebz en syephqb a{bmmenkz. Hiorq 9 lemmeon gorzbgomaz ybjbepba `babyhm qbnhnq,

ihzba hea- hq h qhwshuby jozq o` !80 iemmeon en 9335.

Hjjoyaenk qo Ihyyu Y. '9383%- qgb lozq jollon bwsmhnhqeon òy qgb kybhq zrykb en

syejbz o` gorzenk ez qgb hphemhiemequ o` bhzu jybaeq- {gejg qood qgb òyl o` mo{ enqbybzq

yhqbz- gekg mohn,qo,phmrb yhqeoz hna sbylezzepb hssyophm o` loyqkhkbz. Qgbzb phyehimbz

jbyqhenmu h``bjq gorzenk syejbz- irq qgbu aon―q zbbl qo ghpb lopba nbhymu bnorkg qo

bwsmhen qgb kybhq syejb `mrjqrhqeonz o` qgb shzq abjhab.“Qoo lhnu sbosmb hyb moodenk

òy h zenkmb bwsmhnhqeon òy h gekgmu jolsmbw zbq o` jeyjrlzqhnjbz. Qgbyb {byb luyeha

jhrzbz o` qgb Iool & Irzq- hna eq ez `hy loyb jolsmbw hna nrhnjba qghn qgb opby,

zelsmeèjhqeonz {b qusejhmmu zbb. [gemb mo{ enqbybzq yhqbz {byb qgb eneqehm `hjqoy qghq

ibkhn qgb zseyhm.

Hjjoyaenk qo Ionn hna Josbnghkbn- '9388%- enhabxrhqb gorzenk hjjornqz òy opby

833 333 abhqgz sby ubhy en qgb [GO Bryosbhn Ybkeon hna jhrzbz oy jonqyeirqbz qo

lhnu sybpbnqhimb aezbhzbz hna enfryebz- enjmraenk ybzseyhqoyu- nbyporz zuzqbl hna

jhyaeophzjrmhy aezbhzbz hna jhnjby. Enhabxrhqb gorzenk jonaeqeonz ybsybzbnq h zbyeorz

bnpeyonlbnqhm gbhmqg qgybhq qghq ez sybpbnqhqepb- qgbyb hyb lhnu yezd `hjqoyz hzzojehqba

{eqg gorzenk ‚ zrjg hz noezb- ahls- enaooy hey xrhmequ- joma hna golb zh`bqu. Qgb

mhjd o` golb zh`bqu lbhzrybz zrjg hz zlodb abqbjqoyz {hz hzzojehqba {eqg 3.5 abhqgz

sby 833333 sosrmhqeon hnnrhmmu- bxrephmbnq qo loyb qghn ;333 bnqeybmu sybpbnqhimb

abhqgz bhjg ubhy hjyozz qgb Ybkeon. Sbosmb aeba o` joma hq golb6 mo{ enaooy

qblsbyhqrybz jhrzba 89.7 abhqgz sby 833333 sosrmhqeon sby ubhy4 hna bwsozryb qo

yhaon jhrzba 9 ‚ : abhqgz sby 833333 sosrmhqeon òy zbmbjqba jornqyebz. Bwsozryb qo

zbjona,ghna zlodb jhrzba ;.: abhqgz4 hna qgb rzb o` zomea `rbmz hz h gorzbgoma

bnbyku zoryjb {eqgorq syosby pbnqemhqeon {hz hzzojehqba {eqg 80.; abhqgz sby 833 333

jgemaybn hna 8.8 abhqgz sby 833 333 harmqz hnnrhmmu. Sooy gorzenk {hz hmzo zqyonkmu

mendba {eqg emm gbhmqg- enjmraenk aezbhzb. En qgb {gomb [GO Bryosbhn Ybkeon- rzenk

zomea `rbmz hz h gorzbgoma bnbyku zoryjb ybzrmqba en qgb mozz o` 2;; hnnrhm aezhiemequ,

hafrzqba me`b,ubhyz- sby 833 333 jgemaybn uornkby qghn èpb ubhyz. Ahqh òy 12

jornqyebz enaejhqba qghq lorma en golbz ybzrmqz en qgb mozz o` 13 AHMUz sby 833 333

jgemaybn bhjg ubhy. . Mhjd o` zlodb abqbjqoyz jhrzba hn hnnrhm mozz o` 99 AHMUz sby

833 333 sosrmhqeon en qgb {gomb Bryosbhn Ybkeon. En lozq zojebqebz en qgb Bryosbhn

http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/author/ritholtz/

http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/author/ritholtz/



89

Ybkeon- sbosmb zsbnq hiorq 53" o` qgbey qelb en iremq hna hyqeèjehm bnpeyonlbnqz.

Go{bpby- qgb ybhmequ ez qghq lrjg o` qgb gorzenk zqojd en qgb Bryosbhn Rneon zqemm gha

lhnu gbhmqg ghvhyaz en 9335- zrjg hz bwjbzzepb noezb bwsozryb '99"%- ahlsnbzz

'80"%- opbyjyo{aenk '87"%- syoimblz dbbsenk qgb a{bmmenk {hyl en {enqby '5"% hna

h mhjd o` gukebnb bxreslbnq zrjg hz hn enaooy `mrzg qoembq ':"% oy h ihqg oy zgo{by

':"%.

Hjjoyaenk qo Vbmhmbl U. '9389%- En Bqgeoseh- qgb mhzq jorsmb o` abjhabz bpeabnjba qgb

sybzbnjb o` zjhyjequ o` ryihn mhna {gejg ybzrmqba `yol yhsea ryihnevhqeon. Nbbambzz qo

lbnqeon- qgez kyharhm enjybhzb en qgb mbpbm o` ryihnevhqeon ghz ibbn hjjolshneba iu

joyybzsonaenk enjybhzbz en qgb hizomrqb nrliby o` ryihn ybzeabnqz- ybzrmqenk en hn

bpby enjybhzenk ablhna òy ybnqhm gorzenk. Qgb ablhna òy gorzbz en ryihn hybhz ghz

hmzo enjybhzba arb qo qgb `hjq qghq lozq o` `ybzg jommbkb kyharhqbz- qgb lhfoyequ o`

{gol lopb orq o` qgbey shybnq―z gorzbz- {hnq qo kbq foi en ryihn hybhz. Jonqyhyu qo

qgb bzjhmhqenk ablhna òy ybnqhm gorzbz- qgb lhydbq hafrzqlbnq syojbzz o` gorzenk

ablhna ez qo zmo{ arb qo qgb mbnkqg o` qelb eq qhdbz qo ènhnjb- abzekn- hna jonzqyrjq

nb{ zrssmu. Ibjhrzb o` qgbzb mhkz qgbyb ez h kybhq soqbnqehm òy aezbxremeiyerl en qgb

zgoyq yrn. En jolsbqeqepb lhydbq- go{bpby- en qgb monk yrn gorzbz abpbmosbyz lhu ib

himb qo dbbs rs {eqg qgez gbekgqbnba ablhna hna lhu òyjb syejbz ao{n {hya qobxremeiyerl. En h jornqyu medb Bqgeoseh {gbyb golb o{nbyzges jozqz hyb shyqejrmhymu

gekg- qgbyb hyb lhnu loyb ybnqbyz qghn o{nbyz. Abzseqb qgb `hjq qghq kopbynlbnq ghz

syolezba qo bnhimb qgb sbosmb qo ghpb zbjryba mhna hjjbzz- qgb lhfoyequ o` qgb ryihn

ybzeabnqz ghpb no ènhnjehm jhshjequ qo irema qgbey a{bmmenk qo `rmèmm qgb zqhnahya o`

qgb ybkrmhqeon- syopeaba qghq qgb bzqelhqeon o` jonzqyrjqeon jozq o` qgb rneqz yblhen

rnjghnkba. Go{bpby- qgez ez ibuona qgb jryybnq ybhmequ hz qgb syejb o` jonzqyrjqeon

lhqbyehmz ez yezenk yhseamu. Jonzbxrbnqmu- hmm qgb hòyblbnqeonba `hjqoyz ybzrmqba en

yhseamu enjybhzenk ablhna òy ybnqhm gorzbz. En Bqgeoseh- qgb syhjqejb hmzo enaejhqbz

qghq kopbynlbnq ghzn―q qhdbn ybnqhm gorzenk òy qgb sooy hna leaamb enjolb pbyu

zbyeorzmu.



8:

:.3 JGHSQBY QGYBB

:.8 LBQGOAOMOKU

Qgez jghsqby bwsmhenz qgb lbqgoaomoku qo ib rzba qo jommbjq ahqh hiorq qgb zqrau

:.8.8 Ybzbhyjg abzekn

Qgb xrhnqeqhqepb lbqgoaz {byb rzba qo bzqhimezg qgb abkybb o` lhkneqrab o` qgb sooy

gorzenk jonaeqeonz. Abzjyesqepb abzekn hzzezqba qo kbq qgb sbosmb―z hqqeqrabz- oseneonz-

hna bwsbnaeqryb shqqbynz hiorq gorzenk. Joyybmhqeon abzekn gbmsba qo bzqhimezg qgb

mbpbm iu {gejg mo{ enjolbz h``bjqba gorzenk jonaeqeonz.

Onmu : shyezgbz shyqejeshqba en qgb zqrau hna qgbzb {byb4 I{hezb9- Lhdbybyb9 hna

[hnabkbuh. Srysozepb Zhlsmenk {hz rzba qo zbmbjq q{o o` qgbzb shyezgbz onb qo

ybsybzbnq- qgb loyb ryihnevba hna qgb oqgby qo ybsybzbnq qgb zble,ryihnevba {gemb qgb

qgeya shyezg {hz zbmbjqba yhnaolmu hna eq qrynba orq qo ib ryihnevba. Onmu qgybb

shyezgbz {byb zbmbjqba òy qgb zqrau ibjhrzb o` qgb meleqhqeonz on ybzoryjbz. @yol

bhjg o` qgbzb shyezgbz onb vonb 'MJ8% {hz zbmbjqba òy qgb zqrau.

Qgb oizbyphqeon abzekn jonzezqba o` qgb zbmbjqba gorzbgomaz lhdenk jhyb`rm

oizbyphqeon o` qgbey gorzbz hna qgb zryyornaenkz mbhaenk qo qgb hnhmuzez o` qgb

zeqrhqeon en qgbey jollrnequ.

Qgb Zqhqezqejhm abzekn enpompba shyqejeshnqz yhqenk qgb syoimblz o` gorzenk. En

haaeqeon- qgbu hmzo yhndba qgb zh`bqu hna gukebnb o` qgb jollrnequ. Qgez ahqh {hz

mhqby hnhmuvba hna enqbysybqba iu qgb Ybzbhyjgby rzenk ZSZZ.

:.8.9 Zqrau Hybh.

Qgb zqrau hybh {hz Dh{blsb Lrnejeshmequ. Dh{blsb Lrnejeshmequ ez onb o` qgb èpb

lrnejeshmequz qghq lhdb rs Dhlshmh Jhseqhm Jequ Hrqgoyequ 'Dhlshmh Aezqyejq%.

Dh{blsb jopbyz hn hybh o` 92 zxrhyb demolbqbyz. Eq ghz 99 shyezgbz hna 890 pemmhkbz'Duhaaonao & Nhdhvve- 9338%. .



81

:.9 Zhlsmb

Qgb zqrau enjmraba ybzeabnqz o` : vonbz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ. Onmu gorzbgoma

gbhaz eyybzsbjqepb o` zbw {byb zbmbjqba. Qo krhya hkhenzq qgb yezd o` gekg no ybzsonzb

yhqb- qgb ybmhqepbz- pezeqoyz aea noq jonzqeqrqb qgb qhykbq sosrmhqeon. Qgb zhlsmenk

abzekn zbmbjqba : shyezgbz qghq shyqejeshqba en qgb zqrau. Qgb xrbzqeonnheyb zrypbu en

qgb qgybb vonbz jolsyezba 93 mojhm ybzeabnqz 'gorzbgoma ybsybzbnqhqepbz% `yol bhjg

vonb-

Qgb 93 gorzbgomaz {byb zbmbjqba yhnaolmu `yol bhjg vonb. Qgbybòyb qgb zhlsmb zevb

{hz 03 ybzsonabnqz. Qgb ryihn shyezg {hz [hnabkbuh shyezg hna qgb MJ8 vonb {hz

Del{hnue Vonb hna qgb zble ryihnevba shyezg {hz I{hezb9 shyezg. Qgb MJ8 vonb

`yol I{hezb9 {hz Mr`rmh vonb. Qgb yhnaolmu zbmbjqba shyezg {hz Lhdbybyb9 shyezg

`yol {gejg qgb MJ8 vonb {hz vonb J.

:.: Ahqh jommbjqeon lbqgoaz

Qgb lbqgoaz enjmraba ioqg syelhyu hna zbjonahyu zoryjbz.

:.:.8 Syelhyu ahqh6 Qgb syelhyu ahqh enòylhqeon {hz aeybjqmu jommbjqba `yol qgb

ybzsonabnqz rzenk h xrbzqeonnheyb.

Xrbzqeonnheybz

Qgez enpompba h xrbzqeonnheyb- {gejg enjmraba h òyl hna xrbzqeonz qghq {byb rzba qo

jommbjq en,absqg gorzbgoma enòylhqeon. Qgb xrbzqeonnheyb {hz rzba qo jommbjq qgb

òmmo{enk ahqh6 ablokyhsgej `hjqoyz- bjonolej {bm`hyb- zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg hna

zojehm {bm`hyb

Qgbu enpompba ioqg osbn hna jmozb bnaba xrbzqeonz.

:.:. 9 Zbjonahyu ahqh Qgez enjmraba enòylhqeon `yol hmybhau bwezqenk zoryjbz medb qgb Enqbynbq- nb{zshsbyz-

forynhmz hna srimejhqeonz.

Aojrlbnq Ybpeb{

Zolb aojrlbnqz ybmhqba qo qgb qosej {byb zqraeba qo kepb loyb enòylhqeon on qgb

ezzrbz rnaby enpbzqekhqeon



82

:.1 Ahqh hnhmuzez

Xrhnqeqhqepb ahqh hnhmuzez

Qgez enpompba sybshyenk ahqh enqo zolb rzb`rm- jmbhy hna rnabyzqhnahimb shqqbyn. Qgb

bwbyjezb enpompba joaenk baeqenk hna qhirmhqenk o` qgb jommbjqba enòylhqeon. Qgb ahqh

{hz qgbn bnqbyba enqo qgb jolsrqby rzenk qgb ZSZZ hna Lejyozo`q bwjbm zo`q{hyb.

Ahqh {hz baeqba qgoyorkgmu hna jgbjdba qo bmelenhqb byyoyz- joaba- qhmmeba hna

yhndba. Nbwq- qgb jolsrqhqeonz {byb aonb qo abqbylenb sbyjbnqhkbz

Ahqh {hz hnhmuvba òy srysozbz o` bwqyhjqenk rzb`rm enòylhqeon hna abpbmosenk

jonjmrzeonz.

:.2 Qbzq o` gusoqgbzez

Qgb Sbhyzon jge,zxrhyb qbzq {hz rzba òy qbzqenk qgb gusoqgbzez hq 2" mbpbm o`

zekneèjhnjb. Jge,zxrhyb ez h zqhqezqejhm qbzq jollonmu rzba qo jolshyb oizbypba ahqh

{eqg ahqh {b {orma bwsbjq qo oiqhen hjjoyaenk qo h zsbjeèj gusoqgbzez. Qgb jge,

zxrhyb qbzq ez hm{huz qbzqenk qgb nrmm gusoqgbzez- {gejg zqhqbz qghq qgbyb ez no

zekneèjhnq ae``bybnjb ibq{bbn qgb bwsbjqba hna oizbypba ybzrmq.

Qgb Jge, Zxrhyb 'ϋ¹% qbzq ez rnaoriqbamu qgb lozq elsoyqhnq hna lozq rzba lbliby o`

qgb nonshyhlbqyej `hlemu o` zqhqezqejhm qbzqz hna {hz rzba qo qbzq ae``bybnjbz ibq{bbn

q{o hjqrhm zhlsmbz. Qgb qbzq {hz hssmeba on q{o jhqbkoyejhm phyehimbz `yol h zenkmb

sosrmhqeon hna eq qbzqba h nrmm gusoqgbzez zqhqenk qghq qgb `ybxrbnju aezqyeirqeon o`

jbyqhen bpbnqz oizbypba en h zhlsmb {hz jonzezqbnq {eqg h shyqejrmhy qgboybqejhm

aezqyeirqeon. H qbzq o` enabsbnabnjb rzenk qgb jge,zxrhyb qbzq hzzbzzba {gbqgby sheyba

oizbyphqeonz on q{o phyehimbz- bwsybzzba en h jonqenkbnju qhimb- {byb enabsbnabnq o`

bhjg oqgby.

http://stattrek.com/Help/Glossary.aspx?Target=Categorical%20variable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_%28probability_theory%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_%28statistics%29



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_%28statistics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_%28probability_theory%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis

http://stattrek.com/Help/Glossary.aspx?Target=Categorical%20variable



80

Qgb òylrmh òy jhmjrmhqenk jge,zxrhyb ez

[gbyb

< Sbhyzon+z jrlrmhqepb qbzq zqhqezqej- {gejg hzulsqoqejhmmu hssyohjgbz h

aezqyeirqeon.

< hn oizbypba `ybxrbnju4

< hn bwsbjqba 'qgboybqejhm% `ybxrbnju- hzzbyqba iu qgb nrmm gusoqgbzez4

< qgb nrliby o` jbmmz en qgb qhimb.

Qghq ez- jge,zxrhyb ez qgb zrl o` qgb zxrhyba ae``bybnjb ibq{bbn oizbypba 'o% hna qgb

bwsbjqba 'b% ahqh- aepeaba iu qgb bwsbjqba ahqh en hmm sozzeimb jhqbkoyebz. Eq ez rzba qo

qbzq absbnabnju oy enabsbnabnju ibq{bbn q{o phyehimbz {gbyb qgb gusoqgbzez hyb4

Go6 Q{o phyehimbz hyb absbnabnq on bhjg oqgby

Gh6 Q{o phyehimbz hyb enabsbnabnq o` bhjg oqgby

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution





8;

JGHSQBY @ORY

1.3 YBZRMQZ- ENQBYSYBQHQEON HNA AEZJRZZEON

1.3 Enqyoarjqeon.

Qgez jghsqby hqqblsqz qo bzqhimezg qgb bwezqbnjb o` h ybmhqeonzges ibq{bbn qgb q{o

phyehimbz- e.b. gorzenk syoimblz hna mo{ enjolbz- rzenk aehkyhllhqejhm hna

nrlbyejhm lbqgoaz. Qgb nrlbyejhm lbqgoa {emm ib rzba òy qbzqenk qgb zqhqezqejhmgusoqgbzez hna qgb aehkyhllhqejhm lbqgoa {emm ib pezrhm.

1.8 Sosrmhqeon

@yol qgb ahqh jommbjqba rzenk xrbzqeonnheybz- qgb hnhmuzez zgo{z qghq 03" o` qgb

ybzsonabnqz {gbyb nhqepbz. Qgb ybzq gha frzq lekyhqba enqo qgb hybh. Qgbzb jonqyeirqb

qo 10" o` qgb qoqhm ybzsonabnqz {eqg qgb lhfoyequ ghpenk lekyhqba opby 8 ubhy hko. Eq{hz noqba qghq qgb lhfoyequ o` qgb sbosmb {go {byb non,nhqepbz gha jolb `yol qgb

nbhyiu Dhlshmh zriryiz.

Qhimb 36 Zojehm,ablokyhsgej jghyhjqbyezqejz o` qgb ybzsonabnqz

Jghyhjqbyezqej @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnq

Ioyn en

Dh{blsb

Ubz

No

:0

91

03.3

13.3

Zbw Lhmb

@blhmb

:8

95

28.;

17.:

Blsmouba UbzNo

:3:3

23.323.3

Lonqgmu

bhynenk

Ibmo{ 92!

Ibq{bbn 92! hna :2!

Ibq{bbn :2! hna 23!

Opby 23!

1

0

90

91

0.;

83.3

1:.:

13.3



87

@ryqgbyloyb- qgb sbyjbnqhkb nrliby o` sbosmb {go {byb enqbnaenk qo zqhu en

Dh{blsb {hz :;". Qgez {hz arb qo qgb `hjq qghq Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ ghz h

ybhzonhimb nrliby o` rnepbyzequ zqrabnqz bzsbjehmmu en qgb hybhz o` [hnabkbuh hna

Lhdbybyb9 shyezgbz {go zge`q h`qby jolsmbqeon o` qgbey zqraebz. Qgez zge`q en qybna

jhrzbz h abjmenb en bjonolej hjqepeqebz ybzrmqenk enqo oqgby òylz o` lekyhqeonz hz

zgo{n en qgb kyhsg- I{hezb9 gha qgb iekkbzq nrliby o` sbosmb enqbnaenk qo zqhu en

Dh{blsb òy hq mbhzq qgb nbwq 0 lonqgz- qgb ybhzon kepbn {hz qghq qgb jozq o` gorzenk

en qgez hybh {hz jgbhsby jolshyba qo qgb ybzq o` qgb smhjbz {eqg ybnq yhnkenk `yol hz

mo{ hz 7! sby lonqg.

[hnabkbuh shyezg gha qgb mbhzq nrliby o` sbosmb {emmenk qo zqhu {gejg jorma ib

sozzeimu ib iyorkgq hiorq iu qgb gekg jozq o` gorzenk- ibenk qgb ryihnevba shyezg.

Opbyjyo{aenk {hz oizbypba iu qgb ybzbhyjgby lhenmu en qgb hybhz o` Mr`rmh vonb hna

Lhdbybyb9 vonb J {eqg zbpbyhm jhzbz o` opby 1 sbosmb zghyenk onb yool.

@ekryb 86 Zbqqmblbnq gezqoyu

1.9.8 Nrliby blsmouba.

@yol qgb xrbzqeonnheybz- eq {hz aezjopbyba qghq qgb nrliby o` sbosmb blsmouba

jonzqeqrqba ghm` o` qgb qoqhm zhlsmb hna ybzq ibenk rnblsmouba.

3

9

1

0

7

8389

81

80

87

8LONQG 0LONQGZ 89LONQGZ OPBY 8

UBHY

NHQEPBZ

@

y

b

xr

b

n

j

u

Qelb zsbnq en Dh{blsb

ZBQQMBLBNQ GEZQOYU

[HNABKBUH

I[HEZB9

LHDBYBYB9



85

Qhimb 86 Nrliby o` sbosmb blsmouba.

1.9.9 Sbyjbnqhkb bwsbnaeqryb o` qoqhm enjolb on ybnq

Eq {hz `ryqgby ybpbhmba qghq 10" o` qgb sbosmb en Dh{blsb zsbna qgb iekkbzq soqeon

qgbey enjolb on ybnq.I{hezb9 shyezg gha qgb iekkbzq nrliby o` ybzsonabnqz {gozb

iekkbzq soyqeon o` enjolb {hz zhjyeèjba òy ybnq. Qgez jonqyeirqba qo 1;" o` qgb

sbosmb {go {byb blsmouba- Lhdbybyb9 {hz yhqba qgb zbjona hna mhzqmu [hnabkbuh

shyezg {eqg 95" hna 90" ybzsbjqepbmu. O` qgb soyqeon qghq {hz blsmouba- qgb

lhfoyequ {hz hq mbhzq blsmouba iu zolbonb'shea blsmoulbnq% {eqg [hnabkbuhaolenhqenk {eqg 2:"- I{hezb9 hna Lhdbybyb9 shyezgbz gha 93" hna 9;"

ybzsbjqepbmu. Qgbyb {byb h `b{ jhzbz o` sbosmb {go absbnaba on sbnzeonz- kyhnqz hna

oqgby zoryjbz hz zoryjbz o` blsmoulbnq- hmm qgbzb jonqyeirqenk qo 8;" onmu.

@ekryb 96 Nrliby qghq zsbnaz iekkbzq soyqeon on ybnq.

Lhnu gorzbgomaz― lblibyz en qgb jequ hyb sybaolenhnqmu blsmouba en qgb enòylhm

zbjqoy- lozqmu bnkhkba en zlhmm irzenbzzbz on h zrizezqbnjb ihzez. Golb,ihzba

:2"

:8"

:1"

IEKKBZQ SOYQEON O@ ENJOLB ZSBNQ ON YBNQ SBY SHYEZG

[HNABKBUH

I[HEZB9

LHDBYBYB9

Blsmoulbnq zqhqrz @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnqhkb

Blsmouba :3 23

Rnblsmouba :3 23

Qoqhm 03 833



93

bnqbysyezbz en qgez jhzb smhu hn elsoyqhnq yomb en jonqyeirqenk qo gorzbgomaz― enjolbz-

hna syopeaenk zolb mbpbm o` zojehm syoqbjqeon. Enjolbz en qgb enòylhm zbqqmblbnqz o`

qgb jequ hyb mo{- enqbyleqqbnq hna rnjbyqhen- {eqg 73" ibenk en qgb mo{,enjolb

jhqbkoyu. Zrjg jonaeqeonz ghlsby sozzeiemeqebz o` hjjbzzenk abjbnq gorzenk òy qgb

gorzbgomaz en Dhlshmh. Lhfoy zoryjbz o` gorzenk ènhnjb hyb enòylhm- lhenmu

hyezenk orq o` gorzbgomaz― zhpenkz hna `yol ybnqhm enjolbz iu ghpenk qbnhnqz shu : ,0

lonqgz― ybnq en haphnjb. Zrjg zoryjbz o` ènhnjb ghyamu syopeab bnorkg `rnaz qo

lbbq qgb ablhnaz o` abjbnq gorzenk 'Lrdeeie- 9337%.

Qhimb 96 Nhqryb o` blsmoulbnq

Qusb o` blsmoulbnq @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnqhkb

Shea 82 92.3

Zbm` 83 80.;

Sbnzeon : 2.3

Kyhnqz/zojehm ibnbèqz 9 :.:

Qoqhm :3 23.3

1.: Zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg.

1.:.8 [hqby òy aolbzqej rzb.

Qgb lhen zoryjb o` {hqby {hz ybpbhmba qo ib sesba {hqby. ;9" o` qgb qoqhm zhlsmb

zevb ghssbnba qo ib rzenk sesba {hqby. Nonb {byb rzenk h ioybgomb- hz qgbzb hyb

qusejhm qo yryhm hybhz. 9:" gha qgbey lhfoy zoryjb o` {hqby hz h {bmm. [bmmz hyb

jollon en zble,ryihnevba jollrneqebz zenjb qgbu zolbqelbz qbna qo ghpb zsyenkz.

Hmlozq hmm qgb {hqby zoryjbz {byb oizbypba qo ib {eqgen h zgoyq yhnkb `yol

gorzbgomaz. Qgb jghyq ibmo{ zgo{z {hqby zoryjbz hna qgb nrliby {go gha jonqyhjqba

{hqby ioynb aezbhzb en qgb shzq onb lonqg hq shyezg mbpbm.

H `b{ jhzbz o` {hqby jommbjqba `yol zsyenkz {byb noqba en I{hezb9 hna Lhdbybyb9

shyezgbz mbhaenk qo qgb lhfoyequ ybsoyqba jhzbz o` {hqby ioynb aezbhzbz en qgb noqba

hybhz hz zgo{n en qgb qhimb ibmo{.



98

@ekryb :6 Aolbzqej {hqby zoryjbz hna {hqby ioynb aezbhzbz.

;3" o` qgb qoqhm zhlsmb zevb ibmebpba qghq qgb {hqby ioynb aezbhzbz {byb jhrzba iu

sooy gorzenk jonaeqeonz {gejg enjmraba hlonk oqgbyz4 sooy ayhenhkb zuzqbl- rnzh`b

{hqby òy aolbzqej rzb hna jommbjqenk {hqby `yol rnsyoqbjqba zoryjbz zhu qgozb

zghyba iu hnelhmz medb {bmmz.

Qhimb :6 [hqby ioynb aezbhzbz.

[hqby ioynb aezbhzbz en qgb shzq onb lonqg. @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnqhkb

En`bjqba 89 93.3

Noq en`bjqba 17 73.3

Qoqhm 03 833.3

1.:.9 Mhqyenb hna qoembq enòylhqeon

Onmu q{o jhzbz o` gorzbgomaz {eqgorq mhqyenbz {byb ybsoyqba hna hmm qgbzb {byb en

I{hezb9 shyezg. Qgbzb {byb ybsoyqba qo ib rzenk srimej qoembqz iremq iu qgb

lrnejeshmequ jornjem. Qgb ybzq o` qgb gorzbgomaz gha beqgby h mhqyenb oy h qoembq.

Qgorkg qgb lhfoyequ o` qgb gorzbgomaz en qgb zble ryihnevba I{hezb9 gha hq mbhzq h

mhqyenb- qgb mhykbzq sbyjbnqhkb gha mhqyenbz qghq {byb en sooy jonaeqeonz hnaqblsoyhyemu iremq {eqg lra loybopby zolb bpbn opby {hqby jghnnbmz.

3

2

83

82

93

sesba ioybgomb {bmm oqgby {hqbyioynb

aezbhzb

@

Y

B

X

R

B

N

J

U

[HQBY ZORYJBZ/ AEZBHZBZ

[HQBY

[HNABKBUH

I[HEZB9

LHDBYBYB9



99

@ekryb 16 Mhqyenb/Qoembq o{nbyzges

Qgb lhfoyequ o` qgb sbosmb gha qgbey mhqyenbz orqzeab qgbey gorzbz ybhzon ibenk qghq

enzeab qoembqz ybxreyb sesba {hqby hna qgbu hyb jozqmu. En [hnabkbuh 90" gha qgbey

mhqyenbz orqzeab {gemb I{hezb9 hna Lhdbybyb9 ioqg gha :8" {eqg I{hezb9 ghpenk hmm

qgbey mhqyenbz/qoembqz orqzeab qgb gorzb. Eq {hz aezjopbyba iu qgb ybzbhyjgby qghq lozq o`

qgb gorzbgomaz gha zghyba mhqyenbz- lhfoyequ ibenk qbnhnqz. En [hnabkbuh hna

Lhdbybyb9 qgb gorzbgomaz ghpenk zghyba mhqyenbz jonzqeqrqba 85" en bhjg shyezg hna

en I{hezb9 eq {hz :8" zghyba mhqyenbz hyb noq bhzu qo jmbhn zenjb bpbyu onb zbblz qo

eknoyb qgb ybzsonzeiemequ- hz zolb sbosmb lhu noq jhyb.

Qhimb 1.86 Mojhqeon hna mhqyenb o{nbyzges

Mhqyenb o{nbyzges Qoqhm

Nrliby {eqg mhqyenbz Nrliby {eqgorq mhqyenbz

I{hezb9 shyezg 87 9 93

Lhdbybyb9 shyezg 93 3 93

[hnabkbuh shyezg 93 3 93

Qoqhm 27 9 03

Jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ <1.8:7 S,phmrb ez < 3.890 abkybbz o` `ybbaol< 9

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.890 kybhqby qghn 3.32 hq 2" mbpbm o` zekneèjhnjb. Qgez lbhnz qghq

qgbyb ez enzr`èjebnq bpeabnjb qo jonjmrab qghq mhqyenb o{nbyzges ez en`mrbnjba iu

mojhqeon o` qgb shyezg.

3"

93"

13"

03"

73"

833"

[HNABKBUH I[HEZB9 LHDBYBYB9

S

BY

J

B

N

Q

H

K

B

Z

SHYEZG

MHQYENB/QOEMBQ



9:

Qhimb 16 Nhqryb o` mhqyenb `mooy lhqbyehm

Mhqyenb `mooy lhqbyehm @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnqhkb

Jblbnqba 19 ;3.3

[ooabn 7 8:.:

Oqgby 83 80.;

Qoqhm 03 833.3

Go{bpby- qgb onmu abèjebnjebz en o{nenk h ihqgyool {gbyb òrna en I{hezb9 shyezg

hz hmm qgb ybzsonabnqz en [hnabkbuh hna Lhdbybyb9 hmm gha ihqgyoolz. En I{hezb9

shyezg onmu 12" gha h ihqgyool.

Qhimb 26 deqjgbn enòylhqeon

Deqjgbn @ybxrbnju Sbyjbnq

Ybzsonabnqz {eqg h deqjgbn 9: :7.:

Ybzsonabnqz {eqgorq h deqjgbn :; 08.;

Qoqhm 03 833

Ybzrmqz o` h ybsybzbnqhqepb zrypbu jonarjqba {eqg 8―233 sooy gorzbgomaz en Rkhnah―z

jhseqhm aryenk Nopbliby 9383 zgo{ qghq qgb lhfoyequ o` Dhlshmh―z ryihn sooy ghpb

hjjbzz qo on,zeqb zhneqhqeon `hjemeqebz. Abzseqb qgb {eabzsybha hjjbzzeiemequ qo

zhneqhqeon- qgb jonaeqeonz o` lhnu `hjemeqebz hyb rnzhqez`hjqoyu arb qo qgb kbnbyhmmu

mhykb nrliby o` rzbyz sby zqhnjb. Qgez mbhaz qo mo{ gukebnej zqhnahyaz hna {heqenk

qelbz òy qoembq rzbyz. Hz h ybzrmq- ”`muenk qoembqz“ ez 'hq mbhzq ojjhzeonhmmu% zqemm h

jollon syhjqejb hlonk qgb ryihn sooy- hna lhnu qoembqz hyb hihnaonba h`qby h

ybmhqepbmu zgoyq qelb , qgrz xrbzqeonenk qgb qyrb mbpbm o` zhneqhqeon hjjbzz en Dhlshmh―z

mo{,enjolb hybhz. Gorzbgoma enpbzqlbnq en kooa,xrhmequ on,zeqb `hjemeqebz ez

aezjoryhkba iu qgb mhjd o` syosbyqu yekgqz hna gekg syejbz- o`qbn bwjbbaenk qgb

hpbyhkb hnnrhm sby jhseqh enjolb en Dhlshmh―z sooy zbqqmblbnqz.'RN,GHIEQHQ-

Nheyoie- 933;%



91

1.:.: @mooaz

Qgb èkryb ibmo{ zgo{z ybzsonabnqz zqhqrz o` `mooaenk. Qgb sbosmb en [hnabkbuh hna

Lhdbybyb9 hyb noq lrjg h``bjqba iu `mooaz hz ibmebpba iu qgozb en I{hezb9 {go

zr``by aryenk qgb yhenu zbhzon.

@ekryb 16 `mooaz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ

1.:.1 [hzqb aezsozhm

Eq {hz aezjopbyba qghq onb o` qgb lenelhm gorzenk syoimbl `hjba iu sbosmb mepenk en

Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ ez qghq o` yriiezg. Qgez ez ibjhrzb qgb lhfoyequ ibenk 17" o`

qgb ybzsonabnqz en qgb qgybb shyezgbz zhea qghq qgbey yriiezg {hz jommbjqba iu qgb

DJJH yriiezg jommbjqoyz. 97" irynq qgbey yriiezg {hzqb hna 80" aezsozba hnugo{

{gbyb zolb zhea qgbu aezsozb enqo qgb {hqby zqybhlz bzsbjehmmu aryenk sbyeoaz o` qoo

lrjg yhen`hmm. Qgb jghyq ibmo{ zgo{z qgb aezsozhm lbqgoaz o` yriiezg iu qgb qgybb

shyezgbz.

3 83 93 :3

Zqyonkmu hkybb

hkybb

aezhkybb

zqyonkmu aehkybb

@ybxrbnju

Yh

q

e

n

k

@MOOAZ OJJRYBNJB

lhdbybyb9

i{hezb9

{hnabkbuh



92

@ekryb 26 aezsozhm o` zomea {hzqb

Go{bpby qgbyb zbblba qo ib loyb syoimblz {eqg qgb zb{byhkb aezsozhm. Qgez {hz

jollon qo hmm qgb shyezgbz. Qgb ybzbhyjgby oizbypba qghq en zolb hybhz o`

[hnabkbuh- qghq zb{byhkb sesbz gha `hrmqz hna zb{byhkb {hz hmm opby zolb yohaz. En

I{hezb9 qgbyb {hz h zelemhy syoimbl. Qgb ybzsonabnqz jmhelba qghq qgb rsgemm

ybzeabnqz ybmbhzba qgbey zb{byhkb enqo qgb {hqby zqybhlz aryenk yhenu zbhzonz. Qgbzbzqybhlz ghpenk {hzqb yriiezg bzsbjehmmu {hqby ioqqmbz hna smhzqejz qgez jhrzba zolb

{hqby ibjolenk zqhknhnq. Lozxreqobz ghyioy en qgb zqhknhnq {hqby hna lhmhyeh ez qgb

jhrzb. Lhdbybyb9 gha `b{ jhzbz o` `hrmqu zb{byhkb sesbz hz {hz oizbypba iu qgb

ybzbhyjgby.

Mexrea {hzqb aezsozhm

Qgb zb{byhkb zuzqbl zbypbz mbzz qghn 83" o` qgb sosrmhqeon4 oqgby {bhmqgu hna

leaamb,enjolb gorzbgomaz rzb zbsqej qhndz. HAI '9383% abzjyeibz zhneqhqeon

jonaeqeonz en enòylhm zbqqmblbnqz hz hsshmmenk6 ”Mhna,qbnryb zuzqbl hna

enhssyosyehqb qbjgnomokebz ghpb mba qo qgb jonzqyrjqeon o` pbyu sooy mhqyenbz 'oy no

mhqyenbz hq hmm%“. RN,Ghieqhq '9383% ybsoyqz hjjbzz ahqh òy q{o enòylhm zbqqmblbnqz.

Opby 53" o` sbosmb rzb rnelsyopba seq mhqyenbz- hna zolb ybzeabnqz ybzoyq qo osbn

ab`bjhqeon hna smhzqej ihkz. Zolb enòylhm zbqqmblbnqz hyb hmzo ybsoyqba qo ib

jonqhlenhqba iu qgb orq`mo{ `yol qgb jollrnhm zbsqej qhndz o` mhykb iremaenkz-

3

9

1

0

7

83

89

81

80

iryn eq hrqgoyeqebz

jommbjq eq

aezsozb

hnugo{

oqgby

@

yb

x

r

b

n

j

u

Lbqgoa o` aezsozhm

ZOMEA [HZQB AEZSOZHM LBQGOAZ

{hnabkbuh

i{hezb9

lhdbybyb9



90

noqhimu zqrabnq gozqbmz 'HAI 9383%. Srimej qoembqz hyb hmzo ybsoyqba qo ib `heymu

{eabzsybha. Jgombyh orqiybhdz ojjry ybkrmhymu '[hqby [ede 9383%

H `b{ ybzsonabnqz gbyb hna qgbyb ibmebpba qghq qgb kopbynlbnq gha aonb bnorkg qo

yhezb gorzenk zqhnahyaz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ hz zgo{n en qgb qhimb ibmo{. ::.:"

zqyonkmu aezhkybba qghq qgb hrqgoyeqebz gha aonb bnorkg- gekgmekgqenk qgb lrnejeshmequ

jornjem―z {bhdnbzz. Qgb ybzsonabnqz khpb ybhzonz zrjg hz rnsmhnnba zqyrjqrybz- mhjd

o` bnorkg zhneqhqeon o`èjehmz qo enzsbjq qgb lrnejeshmequ- sooy zb{byhkb nbq{oyd-

sooy ayhenhkb zuzqbl hna mhjd o` hn habxrhqb yoha hjjbzz

Qhimb 06 Hrqgoyeqebz― bphmrhqeon on zhneqhqeon

Ghpb qgb hrqgoyeqebz aonb bnorkg qo syoloqb

kooa zhneqhqeon

@ybxrbnju Sbyjbnq

Zqyonkmu hkybb : 2.3

Hkybb 87 :3.3

Aezhkybb 85 :8.;

Zqyonkmu aezhkybb 93 ::.:

Qoqhm 03 833.3

1.1 Zojehm {bm`hyb

Qgb jghyq ibmo{ zgo{z qgb ybzsonabnqz {go {byb qbnhnqz. Qbnhnqz ojjryyba loyb

`ybxrbnqmu enaejhqenk qghq qgb lhfoyequ nbpby o{nba h sebjb o` mhna. O` qgb 03

ybzsonabnqz- 0:" {byb qbnhnqz. Hna qgb ybzq {byb non,qbnhnqz. Lhdbybyb9 gha qgb

iekkbzq nrliby o` qbnhnqz qgbzb lhdenk :0" o` qgb qoqhm nrliby o` qbnhnqz òmmo{ba

iu [hnabkbuh hna I{hezb9 ioqg {eqg :3". Syephqb o{nbyz hna NKOz o{nba qgb

lhfoyequ o` qgb gorzbz. Qgbyb {byb no jhzbz o` kopbynlbnq o{nba gorzenk rneqz

elsmuenk qghq qgb kopbynlbnq gha noq aonb lrjg qo elsyopb qgb gorzenk jonaeqeonz

en qgb hybh. Hmqgorkg qgb mhykbzq nrliby o` qgb qoqhm zhlsmb gha h onb,yoolba gorzb-h ybhzonhimb nrliby o` qgb ybzsonabnqz en qgb hybhz o` [hnabkbuh hna Lhdbybyb9

gha hq mbhzq h :'qgybb% yoolba gorzb oy ybnqhm.



9;

@ekryb 06 Nrliby o` qbnhnqz.

1.1.8 Zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb.

@eyba iyejdz iremq 19" o` qgb gorzbz. Qgez jonzqeqrqba qgb mhykbzq sbyjbnqhkb o` gorzb

{hmm zqyrjqryb lhqbyehmz. Jonjybqb iyejdz jonzqeqrqenk 92" òmmo{ba qgbzb.

@ekryb ;6 Gorzb {hmm zqyrjqryb.

Zqraebz zgo{ qghq Gorzenk ez onb o` qgb lhfoy ezzrbz o`qbn `hjba iu jeqebz en qgb

abpbmosenk jornqyebz. Qgb 9339 jbnzrz zgo{ba qghq Jornqyu {eab- onmu 8;" o`

a{bmmenk rneqz {byb lhab o` sbylhnbnq yoo`- `mooy hna {hmm lhqbyehmz. Hiorq 25" o`

a{bmmenk rneqz en ryihn hybhz {byb sbylhnbnq jolshyba 83" en yryhm hybhz. Qgb lozq

jollon qusb o` lhqbyehmz rzba òy jonzqyrjqeon o` qgb a{bmmenk rneqz hyb lra hna

somb òy qgb {hmm '23"%- eyon zgbbqz '21"% oy qghqjg '11"% òy qgb yoo` hna yhllbabhyqg ';;"% òy qgb `mooy '91%. gorzenk zqojd zqooa hq :.7 lemmeon gorzenk rneqz {eqg

:3"

:0"

:1"

QBNHNQZ

{hnabkbuh

i{hezb9

lhdbybyb9

3

9

1

0

7

83

89

jonjybqb

iyejdz

zrn ihdba èyba iyejdz lra oqgby

@

yb

x

r

b

n

j

u

gorzb{hmm lhqbyehm

GORZB [HMM LHQBYEHM

{hnabkbuh

i{hezb9

lhdbybyb9



97

hn hpbyhkb sbyzon zevb o` 1.3 sbyzonz en qgb Ryihn hna 1.5 en qgb yryhm hybhz. ;8"

ojjrsu yoolz yhqgby qghn `ybbzqhnaenk gorzbz. Qgez zgo{z mo{ gorzenk zqhnahyaz hna

gorzenk jonaeqeonz ibjhrzb qgb xrhmequ o` gorzenk ghz noq ibbn jonqyommba en

Dhlshmh- nbeqgby ghpb zqhnahyaz ibbn bnòyjba. Qgez ez lhenmu ibjhrzb o` qgb hizbnjb

o` h zqhqrqb on iremaenk hna mhwequ en qgb bnòyjblbnq o` iremaenk kreabmenbz iu

DJJH. Qgb mhwequ ez lhenmu arb qo someqejhm sybzzryb hna qbnabnjebz o` nbkmekbnjb

hyezenk `yol iyeibyu oy joyyrsqeon en qgb bnòyjblbnq bzqhimezglbnqz oy lbjghnezlz.

Qgb rskyhaenk eneqehqepb {emm ghpb qo abzekn en,iremq zh`b,krhyaz qo hpoea qgb b``bjqz o`

someqejz hna joyyrsqeon. 'RN,GHIEQHQ- Nheyoie- 933;%

1.1.9 Enhabxrhqb yoha hjjbzz

Oqgby syoimblz qghq {byb noqba jonjbynba mhjd o` habxrhqb yoha hjjbzz. En hybh medb

I{hezb9 {byb qgbyb {hz h moq o` oizbypba jonkbzqeon eq {hz qoo bhzu qo kbq mozq `yol

{eqgen ae``bybnq sbosmb―z uhyaz- qghq ez e` uor hyb noq rzba. Zolb ybzsonabnqz zhea qghq

qgbu jyozz ahnkbyorz qblsoyhyu iyeakbz opby zqybhlz qo qgb nbhy iu hybhz hna qgez

ghssbnba loyb o`qbn en qgb yhenu zbhzon. Yoha hjjbzz en qgb hybhz o` [hnabkbuh hna

Lhdbybyb {hz xreqb zhqez`hjqoyu hz zgo{n en qgb jghyq ibmo{.

@ekryb 76 Bphmrhqeon on yoha hjjbzz

3

8

9

:

1

2

0

;

7

5

Zqyonkmu

hkybb

hkybb aehkybb zqyonkmu

aehkybb

@

y

b

x

r

b

n

j

u

Yhqenk

YBZSONABNQZ YHQENK O@ HRGOYEQEBZ B@@OYQZ ON YOHA ELSYOPBLBNQ

{hnabkbuh

i{hezb9

lhdbybyb9



95

1.2 Bpejqeonz

Eq {hz `ryqgby noqba qghq bpejqeonz ojjry en qgb : shyezgbz. Qgb jghyq ibmo{ zgo{z

bpejqeonz qghq ojjryyba {gbyb qgb mhykbzq nrliby o` bpejqeonz ojjryyba en I{hezb9-

{gejg jonzqeqrqba 19". Eq {hz `ryqgby noqba en haaeqeon qo qgb bpejqeonz4 `b{ sbosmb

gha hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz zhu `yol ihndz oy qgb mohn zjgblbz `yol qgb

kopbynlbnq. Abqhemz hyb hz zgo{n en qgb qhimb ibmo{.

@ekryb 56 Bpejqeonz en Dh{blsb.

Abzseqb abjhabz o` {oyd iu gorzenk hna grlhn yekgqz oykhnevhqeonz- NKOz-

lrmqemhqbyhm enzqeqrqeonz hna jollrnequ oykhnevhqeonz- qgb bpejqeon o` sooy gorzbgomaz

hna sooy jollrneqebz ez enjybhzenk en H`yejhn jeqebz- jhrzenk aezsmhjblbnq- lezbyu

hna elsopbyezglbnq òy lemmeonz o` ryihn jeqevbnz. Qgb jhrzbz o` qgbzb bpejqeonz hyb

phyeba- irq qgb rnabymuenk qgblb {gejg mendz qgbl ez qgb enjybhzenk yomb lhydbq òyjbz

hyb smhuenk en abqbylenenk go{ ryihn mhna ez rzba.

En 9339- hssyowelhqbmu 8233 sbosmb mepenk on qgb Nhkryr hna Nhdh{h bzqhqbz en

Dhlshmh- Rkhnah- {byb qgybhqbnba {eqg bpejqeon iu DJJH qgb qgbn Dhlshmh Jequ

Jornjem {gejg enqbnaba qo rzb qgb mhna òy qgb jonzqyrjqeon o` ybqhem hna leaamb,

enjolb gorzenk.

Go{bpby- zelsmu ghmqenk hn bpejqeon ez noq zr`èjebnq. @ryqgby {oyd {orma ib ybxreyba

qo khen zbjryequ o` qbnryb òy qgb ybzeabnqz- hna hmzo qo eneqehqb syojbzzbz qo ybhmevb hmm

aelbnzeonz o` qgbey yekgq qo habxrhqb gorzenk. Zenjb 933: RN,GHIEQHQ ghz

bnkhkba {eqg qgb Kopbynlbnq o` Rkhnah hna oqgby zqhdbgomabyz- enjmraenk

jollrnequ oykhnevhqeonz- en h Zbjryb Qbnryb Jhlshekn qghq ghz iyorkgq qokbqgby hmm

qgb shyqebz. Qgb hel o` qgb jhlshekn {hz qo bnzryb qghq qgb ryihn sooy―z yekgq qo qgb

jequ ez ybjoknevba hna syoqbjqba hna qghq no òyjba bpejqeonz {byb qhdb smhjb en

Dhlshmh oy hnu oqgby Rkhnahn jequ oy qo{n. Qgb jhlshekn {hz zrssoyqba iu h

97"

1:"

95"

Bpejqeonz

{hnabkbuh

i{hezb9

lhdbybyb9



:3

”Jeqebz {eqgorq Zmrlz“ syokyhl en Dhlshmh qo qyhnzmhqb qgb orqsrqz o` qgb jhlshekn

enqo jonjybqb hjqeonz- enjmraenk qgb ybpezeon o` qgb bwezqenk mhna hna qbnryb zuzqblz-

hna jhshjequ iremaenk o` hmm shyqnbyz qo bnkhkb en jequ,{eab- shyqejeshqoyu zmrl

rskyhaenk syokyhlz. En Abjbliby 9337 qgb Kopbynlbnq o` Rkhnah srimezgba eqz

Nhqeonhm Zmrl Rskyhaenk Zqyhqbku hna Hjqeon Smhn- {gejg enjmraba zqyhqbkebz òy

qbnryb ybkrmhyevhqeon hna h`òyahimb mhna- zrssmu o` h`òyahimb gorzenk- ryihn

en`yhzqyrjqryb hna ihzej zbypejbz- h zmrl,zbnzeqepb ryihn smhnnenk `yhlb{oyd-

ènhnjenk zmrl rskyhaenk- enjmrzeon hna shyqejeshqeon o` zmrl ybzeabnqz- jozq

hmmojhqeon- jozq ybjopbyu hna h`òyahiemequ- hna zqhdbgomaby hjqoyz― shyqejeshqeon hna

jooyaenhqeon. En qgb Smhn- qgb Kopbynlbnq zqhqbz qghq ”qgez Nhqeonhm Zmrl Rskyhaenk

Zqyhqbku ez hiorq qhdenk dbu zqbsz qo lhnhkb hna kreab qgb syojbzz o` ryihnevhqeon zo

qghq zo lhnu sbosmb ao noq rnfrzqmu zr``by `yol enhabxrhjebz en qgb lozq ihzej o`

grlhn ybxreyblbnqz ‚ zrjg hz {hqby- zhneqhqeon- zgbmqby- gbhmqg hna barjhqeon. Qgb

dbu qo ybhsenk `yol qgb syosozhmz jonqhenba en qgb zqyhqbku ez someqejhm {emm qo

ybjoknevb qgb nhqryb hna zjhmb o` qgb jghmmbnkb- hna qo èylmu jolleq qo frzqmu abhmenk

{eqg qgb nbbaz o` zmrl ybzeabnqz hna qgez ybxreybz h zenjbyb hna monk,qbyl

jolleqlbnq.

Qhimb ;6 Hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebzLOYQKHKBZ @ybxrbnju sbyjbnqhkb

Hjjbzz loyqkhkbz 80 90.;

No hjjbzz qo loyqkhkbz 11 ;:.:

Qoqhm 03 833



:8

1.0 Qbzq o` gusoqgbzez

Go6 Qgb hrqgoyequ ghzn―q aonb bnorkg qo syoloqb kooa gorzenk en Dh{blsb

lrnejeshmequ

Gh6 Qgb hrqgoyequ ghz aonb bnorkg qo syoloqb kooa gorzenk en Dh{blsb

lrnejeshmequ

Qhimb 56 Hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz hna {gbqgby qgb hrqgoyeqebz ghpb aonb bnorkg qo

syoloqb kooa gorzenk jonaeqeonz en Dh{blsb aepezeon

Ao uor ghpb hjjbzz qoLoyqkhkbz?

Qoqhm

Osqeonz Ubz No

Ghpb qgbhrqgoyeqebz aonbbnorkg qo syoloqbkooa gorzenk enDh{blsb?

Zqyonkmu hkybb 1 9 0Hkybb : 9 2

Aezhkybb 5 88 93

Zqyonkmu aezhkybb 3 95 95

Qoqhmz 80 11 03

S,phmrb ez 3.33 jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ < 98.;:: abkybbz o` `ybbaol< :

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.333 {gejg ez mbzz qghn 3.32- qgb 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm. Qgb nrmm

gusoqgbzez Go zgorma qgbybòyb ib ybfbjqba hna qghq qgbyb ez zr`èjebnq bpeabnjb qo

jonjmrab qghq qgb hrqgoyequ ghz aonb bnorkg qo mhu zqyhqbkebz qghq syoloqb kooa

gorzenk en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ.

Go6 Bpejqeonz hyb enabsbnabnq o` qgb hrqgoyequ―z {bhdnbzz qo jonqyom qgbl

Gh6 Bpejqeonz hyb absbnabnq on qgb hrqgoyequ―z {bhd nbzz qo jonqyom qgbl

Qhimb 836 Bpejqeonz en Dh{blsb hna {ghq qgb hrqgoyeqebz ghpb aonb qo èkgq eq

Bpejqeonz ojjry en Dh{blsb Qoqhm

Osqeonz Ubz No

Ghpb qgbhrqgoyeqebz aonbbnorkg qo syoloqbkooa gorzenk enDh{blsb?

Zqyonkmu hkybb 0 3 0

Hkybb 2 3 2

Aezhkybb 82 2 93

Zqyonkmu aezhkybb 9 9; 95

Qoqhmz 97 :9 03



:9

Jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ < :;.129 S,phmrb ez 3.33 abkybbz o` `ybbaol< :

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.333 {gejg ez mbzz qghn 3.32- qgb 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm. Qgb nrmm

gusoqgbzez Go zgorma qgbybòyb ib ybfbjqba hna jonjmrab qghq bpejqeonz hyb absbnabnq

on qgb hrqgoyequ―z {bhdnbzz qo jonqyom qgbl.

Go6 zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg aobzn―q en`mrbnjb gorzenk jonaeqeonz

Gh6 zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg en`mrbnjbz gorzenk jonaeqeonz

Qhimb 886 [hqbyioynb aezbhzbz hna mhqyenb

Mhqyenb Qoqhm

Osqeonz Ghpb h mhqyenb No mhqyenb

Ghpb uorjonqyhjqba h {hqbyioynb aezbhzben qgb shzq onblonqg?

Ubz 89 3 89

No 10 9 17

Qoqhmz 27 9 03

S,phmrb ez 3.1;9 jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ < 3.28; abkybbz o` `ybbaol< 8

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.1;9 lrjg kybhqby qghn qgb 3.32 mbpbm o` zekneèjhnjb4 qgbybòyb {b

hjjbsq Go elsmuenk qghq hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm- zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg aobzn―q

en`mrbnjb qgb gorzenk jonaeqeonz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ.



::

Go6 zh`bqu ez enabsbnabnq o` mojhqeon.

Gh6 zh`bqu absbnaz on mojhqeon.

Qhimb 876 Zh`bqu o` qgb shyezg hna mojhqeon

Shyezg Qoqhm

Osqeonz I{hezb9 Lhdbybyb9 [hnabkbuh

Zh`bqu o` qgbshyezg

Pbyu rnzh`b 81 9 8 8;

Rnzh`b : 0 : 89

Zh`b : 83 89 92

Pbyu zh`b 3 9 1 0

Qoqhmz 93 93 93 03

S,phmrb ez 3.33 jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ <95.::8 abkybbz o` `ybbaol< 0

Hq 2" mbpbm o` zekneèjhnjb- {b ybfbjq qgb nrmm gusoqgbzez. Qgb s,phmrb ez mo{by qghn

3.32. Qgbybòyb zh`bqu absbnaz on mojhqeon.

Go6 lonqgmu bhynenkz ao noq en`mrbnjb zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb.

Gh6 zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb absbnaz on lonqgmu bhynenkz.

Qhimb 8:6 Lonqgmu bhynenkz hna zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb

Gorzb {hmm zqyrjqryb Qoqhm

Osqeonz Jonjybqb

iyejdz

Zrn

ihdba

@eyba

iyejdz

Lra Oqgby

Lonqgmubhynenk

Ibmo{ 92! 8 9 8 3 3 8;

Ibq{bbn 92! hna :2! 9 8 : 3 3 89

Ibq{bbn :2! hna 23! 0 9 5 0 : 92

Opby 23! 0 3 89 8 2 0

Qoqhmz 82 2 92 ; 7 03

S,phmrb ez 3.;9 jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ < 85.;09 abkybbz o` `ybbaol< 89



:1

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.3;9 lrjg kybhqby qghn qgb 3.32 mbpbm o` zekneèjhnjb- qgbybòyb {b

hjjbsq Go elsmuenk qghq hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm- lonqgmu bhynenkz ao noq en`mrbnjb

qgb zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb.

Go6 @mooaz hyb enabsbnabnq o` yriiezg aezsozhm lbqgoaz

Gh6 @mooaz hyb jhrzba iu yriiezg aezsozhm lbqgoaz

Qhimb 816 @mooaz hna yriiezg aezsozhm

Yriiezg aezsozhm lbqgoaz Qoqhm

Osqeonz Irynenk Jommbjqbaiu DJJH

Aezsozbhnugo{

Oqgby

Aobz eq`mooa aryenkyhenuzbhzon?

Zqyonkmu hkybb 81 0 7 9 :3

Hkybb 8 1 3 3 2

Aezhkybb 9 2 3 3 ;

Zqyonkmu hkybb 3 81 9 9 87

Qoqhmz 8; 95 83 1 03

S,phmrb ez 3.33: jge,zxrhyb- ϋ¹ < 95.03: abkybbz o` `ybbaol< 5

Qgb s,phmrb ez 3.33: mo{by qghn qgb 3.32 mbpbm o` zekneèjhnjb- qgbybòyb {b ybfbjq Go

elsmuenk qghq hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm- @mooaz hyb jhrzba iu sooy yriiezg aezsozhm.



:2

JGHSQBY @EPB

2.3 JONJMRZEONZ HNA YBJOLLBNAHQEONZ

Qgez jghsqby jonqhenz hn opbyhmm zrllhyu o` qgb ènaenkz o` qgb zqrau en ybmhqeon qo

qgb oifbjqepbz hna gusoqgbzez hna eq kepbz zolb ybjollbnahqeonz qo hea en `ryqgby

ybzbhyjg en qgez hybh hna someju lhdenk iu jonjbynba zqhdbgomabyz.

2.8 JONJMRZEONZ.

Enjolb mbpbmz hna gorzenk

Hn hpbyhkb nrliby o` Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ ybzeabnqz hyb blsmouba {eqg qgb

lhfoyequ bhynenk ibq{bbn :2! hna 23! h lonqg. 1;" o` qgbzb zsbna qgbey iekkbzq

soyqeon on ybnq. Qgez ez arb qo qgb `hjq qghq lhnu gorzbgomaz― lblibyz en qgb jequ hyb

sybaolenhnqmu blsmouba en qgb enòylhm zbjqoy- lozqmu bnkhkba en zlhmm irzenbzzbz.

Qgbyb ez h sozeqepb joyybmhqeon ibq{bbn qgb enjolb mbpbmz hna qgb gorzenk jonaeqeonz.

Qgb syoihiemequ qghq lonqgmu bhynenkz en`mrbnjba qgb zqyrjqryb o` qgb gorzb {hz 3.3;9-

qgbybòyb hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm4 lonqgmu bhynenkz aean―q en`mrbnjb qgb zqyrjqryb o`

qgb gorzb en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ.

Zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg

Qgorkg ;9" o` gha habxrhqb hjjbzz qo zh`b {hqby zoryjbz- qgbu zqemm mhjdba bnorkg

zhneqhqeon `hjemeqebz zhu qgb mhqyenbz hna deqjgbn sby bhjg gorzbgoma. Abzseqb qgb

{eabzsybha hjjbzzeiemequ qo zhneqhqeon- qgb jonaeqeonz o` lhnu `hjemeqebz hyb

rnzhqez`hjqoyu arb qo qgb kbnbyhmmu mhykb nrliby o` rzbyz en qgb yhqeo o` 8368 sby

zqhnjb on hpbyhkb. Qgez mbhaz qo mo{ gukebnej zqhnahyaz hna gekg {heqenk qelbz òy

qoembq rzbyz. En Dhlshmh- qgb syejb o` hn elsyopba zhneqhqeon `hjemequ ez gekg jolshyba

qo oqgby abpbmosenk jornqyu jeqebz. Ybhzonz lekgq ib qgb gekg jozq o` jonzqyrjqeon

lhqbyehmz- shyqejrmhymu jblbnq- hna qgb lonosomezqej lhydbq zqyrjqryb o` iremaenk

lhqbyehm syopeabyz.



:0

Qgb syoihiemequ qghq {hqby ioynb aezbhzb {hz jhrzba iu mhjd o` mhqyenbz {hz 3.1;9-

qgbybòyb hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm- zhneqhqeon hna gbhmqg aea noq en`mrbnjb qgb gorzenk

jonaeqeonz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ.

[hzqb aezsozhm

Enjolb kbnbyhqenk ossoyqrneqebz `yol khyihkb òy qgb jollrnequ bwezq. Go{bpby-

qgbu hyb noq habxrhqbmu bwsmoeqba qo yhezb enjolbz qghq jhn elsyopb qgbey gorzenk

jonaeqeonz. Onb ybhzon ez qghq- en Dh{blsb- qgb syojbzz ez zqemm enòylhm. Qgez ez

ibjhrzb qgb sbosmb hyb noq ubq oykhnevba. Oykhnevenk qgbl {orma syoihimu mend qgbl

qo bzqhimezgba òylhm irubyz o` ybjujmhimb lhqbyehmz. Qgbybòyb- en ez noqba qghq qgb

soqbnqehm òy sooy jollrneqebz qo kbnbyhqb enjolb `yol {hzqb jhnnoq ib `rmmu

ybhmevba rnmbzz qgbzb jollrneqebz hyb {bmm oykhnevba hna loiemevba.

Jollrneqebz ghpb qgb soqbnqehm hna eabhz qo jonqyeirqb qo ybarjenk qgb khyihkb

syoimbl. Qgez ez bpeabnjba iu qgb enòylhm zlhmm,zjhmb b`òyqz qo jommbjq sbbmenkz en

hmm qgb vonbz zqraeba. Gbyb zbnzeqevhqeon hna bnpeyonlbnqhm barjhqeon {emm smhu h

jyrjehm yomb.

H jonpenjenk 17.:" o` qgb ybzsonabnqz haleqqba qghq DJJH jommbjqba qgb yriiezg hq

mbhzq onjb en h {bbd. Qgb syoihiemequ qghq `mooaz {byb jhrzba iu sooy yriiezg aezsozhm

lbqgoaz {hz 3.33: elsmuenk qghq hq 2" zekneèjhnjb mbpbm- `mooaz {byb jhrzba iu

sooy yriiezg aezsozhm lbqgoaz. Go{bpby qgbyb hyb zqemm zb{byhkb syoimblz kbnbyhqba

iu rnsmhnnba zqyrjqrybz- sooy zb{byhkb nbq{oyd hna h sooy ayhenhkb zuzqbl.

Zojehm {bm`hyb

0:" o` Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ ybzeabnqz hyb qbnhnqz ojjrsuenk lozqmu gorzbz {eqg

èyba iyejdz. Qgez zgo{z mo{ gorzenk zqhnahyaz hna gorzenk jonaeqeonz ibjhrzb qgb

xrhmequ o` gorzenk ghz noq ibbn jonqyommba en Dhlshmh- nbeqgby ghpb zqhnahyaz ibbn

bnòyjba. Qgez ez lhenmu ibjhrzb o` qgb hizbnjb o` h zqhqrqb on iremaenk hna mhwequ en

qgb bnòyjblbnq o` iremaenk kreabmenbz iu DJJH.



:;

Qgbyb ez h nbkhqepb ybmhqeonzges ibq{bbn qgb hrqgoyequ―z enpompblbnq en someju

bpomrqeon hna yhezenk sbosmbz gorzenk jonaeqeon en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ. Bpejqeonz

ojjryyba en mhykb nrlibyz hna qghq 80 orq o` 03 o` qgb ybzeabnqz gha no hjjbzz qo

loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz.



:7

2.9 YBJOLLBNAHQEONZ

Enjolb elsyopblbnq

Qgbyb ez nbba qo elsyopb enjolb zqhqrz hz {bmm hz hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb `hjemeqebz. Onb

yblbau jhn ib elsyopblbnq en zbypejbz hna lhydbqz o` ybjujmenk enarzqyebz òy qgozb

{go abhm en {hzqb sejdenk. Bwjbmmbnq ossoyqrneqebz bwezq òy JIOz qo syopeab h {eab

yhnkb o` ryihn zbypejbz- enjmraenk {hzqb lhnhkblbnq- en enòylhm zbqqmblbnqz.

Ibjhrzb o` eqz elshjq on jollrnequ gbhmqg- {hzqb lhnhkblbnq èqz {bmm {eqg qgb

jonjbynz o` qgozb kyorsz abhmenk {eqg ezzrbz o` jollrnequ jonjbyn. Hz òy

jollrnequ lblibyz noq aeybjqmu hjqepb en qgb JIO- qgbu nbba qo shyqejeshqb en {hzqb

lhnhkblbnq iu zbshyhqenk qgbey {hzqbz hq zoryjb zo qghq jonqhlenhqeon ez sybpbnqba

hna qgb {oyd o` JIOz hna enòylhm zbjqoy {hzqb sejdbyz ez `hjemeqhqba.

Mojhm hrqgoyeqebz

Qgb syelhyu yomb o` qgb DJJH zgorma ib qghq o` hapezoy qo qgb oqgby hjqoyz. Qgez

{orma bnqhem ybarjenk qgb DJJH+z yomb hz h zbypejb syopeaby qo h lenelrl. DJJH

zgorma onmu ib enpompba en qgb syopezeon o` zbypejbz {gbn eq ez noq sozzeimb òy qgbsyephqb oy jollrnequ zbjqoy qo ao zo. DJJH nbba qo ghpb h abmeibyhqb someju qghq

bnjoryhkbz qgb jollrnequ qo smhu h yomb en haaybzzenk qgb gorzenk syoimbl. Qgbyb ez

nbba qo bnjoryhkb mojhm jollrneqebz qo oykhnevb qo haaybzz qgb syoimbl. Qgbyb ez

nbba qo enpompb qgb phyeorz zqhdbgomabyz en abpbmosenk khyihkb,ybmhqba somejebz. Qgb

phyeorz zqhdbgomabyz ybsybzbnqba zgorma jonzqeqrqb qgb elsmblbnqhqeon jolleqqbbz. En

haaeqeon- ybkrmhy ybpeb{z zgorma ib aonb aryenk qgb elsmblbnqhqeon syojbzz zo qghq

qgb ybhmeqebz on qgb kyorna hyb enjoysoyhqba.

Zbnzeqevhqeon

Bnpeyonlbnqhm barjhqeon qo qgb jollrneqebz zgorma ib qhdbn zbyeorzmu. Qgez {emm gbms

jollrneqebz hssybjehqb zorna syhjqejbz zrjg hz zoyqenk hna ybjujmenk. Qgez {emm gbms

bnjoryhkb jollrneqebz qo hihnaon emmbkhm syhjqejbz zrjg hz irynenk- hna osbn zshjb

arlsenk.



:5

Jbnqyhm Kopbynlbnq6

Mendz zgorma ib bzqhimezgba ibq{bbn qgb jbnqyhm kopbynlbnq hna jollrneqebz kyorsz.

Qgb Kopbynlbnq zgorma elsmblbnq hn b``bjqepb someju ybkhyaenk qgb zbjryequ o`

qbnryb hlonk qgb sooy. Qgbyb ez nbba qo abpbmos h someju qghq jollrnequ enpompblbnq

òy qgbl qo ib zrssoyqepb. Qgbyb ez hmzo nbba qo irema jgbhs gorzenk rneqz òy qgb mo{

enjolb bhynbyz.

Qgb Enqbynhqeonhm Aonoy oykhnevhqeonz

Lhnu aonoy hkbnjebz hmybhau ghpb bwqbnzepb `rnaenk syokyhlz òy NKOz en

abpbmosenk jornqyebz. Qgez ez hn b``bjqepb lbqgoa o` `rnaenk mojhm bnpeyonlbnqhm

eneqehqepbz zenjb qgb NKOz hna JIOz {gejg hyb o`qbn jmozby qo qgb sbosmb qghn

kopbynlbnqz- enjmraenk mojhm hrqgoyeqebz. Hq qgb zhlb qelb- qgb enqbynhqeonhm

jollrnequ lrzq syopeab hzzezqhnjb qo mojhm hrqgoyeqebz qo elsyopb qgbey grlhn

ybzoryjbz hna halenezqyhqepb hna ènhnjehm jhshjequ. Enpbzqlbnqz en en`yhzqyrjqryb hna

bxreslbnq {emm noq ib zrzqhenhimb en qgb monk qbyl ibjhrzb mojhm hrqgoyeqebz mhjd

lhenqbnhnjb jhshjequ.

@enhmmu- enqbynhqeonhm oykhnevhqeonz- {eqg qgb `rmm shyqejeshqeon o` NKOz hna mojhm

hrqgoyeqebz- zgorma zrssoyq qgb jybhqeon o` h ybkeonhm nbq{oyd- {gejg syoloqbz kooa

gorzenk jonaeqeonz. . Ybmhqeonzgesz ibq{bbn jequ smhnnbyz- qgb syephqb zbjqoy- NKOz-

JIOz hna jonzqyrjqeon enarzqyebz {orma ib rzb`rm en zghyenk ennophqeonz hna ibzq

syhjqejbz. Zrjg h nbq{oyd jorma hmzo ybzrmq en h so{by`rm moiiu.



13

YB@BYBNJBZ

[hmsomb B. '8579%. Enqyoarjqeon qo zqhqezqejz :ya baeqeon6 Jommeby Lhjdlemmhn- Monaon.

RNAS Rkhnah Nb{zmbqqby '9335%. Abpbmoslbnq o` h Nhqeonhm Zmrl Rskyhaenk

Zqyhqbku- Pomrlb RZA :;-:57.77

Kmhbzby. M. '9337%. Ybqgendenk @babyhm Gorzenk Someju6 [hzgenkqon6 Hlbyejhn

Bnqbysyezb Enzqeqrqb

Kmhbzby. M. '9383%. ” Aea mo{ enqbybzq yhqbz jhrzb qgb kybhq gorzenk jonprmzeon?“

gqqs6//bjonolew.imokz.nuqelbz.jol/9383/37/3:/aea,mo{,enqbybzq,yhqbz,jhrzb,qgb,

kybhq,gorzenk,jonprmzeon.

BR,ZEM. '9388%. Bryosbhn Rneon Zqhqezqejz on Enjolb hna Mepenk Jonaeqeonz-Iyrzzbmz- Bryo zqhq 'hjjbzzba 8;qg Frnb 9388%

Nb{ pezeon. '9383i%. @mooaz geq Dhlshmh Jequ Zriryiz- Nb{z ybsoyq 5 Lhu 9383

gqqs6//hmmh`yejh.jol/zqoyebz/9383328338;8.gqlm

Rneqba Nhqeonz Grlhn Zbqqmblbnqz Syokyhllb 'RN,GHIEQHQ% '933;%. Zeqrhqeon

Hnhmuzez o` Enòylhm Zbqqmblbnqz En Dhlshmh. Jeqebz {eqgorq zmrlz zri ybkeonhm

syokyhllb òy bhzqbyn hna zorqgbyn Deprmr hna Denh{hqhdh4 Rneqba Nhqeonz GrlhnZbqqmblbnqz Syokyhllb- Dhlshmh- Rkhnah

Lrdeeie. Z. '9337%. Gorzenk somejebz on qgb zrssmu o` gorzenk qo ryihn mo{,enjolb

bhynbyz en Rkhnah6 h jhzb zqrau o` Dhlshmh. Rnsrimezgba SgA aezzbyqhqeon-

Rnepbyzequ o` Nb{jhzqmb rson Qunb- R.D

Kýnqgby E. '9388%. Ybzbhyjg òy someju- [gbyb ao Dhlshmh―z sooy ”ko“? Ryihn

zhneqhqeon jonaeqeonz en Dhlshmh―z mo{,enjolb hybhz.

gqqs6//{{{.bh{hk.jg/òyzjgrnk/zhnabj/srimedhqeonbn/zbzs/am/dhlshmh.sa`

Ay. Koliuh Z.[. '9339%. Zomea [hzqb Lhnhkblbnq en Dh{blsb Lrnejeshmequ6

Ezzrbz- Jghmmbnkbz hna Blbykenk Osqeonz. Lhdbybyb @hjrmqu o` @oybzqyu & Nhqryb

Jonzbyphqeon- Dhlshmh- Rkhnah

R.Z K.S.O. Irakbq o` qgb R.Z. Kopbynlbnq .'@ezjhm Ubhy 9383%. Hssbnaew- ss. 2;3 ‚ ;2

gqqs6//{{{.kso.kop/àzuz/iyo{zb/jommbjqeonKSO.hjqeon?jommbjqeonJoab<IRAKBQ

http://allafrica.com/stories/201005100171.html

http://allafrica.com/stories/201005100171.html



18

Hssbnaew84 Xrbzqeonnheyb òy gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en

Dh{blsb Lrnejeshmequ

Abhy ybzsonabnq-

Hl Deirko Hmmhn `yol qgb Lhdbybyb Rnepbyzequ Zjgoom o` Zqhqezqejz hna

Hssmeba Bjonolejz- h :ya ubhy zqrabnq on h ybzbhyjg syofbjq. Uor ghpb ibbn zbmbjqbahz h ybzsonabnq en qgb zqrau o` qgb nhqryb hna jhrzbz o` gorzenk syoimblz hlonk mo{enjolb bhynbyz en Dh{blsb lrnejeshmequ. E grlimu ybxrbzq uor qo zshyb zolb o` uory phmrhimb qelb qo jolsmbqb qgez xrbzqeonnheyb hna hmm uory ybzsonzbz {emm ibqybhqba {eqg jonèabnqehmequ hna rzba òy ybzbhyjg srysozbz onmu. Uory ybzsonzbz {emmjonqyeirqb qo{hyaz haosqenk b``bjqepb hna jgbhs hssyohjgbz hkhenzq gorzenk syoimblzhlonk mo{ enjolb bhynbyz en uory hybh. Smbhzb jeyjmb qgb nrliby hq qgb mb`q o` qgbosqeon qghq abzjyeibz oy eabnqeèbz uory oseneon oy bwsbyebnjb lozq hssyosyehqbmu.

ZBJQEON H4 ABLOKYHSGEJ @HJQOYZ HNA GORZBGOMA

JGHYHJQBYEZQEJZ

[email protected]%. Gorzbgoma gbha nhlbz,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Shyezg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Vonb/pemmhkb,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nrliby o` sbosmb en qgb gorzbgoma,,,,,,,,,,

I%. Zbw6 h% Lhmb i% @blhmb

8. Ez Dh{blsb uory hybh o` ieyqg?

h% Ubz i% No

9. [gbn aea uor lekyhqb enqo qgb hybh?

h% 8 lonqg i% 0lonqgz j% 89lonqgz a% oqgby zsbjeù††††††††

:. [ghq {hz uory òylby smhjb o` ybzeabnjb?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1. Uor enqbna qo zqhu en Dh{blsb òy hq mbhzq qgb nbwq 0 lonqgz.

h% Zqyonkmu hkybb i% Hkybb j% aezhkybb a% Zqyonkmu aezhkybb

ZBJQEON I4 BJONOLEJ [BM@HYB

2. Uor hyb blsmouba

h% Ubz i% No

;. [ghq dena o` blsmoulbnq

h% Shea i% Zbm` j% Sbnzeon a% Kyhnqz/zojehm ibnbèqz b% oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,

7. [ghq hyb uory lonqgmu bhynenkz? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5. [ghq ez uory hpbyhkb ahemu bwsbnaeqryb? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

83. Uor zsbna qgb iekkbzq soyqeon o` uory enjolb on ybnq

h% Ubz i% No

ZBJQEON J4 ZHNEQHQEON HNA GBHMQG

88. [ghq ez qgb lhen zoryjb o` {hqby òy uory aolbzqej rzb?

h% Sesba {hqby i% Ioybgomb

j% [bmm a% oqgby zsbjeù



19

89. Ghz hnu onb o` uor zr``byba `yol h {hqbyioynb aezbhzb en qgb shzq q{o

{bbdz?

h% Ubz i% No

Uor ibmebpb eq {hz arb qo sooy gorzenk jonaeqeonz

h% Zqyonkmu hkybb i% Hkybb j% aezhkybb b% Zqyonkmu aezhkybb

8:. Ao uor ghpb h mhqyenb/qoembq?

h% Ubz i% No

81. E` ubz {ghq `mooy lhqbyehm ez eq?

h% Jblbnqba i% Lraau j% [ooabn a% Oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

82. Ez eq orqzeab oy enzeab qgb gorzb?

8. Enzeab 9. Orqzeab

80. Ao uor zghyb qgb mhqyenb {eqg oqgby gorzbgomaz?

h% Ubz i% No

8;. Go{ o`qbn ao uor jmbhn eq?

h% O`qbn i% Mbzz o`qbn b% Oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

j% Nbpby a% Loyb o`qbn

87. Ao uor ghpb h ihqgyool?

h% Ubz i% No

85. E` ubz ez eq orqzeab qgb gorzb?

h% Ubz i% No

93. Go{ o`qbn ao uor jmbhn eq?

h% O`qbn i% Mbzz o`qbn b% Oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

j% Nbpby a% Loyb o`qbn

98. Ao uor ghpb h deqjgbn?

h% Ubz i% No

99. E` ubz ez eq orqzeab qgb gorzb?

h% Ubz i% No

9:. Eq `mooaz aryenk yhenu zbhzonz

h% Zqyonkmu hkybb i% Hkybb j% aezhkybb b% zqyonkmu aezhkybb

91. Go{ ao uor kbq yea o` uory yriiezg?

h% E iryn eq i% Hrqgoyeqebz jommbjq eq

j% Aezsozb hnugo{ a% oqgby zsbjeù††††††††††.

92. Uor ibmebpb qgb hrqgoyeqebz ghpb aonb bnorkg qo syoloqb kooa zhneqhqeon hna

gbhmqg en Dh{blsb?


Kepb ybhzonz òy uory jgoejb,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,



ZBJQEON A4 ZOJEHM [BM@HYB

90. Uor hyb h qbnhnq.

h% Ubz i% No

9;. E` ubz {go o{nz qgb gorzb?

h% Mhna moya/syephqb o{nby j% Kopbynlbnq

i% NKO a% oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

97. Go{ mhykb ez qgb gorzb? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 'yoolz%

95. O` {ghq zqyrjqryb ez qgb gorzb?

h% @mhq i% Irnkhmo{

j% Grq a% oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

:3. [ghq iremaenk lhqbyehm ez qgb gorzb {hmm?

h% Jonjybqb iyejdz i% @eyba iyejdz b% Oqgby,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

j% Zrn ihdba a% Lra

:3. [ghq iremaenk lhqbyehm ez qgb gorzb `mooy?

h% Jblbnqba i% Lraau j% [ooabn a% Oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

:9. [ghq ez qgb lhfoy zoryjb o` `rbm en qgb gorzb?

h% Bmbjqyejequ i% Shyh`èn

j% @eyb{ooa a% oqgby zsbjeù,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

:9. Uor ghpb habxrhqb yoha hjjbzz


::. [ghq ez qgb aezqhnjb 'en lbqbyz% `yol uory gorzb qo qgb {hqby zoryjb? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

:1. Bpejqeonz ojjry en uory hybh

h% Ubz i% No

:2. Go{ zh`b ez uory hybh?

h% Pbyu rnzh`b i% Rnzh`b

j% Zh`b a% Pbyu zh`b

:0. Uor ghpb hjjbzz qo loyqkhkb ènhnjehm ybzoryjbz

h% Ubz i% No

:;. Uor ibmebpb qgb hrqgoyeqebz ghpb aonb bnorkg qo yhezb gozenk zqhnahyaz en

Dh{blsb?


:7. [ghq en uory peb{ zgorma qgb hrqgoyeqebz ao qo yhezb gorzenk zqhnahyaz en

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NATURE AND CAUSES OF HOUSING PROBLEMS IN KAMPALA CITY, UGANDA BY KIBUGO ALLAN

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