Nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and mitigation:
How have they been incorporated into climate policies in Latin America?
Session T12b: Ecosystem services and climate changeOctober 18, 2016
Bruno Locatelli1,2; Raffaele Vignola3; Diego Padilla21: CIRAD France, 2: CIFOR Peru, 3: CATIE Costa Rica
New Peruvian Strategy on Forests and Climate Change, 21 July 2016
http://www.bosques.gob.pe/enbcc/
The 2016 Peruvian strategy was not made from scratch
National strategy on forests and climate change 2016
(list: Pramova et al., 2015)
2002: Basic vision
2016: Complete vision
Evolving conceptualizationson ecosystem services and climate change
Academ
iaPo
licym
aking
?
Socioecological systems
Transformation pathways
Adaptability
Time
Resilience
TelecouplingTradeoffs
Analyzing policy documents on ecosystems and climate change
8 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean • Diverse political positions (economy, climate change, environment)• Here results for Chile, Costa Rica and Peru
BRABOL
CHI
PERECUCRI
NICCUB DOM
Policy document selection• National communications to UNFCCC,
National CC strategies, National forest policies with CC content, etc.
• 40 documents Document analysis• Reading full texts and coding (with
Nvivo)• Inductive reasoning
Ecosystems and CC: Basic view1 Ecosystems store carbon for CC mitigation
1
2 CC will affect ecosystems
2
3
3 CC impacts on ecosystems will affect local communities
What is wrong with the basic view
1 Ecosystems store carbon for CC mitigation
1
Focus on CC mitigation services (ecosystems = carbon)• Measures aim at storing carbon (REDD+)• Other ecosystem services are forgotten (adaptation services)
What is wrong with the basic view Adaptation is seen through ecological impacts• If CC does not affect ecosystems, there is no problem• As knowledge is missing on how to adapt ecosystems, there are no
measures proposed • Focus on future problems, not current ones
2
2 CC will affect ecosystems
What is wrong with the basic view Social aspects are overlooked• Focus on local populations using forest products• No consideration of how the whole society benefits from adaptation
services- E.g., a city vulnerable to flooding downstream a forest
3 CC impacts on ecosystems will affect local communities
3
Ecosystems and adaptation: Advanced view4 Ecosystems provide adaptation services (water regul, etc.)
4
5 … that help society facing climate problems (now & later)
5
6 … and must be protected against multiple pressures
6
12
34
5
6
Ecosystems and CC: the complete view1
3
2
Ecosystem‐based mitigation (carbon, REDD+)Ecosystem‐based adaptation (adaptation services, EbA in watersheds, cities, coasts, local communities, etc.)
4 5
6 Ecosystem resilience (against human and climatic pressures)Integrated approach (to avoid tradeoffs, maximize synergies)
Adaptation and mitigation are often separated
In international negotiations and agreements => In national policies
Even though ecosystem management contributes to both
Risks:• Adverse affects:
- mitigation can increase local vulnerability
- adaptation can increase global emissions
• Missed opportunities• Policy incoherence
Presen
ce of key con
cepts
related to th
e 4 approaches
Evolution of policy document contentsTowards a more complete view of ecosystems and climate change
Why drives these changes? The decision context is increasingly made explicit in the
policy documents• Values, Rules and Knowledge (VRK)
E.g., importance of equity and participation (V), involvement of multiple stakeholders, multi-level governance, land tenure (R), traditional and local knowledge (K)
time
(on VRK, see Gorddard et al. 2016 in EnvSciPol
Conclusions Policy document analysis shows clear
evolution of the conceptualization of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change• More coherent and integrated
Transformation Pathways?• Missing info on policy implementation
V R
K
Decision context
Situation
Decision
ImplementationNew
situation V R
K
New decision context
Further reading
Locatelli B., Pavageau C., Pramova E., Di Gregorio M., 2015. Integrating climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture and forestry: Opportunities and trade-offs. WIREs Climate Change 6(6): 585-598. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.357/pdf
Locatelli B., Catterall C.P., Imbach P., Kumar C., Lasco R., Marín-Spiotta E., Mercer B., Powers J.S., Schwartz N., Uriarte M., 2015. Tropical reforestation and climate change: Beyond carbon. Restoration Ecology 23(4): 337-343. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12209/epdf
Locatelli B., Imbach B., Wunder S., 2013. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservationhttp://www.journals.cambridge.org/article_S0376892913000234
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3:581–596.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.195/pdf
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Brockhaus M., Fohlmeister S., 2012. Ecosystem services in the National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy 12(4): 393-409.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848
Further reading
Guariguata M.R., Locatelli B., Haupt F., 2012. Adapting tropical production forests to global climate change: risk perceptions and actions. International Forestry Review 14(1), 27-38. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata1201.pdf
Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking adaptation and mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf
CIFOR 2013. Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies. CIFOR Briefhttp://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/4263-factsheet.pdf
Locatelli B., 2011. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in a nutshell. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/cobambrief/3619-cobambrief.pdf
Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2008. Facing an uncertain future: How forests and people can adapt to climate change. Forest Perspectives no. 5. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 97 p.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0801.pdf
Para saber más Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la adaptación
social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf
Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal y REDD+: Desafíospara las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A., Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf
Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las comunidades al cambioclimático.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf
Pramova E., Di Gregorio M., Locatelli B., 2015. Integración de la adaptación y la mitigación en las políticas sobre cambio climático y uso de la tierra en el Perú. Working Paper 189. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP189Pramova.pdf
Chazarin F., Locatelli B., Garay-Rodríguez M., 2014. Mitigación en la selva, adaptación en la sierra y la costa: ¿Oportunidades perdidas de sinergias frente al cambio climático en Perú? Ambiente y Desarrollo 18(35): 95-107. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.AyD18-35.msas http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/ambienteydesarrollo/article/view/11812/9684
Pour en savoir plus
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbresdans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesiahttp://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf
Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.http://goo.gl/lcvTZ
Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvents'adapter au changement climatiquehttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901F.pdf
