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N a t u r e D e v e l o p m e N t S c i e N c e p a r k a m S t e r D a mi N t e g r a t i N g c o m m u N i t y a N D N a t u r e

“ y o u h a v e g o t t w o c h o i c e S i N l i f e : b e c o m e S u S t a i N a b l e o r D i e t r y i N g .

c h o o S e o N e . ”Team Green Science Park , 2014

c o l o f o N

c o m m i S S i o N e D b y : t h e m u N i c i p a l i t y o f a m S t e r D a m M a r i a n n e G r i f f i o e n & T i m B l o k k e r

p a r t o f t e S l a m i N o r i N S t i t u t i o N f o r i N t e r D i S c i p l i N a r y S t u D i e S ( i i S ) u N i v e r S i t y o f a m S t e r D a m , 2 3 j u l i 2 0 1 4

w r i t t e N a N D e D i t t e D b y : M i l a n Te u n i s s e n v a n M a n e n , J e r o e n S c h ü t t & M y r t e M i j n d e r s

S u p e r v i S o r S : G e r a r d v a n O o s t e r m e i j e r & H a r m v a n d e r G e e s t

p r e f a c eAs part of the Tesla Minor we, Milan, Jeroen and Myrte, were asked by the municipality of Amsterdam to write an advice report about the nature development on Science Park Amsterdam for a small natural area. We have been working on this project for five months. We enjoyed working on this project because it combined our visions about sustainability, our creativity, and our biology background. In this report you will read about our advice, findings and design of Anna’s Ruigte.

We would like to thank Bertus Tulleners and Joris Buis for the opportunity to join the Tesla minor and the asked and uninvited feedback on our progress. Further-more we would like to thank Gerard Oostermeijer and Harm van der Geest for their feedback and for reminding us that it is all about nature. We would also like to thank Marianne Griffioen and Tim Blokker, our client, for the successful collaboration. Lastly, we would like to thank Boris Jansen (UvA), Els Corporaal (city district ecologist), Ben Fit (Antea group ecologist), Bart Specken (Waternet ecologist), Marco van Vemden (Waternet) and Tayfun Yalcin (permaculture expert and designer) for their input and advice on the nature elements, management plan and permaculture design. For advice on the survey, we would also like the thank Chantêlle Pickee-Solisa (Amsterdam Science Park).

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C H 0 0 S u m m a r y

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C H 0 3 a S S e S S m e N t

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e D u c a t i o N

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C H 0 5 m a N a g e m e N t

c h 0 6 f i N a N c e

C H 0 7 r e f l e c t i o N

C H 0 8 r e f e r e N c e S

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c h 0 0 0 S u m m a r ySustainable cities are needed to counter the consequences of urbanization. Sustainable cities include natural areas in their planning that are ecologically valuable, and provide environmental and social services. The city of Amster-dam is at the frontier of becoming one of these sustainable cities. This is strongly reflected in Amsterdam Science Park (ASP). However, the natural area of Science Park is considered to have a low ecological value (Faasse, 2011) and could offer much more to the Science Park community. The goal of this project is to design a nature development plan for 1.5 ha of natural area (Figure 1), henceforth called Anna’s Ruigte, that will increase the ecological and social value of the natural area.

In order to find out how these values can effectively be increased, we re-searched the current ecological state of the natural area. Furthermore we made an analysis of the composition, needs and wishes of the ASP commu-nity. The data was collected from measurements in the natural area, scien-tific literature, governmental reports, and a survey distributed amongst the community. The results were summarized in specific design criteria. Elements were only incorporated in the design when these criteria were met. The main criteria in terms of ecology are: 1) the design should be able to accommodate local species (as stated by ecolint), 2) include elements that diversify habitat, and 3) promote water quality and aquatic soil surface. The main design cri-teria in order to increase the social value are: 1) the inclusion of educational activities (e.g. in the form of courses and information boards), 2) the promo-tion and facilitation of bottom-up sustainability initiatives and 3) recreational facilities that are resistant to vandalism.

The most important ecological changes proposed are nature friendly banks and a partially isolated waterway. Social elements incorporated in the design are for example institutionalized education, information boards and a nature radio. The proposed design designates part of Anna’s Ruigte as permaculture plot called Anna’s Tuin. Anna’s Tuin is incorporated, because it meets criteria for education and recreation. A separate design is made for Anna’s Tuin which can be found in Development plan Anna’s Tuin. The yield of the permaculture

garden will be distributed over collaborators Polder and Eurest. The Anna’s Tuin will be managed and promoted by a committee. The rest of the natural area contains elements that promote the ecological potential of the area.

The presented nature development plan is a road map to how this design can be implemented. The nature development plan includes multiannual manage-ment and financial overviews. The management on the short- and long term, who is responsible for the maintenance and what materials are needed are presented per design element. In addition, a planning for the construction of the elements is shown. Furthermore a financial overview is given of the con-struction and long-term management cost per design element.

Although the design is specified for Anna’s Ruigte, the elements proposed for Anna’s Ruigte could be incorporated elsewhere in the natural area of Amster-dam Science Park.

Concluding, the ecological and social value of the ASP natural areas can be increased by the proposed design. By doing so, the natural area will become more lively and will become an integrated part of the ASP area and its com-munity.

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Figure 1 - Aerial view of Science Park Amsterdam. The black triangular shape marks the Anna’s ruigte area, for which the design and management plan is written.

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C H 0 0 1 i N t r o D u c t i o NCities are becoming the primary habitat for humans (Wu, 2008), this increas-ing urbanization has large ecological and social consequences. Firstly, the increasing urban expansion is one of the most ubiquitous threats for native species due to habitat loss and fragmentation (Marzluff, 2001 from McKinney, 2002). Secondly, the increasing urban expansion challenges the availability of nearby natural areas. Research suggests that city dwellers need contact with nature because it serves the adaptive function of psychological restora-tion (van den Berg, 2007). In fact this is a growing problem, as the human population is growing exponentially and is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion people by 2050 (UN, 2011), out of which 85% of Europeans will live in urban areas (UN, 2011). Although it is hypothesized that the human population will stabilize in the 21st century (Lutz, 2001), urban expansion will continue even after 2100 due to the continuing migration to urban areas (Wu, 2008).

The reality of expanding urbanization stands directly opposite to the tradition-al views of nature preservation, which focuses on conserving large and mainly untouched areas (Chiesura, 2004). A different focus can be found in reconcili-ation ecology, which theorizes that the decrease in biodiversity due to habitat loss and fragmentation can be prevented by redesigning the human habitat to include small areas of wild habitat in urban areas (Rosenzweig, 2003). It has been shown that urban green spaces can significantly contribute to conserva-tion when they are part of a larger ecological structure that is extended over a city (Goddard et al, article in press). Therefore, it is necessary to address the value and increase the amount of green spaces in urban areas that can significantly contribute to the local species population and biodiversity preser-vation. Such green spaces should focus on mitigating habitat fragmentation, accommodating local species and informing the public. The latter is important as it can generate the economical and political pressure needed to incorporate conservation policies and is therefore key for successful preservation (McKin-ney, 2002).

Additionally, several studies have shown that urban green spaces can sig-nificantly contribute to environmental and ecological services. Such envi-

ronmental and ecological services are air filtering, microclimate regulation, noise reduction, rainwater drainage, sewage treatment, seed dispersion, soil formation and support of invertebrate, pollinator, butterfly and bird popula-tions (Colding, 2006; Bolund & Hunhammar, 1999). Even green areas that are managed locally and in function of the city dweller, for example lawns, allot-ment areas, parks, etc., provide these environmental and ecological services (Goddard et al, article in press; Colding, 2006; Bolund & Hunhammar, 1999).

Indeed, beside these environmental and ecological services, urban green areas also provide the city dweller with social and psychological services (Chiesura, 2004; van den Berg, 2007). It is found that natural environments aid humans with psychological restoration by means of reducing stress, increase contem-plativeness and give a sense of peacefulness and serenity (Kaplan, 1983 from Chiesura, 2004). However, in order for the natural area to provide these so-cial and psychological services, it is important to keep in mind that there are differences in the experience of nature that are strongly related to the city dweller’s age. Therefore, management of the urban natural area should be diversified in order to meet the expectations and wishes of all societal groups (children, youngsters, elderly people)(Chiesura, 2004). Indeed, in line with the studies discussed above, many definitions of what a sustainable city is ,acknowledge and incorporate ecologically and socially valuable green com-mons as an important part of becoming a sustainable city (Chiesura, 2004).

The city of Amsterdam is at the frontier of becoming one of these sustainable cities as it is working towards accomplishing its sustainability goals (Ge-meente Amsterdam, n.d.; DRO, 2014). For a start, the city has a large eco-logical network managed to support the larger ecological structures of the country and Europe (DRO, 2012). Additionally, Amsterdam facilitates citizens to adopt geo-thermal heating, improve building isolation and driving electric vehicles. Summarized, the vision is to become a living compact city, which is build sustainably with urban green and water. A sustainable city with a circular economy that is driven by its inhabitants and its dependency on fossil fuels decreases (De Circulaire Metropool, Amsterdam 2014 - 2018).

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With the construction of Amsterdam Science Park, co-owned by the Neth-erlands Organization of Scientific research (NWO), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and municipality of Amsterdam, the city is working with science and business to build a place that fits the vision of Amsterdam as a city of the future. For example, the buildings of Science Park have green rooftops and geothermal-heating systems. Additionally, the construction and design of fu-ture buildings are subjected to strict rules in terms sustainability (Masterplan, 2013). Furthermore the design of Amsterdam Science Park incorporates natu-ral areas, not only for water storage and compensation during intense rainfall, but also because the Science Park is part of an ecological corridor. This cor-ridor, Ecolint, connects the east of Amsterdam with the west, functioning as migrational path and habitat for local flora and fauna. At the same time Ecolint provides natural space for local people to enjoy. However, the natural area of Amsterdam Science Park is considered to have a low ecological value (Faasse, 2011) and could potentially offer much more to the Science Park community (students, residents, business people) to enjoy. With this, Amsterdam Sci-ence Park fails to meet one of the key points that reflects a sustainable city, namely provide ecologically and socially valuable green areas. Therefore, the goal of this project is to research in what ways the ecological and social value of the area can be increased and how this can be implemented in a way that it integrates with the rest of Amsterdam Science Park.

There are two aspects that play an especially important role in the design of the resulting development plan. The first aspect is ecology, because the area is designated as a natural area and is part of a larger ecological network to which it must contribute. The second aspect is integration, because the vision of Amsterdam Science Park focuses on connecting the park’s community. For the purpose of this project we will focus on 1.5 ha of nature, which faces the front entrance of the main building of the University of Amsterdam (Figure 1). This parcel is enclosed by water channels connected to the water network of the city. Most of the parcel is designated as nature, however a section over-lapping the periphery is designated as a building plot. So far there are no construction plans, because it has not been sold yet. The natural area used to

be part of the Anna’s Hoeve farmlands and therefore we decided to name the area Anna’s Ruigte - which refers to its historical state, its current state and most of all future state.

Concluding, the project aims to increase the ecological and social value by designing 1.5 ha of natural area in such a way that the design meets certain criteria. These criteria are based on research in Anna’s Ruigte. Ecology and integration are central aspects in the criteria. This report consists of three parts. First, our research regarding the ecological and social assessment is presented which concludes with ecological and social design criteria. In the second part, the design criteria are translated to a design, where the main elements will be discussed separately. This section is closed off with an over-view of the management of the area and financial aspects. Finally, a reflection on the research and design chapters will be presented.

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C H 0 0 2 a p p r o a c hIn order to design a nature area development plan that integrates the ASP community with its natural area, it was necessary to collect data about the current ecological situation in Anna’s Ruigte, and the needs and wishes of the ASP community. The ecological situation of Anna’s Ruigte was described in terms of biodiversity, abiotic and biotic factors. Besides the ecological assessment the needs and wishes of the ASP community concerning Anna’s Ruigte were assessed as well. The exact methods used in the ecological and social assessment are described further on in this section. The ecological and social assessment resulted in the current ecologi-cal and social situation of Anna’s Ruigte, from which design criteria were derived. The design elements had to meet these criteria in order to be incorporated in the design. For the elements that were incorporated in the design, a management plan for the short and long term was developed. Next, the costs concerning the construction and maintenance of these elements were evaluated. The management and financial overview can be found in chapter 5 and 6.

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e c o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c hThe habitat characteristics of Anna’s Ruigte are determined by the hydrology and the soil and water composition. For the nature development in Anna’s Ruigte it is important to understand the relation between flora and fauna, and the abiotic factors in terms of hydrology, and soil and water composition (Sol-lie et al., 2011).

We decided to use the ‘Handreiking Natuurvriendelijke Oever’ of Foundation for Applied Water Research (STOWA) (Sollie et al., 2011) as a guideline for determining the habitat characteristics of Anna’s Ruigte. We divided Anna’s Ruigte in three zones: aquatic, amphibious, and terrestrial (Figure 2). This di-vision is made because the factors determining the flora en fauna vary greatly in spatial terms within these three zones (Sollie et al., 2011). The habitat type identification key, designed by STOWA (Sollie et al., 2011), was used to determine the habitat type for the aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial zone. The aquatic zone represents the submerged habitat underneath the low-water level (Figure 2). The amphibious zone represents the habitat that is between the low-water and high-water level (Figure 2). The rest of the bank and Anna’s Ruigte is referred to as terrestrial zone (Figure 2).

aq u a t i c z o N e

The ecological potential of the aquatic zone of Anna’s Ruigte was determined using ‘Water Framework Directive’ (KRW), because the KRW was used in an earlier assessment of the Watergraafsmeer water system by Faasse (2011). The following KRW physical and chemical measurements of the waterways were used in this ecological assessment: transparency, oxygen levels, nitro-gen and phosphorus levels and acidity levels. First of all, the habitat charac-teristics of the aquatic zone were determined at 12 different sample sites in Anna’s Ruigte (Figure 3). The sample sites were chosen in such a way that the immediately visible ecological differences in Anna’s Ruigte were covered in the assessment. Five of the 12 sites were located in the inner waterway (E - I). The other seven sites were located in the surrounding waterway (Fig-ure 3) (A-D; J-M). In total six abiotic factors were measured, namely: water depth (cm), thickness of organic layer (cm), transparency (cm), conductiv-ity (microS/cm), oxygen level (mg/L) and turbidity (NTU). The water depth (cm) in both the surrounding and inner waterway was measured at the 12 sites using a stick and a measuring tape in April. The suitability of the soil surface for the establishment of water plants and the transparency of the water were measured at the same moment (May) in eight different sites: three in the inner waterway (E, G, I) and five in the surrounding waterway (A, B, D, J, K) (Figure 3). The transparency was measured first, so that the transparency was not influenced by the disturbance of the organic layer. The transparency (cm) of the water was measured by determining at what water depth a yellow disk was not visible anymore. The suitability for plant rooting in waterway soils of Anna’s Ruigte was determined by measuring the thickness of the organic layer (cm) on top of the soil surface with a coring tube. A thick organic layer (or sludge layer) will not give enough support for rooting water plants (Sollie et al., 2011). Furthermore, the conductivity (S/cm), oxygen levels and turbidity were measured at all the 12 sample sites during mid June.Figure 2. Zonation of bank. Three different zones - aquatic, am-

phibious and terrestial - are distinguised in the natural area. Re-printed from Sollie et al (2011).

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The conductivity of the water gives an indication of its origin. A low level of conductivity (<500 μS/cm) indicates a rainwater dominated system, while a high conductivity level indicates a city water dominated (>1000 μS/cm) sys-tem (personal communication Bart Spekken). The conductivity of the water (measurement of all positive ions in water) and oxygen levels were measured using a portable EGV meter. In addition the turbidity (NTU) was measured at nine sites (A, D, E, G, I, J, K). Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) is a meas-ure based on the reflectivity of particles in the liquid (Davies-Colley & Smith, 2001). Three water samples were taken from the inner waterway and four samples from the surrounding waterway. Two additional samples (X,Z) from the Kruislaan and the water basin between Amsterdam Science Park and the highway A10 were used as a reference, both taken in June. The turbidity was measured using a 2100Qis Portable Turbidity meter from Hach. The aver-age turbidity was calculated of 12 repeated measurements. For the nutrient richness, acidity, residence time of the water, measurements conducted by Faasse (2011) were used. These measurements were taken at the water basin located at Amsterdam Science Park near the water pump station.

am p h i b i o u S a N D te r r e S t r i a l z o N e

Second, the habitat characteristics of the amphibious zone were determined. The current slope of the banks were measured in both the surrounding wa-terway as the inner waterway at ten sample sites. Three sites were located at the inner waterway (E, G & I). The other seven sites were located at the surrounding waterway (A,B, D, J-M). Lastly the habitat characteristics of ter-restrial zone were determined. The soil composition and ground water level were determined by core profiles. In total seven core profiles were taken at the same sites where we conducted a vegetation survey (Figure 3). The core profiles ranged between 20 cm to 80 cm deep. The toxicity of the soil was determined by using the results of a soil investigation conducted by Tauw (Vermeer, 2008) and soil quality maps of the city of Amsterdam (http://maps.amsterdam.nl/bodemkwaliteit/).

Subsequently a vegetation survey at seven locations was conducted to de-termine the nutrient content, acidity and moisture levels in the soil by using Ellenberg Indicator Values (Ellenberg, 1979). The seven locations are rep-resentative for the different vegetation types found in Anna’s Ruigte (Figure 3). The sample sites differed in size. Sample site 3 was approximately 10m2, because it was located under shrubs. Sample site 6 was approximately 4m2, because it was located in the grassland. Ellenberg Indicator Values are based on plant species that indicate specific habitat conditions (Ellenberg, 1979). For each of the seven vegetation surveys the nutrient content, acidity and moisture levels were calculated separately. During the vegetation surveys the abundance of the species in the four different vegetation layers (moss, herb, shrub and tree) was estimated. The ‘Heukels Flora van Nederland’ (van der Meijden, 2005) was used to determine the flora at species level. The vegeta-tion survey on sample site 1-7 was conducted two times during the flowering season to record more species in Anna’s Ruigte. The vegetation survey was conducted once in May and once in June.

This vegetation survey was also used to determine the biodiversity in Anna’s Ruigte in terms of flora. For the assessment of the biodiversity we also in-cluded plant species that did not occur in the vegetation survey plots, but were noticed during the experimental work. Furthermore, all the tree species were included in the species list. Additionally, the fauna in terms of insects and birds was examined by setting insect traps, catching with nets and using third party data from the website www.waarneming.nl. Ground insects were trapped using hand-made insect traps: plastic drinking cups containing a salt and soap solution. These traps were placed at four different sites in Anna’s Ruigte (1-3, 5) representing the different vegetation types. Aquatic macro fauna was caught at two different sites (D & E) by sweeping the insect net through the water surface. The species order of the insects was determined using ‘Nieuwe Insecten Gids’ (Chinery, 2009). The ground beetles (Carabidae) were identified to the species level using a ground beetle identification key provided by IBED.

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S o c i a l a p p r o a c h

A survey was used to assess the needs and wishes of the ASP community in terms of nature, education and recreation in their working and living environ-ment. The general opinion towards nature, education, recreation and sus-tainability in the area was determined using 12 questions. The 12 questions presented in the survey were multiple choice or on a Likert response scale of five dimensions. The survey was written using Google Forms and presented in English and Dutch, in order to reach both the local and international popula-tion of SPA (Appendix 4).

The stakeholders involved in this project were chosen based on their geo-graphical location, namely working or living at Amsterdam Science Park. We divided the ASP community in three stakeholder groups: 1) business people 2) residents at the Carolina McGillavrylaan and 3) students of the Science Fac-ulty. The survey was emailed to businesses listed to the ASP premises. Email addresses were obtained from the website www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl. The residents living at the Carolina McGillavrylaan in the Milos, Samos and Andros buildings were reached via the resident associations of these build-ings. The students living in the student housing facilities were reached via the Amsterdam University College Student Association (AUCSA). A link to the sur-vey was incorporated in their monthly newsletter. Additionally, the survey was presented to passing students in het main hall and to people in the business cafeteria Meet&Eat located on ASP. It was chosen not to eliminate incomplete answers, as this would have reduced the total sample population. The results of the survey were analyzed in terms of relative abundance in Excel.

Figure 3. Overview of sample sites in Anna’s Ruigte. The blue letters indicated the sites were measurements were taken concerning the aquatic zone. The white numbers indi-cated the sites were the measurements and vegetation survey were taken concerning the amphibous and terrestrial zone.

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c h 0 0 3 a S S e S S m e N tIn this section we will present our results of the ecological and social assessment of Anna’s Ruigte. First the results of the ecologi-cal assessment will be discussed. These results are presented per aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial zone. We will conclude the ecological assessment with an ecological status based on the interpretation of these results. Second, the results of the social as-sessment will be presented. The results of the survey and insights gained by a short literature study will be presented.

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e c o l o g i c a l a S S e S S m e N t

Amsterdam Science Park is located in the Watergraafsmeer polder. The pol-der is situated 5.5 meters below NAP (Normal Amsterdam level). At -5.5 NAP there is a sandy clay layer which changes into a peat layer at -10 NAP (Faasse, 2011). At the edges of the Watergraafsmeer polder local seepage comes from the Ringvaart and the Weespertrekvaart (Faasse, 2011). To maintain the wa-ter level in the polder water is actively pumped out, leading to a water flow at Amsterdam Science Park from the Kruislaan to the big water basin which is located between Science Park and the highway A10. The vegetation of Anna’s Ruigte is typical for plant community Convolvulo-Filipenduletea. According to Bal et al (2001) Convolvulo-Filipenduletea is mainly important for butterflies and hoverflies are attracted by the high density of flowers (Bal et al., 2001).

The ASP natural area is part of the larger ecological network of Amsterdam, the so-called Ecolint. Due to the area’s geographical position it serves as an important migration route between the “Nieuwe Diep” and “Nieuwe Meer” for fauna such as the grass snake (Faasse, 2011). The target vision of the Ec-olint is to create a water system with clear and clean water where the banks offers a variety of habitat for several terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna (Oranjewoud, 1999). To monitor the state of Ecolint, five species are used: pike (Esox lucius), weasel (Mustela nivalis), reed warbler (Acrocephalis scir-paceus), grass snake (Natrix natrix) and ordinary bank dragonfly (Orthetrum cancellatum) (Faasse, 2011). The presence of these species also indicates the presence of species of prey like mice and frog species (Faasse, 2011). Research conducted by Faasse (2011) showed that Ecolint did not reach its target vision 16 years after construction. According to Faasse (2011) Ecolint should change its target vision, because it is a nutrient rich ecosystem which is hard to impoverish. Therefore the focus should be on habitat diversification by creating more gradients in light and moisture availability.

aq u a t i c z o N e

In this section the data from earlier studies and the results of the measure-ments in the aquatic zone of Anna’s Ruigte will be presented.

According to Faasse (2011) the waterways in Watergraafsmeer meet the description in terms of form and function of fenland waterways and canals (M10). The waterways in Anna’s Ruigte are linear, with a depth of less than three meters, strongly focused on supply and drainage of water, with a maxi-mum flow rate of ten cm/s near inlets and water pump station (Faasse, 2011). Although Anna’s Ruigte is not assigned as an official KRW waterbody, it is connected with official KRW water bodies like the Amstel. An overview of the ecological potential in relation to physical and chemical measurements for M10 waterbodies can be found in appendix 1. Research conducted by Faasse (2011) showed that water in Watergraafsmeer is nutrient rich. The most lim-iting factor of these nutrients is phosphorus (P); 97% of the P comes from seepage and the remaining percentage comes from leaf litter, animal excre-ments and a very small part is from sewage water (Faasse, 2001). The levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the surface water of big water basin (Oosterringdijk) located at Amsterdam Science Park declined over time, but are still too high compared to the standards KRW-values (MTR-N and MTR-P) (Figure 4) (Faasse, 2011). The pH value of the surface water in the basin was within the desired value (Faasse, 2011). The average residence time of the water in Watergraafsmeer is 18.9 days during the summer and 14.2 during the winter (Faasse, 2001).

Next to this data from earlier studies, we measured the water depth, thick-ness of organic layer on top of soil surface of the waterway, transparency, turbidity, oxygen levels and conductivity of the aquatic zone in Anna’s Ruigte.

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Overall the water depth ranged from 5 cm in the inner waterway to 80 cm in the surrounding waterway (Figure 5 & Table 1). The inner waterway has lower water depths (5 to 30 cm) compared to the surrounding waterway (70 to 80 cm) (Figure 5). Also the thickness of the organic layer on the bottom of the waterway showed large differences between the sample sites of the sur-rounding and inner waterway (Table 1). In almost all parts of the surrounding waterway the organic layer was approximately 10 cm thick (Table 1). At one sample site (B) near the willow shrubs the organic layer was 60 cm (Table 1). Here, the organic layer consisted mostly of leaf material, which probably originates from trees surrounding the sample site. The organic layer in the inner waterway was at most sample points thicker than the organic layer in the surrounding waterway. The organic layer in the inner waterway was more than 20 cm thick (Table 1). Also here it mostly consisted of leaf material. At sample site G with an organic layer more than 20 cm thick a strong smell of rotten eggs occurred during the coring process. This smell indicates the pres-

ence of sulfide. It is unknown if the sulfide concentration is toxic, but plants like water mint (Mentha aquatica) are present in the inner waterway, which might indicate that the concentrations of sulfide are not toxic yet (Sollie et al., 2011) (Table 1).

Furthermore the transparency was measured in both the inner and the sur-rounding waterway of Anna’s Ruigte. It was observed that the surrounding waterway of Anna’s Ruigte looked brown and the bottom is not directly visible. In deeper parts of the waterway the transparency is around 50 cm (Table 1). Small clay particles float in the water. In the inner waterway the water looks clear and the bottom of the waterway is visible, because only small parts are covered with duckweed and algae (Table 1).

The results of the turbidity data show almost the same dynamics between the inner and surrounding waterway as the transparency. The turbidity in the surrounding waterways ranges from 2.0 to 68.1 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) (table 1). Interestingly, the turbidity in the waterway next to Carolina MacGillavrylaan is higher (68.1 NTU), than in the part of the surrounding waterway next to the university building (2.0 NTU). The turbidity of the wa-ter in the inner waterway was 4.9 NTU, 6.5 NTU, and 26.5 NTU (Table 1). In addition the oxygen levels were measured. In the surrounding waterway the oxygen level in the water ranged between 3.1 to 21.2 mg/L (Table 1). The oxygen levels measured in the inner waterway were very low. The two sample sites in the inner waterway showed an oxygen level of 1.6 mg/L (Table 1). Lastly the conductivity in the surrounding and inner waterway was measured. The conductivity both the inner and surrounding waterway was approximately 1250 μS/cm. The conductivity in the inner waterway was around 1230 μS/cm (Table 1). The conductivity in the surrounding waterway was a bit higher, with one data point of 1577 μS/cm (Table 1). This data point was located near the culverts.

The data above was interpreted to assess the ecological potential of Anna’s Ruigte. Overall, the water in Anna’s Ruigte is nutrient rich. The inner and sur-rounding waterway clearly differ in water depth, thickness of organic layer, transparency, turbidity, and oxygen level. The surrounding waterway is deeper

Figure 4. Nutrient concentrations and standards (MTR) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the surface water of Oosterringdijk.Reprinted from Faasse (2011).

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and the organic layer is thinner than in the inner waterway. Further-more, the transparency in the surrounding waterway is 50 cm and the bottom is not visible, because clay particles float in the water.

According to the KRW-values the transparency of the surrounding waterway is insufficient for the growth of submerged water plants (Appendix 1). The absence of submerged water plants is quite likely the result of this light short-age (Sollie et al., 2011). This light shortage is caused by detritus (dead par-ticulate organic material) in the water that is stirred up by wind or benthic fish (Sollie et al., 2011). Benthic fish do occur in the surrounding waterway of Anna’s Ruigte because dead carps were found during the field measurements.

In the surrounding waterway the light shortage is most likely caused by suspended clay particles. This is also reflected in the turbidity measure-ments. The turbidity in the waterway next to Carolina MacGillavrylaan is higher (68.1 NTU), than in the part of the surrounding waterway next to the university building (2.0 NTU). Probably, this is due to the wa-ter flow between the two culverts, which prevents clay particles to pre-cipitate (Figure 3). The turbidity in the waterway in front of the uni-versity is probably lower due to the fact that this water does not flow.

Location Turbidity (NTU)

Conductivity (microS/cm)

Oxygen (mg/L)

Organiclayer (cm)

Transparency (cm)

Waterdepth (cm) Slope

A 68.1 1577 9.9 - 23 25 1:1.5

B - 1368 3.1 59 soil surface 30 1:1

C - - - - - 70 -

D 2.0 1237 8.9 8 36 70 1:1.4

E 4.9 - - 12 soil surface 25 1:2.9

F - - - - 30 -

G 6.5 1237 1.6 20 soil surface 30 1:1.9

H - - - - - 5 -

I 6.5 1225 1.6 - soil surface 20 1:2

J 15.8 1280 4.4 2 18 70 1:1.6

K 2.3 1244 6.8 7 53 70 1:1.3

L - 1297 21.6 - - 80 1:1.5

M - 1260 21.2 - 80 1:1.3

X 342 - - - - - -

Z 57.3 - - - - - -

Table 1. The results of the turbidity (NTU), conductivity (microS/cm), oxygen level (mg/L), thickness of organic layer (cm), transparency (cm), water depth (cm) and slope measurements in the aquatic and amphibious zone for sample site A - M, X and Z in Anna’s Ruigte.

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The soil surface of the surrounding waterway appears sufficient for the growth of aquatic plants compared to the inner waterway, because the organic layer is not that thick. The bottom of the inner waterway is visible and the water is very clear. This is reflected in the turbidity values. A turbidity less than <5 NTU falls under STOWA category ‘good’ (Jaarsma et al., 2008). In the inner waterway the turbidity is approximately 5 NTU. The high level of 26.5 NTU measured in the in-ner waterway is probably due to the occurrence of algae at the sample location.

The organic layer is much thicker in the inner than in the surrounding wa-terway. Only at one sample site in the surrounding waterway the organic layer was 60 cm. This is probably due to leaf litter from the surrounding wil-lows. The organic layer in the inner waterway is around 20 cm thick. This together with the absence of floating water plants with big root storage in-dicates that the soil surface of the inner waterway is probably inappropri-

ate and does not give enough support to root systems of submerged water plants. A second reason why the soil surface of the inner waterway classifies as insufficient is the accumulation of sulfide, which is indicated by a strong smell of rotten eggs. No measurements of sulfide concentrations in the inner waterway were carried out, but the appearance of water mint might indi-cate that the sulfide concentrations are not toxic yet. In addition, the thick organic layer degrades over time and uses oxygen in the process, which re-sults in an anoxic situation (Sollie et al., 2011). This hypothesis is supported by the low levels of oxygen (1.6 mg/L) measured in the inner waterway.

Based on STOWA guidelines it can be concluded that two different habitat types can be assigned to the aquatic zone in Anna’s Ruigte: brown water and insufficient soil surface for the establishment of water plants (Sollie et al., 2011). The surrounding waterway is brown due to the occurrence of clay particles in the water, which results in light shortage. A possible cause for the suspended clay particles in the waterway is the distribution of the soil surface of the waterway by carp. The light shortage and nutrient-richness in the sur-rounding waterway the ecological potential is low and nature development should focus on the shallow part of the aquatic zone (<40 cm) (Sollie et al., 2011). Next STOWA advises to lower the water level during the summer. In this way more light reaches the bottom of the waterway (Sollie et al., 2011). Furthermore letting the bank run dry once every five year will reduce the levels of nitrogen and phosphate in the soil and aquatic plants will get the chance to establish in the waterway (Sollie et al., 2011). Due to the nutrient-richness of the water duckweed could cover the water surface of the inner waterway. This results in temporary anaerobe circumstance in deeper parts of the waterway. Dying duckweed will fall on the bottom of the waterway which will form a thick organic/sludge layer which is insufficient for water plants. Therefore the massive dying of duckweed should be prevented by removing it in time, because lowering the nutrient content of the water is not possible.

The inner waterway probably has an insufficient soil surface due to sludge-formation, because the current soil surface does not give enough support to root systems of submerged water plants. To improve the aquatic zone

Figure 5. The water depths and groundwater levels in Anna’s Ruigte. The blue number indicate the water depths (cm) measured in the inner and surrounding waterway. The white number indicate the groundwater levels (cm) measured in the terrestrial zone.

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STOWA (Sollie et al., 2011) advises to remove the organic layer from the soil surface. Also the creation of the organic layer should be prevented, by remov-ing the input of leaf inlet in the waterway (Sollie et al., 2011).

Lastly, the inner waterway seems isolated from the surrounding waterway by a thick patch of Reed Mannagrass (Glyceria maxima). According to Whatley (2014) semi-isolated or completely isolated water ways have a high habitat value, because these waters provide a protected habitat. These protected habitats are more likely to have relatively stable abiotic conditions and a well-developed macrophyte community (Whatley, 2014). The conductivity levels in both the inner and surrounding waterway are similar, which indicate that both waterways are still connected and the inner waterway is not rain water-dominated.

am p h i b i o u S z o N e

In this section the data from earlier studies and the results of the measure-ments in the amphibious zone of Anna’s Ruigte will be presented. The water level in Anna’s Ruigte is kept at (-5.50 NAP) during the year and does not fluctuate more than 10-20 cm due to sagging of the water level in the sum-mer (Kuster, 2011).

We determined the slope of the current banks and the species richness in the amphibious zone. The soil conditions were estimated in terms of nutrient content, moisture level and acidity in all seven vegetation survey sites using Ellenberg indicator values. Lastly we assessed the aquatic macrofauna. Un-fortunately we were unable to determine the insects on order or species level due to time limitations. In total 42 plant species were found of which eight occur in the amphibious zone. An overview of the species list can be found in appendix 2. In the amphibious zone of the inner waterway five species were found, including Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Lycopus europaeus. In the surrounding waterway three species were found, but consisted mainly of reed (Phragmites australis). The vegetation in the amphibious zone in both the inner and surrounding waterway consist mainly of helophytes like reed,

Ranunculus sceleratus and bulrush (Typha latifolia). According to Ellenberg these species indicated moist, acidic and nitrogen-rich soil conditions (Figure 6). The soil conditions for each vegetation survey site can be found in ap-pendix 3.

The banks in both the inner and surrounding waterway are steep (Table 1). Currently, the slope in the surrounding waterway ranges from 1:1 to 1:1.6 (Table 1). The slope in the inner waterways ranges from 1:1.9 to 1:2.9 (Table 1). The banks are shallower compared to the surrounding waterway. Further-more, the water level in the inner waterway fluctuates more than the water level in the surrounding waterway because the inner waterway is semi iso-lated by a thick patch of Glyceria maxima that partly blocks the water flow.

Overall the vegetation in the amphibious zone is species poor due to the steep banks (Table 1). The vegetation in the inner waterway is more species rich, probably due to shallower banks. These shallower banks create a gradual transition in light and moisture availability, which results in more niches for different species (Sollie et al., 2008; Faasse, 2011). The soil in Anna’s Ruigte is nutrient rich and acidic (Ellenberg value 6,2) (Appendix 3).

In short, it can be concluded that two different habitat types occur in the amphibious zone: eutrophic non-dry falling bank and eutrophic bank with fluctuating water level. The amphibious zone in the larger waterway is quali-fied as eutrophic, permanently waterlogged bank. The ecological potential of the amphibious zone in the surrounding waterway is low (Sollie et al., 2011). The ecological potential of the amphibious zone in the surrounding waterway would increase substantially by creating natural fluctuations of the water level (Sollie et al., 2011). The amphibious zone in the inner waterway is qualified as eutrophic bank with fluctuating water levels (Sollie et al., 2011). In the inner waterway the ecological potential of the amphibious zone can be improved by removing the causes of eutrophication. One of the causes of the eutrophica-tion of the inner waterway is the connection with the nutrient rich city water. Therefore the amphibious zone in the inner waterway will improve by creating an isolated water system that is mainly fed by rain water.

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Figure 6. The soil conditions in Anna’s Ruigte based on Ellenberg indicator values. The green area indicates moist (7), weakly acidic (6), nitrogen-rich (8) soil conditions. The orange area indicates moisture/wet (8), weakly acidic soils (6), moderately nitrogen-rich soils (6).

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te r r e S t r i a l z o N e

In this section the data from earlier studies and the results of the measure-ments in the terrestrial zone of Anna’s Ruigte will be presented.

Research by Faasse (2011) showed that the peat layer in Anna’s Ruigte is situ-ated at approximately -10 NAP, so the peat is present at approximately 4.5 meters depth, because Anna’s Ruigte is situated at -5.5 NAP. Additionally, the presence of soil contamination has been studied by Tauw (Vermeer, 2011). This research conducted by TAUW showed that the soil up to 1.5 meters deep is slightly contaminated with heavy metals and locally with mineral oil and EOX (chlorine, fluoride, bromine, iodine) (Vermeer, 2008). The soil layer at -0.5 to -0.9 meter is moderately contaminated with lead (Vermeer, 2008). The sandy soil does not show any contaminations (Vermeer, 2008).

The soil-quality map of the municipality of Amsterdam classifies the soil of Amsterdam Science Park as zone 2 (http://maps.amsterdam.nl/bodemk-waliteit/). As an indication, the soil quality scale ranges from zone 1 to zone 6, in which zone 1 is classified as being relatively cleanest. For each zone different rules apply for the usability of the soil. Zone 2 is considered safe for the function of vegetable garden or allotment (Bodemkwaliteit zone 2, n.d.).

We examined the soil composition and determined the groundwater level. The soil composition and ground water level was determined from a series of soil cores and profile descriptions. The soil condition in terms of nutrient content, moisture level and acidity were estimated at the seven vegetation survey sites using Ellenberg indicator values (Ellenberg, 1979). The Ellenberg indicator values showed that the soil is weakly acidic and moderately nitrogen rich (Fig-ure 6). The most common plant species are: Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica di-oica, Galium aparine, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Cerastium fontanum, Ranunculus repens, Glechoma hederacea, and Brassica nigra. An overview of all species found in Anna’s Ruigte can be found in appendix 2. The core pro-files showed that the soil in Anna’s Ruigte mainly consisted of heavy to light clay. A sandy topsoil was only found at sample site J. The groundwater level was found between 20 to 64 cm deep (Figure 5). Lastly we aimed at assessing

the insect diversity as well. Unfortunately, we were unable to determine the insects on order or species level due to time limitations.

The soil conditions in the terrestrial zone are similar to the amphibious zone. Both zones are moderately nitrogen rich, but the soil in the terrestrial zone is less humid. The first five meters consists of sandy clay followed by a peat layer. This peat layer should not be reached during construction because this will result in peat degradation. Peat degradation leads to the input of nutrients in the system (Sollie et al., 2011). The clay layer is easily saturated by water and water stagnates on top of the clay during periods of precipitation surplus. The influence of seepage in Anna’s Ruigte is relatively small when compared with the edge of the Watergraafsmeer polder.

The high nutrient levels in Anna’s Ruigte can have two causes. First, the soil type in Anna’s Ruigte is clay which is in general very rich in nutrients (van Vossen et al., 2009). Second, Anna’s Ruigte used to be an agricultural field since the drainage of the polder which could explain the possible nutrient rich-ness, because nutrient content in the soil is often related to the land use his-tory (Sonneveld et al., 2002; Verheyen et al., 2001). In addition, the nutrients in Anna’s Ruigte can be delivered by the water. The nutrient-rich water from the city is responsible for the water input in Anna’s Ruigte and could enrich the soil. The fact that both the soil and the water are nutrient rich, makes it im-possible to create a nutrient poorer system. Therefore Faasse (2011) advises to focus on habitat diversification in terms of light and moisture availability.

Based on the results above the terrestrial zone in Anna’s Ruigte is identified as a humid clay soil (Sollie et al., 2011) and the soil is classified as a zone 2.

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S o c i a l a S S e S S m e N t

li t e r a t u r e

Natural areas provide social and psychological services (Chiesura, 2004; van den Berg, 2007). It was found that contact with nature offers relief from city life stress by allowing for the renewal of cognitive resources and psychological response capabilities (eg. Hartig, 2004, from van den Berg, 2007). For exam-ple, tests that measured people’s blood pressure after performing a stressful task showed that resting activities (such as sitting or taking a walk) placed in natural settings promoted a significantly more rapid decline of blood pressure compared to the treatment where resting activities were set in urban spaces (van den Berg, 2007). Therefore natural areas close to working places can be highly functional. Despite the fact that this notion increasingly gains popular-ity (van den Berg, 2007) it is often still not regularly put into practice. There-fore, the design of Anna’s Ruigte should actively stimulate people to interact with nature in order to increase liveliness and stimulate work productivity. The natural area should align with the needs and expectations of the community in order for natural area to facilitate psychological restoration of the community (Chiesura, 2004). In order to successfully design a natural area it is important to assess the needs and wishes of the community.

A more durable way to ensure that the needs of the community are included is to classify (part of) the area as an urban green common (areas that are pub-lically accessible, non-excludable and managed through local governance). Green commons allow the community to manage the natural area themselves. Additionally, active management of the green common promotes engagement with nature and reduces the costs for natural area management (Colding et al., 2013). In terms of managing the urban green common there is an impor-tant link between 1) the defined property rights and 2) the socio-ecological learning of ecosystem services and biodiversity (Colding et al., 2013). For ex-ample, it is possible that overcrowding becomes an issue in openly accessible spaces. In that case a form of exclusion should be incorporated along with a proprietor that can exert it (for example, a gated community with membership

management). Also degradation of the property should be prevented because this will lead to excessive management costs or failing to fulfil the social ob-jectives. Therefore, a property system (such as a committee) is needed that manages the area and accommodates bottom-up initiatives. Additionally, it is stressed that decision makers should facilitate means for assisting bottom-up driven initiatives, rather than implementing them top-down, in recognition that it is ultimately the undertaking community that holds the means to carry such projects onwards.

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Su r v e y

A survey was conducted to assess the needs and wishes of the ASP community in terms of ecology, education and recreation. In total 108 people responded to the survey. The largest response to the survey came from students (57%), followed by businesses (which includes FNWI employees) (32%) (Figure 7).

We compared answers to the survey questions (Appendix 4) within category and in terms of total sampled population.

Results from the survey show that natural areas at work are valued as impor-tant to very important by approximately 70% of the 108 respondents (Figure 8). Compared to other stakeholder groups, especially residents appear to find nature very important at ASP (Figure 8). Only business people find nature at ASP less important. Talks with business people showed that they are mainly focused on the natural area directly in front of their building instead of Anna’s Ruigte.

Also, recreation at work is found to be important to very important (59% of 82 respondents) by the ASP community (Figure 9). Also here only business people find recreation at ASP not important. Additional questions showed that 25% of the 107 respondents do not make use of the current recreation op-tions (café/restaurants) at ASP and less than 20 % of 107 respondents would take a walk in the natural area if there would be a walking trail (Figure 9).

When asked if they would be interested in sustainability initiatives most re-spondents were positive (more than 80% of 108 respondents (Figure 10). Local production of food and renewable energies were favored when asked for what types of sustainability initiatives they would prefer (Figure 11).

Furthermore, the majority of the respondents (>60% of 107 responses) agreed that the added value of education to the natural area (courses or in-formation boards) is positive (Figure 12). Additional questions indicated that 56% of the ASP community thinks information boards and 65% of the re-

spondents think that courses in Anna’s Ruigte would be a proper way to edu-cate about the ecology of Anna’s Ruigte.

The survey showed that nature, education and recreation are important as-pects that add value to Anna’s Ruigte according to the ASP community. The ASP community would also like to see a sustainability initiative in Anna’s Ruig-te in the form of local food production or renewable energy.

Figure 7.Overview of respondance of business people (blue), resi-dents (red) and students (green).

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Figure 8. The importance of nature at work for business people (blue), residents (red), students (green) and all stakeholder together (purple).

Figure 10. The interest in a suatainability initiative in Anna’s Ruigte for business people (blue), residents (red), students (green) and all stakeholder together (purple).

Figure 9. The importance of recreation at work for business people (blue), residents (red), students (green) and all stakeholder together (purple).

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Figure 12. The added value of education in Anna’s Ruigte for business people (blue), residents (red), students (green) and all stakeholde r together (purple).

Figure 11. The preference for sustainability initiatives by business people (blue), residents (red), students (green) and all stakeholder together (purple). Multiple answeres were possible.

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D e S i g N c r i t e r i a In this section the design criteria are presented which are based on the results of the ecological and social assessment. The ecological criteria will be presented first, followed by the social criteria.

ec o l o g i c a l c r i t e r i a

Based on the habitat characteristics in the aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial zone, eight ecological criteria were formed. The ecological potential of Anna’s Ruigte is low probably due the nutrient richness of the water and soil. Attempts for reducing the nutrient levels will probably have no effect, because the nutrients are partly replaced by city water. Therefore the nature development of Anna’s Ruigte should focus on habitat diversification and mimicking natural conditions.

The ecological criteria are:

1. The design should include elements that serve as a habitat for ecolint fauna species - pike, weasel/stoat, reed warbler, grass snake and ordinary bank dragonfly - and their prey (mice and frog species) (Ecolint).

2. The design should include elements that increase habitat diversification by creating gradients in light and moisture availability (Ecolint).

3. The design should include elements that promote more natural fluctuations in water level (STOWA).

4. The design should include elements so at least 5 to 10 wetland plant species occur in Anna’s Ruigte.

5. The design should include elements that promote water quality in accordance with KRW-values that correspond to ‘sufficient ecological potential’ in terms of transparency and turbidity (Ecolint & STOWA).

6. The design should include elements that improve the soil surface of the waterway so at least floating leaf plants can establish in the area (STOWA).

7. The management of the design elements should be based on the following four principles (STOWA):a. the ecological system should be disturbed as little as possible. b. the maintenance should be conform the code of conduct Flora and Fauna legislation. c. the maintenance frequencies and materials should be adjusted to the local situation. d. the maintenance of natural elements should be based on sustainable, cyclic and phased management.

8. The management of the design elements should focus on realizing or maintaining the target scenario: less than 50% of Anna’s Ruigte should be occupied by undesired species like nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb.

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So c i a l c r i t e r i a

Seven social criteria were derived from the social assessment of the needs and wishes of the ASP community. The criteria are based on the survey, requirements of the municipality and scientific research.

The social criteria are:

1. The design should include the needs and wishes of the community, such as indicated by the survey:

a. Promote education in the form of courses and information boards.

b. Promote sustainability initiatives such as locally producing food or generating energy from renewable sources.

c. Offer recreational facilities.

2. The design should promote bottom-up community initiatives in the natural area (literature), which ought to be facilitated by the mu-nicipality.

3. A committee should be formed that is responsible for overall area management and communication between the municipality and the community (literature).

4. The design should offer a variety of social services so that all segments of the community can benefit from one or more of them (lit-erature and municipality requirement).

5. The design should offer recreation in the natural area so that it facilitates psychological restoration (literature).

6. Recreational elements should be resistant to vandalism (municipality requirement).

7. The aesthetic design should match with the original design of Amsterdam Science Park, keeping in mind the network philosophy as stated in the masterplan (municipality requirement).

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c h 0 0 4 D e S i g N a N N a ’ S r u i g t eIn this section the design of Anna’s Ruigte and its elements will be discussed in detail. The elements are divided under their appli-cation to ecology, education or recreation. For every element it is explained what it is and which design criteria the element meets. In chapter five and six the construction and maintenance of Anna’s Ruigte are explained in more detail. In this section only a short summary of the maintenance will be given per element.

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SURROUNDING WATERWAYS

ISOLATED WATERWAYS

NATURE FRIENDLY BANKS

PERMACULTURE AREA

MEADOW

WANDER TRAILS

ANNA’S TUIN TRAILS

INCUBATION MOUND

AMPHIBIA POOL

POOL

SHRUBS AND TREES

BUILDING

INFORMATION SIGN

MAP LEGEND

BRUSHWOOD

0 100 500m

3232

e c o l o g yBecause Anna’s Ruigte is a natural area, ecology plays a central role in the design. This section presents the elements that contribute to the ecological value of the area by increasing its quality and diversity.

Pictures 1-4 & 6: M. T. Mijnders. Picture 5: www.waarneming.nl - O.J. Goreng

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Na t u r e f r i e N D l y b a N k S

A nature friendly bank is an artificially designed bank that explicitly stimulates the development of nature, land-scape and ecology. The bank becomes more nature friendly if it represents the natural conditions more closely (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). A nature friendly bank gives space to nature, so wetland flora and fauna can establish spontaneously (ecological criteria 1, 4 and 5) (Sollie et al., 2011). The construction of nature friendly banks is one of the biggest alterations in Anna’s Ruigte. The soil that is removed during the construction will be used to heighten other parts of Anna’s Ruigte. The nature friendly banks in Anna’s Ruigte are shallow banks. The bank starts from a water depth of 40 cm and ends at the end of the slope (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The banks will have a slope that ranges from 1:4 to 1:10. This slope will create a gradient in light and moisture availability (ecological criterion 2). It is expected that this shallow slope will increase the number of different helophytes (Sollie et al, 2011). The establishment of wetland plants can take a few years. In order to speed up this process, flora mats will be placed on the slope. Another option is collecting seeds of wetland vegetation at other sites or buy seed mixtures and sow the seeds the nature friendly banks. The best period to plant vegeta-tion in March-April. Yearly mowing of reed will in general result in an open wetland. Less mowing results in litter accumulation and the development of brush vegetation (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The bank vegetation will be mowed in the same frequency as the surrounding meadow and brushwood. Every three to eight years the bank has to be cleared, to stop accumulation of humus, in parts where reed is dominant (van Vossen & Ver-hagen, 2009). In parts of flower rich brushwood or meadow the bank should be cleared every six to eight years (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Clearing the banks should take place during October - half November (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Tree seedlings and blackberry have to be removed from the nature friendly banks (Sollie et al., 2011).

Picture: Francpicture, http://www.panoramio.com/photo/6259323

Picture: www.bbc.co.uk

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me a D o wThe term meadow refers to vegetation with a height of <1 meter and is not located at the nature friendly bank. The meadow will serve as a habitat for mice species (ecological criterium 1). In the target scenario, as described in ecological criterium 8) more than 50% of the meadow will be covered by other species than by nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb. Diversification management is needed during the first years after the realization of the nature friendly bank, to increase the biodiversity in Anna’s Ruigte and realize this target scenario (ecological criterium 7). Once the target scenario is met, the meadow should be mowed once a year in at least two phases between half September and October (ecological criterium 7). If the mowing frequency is increased to two times a year, the Flora and Fauna code of conduct should be taken into account (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The mowing should take place after most plants have set seeds, which is September – October (Stichting Ecologisch Advies, 2004). Tree seedlings have to be removed by hand from the nature friendly banks (ecological criterium 7) (Sollie et al., 2011).

Sh r u b S

The term shrub refers to small patches occupied with tree species, like willow and elder. These shrubs serve as habitat for different bird species (ecological criterium 1). A number of willow and other tree species have to be removed, for the construction of nature friendly banks. This removal of willow will prevent leaf deposition in the waterway (ecological criterium 6). A logging permission is needed, because some of these trees are larger than 31 centimeters in stem outline. Permission for logging can be applied for at the City of Amsterdam. The trees that will be removed from the area can be used in the permaculture.

Once every two years the shrub zone around the waterways have to be cut in January - February. Branches over-hanging the waterway have to be cut in order to prevent leaf inlet in the waterway (ecological criterium 6). These branches can be used in the permaculture or in the incubation mound.

Picture:www.flevo-landschap.nl

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iS o l a t e D wa t e r w a y

The waterway is the wet profile from a water depth of 40 cm and deeper. In total three alterations have to be made to the water system: dredging, obstruct/isolating and deepen the waterway. The inner waterway is already semi-isolated from the surrounding waterway. This isolation should become permanent by placing dams. Isolating the waterway will result in rain-dominated system with natural water lev-els (ecological criterium 3). Furthermore, it prevents nutrient rich water from the city to flow into the inner waterway of Anna’s Ruigte. This might lead to an improvement in transparency and turbidity (ecological criterium 5). This will allow submerged aquatic plants to grow and therefore increase habitat diversity in the aquatic zone (ecological criterium 1). In addition the isolation of the inner waterway may provide a protected habitat with relatively stable abiotic condition which can be inhabited by a well-developed macrophyte com-munity (Whatley, 2014). Next to placing dams the waterway should also be deepened to a depth of 70 cm, because at some parts the waterway is only 5 cm deep. Maintenance like cleaning and dredging, has big ecological impacts because this releases the nutrients stored in the organic layer (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Therefore, the waterway is only to be mowed and dredged if that is neces-sary for the water flow (ecological criterium 7). The mowing of the waterway should be done in phases. Furthermore, it is likely that duckweed will grow extensively due to the nutrient richness of the water (Sollie et al., 2011). This blocks light from reaching the bottom of the waterway and makes it anoxic. Additionally, massive dying of duckweed causes the waterway to fill up with a nutrient rich layer. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the duckweed from the waterway on time.

br u S h w o o D

The term brushwood refers to vegetation of one to two meters high. The brush is located on the terrestrial zone between the inner and surrounding waterway. The brushwood is not located on the slope of the nature friendly banks. In the target scenario, as described in ecological criterium 8, more than 50% of the brushwood will be covered by other species than nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb. Diversification management is needed during the first years after the realization of the nature friendly bank, to increase the biodiversity in Anna’s Ruigte and realize this target scenario (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009) (ecological criterium 7). Diversification management focuses on creating gradients in light availability by increasing the mowing frequency and collecting the hay after mowing. During the first years the mowing frequency will be two times per year. After the realiza-tion of the target scenario a mowing frequency of one time per two years will maintain the vegetation in its state (Weekmedia, 2007). The maintenance is based on cyclic phased mowing, where the brushwood will be mowed in phases so fauna has the chance to flee to parts that are not mowed. Furthermore a small part of the hay can be used in the permaculture and incubation mound.

Picture: Wikipedia

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Su r r o u N D i N g wa t e r w a y

The waterway is the wet profile from a water depth of 40 cm and deeper. The surrounding waterway has to be dredged to remove the organic layer from the soil surface. The removal of the organic layer will result in a improvement of the soil surface so submerged plant can establish in Anna’s Ruigte (ecological criterium 6). The surrounding waterway will be meandering at one side. This meandering will create different gradients in light and moisture availability (ecological criterium 1). The waterway only needs to be cleaned and dredged if that is necessary for the water flow, because this releases the nutrients stored in the organic layer (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009).

Clearing the waterway is preferably done in the period September - October (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). In this period plants have set their seed and the hibernation of fish and amphibians has not yet started (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The hay should stay close to the waterway (but not on the nature friendly bank) during the first 48 hours, because amphibians and water can return to the wa-terway (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The clearing the waterways should be done in two phases, where one zone is mowed one year and the second zone the next year (ecological criterium 8). STOWA ((Sollie et al., 2011) advises to prevent massive growth and death of duckweed, which is likely to occur, due to the nutrient richness of the water. This can be accomplished by removing the duckweed.

Next to clearing, the waterway should be dredged to stop the accumulation of humus and improve the soil surface (ecological criterium 6) (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Dredging has to be conducted between half July and October, before the hibernation of amphib-ians and fish starts. The whole waterway should be dredged at the same time, instead of in phases, because the ecological impact is big (ecological criterium 8) (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The rhizomes of plants should be spared as much as possible (Sollie et al., 2011). The dredged mud should be removed from the area. The city of Amsterdam is responsible for the maintenance of the waterway.

In addition, it is advised to lower the water level of the surrounding waterway during the summer, because this will mimic natural condi-tions. A more natural water level results in more sunlight penetrating the water and reaching the soil surface (ecological criterium 3). If possible the surrounding waterway should fall dry once every five years. This will stimulate the germination of water plants and strongly reduce the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphor in the soil (ecological criteria 4 & 6).

Picture:http://www.dekievit-harmelen.nl/

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am p h i b i a N po o l

The amphibian pool is an area in which frogs, toads and salamanders can reproduce, because it is not inhabited by fish, which predate on the eggs of amphibians (Ravon, 2014). The amphibian pool can therefore serve as a reproduction area for amphibians in the big water basin across the road, because the big basin is inhabited by fish. The amphibian pool serves as a habitat for species of prey for the Ecolint monitoring species: the grass snake (ecological criterium 1). In general these reproduction areas are missing in the Netherlands (Ravon). The amphib-ian pool has to have a minimal size of 20 to 30 meters in diameter and is 1.2 meters in depth. The pool is located at a sunny site and more than 10 meters from the shrubs to prevent leaf deposition. The pool is isolated from the other waterways. On the one hand to prevent the inlet of nutrient rich city water and on the other hand to keep fish away. Due to this isolation the pool is rainwater dominated which will lead to natural water levels (ecological criterium 3). Drying up of the pool once every three to five years is no problem, because this will remove fish. The pool will have a slope of approximately 1:10. This shallow slope will increase the gradient in light and moisture availability (ecological criterium 2). The maintenance of the amphibian pool should be focused on keeping the pool open of vegetation and maintaining the depth at 1.2 meters.

iN c u b a t i o N m o u N D S

Incubation mounds are habitats in which grass snakes can deposit their eggs (ecological criterium 1). The tem-perature in the mound should be constant between 25-30 ˚C during spring and summer and have a high humid-ity (Zuiderwijk et al., 1991). An incubation mound has a size of 1.5 m in width, 3 m in length and 1.2 m in height for two reasons: 1) with this size the temperature and humidity level stays constant, 2) grass snakes prefer big-ger incubation mounds (Ravon, 2014). The incubation mound will be made from hay of Anna’s Ruigte, because material from other areas should not be used (Ravon). Willow branches will be used as well in the incubation mound. These willows branches should be placed in the middle of the incubation mound (Ravon). Research has shown that incubation mounds with branches are used more often by grass snakes than incubation mounds without branches (Zuiderwijk et al., 2011). The incubation mounds should be renewed every one or two years from hay for Anna’s Ruigte itself. This work should be carried out between mid-April and the end of May. In this way the hatching eggs and hibernating organisms are not damaged or disturbed (Ravon).

Picture: sarphatipark.wordpress.com

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pe r m a c u l t u r e

A section of Anna’s Ruigte is assigned as Anna’s Tuin, a permaculture garden. The main philosophy of permaculture is to involve the community and to work with nature instead of against nature. The goal is to create a natural system that is permanent and resilient to environmental perturbations from which the local community can harvest. This section describes the role of the per-maculture as part of the complete design of Anna’s Ruigte and which design criteria the permaculture meets. The detailed description of the permacul-ture, the design and management plan is written in the separate document, ‘Development plan of Anna’s Tuin’. The permaculture at Amsterdam Science Park is designed to bring ecology, education and recreation to the community (social criteria 1 & 2). Firstly, it offers the opportunity to educate people about alternative ways of agriculture and what role nature can have in daily life. Second, it is a place where the community can work and relax outside, share knowledge and be proactive (social criterium 5). In this way, Anna’s Tuin will make Amsterdam Science Park more interesting and lively for the community.

Permaculture is a design system, in which each design element mimics pat-terns and relationships observed in nature. The design elements will focus on habitat diversification and creating light and moisture gradients to sup-port a large variety of plant and insect species (ecological criteria 2). The plant community of the permaculture will mainly consist of perennials. The runoff of nutrients and soil biota can be prevented by covering the soil with plants during all the seasons (Zuazo & Pleguezuelo, 2008). This will en-sure that no excessive amounts of nutrients will leak from the permaculture into the surrounding waterways, contributing to the water quality in Anna’s Ruigte (ecological criterium 5). In the permaculture two ponds will be con-structed, in which the water level is allowed to fluctuate during the season to stimulate the growth of different wetland species (ecological criteria 3 & 4).

Besides the recreational, educational and ecological value, the permaculture also contributes to the sustainability of Amsterdam Science Park and helps achieving the goals set by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and municipali-ty of Amsterdam concerning sustainability. In the policy plans of the Faculty of

Science (FNWI UvA) it is stated that the UvA wants to achieve 40% CO2-reduc-tion in 2025 relative to 1990 and wants to collect the waste separately (Bestu-ursconvenant FNWI 2011-2014). The permaculture contributes to these plans in the sense that food consumed at Science Park can partly be produced local-ly leading to a reduction of food that needs to be transported to Science Park, and therefore lowering the carbon footprint of the university. Furthermore, if Science Park starts collecting green waste separately, then this could be com-posted locally and used in the permaculture, thereby reducing the amount of waste that needs to be transported from the university. In this way, Anna’s Tuin can help Amsterdam Science Park to become a more local and circular economy.

Anna’s Tuin will be managed and maintained by a committee, which con-sist of people from the Amsterdam Science Park community (social crit-erium 3). Besides management the committee will also organize activities and educated people about the permaculture principles. The main goal of the committee will be to involve the Science Park community and residents with Anna’s Tuin. In this way Anna’s Tuin will become a meeting point where residents, scientists, students and entrepreneurs come together to work, enjoy and learn about ecology and sustainability. This combination makes it a unique place, capable of inspiring schools, universities and municipali-ties in the Netherlands and abroad to follow the example. For more infor-mation about Anna’s Tuin see document: Development plan of Anna’s Tuin.

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Figure 13. The design of Anna’s Tuin. Design and artwork by Tayfun Yalcin.

40404040

e D u c a t i o NEducation is an important part of Amsterdam Science Park. Addition-ally, education can increase the social value of the natural area. This next section presents the elements that will give the community the opportunity to learn about nature and sustainability.

Pictures 1-4: M.T. Mijnders Picture 5: http://hetreestdal.nl/ Picture 6: http://www.newtonfieldcentre.org.uk/

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iN f o r m a t i o N S i g N S

Open education, such as information signs, can increase the awareness about the value of natural areas (social criterium 1a). The information signs will either focus on the overall structure of Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin (such as available walking paths and educational possibilities in the area) or inform the public about ecological structures (such as nature friendly banks) and biodiversity features (such as grass snake incubation mounds). A list of suggested information signs that describes the goal, textual information, imagery, and location can be found in appendix 5. The information boards can be made target group specific by showing different information on low standing signs (intended for children) and high set signs (intended for adults). In this way the natural and learning experience is aligned to the different sections of the community (social criterium 4). The informa-tion boards will be issued to the regular designing company of the municipality. Regular maintenance such as cleaning of the information boards can fall under Anna’s Tuin committee responsibility while more profound maintenance (repair or replacement) would fall under municipality responsibility.

Picture: M. L. Teunissen van Manen

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Bo x 1Co u r s e - Pr o g r a m:Organismen in het milieu - Bachelor Biology

Co o r d i n ato r: Gerard Oostermeijer

n r o f s t u d e n t s: 50 to 100

Pe r i o d: June

Co u r s e l e a r n i n g o B j e C t i v e s:Determine species, sample and research biodiversity

Co n n e C t i o n to An n A’s Ru i g t e:Fieldwork - The parcel will serve as a location to practice methods of biodiversity inventarization. The parcel offers ecological hetero-genity that allows for comparative research (for example between permaculture and brushwood, or surrounging waterway banks versus inner waterway banks).

Re q u i R e m e n t s o f An n A’s Ru i g t e:Nature friendly banks are completed and/or inner waterway chan-nels are isolated. Upkeep of ecological heterogenity in the parcel. No dregging or mowing shortly before June.

Bo x 2Co u r s e - Pr o g r a m:Ecological water management - Master Biological Sciences (track Limnology and Oceanography)

Co o r d i n ato r: Harm van der Geest

n r o f s t u d e n t s: ±25

Pe r i o d: September

Co u r s e l e a r n i n g o B j e C t i v e s:Research water wuality and implications for management

Co n n e C t i o n to An n A’s Ru i g t e:Example plot - The parcel would serve as a place to demonstrate sampling methods. Addtionally, the area illustrates the difference between two types of systems (outer waterways versus inner wa-terways) where the effect of different water management can be studied.

Re q u i R e m e n t s o f An n A’s Ru i g t e:Nature friendly banks are completed. Inner waterway channels are isolated. Management is prefferably visible and phased.

iN S t i t u t i o N a l i z e D e D u c a t i o N

Education in the form of courses is a way to increase the value of the natural area (social criterium 1a). Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin will therefore involve the university and local schools to offer courses and educational projects to their students. This way a wide array of students can learn and study the natural area. (social criterium 4). The suggested courses and projects will be discussed below.

a. uN i v e r S i t y c o u r S e S

Education in the form of university courses can add significantly to the value of the natural area. Moreover, courses are given every year and will thus make sure that activities are taking place regularly. Box 1 & 2 show the two possible courses in which Anna’s Tuin can play a role. The course “Organismen in het milieu” will keep track of the development of Anna’s Ruigte in terms of biodiversity (Box 1). For each course, their respective coordinators (responsible for the execution of the course), the timing and student load are discussed in short.

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b. uN i v e r S i t y S t u D e N t p r o j e c t S

Student projects are a more personal way of involving students to Anna’s Ruigte and Tuin. Student projects are pro-posed topics out of which students can choose when they have to do a thesis or research internships. The topic offers the student a framework within which he/she can choose a specific research question, in agreement with the sug-gested supervisor or contact person. The topics are divided in their respective disciplines. A list of possible topics can be found in appendix 6.

Picture 2: www.geheugenvanoost.nl Picture 3: www.natuurmilieuweb.nl Picture 1: D. Timmerman from www.waterparkhet-lankheet.nl

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r e c r e a t i o NBeing able to recreate in a natural area fulfills important social needs of citizens. This section presents design elements that provide oppor-tunities for the community to interact and enjoy the natural area of Amsterdam Science Park. Additionally, this section also includes ele-ments that will increase the liveliness and aesthetic value of the area.

Picture 1: www.wageningenur.nl; Picture 2 & 6: M.T Mijnders; Picture 3: www.groendichterbij.nl Pciture 4: overwandelengesproken.blogspot.com; Picture 5: friendsofmcrwr.org

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ac t i v i t i e S

Activities will stimulate people to interact with nature. Therefore events will be organized that attract people for educational or recrea-tional reasons (social criteria 1c, 4 and 5), which will be one of the main tasks for Anna’s Tuin committee.

One of such activities could be educational quests for children that can be started at the café De Polder. We have often seen children going into the natural area to explore, by offering a quest this energy can be channeled to become something educational for children that visit De Polder with their parents. Another suggested activity is offering the community products from the permaculture in exchange for some minor work load. For example, a local business employee could get some fresh herbs to complement lunch in exchange for weeding.

Also the collaboration with Imotions will result in more activities in Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin. Imotions is a company at ASP that already actively promotes its workers and clients to interact with nature. Their policy is called Nature Access Incentive Program and is led by Jos Bregman, an organic artist and the sustainability manager of Imotions. It focuses on promoting health and productivity by interacting with nature such as organizing short walks and doing regular activities outside the office. It would be interesting to explore the possibility to offer the Nature Access Incentive Program to other ASP businesses and community segments, as this provides an existing structure to elaborate on.

ar t

Art is a way to increase the esthetic value of Anna’s Ruigte (social criterium 7). Jos Bregman, the organic artist, proposed that one of the willows that need removal could become the symbol of Anna’s Ruigte. The cuttings can be handed out to the stakeholders (for example the University, NVO, the municipality, Waternet, businesses on ASP, resident representatives), to be planted elsewhere in the city. Each planted cutting would be geo-tagged and digitally reconstructed into the original tree and thus connecting the the community to each other and Anna’s Ruigte.

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br i D g e

A bridge will give access to Anna’s Tuin. The Future Planet Actions (FPA) students have offered to design and construct the bridge as an activity for team building and as a way for them to liter-ally build a bridge between sustainability knowledge and action. They were given some criteria in terms of budget, size, and weight it should be able to carry. Once the students start designing the bridge Anna’s Tuin committee will be included in overseeing the project.

be N c h e S

Benches will offer the community a place to rest and meet in the natural area, increasing the recreational value of the area (social criterium 4). The benches will be made from either living willows (willow cuttings can be planted to become trees) or the cutting of trees as a result of setting up the nature friendly banks. In this way the benches represent the circular economy values (social criterium 1b), aesthetically match the natural area (social criterium 7) and are resistant to vandalism (social criterium 6).

eN t r a N c e g a t e

A gate will make the natural area visible and attract visitors to enter and interact with nature. The gate will be designed so that it represents the integration between urban, natural and community (social criterium 7), and is resistant to vandalism (social criterium 6). Local art-ist and designers will be invited to design the gate, out of which the favored design will be selected.

Picture: J. Schütt

Picture: prlc.netPicture: commons.wikimedia.org

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Na t u r e b r o a D c a S t

A nature broadcast will transmit sounds of the local natural area to resting areas inside the Sci-ence Park buildings for example in common rooms. Additionally, the broadcast will be accessible for anyone who wishes to experience the natural area, without having to go outside, can access a web page. This idea can be expanded to include a video feed which can be transmitted to the 3x3 screen in the resting area of FNWI-UvA library making nature even more present in the building. By doing this, the notion of the natural area extends into the buildings of ASP without having to directly go out into the field.

wa N D e r t r a i l S

Wander trails give the community the opportunity to walk through the area as recreation (social criteria 4 & 5). The wander trail is not paved and therefore the ecological impact will be small. The wander trail will be similar to the wander trails of ‘Brettenpad’ in Amsterdam. The wander trails should be mowed multiple times during the year with a single axis cutter bar. The trail should be approximately one meter wide. The hay should be removed from the area directly. The city of Amsterdam is responsible for the maintenance of the wander trail.

me e t i N g p l a c e

A way of getting the community to interact with Anna’s Ruigte is by offering the possibility of doing their regular activities (such as having lunch and holding meetings) in the natural area. This could easily be accomplished by offering a table, some chairs and a Wi-Fi connec-tion under the permaculture community meeting point (see Anna’s Tuin design). This would potentially combine the benefits of being productive and restoring one’s cognitive capacities (social criteria 5). As a way of promoting importance nature interaction activities, it could be fruitful to have high officials of ASP set the example by holding a meeting in the natural environment.

Image: Edited by M.L. Teunissen van Manen. Original from www.uytenhaak.nl

Picture:www.gelderlander.nl

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c h 0 0 5 m a N a g e m e N tThis chapter will discuss the construction and development of the different design elements of Anna’s Ruigte and how these ele-ments will be managed on the long-term. The design and the purpose of the design elements can be found in chapter 3 and 4. This management plan only considers the ecological elements. The management of Anna’s Tuin can be found in a separate document ‘Development plan of Anna’s Tuin’.

The management of Anna’s Ruigte is important, because it will increase habitat diversification by creating more gradients in light. Without measures, Anna’s Ruigte will be dominated by only a few species. In the target scenario 1) more than 50% of the brush-wood will be covered by other species than by nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb and 2) five to ten wetland species will occur. In general habitat diversification management will be used to achieve and maintain the target scenario. Diversification management focuses on creating diverse habitats using gradients in light. These gradients in light are created by for instance phased mowing and different mowing frequencies.

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c o N S t r u c t i o N a N D D e v e l o p m e N t

In this section the construction and the development of the Anna’s Ruigte will be discussed. The phasing of the construction and the material needed dur-ing the construction of the different ecological elements will be presented. An overview of the construction process can be found in figure 15.

Sh r u b S

First of all, a number of willows and other tree species have to be removed for the construction of nature friendly banks. The removal of these trees will create space for a shallow bank. Furthermore the trees have to be located at least 5 meters from the waterway to minimize leaf inlet in the waterway.

In addition a logging permission is needed to remove some trees, because a few trees are bigger than 31 centimeters in outline at chest height. This log-ging permission can be obtained at the municipality of Amsterdam. The trees that will be removed from Anna’s Ruigte, can be used in the permaculture, incubation mounds, (information) signs and for other constructions. The trees that will be removed can be found in appendix 8. The municipality will remove the assigned trees. A chainsaw or lopper is needed to cut and remove the

trees.

me a D o w a N D b r u S h w o o D

Diversification management is needed in the meadow and brushwood to re-alize the target scenario. The diversification management will lead to an in-creased chance of rarer species to inhabit the area. To provide the settlement of these species, the mowing frequency will have to be higher (two times a year) until the target scenario is reached. After the realization of the target scenario a mowing frequency of one time per two year will maintain the veg-etation in its target state. It is possible that a mowing frequency of one time per year is needed to maintain the vegetation in its target state, due to the nutrient richness of Anna’s Ruigte (Sollie et al., 2011).

The diversification management will be executed by mowing in phases, in this way the fauna thas the chance to flee to areas that are not mowed yet. Anna’s Ruigte is divided in 18 maintenance zones (Figure 14). Half of the zones will be mowed in the second half of June and the second half of September. The other half of the zones will be 3 weeks later so beginning of July and begin-ning of October (Figure 15). This mowing regime will result in maximum spe-cies richness (Leng et al., 2011; Huhta et al., 2001). Research showed that this mowing regime promote plant species richness and butterfly diversity (Noordijk, 2009). The municipality of Amsterdam will mow the meadow and brushwood using a brush cutter. The hay does not have to be removed from Anna’s ruigte, but a part can be used in incubation mounds and in the perma-culture Anna’s Tuin.

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Na t u r e f r i e N D l y b a N k

The construction of nature friendly banks is one of the biggest alterations in the area. The design and location of the banks can be found in appendix 9 and figure 13. The nature friendly bank in the inner waterway will have a slope of 1:5. The nature friendly bank in the surrounding waterway will have a slope of 1:6. Approximately 1.4 tons of soil will be relocated in Anna’s Ruigte. The soil that is removed during the construction will be used to raise other parts of Anna’s Ruigte. The different sites where the ground level is going to be raised, can be found in appendix 8. Most of the soil will be used to raise the ground level in Anna’s Tuin.

During the construction it is important that the banks are not finished smooth-ly. A variation in gradients in the slope will create a higher biodiversity. The finishing of the bank should be checked during the construction by team Green Science Park. The best period for excavating is July till March.

The establishment of waterside plants can take a few years. In order to speed up this process, flora mats will be placed on nature friendly bank. The aqua-flora mats have to be at least 1 meter wide. The flora-mat should be placed for 1/3 underneath the waterline. The aqua-flora mats should consist of native plant species from the Amsterdam region. A list of the native plant species can be found in appendix 10. The flora mats will be donated by the University of Utrecht. Another option is sowing seeds of wetland vegetation into the na-ture friendly banks. These seeds can be collected at other regional sites with diverse bank vegetation or a seed mixture can be bought. The best period to place the flora mats, replant native plant species and sow seeds is March-April.

For the construction of the nature friendly bank ‘Keur AGV 2011 Category 5’ is needed of Waterschap Amstel, Gooi and Vecht. This permit concerns altera-tions to the waterway that promote biodiversity and recreation. The munici-pality of Amsterdam will construct the nature friendly bank. A mini crane will

be used to excavate the nature friendly banks.

wa t e r w a y

In total three alterations will be made to the water system in Anna’s Ruigte: dredging, obstruction - isolation and deepening the waterway. Firstly, the in-ner waterway should be dammed to create an isolated water system. The locations of the dam can be found in appendix 8.

For the isolation of the inner waterway permit ‘Keur AGV 2011 Category 3’ and accompanying notes ‘Keurbesluit Vrijstellingen’ and ‘Beleidsregels Keurver-gunningen’ are needed of the water board Amstel, Gooi and Vecht. The isola-tion of the inner waterway is seen as removement of the waterway. There-fore the decrease in water storage should be compensated elsewhere in ASP. Compensation of the damping is possible by enlarging the primary waterway (surrounding waterway) next to Carolina McGillavrylaan.

Next to the isolation of the inner waterway, the surrounding and inner wa-terway has to be dredged to remove the organic layer from the soil surface. Lastly the inner waterway has to be deepened to 70 cm as well. Approximate-ly 0.4 tons of soil will be excavated and relocated at Anna’s Ruigte (Appendix 8). The municipality of Amsterdam will construct the waterway. A mini crane will be used to excavate the waterway.

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am p h i b i a N po o l

The amphibian pool will be located in the meadow (Figure 13). The bean shape of the amphibian pool is orientated in a way that the largest bank is located at the warmest side, which is the north side (Appendix 9). The amphibian pool will have a size of 30 by 20 meters. The depth of the amphibian pool is 1.2 meters. This results in a slope of approximately 1:10. Also here the banks should not be finished smoothly. The pool can best be constructed in the dry season (June – August) or winter. During this period the soil is not swampy. The nature friendly bank in the pool will be partly covered with aquatic flora mats as well (see nature friendly bank). Approximately 0.3 tons of soil will be excavated and will be relocated in Anna’s Ruigte. The sites where the ground level will be raised can be found in appendix 8. The amphibian pool will be constructed by the municipality of Amsterdam. A mini crane can be used for excavating the pool.

wa N D e r t r a i l S

The trail will be approximately 1 meter in width. The trail will be made by mowing the vegetation. The location of the wander trail can be found in figure 13. The clippings should be removed from the area directly.

Zone Construction Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July AugAnna's Ruigte Isolating inner waterway 1

Deepening inner waterway 1 1Creating NVO inner waterway 1Creating NVO surrounding waterway 1Creating amphibian poolSowing NVO 1Placing flora mats 1Placing information signs 1Constructing BridgePlacing signs

Anna's Tuin Cleaning areaMowingHighering ground levelMulchingConstruction pondWander trailsGreenhousePlanting perennialsPlanting annual plants

Figure 15. The timeline of the construction of Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin in 2014/2015. Green indicates the prefered months were the construction activity would take place.

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m a i N t e N a N c e This section will discuss the regular maintenance of the different design ele-ments in Anna’s Ruigte. For every design element will be discussed 1) what type of maintenance is needed, 2) how often and when the cluster should be maintained and 3) which material is used. An overview of the maintenance can be found in appendix 7 and figure 18. The different maintenance zones and their locations can be found in figure 16.

The management of Anna’s Ruigte is based on four principles. First, the eco-logical system should be disturbed as little as possible. Second, the main-tenance should be conform the code of conduct Flora and Fauna legislation (gedragscode flora en faunawet). Third the mowing and dredging frequencies and materials are adjusted to the local situation. Lastly the maintenance is based on cyclic and phased management. The maintenance cycle of Anna’s Ruigte is based on six years (Figure 19). The municipality is responsible for the maintenance of the ecological elements in Anna’s Ruigte, but parts can be executed in collaboration of the local community.

Sh r u b S

Once every two years the shrub cluster around the waterways have to be cut in January – February, in order to prevent leaf inlet in the waterway by branches that hang above the banks and the waterways. The branches that have been cut off can be used in the permaculture or in the incubation mound. It is advised to cut the trees once every five to ten years to keep them smaller than 31 cm in stem outline. A chainsaw or lopper is needed to cut the trees.

br u S h w o o D

The term brushwood refers to vegetation of one to two meters high. The brushwood is located on the terrestrial zone between the inner and surround-ing waterway. The brushwood is not located on the slope of the nature friendly banks.

In the target scenario more than 50% of the brushwood will be covered by other species than by nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb. After the realization of the target scenario a mowing frequency of one time per two years will maintain the vegetation in its target state (Sollie et al., 2011). It is possible that a mowing frequency of one time per year is needed to maintain the vegetation in its target state, due to the nutrient richness of Anna’s Ruigte (Sollie et al., 2011).

The preferred mowing period is in mid-September – October (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2008). The mowing should be cyclic and in phases. Every year, half of the zones 1 to 12 will be mowed. The next year the other half of the zones will be mowed. Figure 16 and 17 shows the mowing regime per zone. If more than 50% of the area is covered by undesired species the management should return to diversification management as explained in the construction section. A part of the hay can be used in the permaculture and incubation mound. The maintenance should be conducted mechanically with a brush cutter.

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me a D o w

The term meadow refers to vegetation that has a height of less than 1 meter and is not located at the bank. In the target scenario more than 50% of the brushwood will be covered by other species than by nettles, thistles, hogweed or hairy willow herb. After the realization of the target scenario, the meadow should be mowed one time a year. The mowing should be conducted in phases and should take place after most plants have set seed (Stichting Ecologisch Advies, 2004). The preferred period of mowing is between half September and October. Mowing during this period will maintain the species richness (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The species richness will be increased if the mow-ing period is advanced to mid-June (Leng et al., 2011; Huhta et al., 2001). In Anna’s Ruigte, half the meadow (zone 13 – 18) should be mowed in the second half of June, while the other half should be mowed in half September – October (Figure 15 & 16). If more than 50% of the area is covered by un-desired species the management should return to diversification management as explained in the construction section.

Figure 16. The 18 dif-ferent management

zones in Anna’s Ruigte.

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Na t u r e fr i e N D l y ba N k S

The nature friendly bank starts from a water depth of 40 cm and ends at the end of the slope (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The vegetation on the dry part of the bank will be mowed in the same frequency as the surroundings. This means that the nature friendly bank located in the brushwood will only be mowed once per two years, while the nature friendly bank located in the meadow will be mowed every year. A lane of vegetation should be left un-touched when the nature friendly bank is mowed before July 15th. This lane of vegetation will prevent distribution of breeding sites (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Reed should be mowed at least 10 cm above the water line, otherwise the reed will rot because they are flooded (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009).The wet section of the nature friendly bank should only be mowed when it is necessary for maintaining the water flow (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009).

In the parts of the nature friendly bank where reed is dominant, the bank has to be cleared every three to eight years to remove the accumulated humus at the bank. In parts of the nature friendly bank where the vegetation consists of a flower rich brush, the bank should be cleaned every six to eight years (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The preferred period of clearing is between October - half November.

In addition tree seedlings and blackberry have to be removed by hand from the nature friendly banks, to prevent the succession of trees (Sollie et al., 2011). The maintenance should be conducted mechanically with a brush cut-ter.

wa t e r w a y

The waterway is the wet profile from a water depth of 40 cm and deeper in both the inner and surrounding waterway. The waterway only needs to be cleaned and dredged if that is necessary for maintaining the water flow. Clearing and dredging have big ecological impacts, because extra nutrients are released by the organic layer (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Cutting of submerged plants negatively impacts common species of macrophyte. Also plant mortality increased when the submerged plants where cut closer to the sediment layer (van Zuidam & Peeters, 2012). Therefore clearing the water-way is preferably done at varying depths (Whatley, 2014).

Clearing the waterway is preferably done in the period September - October (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009) (Appendix 7). In this period plants have set their seed and the hibernation of fish and amphibians have not yet started (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). The hay should stay close to the waterway (but not on the nature friendly bank) during the first 48 hours after clearing. In this way amphibians (and water) can return from the hay to the waterway (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). After 48 hours the hay should be removed from the area. The clearing of the waterways should be done in two phases, where one part of the waterway is mowed one year and the second zone the next year (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009).

Next to cleaning the waterway should be dredged to stop the accumulation of humus (van Vossen & Verhagen, 2009). Dredging has to be conducted between half July and October, before the hibernation of amphibians and fish (Appendix 7). The whole waterway should be dredged at the same time, in-stead of in phases, because the ecological impact is big (van Vossen & Ver-hagen, 2009). The rhizomes of plants should be spared as much as possible during dredging (Sollie et al., 2011). The sludge should be removed from Anna’s Ruigte.

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In addition it is advised to lower the water level of the surrounding waterway during the summer (Sollie et al., 2011). The lowering of the water level in the summer will create a more natural water level, because more light will penetrates the water and reaches the soil surface (Sollie et al., 2011). If pos-sible the surrounding waterway should fall dry once every 5 years (Sollie et al., 2011). This will stimulate the germination of water plants and a strongly reduce the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphor in the soil (Sollie et al., 2011).

Lastly, it is likely that duckweed will cover the waterway due to its nutrient richness. Therefore STOWA (Sollie et al., 2011) advises to prevent the mas-sive dying of duckweed, because duckweed uses a lot of oxygen during the decay. Duckweed should be removed from the waterway.

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Year 1 ma m ma m ma m ma m ma m ma mYear 2 ma mb ma mb ma mb m ma m ma m maYear 3 mb ma mb ma mb ma ma m ma m ma mYear 4 m ma m ma m ma m ma m ma m maYear 5 ma m ma m ma m ma m ma m ma mYear 6 ma mb ma mb ma mb m ma m ma m ma

Figure 17. The cyclic phased mowing regime in the meadow and brushwood for the different zones. Ma means that the vegetation will be mowed in second half of June. Mb means that the vegetation will be mowed in half September - October.

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am p h i b i a N po o l

The amphibian pool should only be maintained when less than 50% of the pool is open water (Ravon, 2014). The amphibian pool should be cleared from vegetation by mowing (also underwater). Clearing the pool can be done by hand, or by a mobile crane with mowing bucket (Ravon). Next to cleaning the sediment layer in the pool should be removed as well. The sediment layer should be removed when the depth is less than 90 cm deep. In this case the depth should be increased to 1.2 meters. Approximately, once every three year the sediment layer in the pool should be removed. The sediment layer will be removed by dredging (Ravon). A mobile crane with a closed bucket is used to dredge the amphibian pool.

Both the clearing and dredging the amphibian pool should be done in phases in the direction from east to west during half Augusts - half October (Appendix 7). In this period the amphibians have left the pool. The direction from east to west is preferred because than northern bank remains undisturbed. This northern bank is the warmest and therefore eggs develop faster (Ravon). This means that one half of the pool should be cleared and dredged and the other half of the pool should be cleared and dredged the next year (Appendix 7). The cuttings and dredge should be removed from the area to remove nutri-ents from Anna’s Ruigte.

iN c u b a t i o N m o u N D S

The incubation mounds should be renewed every one or two years from hay of Anna’s Ruigte. This work should be carried out between mid-April and the end of May (Appendix 7). In this way the hatching eggs and hibernating organisms are not damaged or disturbed (Ravon).

wa N D e r t r a i l S

The wander trails should be mowed multiple times during the year with a sin-gle axis cutter bar. The trail should be approximately 1 meter in width.

57

Figure 18. Overview of one management cycle of six years. Each box represents a year.

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c h 0 0 6 f i N a N c eThis chapter will discuss the financial part of Anna’s Ruigte. An over-view will be given of the cost for the construction (Table 2) and the maintenance on the long term (Table 3) for the different design ele-ments. The costs of the maintenance are estimated for a maintenance cycle of 6 years. The detailed costs of the permaculture can be found in the separate document ‘Development plan of Anna’s Tuin’. Lastly we will discuss funding possibilities for Anna’s Ruigte and Tuin.The prices of the ecological elements of Anna’s Ruigte are based on the prices stated in ‘Handreiking Natuurvriendelijke Oevers’ by van Vossen & Verhagen (2009). For a few elements a lower and upper limit of the costs is presented. The costs include labor and material costs. The sizes of the area were estimated from the design using the pro-gram Sketch Up Pro.

The main costs consists of excavating and transporting the soil by con-struction of the nature friendly banks and deepening the inner water-way. Also dredging and clearing are expensive maintenance costs. The estimated costs for the construction of Anna’s Ruigte will be between € 40.000 and € 45.000. We assumed that only a fourth of the nature friendly banks have to be covered by flora mats. These flora mats are donated by the University of Utrecht. This means that no expensive seed mixture has to be purchased. This will lower the cost dramatically with € 12.000 to € 16.500.

In terms of financial support for the design of the area there are several options, depending on the elements that need external fund-ing. One option would be Stichting Toekenning of the UvA, which subsidizes student activities and the organizational costs of setting up a foundation or association. For example, if building a bridge or entrance with the FPA students is characterized as an event it could be eligible for subsidy. Similarly, if the committee is to become official

and characterized as a student driven organization it could be possi-ble to finance those costs through Stichting Toekenning UvA. Another option would asking for subsidy from the ASN Bank, which is known for its support for green and social initiatives. Oranje Fonds finances similar projects. However, the element has to be long term and needs strong societal rooting, preferably with a focus on connecting different societal layers. Although this fund is not applicable for setting up any design elements, it can offer subsidy for events that promote liveli-ness in Anna’s Ruigte. For example, a recurring event that promotes community work in the permaculture garden. Other funding possibili-ties are Stichting DOEN (a green and social initiatives fund), Jantje Beton (a fund that subsidizes initiatives that promote children to play outside), VSB Fonds (subsidy for society cohesion initiatives). Finally, crowd funding is also an option, some websites that specifically focus crowd funding green initiatives are: www.voorjebuurt.nl, www.one-planetcrowd.nl and www.groenbeweegt.nl.

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Element Type of maintenance

Price lower limit (per unit)

Price upper limit (per unit) Unit type Amount

Total cost per maintenance session

(for total amount)

Total cost per maintenance cycle (for total amount)

Ampbian pool dreging € 10,00 euro/m3 140 € 1.400 € 1.400remove dredge € 10,00 € 11,50 euro/m3 140 € 1.400 € 1.400mowing € 0,50 € 1,00 m 375 € 375 € 375

Wander trails mowing € 1,50 € 3,00 are 10 € 30 € 900Brushwood mowing € 1,50 € 3,00 are 58 € 87 € 261Meadow mowing € 1,50 € 3,00 are 55 € 83 € 495Isolated waterway dredging € 10,00 euro/m3 225 € 2.250 € 2.250- nature friendly banks remove dredge € 10,00 € 11,50 euro/m3 225 € 2.250 € 2.250

mowing € 0,50 € 1,00 m 2000 € 1.000 € 1.000Surrounding waterway dredging € 10,00 euro/m3 1000 € 10.000 € 10.000- nature friendly banks remove dredge € 10,00 € 11,50 euro/m3 1000 € 10.000 € 10.000

mowing € 0,50 € 1,00 m 1650 € 825 € 825Total € 30.256

Table 3. The financiel overview of the maintenance cycle in Anna’s Ruigte. The estimated maintenance costs are shown per element.

Element Type of construction

Price lower limit (per unit)

Price upper limit (per unit) Unit type Amount Total cost Upper limit

(for total amount)Total cost low limit (for total amount)

Ampbian pool excavating € 3,00 m3 300 € 900 € 900soil transport € 1,50 m3 300 € 450 € 450floramat € 32,00 m 188 € 6.000 € 6.000sowing € 1,50 € 12,00 m 94 € 141 € 141

Bridge € 500,00 per object 1 € 500 € 500Information sign € 300,00 per object 4 € 1.200 € 1.200Nature radio € 70,00 € 160,00 € 160 € 70Wander trails mowing € 1,50 € 3,00 are 10 € 30 € 15

signs € 50,00 per object 10 € 500 € 500Permaculture € 8.084 € 8.084Shrubs removal of trees € 500,00 € 500 € 500Isolated waterway excavating € 3,00 m3 450 € 1.350 € 1.350

dam construction € 10,00 € 100,00 2 € 200 € 20- nature friendly banks excavating € 3,00 m3 875 € 2.625 € 2.625

flora mats € 32,00 m 125 € 4.000 € 4.000sowing € 1,50 € 12,00 m 125 € 1.500 € 188

Surrounding waterway- nature friendly banks excavating € 3,00 m3 550 € 1.650 € 1.650

soil transport € 1,50 m3 550 € 825 € 825floramat € 32,00 m 250 € 8.000 € 8.000sowing € 1,50 € 12,00 m 250 € 3.000 € 375

- meandering excavating € 3,00 m3 250 € 750 € 750soil transport € 1,50 m3 250 € 375 € 375

Permits AGV keur category 3 € 472,70 per permit 1 € 472,70 € 473AGV keur category 5 € 1.805 per permit 1 € 1.805 € 1.805Logging € 122,00 per permit 1 € 122 € 122

Total € 45.017 € 40.794

Table 2. The financial overview of the construction costs of Anna’s Ruigte. The estimated construction costs are shown per element of the design.

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c h 0 0 7 r e f l e c t i o NThe goal of the design is to integrate the natural area with the rest of Am-sterdam Science Park and its community. Although the design is specifically made for 1.5 ha of natural area it is conceptually larger, because the idea of being part of and contributing to nature can be interpreted very broadly. On the one hand there is the obvious and most direct way, which is going into nature and directly interacting with it. On the other hand, the build-ings of ASP are also part of nature because they contribute to the natural environment on a bigger scale by being energy efficient, having green roof-tops and geothermal heating. When seen in this way, the ASP community is always, in some way, submerged in the natural area of ASP. Additionally, some elements such as the nature broadcast extend outside the natural area by bringing the notion of nature into the buildings through sound and im-ages. The design fits the larger concept of ASP in the sense that many el-ements presented can be executed elsewhere in the natural areas of ASP.

There are some reflections to be made regarding the ecological and social assessment, the designing process and the resulting management plan. Firstly, because there was limited time for the experimental assessment of Anna’s Ruigte, some data concerning abiotic factors in the area was col-lected from literature. This meant that in some cases the data was not re-cent and measured outside Anna’s Ruigte area. This is especially the case with the abiotic factors concerning water and soil quality. For example, the information about water quality was retrieved from research conducted by Faasse in 2011, which only collected data of water bodies close to Anna’s Ruigte. It is possible that the water quality data of these water bodies does not represent the water quality in Anna’s Ruigte. However, we think that this is unlikely for the outside canals, because Anna’s Ruigte lies between the sampled water bodies and is connected with them by culverts. Moreover, there are no measurements of the soil composition and quality directly on Anna’s Ruigte. However, the soil of Anna’s Hoeve was examined by TAUW, which is close to Anna’s Ruigte. According to experts the chance that An-

na’s Ruigte has a different soil composition in term of toxicity is very small (personal communication B. Janssen, 2014). However, we advise to analyze the soil quality and composition in Anna’s Ruigte in order to confirm this.

Secondly, the needs and wishes of the ASP community were obtained using a survey. This community survey gave some indication as to what the communi-ty found relevant or would like to see in the nearby natural area. However, the quality of the community survey was somewhat hampered by the relatively low respondance (108 people). Further increasing the number of respondents in all the groups would increase the representability of the survey outcome. Moreo-ver, the differences in sampling method (survey via email or direct approach) are reflected in the size of the stakeholders’ respondance. Indeed, the direct approach for spreading the survey was the most productive. In addition, this allowed respondents to comment on topics that were not covered by the sur-vey but which were related to the objective. Examples of such comments were the repeated mentioning of adding flowerbeds to the grass patches between the buildings’ and adding a more centralized green area which doubles as a meeting point. Such information should be taken into account in future green management of Amsterdam Science Park. Finally, because some respondents failed to answer some questions, comparisons between topics (for example the value of nature versus the value of recreation) should also be taken cautiously.

Thirdly, looking back at the design process, the design could reflect the needs and wishes of the ASP community more closely. If time had permitted, a human centered design approach would have been preferable. This human centered design approach regularly invites the community to give feedback on the de-sign, their involvement with the project and thus the likelihood of its success will increase. Ultimately it is possible that this approach might have created a stronger integration of the natural area with Science Park and its community.

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Fourthly, we aimed at incorporating local schools and other levels of edu-cation than the University. The Wellantcollege Linneaus School was con-tacted in order to ensure a broad community involvement. This school is specialized in agrarian schooling and could use Anna’s Tuin as an example of alternative agriculture. It could also be possible to lend part of Anna’s Tuin to the school, as a location to experiment with alternative agricultural systems. Unfortunately it is still unclear if they are willing to collaborate.

Furthermore, this development plan only discusses the plant biodiversi-ty in Anna’s Ruigte. We aimed at including the insect biodiversity as well. Unfortunately we were unable to determine the caught insects on or-der or species level, due to time limitations. The insect, bird, amphibian, reptile and mammal diversity should be included to get a proper starting point of the current biodiversity in Anna’s Ruigte. In this way the effect of the nature friendly banks and the management can be assessed properly.

Lastly, there are some notes to be made regarding the management plan, which is largely based on management plans from similar natural areas. These reports often do not refer to scientific sources. Therefore the true effective-ness of the proposed maintenance is unknown. Because of this uncertainty a monitoring plan is included as well (appendix). With this plan the effectiveness of the proposed maintenance will be monitored and the maintenance can be adapted if necessary. Additionally, the results obtained from student projects regarding Anna’s Ruigte will also give insights into the success of the manage-ment strategies. In fact, implementing these untested management strate-gies (such as nature friendly banks) in the vicinity of the university is a unique opportunity to contribute to the scientific embedding of nature management.

A potentially problematic aspect of the design is that the original plans for the area show a building plot that covers part of the natural area for which we de-signed a nature development plan. This could potentially jeopardize building the amphibian pool, as it might inhabit species of which their habitat cannot be

disturbed based on the Flora and Fauna legislation. However, the municipality remains unclear as to what extend this building plan is going to be executed. If it turns out that the building plot does not allow the amphibian pool to be con-structed, it is possible to include that element in the larger basin area or else-where in the natural area of ASP. Beside this, it is important to keep in mind that a highway exit will be built in the nearby future that will run close to the natural areas. The consequences of building and intensive usage of this high-way exit are unknown but could potentially be problematic. For example, in-creased air pollution or disruptive sound levels for local fauna (especially birds).

Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that the purifying effect of a small patch of nature friendly banks might be mitigated by the overall low quality of the city water. The nature friendly banks that are placed in the outer water-ways of Anna’s Ruigte are influenced by city water. Nevertheless it might be interesting for the municipality or Waternet to investigate how nature friendly banks and isolating water systems could improve the overall Ecolint water quality and biodiversity. At the moment knowledge is lacking about the effec-tiveness of nature friendly banks, implementing nature friendly banks in Anna’s Ruigte would be a great opportunity to start closing this knowledge gap. Last-ly, it is strongly advised to have formal calculations of the amount of soil that will be displaced and the amount of water area that needs to be compensated.

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c h 0 0 9 a p p e N D i x

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Element Measure unit MEP GEP moderate insufficient badOxygen balance saturation % 60 - 120 40 - 120 35 - 40 & 120 -130 30 - 35 & 130 -140 < 30 & >140Salinity salinity mg/L < 300 < 300 300 - 350 350 - 400 > 400Acidity pH 5.5 - 7.5 5.5 - 8 8 - 8.8 & < 5.5 8.5 - 9 > 9Transparency SD m > 2 > 0.65 0.45 - 0.65 0.3 - 0.45 < 0.3Nutrients total P mg P/L < 0.03 < 0.15 0.15 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.75 > 0.75

total N mg N/L < 0.99 < 2.8 2.8 - 5.6 5.6 - 14 > 14

Appendix 1a. The KRW-values of M10 waterbodies. Translated from Faasse (2011),

Transparency good Transparency possibly limiting Transparency insufficientTurbidity < 5 NTU Turbidity 5 - 15 NTU Turbidity > 15 NTU

Appendix 1b. Turbidity values corresponding to three transparency levels. Reprintend from STOWA (Jaarsma et al., 2008).

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Scientific name Dutch name English nameAnthriscus sylvestris fluitenkruid cow parsleyBetula pubescens zachte berk downy birchBrassica nigra zwarte mosterd black mustardCerastium fontanum gewone hoornbloem common mouse-earCirsium arvense akker distel creeping thistleCirsium vulgare speerdistel spear thistleConvolvulus sepium haagwinde larger bindweedCornus sanguinea rode kornoelje common dogwoodCorylus avellana hazelaar common hazelDipsacus fullonum grote kaardebol wild teaselEpilobium hirstum harig wilgenroosje great willowherbEupatorium cannabinum koninginnekruid hemp-agrimonyGalium apurine kleefkruid stickyweedGlechoma hederacea hondsdraf ground ivyGlyceria maxima liesgras reed mannagrassHeracleum mantegazzianum reuzenberenklauw giant hogweedIris pseudacorus gele lis yellow irisLamium album witte dovennetel white nettleLycopus europaeus wolfspoot gypsywortMentha aquatica watermunt water mintMyosotis arvensis akker vergeet me nietje field forget-me-notOenothera glazioviana grote teunisbloem large-flowered evening primrosePentaglottis sempervirens overblijvende ossentong green alkanetPetasites hybridus groot hoefblad common butterburPhragmites australis riet common reedPlantago major grote weegbree broadleaf plantainPotentialla anserina zilverschoon SilverweedPrunus domestica pruim plumeRanunculus acris scherpe boterbloem meadow buttercupRanunculus repens kruipende boterbloem creeping buttercupRanunculus sceleratus blaartrekkende boterbloem cursed buttercupRubus fruticosus braam blackberrySalix cinerea grauwe wilg grey willowSambucus nigra vlier elderberrySiline dioica dag koekkoeksbloem red campionSiline flos-cuculi echte koekoeksbloem ragged robin,Symphytum officinale gewone smeerwortel comfreyTrifolium repens witte klaver white cloverTussilago farfara kleinhoefblad coltsfootTypha latifolia grote lisdodden bulrushUrtica dioica brandnetel common nettleVeronica catenata rode waterereprijs pink water speedwell

Appendix 2. Species list of plant species found in Anna’s Ruigte. Plot Moist

level Acidity Nutrient level

plot 1 6,8 6,7 8plot 2 6,9 6,7 7,9plot 3 7 5,9 6,5plot 4 8,4 5,6 5,4plot 5 6,1 6,1 7,8plot 6 6,1 6,2 7,7plot 7 6,5 6,1 7,7Average 6,8 6,2 7,3

Value Moist level Acidity Level Nutrient level

5 drought/moist indicator weakly acidic moderately

nitrogen rich

7 moist indicator

weakly acdic / weakly alkaline nitrogen rich

9 wet indicator strongly alkaline strongly nitrogen

rich

Appendix 3. List of soil conditions for 6 sites in Anna’s Ruigte based on Ellenberg indicator values.

70

Natu

re d

evelo

pem

en

t S

cien

ce P

ark

Am

sterd

am

D

ear

sir/

mad

am,

I w

ould

lik

e to

invi

te y

ou t

o a

nsw

er a

ques

tionnai

re a

bout

nat

ure

dev

elopm

ent

in y

our

work

ing e

nvi

ronm

ent

Sci

ence

Par

k Am

ster

dam

. W

e ar

e 3 m

aste

r st

uden

ts o

f th

e Tes

la m

inor,

com

mis

sioned

by

the

city

of Am

ster

dam

to d

esig

n a

nat

ure

dev

elopm

ent

pla

n for

a nat

ura

l ar

ea o

f 1.5

ha

at S

cien

ce P

ark

Am

ster

dam

. The

resu

lts

of th

is s

urv

ey w

ill

giv

e an

insi

ght

into

your

nee

ds

and w

ishes

. If

poss

ible

, th

ese

nee

ds

and w

ishes

will

be

incl

uded

in t

he

nat

ure

dev

elopm

ent

pla

n.

Res

ults

of th

is s

urv

ey w

ill n

ot

be

shar

ed w

ith t

hird p

arties

.

Com

ple

ting t

he

ques

tionnai

re w

ill o

nly

tak

e 5 m

inute

s.

Than

ks in a

dva

nce

, Tea

m G

reen

Sci

ence

Par

k M

ilan v

an M

anen

Je

roen

Sch

utt

M

yrte

Mijnder

s G

en

era

l H

ow

oft

en

do

yo

u p

ass

th

e n

atu

ral

are

a?

Dai

ly -

Wee

kly

- M

onth

ly

Wh

ere

do

yo

u w

ork

at

Am

sterd

am

Sci

en

ce P

ark

?

Univ

eris

ty -

Busi

nes

s -

Stu

den

t →

Bu

sin

ess

: Fo

r w

hic

h b

usi

ness

do

yo

u w

ork

at

Sci

en

ce P

ark

Am

sterd

am

?

→ S

tud

en

t: I

n w

hat

are

a a

re y

ou

stu

din

g a

t th

e m

om

en

t?

Natu

re

Ho

w i

mp

ort

an

t is

natu

re f

or

yo

u i

n y

ou

r w

ork

ing

en

vir

on

men

t?

Not

import

ant

12

3 4

5 V

ery

import

ant

Recr

eati

on

H

ow

im

po

rtan

t is

recr

eati

on

to

yo

u i

n y

ou

r w

ork

ing

en

vir

on

men

t?

Not

import

ant

12

3 4

5 V

ery

import

ant

Do

yo

u m

ake u

se o

f th

e r

ecr

eati

on

po

ssib

ilit

ies

at

Am

sterd

am

Sci

en

ce P

ark

?

Nev

erD

aily

Wee

kly

Month

ly

Ho

w o

ften

wo

uld

yo

u t

ake a

walk

th

rou

gh

th

e n

atu

ral

are

a?

Nev

erD

aily

Wee

kly

Month

ly

Ed

uca

tio

n

Wo

uld

th

e n

atu

ral

are

a h

ave a

dd

ed

valu

e i

f yo

u w

ere

in

form

ed

ab

ou

t th

e b

iod

ivers

ity a

nd

eco

log

y? F

or

exam

ple

an info

rmat

ion s

ign.

N

o a

dded

val

ue

12

3 4

5 A

lot

of ad

ded

val

ue

Wo

uld

th

e n

atu

ral

are

a h

ave a

dd

ed

valu

e i

f it

co

uld

be u

sed

du

rin

g c

ou

rses

at

the u

niv

ers

ity?

App

endi

x 4.

Exa

mpl

e of

the

con

duct

ed s

urve

y.

71

For

exam

ple

a c

ours

e pla

nt

iden

tifica

tion d

uring t

he

bio

logy

bac

hel

or.

N

o a

dded

val

ue

12

3 4

5 A

lot

of ad

ded

val

ue

Su

stain

ab

ilit

y

Wo

uld

yo

u l

ike t

o s

ee s

ust

ain

ab

le/

gre

en

in

itia

tives

at

Sci

en

ce P

ark

Am

sterd

am

? N

o,

not

at a

ll 1

2 3

4 5

Yes

ver

y m

uch

W

ou

ld y

ou

lik

e t

o s

ee s

ust

ain

ab

le/

gre

en

in

itia

tives

in n

atu

ral

are

a?

No,

not

at a

ll 1

2 3

4 5

Yes

ver

y m

uch

W

hat

do

yo

u t

hin

k a

re i

nte

rest

ing

su

stain

ab

le/

gre

en

in

itia

tives?

Lo

cal pro

duct

ion o

f fr

uit a

nd v

eget

able

s Lo

cal pro

cess

ing o

f gre

en w

aste

In

crea

sing w

ater

qual

ity

Loca

l en

ergy

pro

duct

ion

Oth

er

Wo

uld

yo

u l

ike t

o b

e k

ep

t in

form

ed

ab

ou

t th

e d

evelo

pm

en

ts t

he n

atu

ral

are

a d

uri

ng

th

is

pro

ject

?

Yes

No

→ Y

es:

Yo

u c

an

leave y

ou

r em

ail

ad

res

here

. Th

an

k y

ou

fo

r co

mp

leti

ng

th

e q

uest

ion

nair

e.

If y

ou h

ave

any

ques

tions

or

rem

arks

you c

an c

onta

ct u

s by

team

gre

ensc

ience

par

k@gm

ail.co

m.

72

# Title Goal Content (text) Content (image) Where? QR code with link to

1 ButterfliesGive information regarding different species of butterflies that occur in the area

Species name, plant prefference and season (buterfly/caterpillar). Also a message that invites people to report sightings of species to waarnemingen.nl

Foto's or drawings of the named species, as butterfly and caterpilar

shortly after the main entrance Waarnemingen.nl

2 Amphia pools Information regarding amphic ecology

Explain some main elements amphibic ecology (related to habitat) such as life cycle of a frog

Foto's or drawings of the occuring species and a scheme illustrating the life cycle next to amfibia pool

3 Entrance

Give information regarding the area, walking paths, house rules (such as keeping the dogs lined) and giving an overview of activities in the area.

Welcoming text, part of ecolint, explanation of most important aspects of the area that are indicated on a map.

Map of the area that shows the area with its walking routes and main ecological elements. House rules in the form of pictures. Logos of the municipality, Tesla and UvA(?)

at the main entrance

link to blog and /or tesla

4 PermacultureInform about permaculture philosphy and the community that manages the permaculture

Information about permaculture methods that are employed in the area. Short description of permaculture ideology/philosophy. name the comittee responsible with contact information (reference to blog?)

schematic illustration of, for example, the three sisters method or something else that Jeroen suggests.

at the entrance of the permaculture plot

link to blog

5Nature friendly banks

Information about nature friendly banks and ecological value they have

Explain why they are ecologically important, what the main elements are (terrestrial, amphibic and aquatic zones), important species in these banks

profile of nature friendly bank with flora and fauna species that might occur

near path that is close to a nature friendly bank

6 Incubation mounds

inform about the scruture and function of grass snake incubation mounds

Mention that the grass snake is an ecolint target species(?) text that explains the different sections of the incubation mound

drawings of the grassnake and the incubation mound. Highlighting the structure of the nest, showing hatching eggs

In the visible range of the incubation mound

Appendix 5. Overview of possible information signs in Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin.

73

Topic Scope Suggested supervisor

Institute and program

Requirements of Anna's ruigte

Effect of permaculture gardening on soil quality

One of the principles on which permaculture builds is creating a healthy soil. what does this entail? is there a difference in soil quality? through what mechanisms does the permaculture system influence soil quality? How does this evolve through time? In een permacultuur wordt veel aandacht besteed aan het ontwikkelen van een gezonde bodem. Is er daadwerkelijk verschil in bodem kwaliteit? Hoe beinvloed de permacultuur de bodemkwaliteit? Hoe bouwt dit zicht op?

Boris Janssen IBED - Earth Sciences Permaculture set up

Effect of nature friendlt banks on bank soil characteristics

Setting up nature friendly banks (NFB) promotes biodiversity in an aquatic system. Does it also promote soil quality? are there significant differences between NFB soil and non-NFB soil? Boris Janssen IBED - Earth Sciences Nature friendly banks

set upRainwater dominated vs city water dominated: influence on soil characteristics

By isolating part of the waterways, part of the water systems become dominated by rainwater. Does this affect soil quality or composition? Boris Janssen IBED - Earth Sciences Isolated waterways set

up

Amfibic competition in ponds What amfibic species reside in the pond? What species compete for resources? what determines the species richness in a pond?

Edo Goverse (not confirmed) RAVON - Biology Amfibia pools set up

Effect of nature friendly banks on amfibic diversity

Does a NFB increase amfibic diversity? What amfibic species are attracted by a NFB? what determines the species richness in a NFB?

Edo Goverse (not confirmed) RAVON - Biology Nature friendly banks

set up

Predation on amfibic species in ponds

What predators does an amfibic species have in a pond? What shelter does a pond offer to a amfibic species? What abiotic factors influence the predation stress on the population of a amfibic species? What life cycle stage of a amfibic species is most predated on in ponds?

Edo Goverse (not confirmed) RAVON - Biology Amfibia pools set up

Species competition in ponds Research focusses arround competition for resources and habitat avialability in ponds. What resources are determining species presence? What species share resources? Gerard Oostermijer IBED - biologie Amfibia pools set up

Colonization and biodiversity of nature friendly banks

Analysis of biodiversity in NFBs: Does a NFB increase the area's biodiversity? what groups benefit most from NFBs? Gerard Oostermijer IBED - Biology Nature friendly banks

set up

Waterquality in closed systemsAn analysis on waterquality in closed, rainwater dominated systems: how does the hydrology in the area work? what are the determining factors of the system? How can the hydrology be improved? is the system stable? what factors influence this?

Harm van der Geest IBED - BiologyIsolated waterways and nature friendly banks set up

The effect of nature friendly banks on city ecology

What is the effect of NFBs on the city's waterquality? Does a NFB add to reaching the ecological goals as envisioned for Ecolint?

Harm van der Geest/Maarten Ouboter

IBED/Waternet - Biology

Nature friendly banks set up

Value and potential of permaculture systems in urban settings

Research what a permaulture garden can offer the community ecologically, socially, economically, etc. what other opportunities can it offer? wat benefits are there to setting up a permaculture in an urban area?

IIS - Interdisciplinary Permaculture set up

Community management and involvement in permacultures

Research community involvement with sustainability initiatives like a permaculture garden. How does the community percieve such initiatives? What motivates the community to get involved? How can a community owned initiative best be managed and maintained? Are there economical aspects that can make such initiatives economically sucessful?

IIS - Interdisciplinary Permaculture set up

Perception of changes in and value of aquatic ecology to the public

Changes in an aquatic ecosystem, such as improving water quality, are easly overlooked than visually more prominnent (such as planting trees). A interdisciplinary team could reseach how you can transmit these types of changes (and the importance of them). One of the possibilities is to have a team composed of a biologist, informatician and a sociologist/antropologist. They could produce an app (or some other user interface) that gives access to under-water video feed and information regarding the ecosystem. For this particular project you need to research what is ecologically interesting (biologist), what kind of content or presentation appeals to people (antropologist) wether it can contribute to some volunteers network (sociologist) and how this should be accomplished technically (informatician). This could also be approached economically. This is an example, it does not necessarily have to be an app, there are endless options.

IIS - Interdisciplinary

Nature friendly banks, amfibia pools and isolated waterways set up

Appendix 6. Overview of possible univeristy student project in Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin.

74

Cluster Maintenance Frequency Phased Period Additional Responsibility Flora and Fauna code of conduct

Anna's Ruigte

Amphibian pool mowing if 50% of pool is covered with vegetation yes half August - half October Direction of phased mowing

is from east to west Municipality

dredging 1x per 3 years yes half August - half OctoberDirection of phased dredging is from east to west

Municipality

Wander trail mowing multiple times per year no

Incubation mounds renewal every 1-2 years no mid April - end May Clippings of Anna's Ruigte can be used. Municipality

cleaning if necessary for water flow yes September - October Municipality

Brushwood mowing 1x per 2 years yes October Municipality

Meadow mowing 1x per year yes half September - October; half juni - half August Municipality

Nature friendly bank cleaning 1x per 6 years no October - half november Municipality--> next to brushwood mowing 1x per 2 years yes October Municipality

--> next to meadow mowing 1x per year yes half September - October; half juni - half August Municipality

Shrubs cutting Municipality

Isolated waterway dredging 1x per 6 years no half July - October Dredge should be removed from the area. Municipality before hibernation of fish

and amphibians

Surrounding waterway cleaning if necessary for water flow yes September - October Municipality

dredging 1x per 6 years no half July - October Dredge should be removed from the area. Municipality before hibernation of fish

and amphibiansAnna's Tuin mulching 1 x per year no Committee

yield no Committeerenewing anual plants 3 x per year no April - June Committeecollecting seeds for next season no June - September Committeegerminate seeds of previous plants no February - April Committee

Appendix 7. Overview of maintenance in Anna’s Ruigte and Anna’s Tuin.

75

Trees and shrubs that need to be removed

Ground deposit areas

Dam

MAP LEGEND

Appendix 8. Overview of locations where the ground levels will be raised (brown), the trees that have to be removed (black circle) and places where the dams will be placed.

76

Appendix 9. Design of nature friendly banks in inner and surrounding waterway, and the amphibian pool.

Current bank surrounding waterway

Slope: 1:1.3

Current bank inner waterway

Slope: 1:1.9

Nature friendly bank surrounding waterway

Slope: 1:6

Nature friendly bank surrounding waterway

Slope: 1:5

Side vieuw

Top vieuw

77

Scientific name English name Dutch namePhragmites australis Common reed RietPhalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass RietgrasTypha latifolia Common bulrush Grote lisdoddeTypha angustifolia Lesser bulrush Kleine lisdoddeIris pseudacorus Yellow flag Gele lisAlisma plantago-aquatica Common water-plantain Grote waterweegbreeMenyanthes trifoliata Bog-bean WaterdriebladPotentilla palustris Purple marshlocks WateraardbeiCalla palustris Bog Arum Slangenwortel

Appendix 10. List of native plant species

78

Evalu

ati

on

an

d M

on

ito

rin

g P

lan

An

na’s

Ru

igte

G

oal

The

goal

of

monitoring

Anna’

sRuig

teis

toke

eptr

ack

of

the

ecolo

gic

alva

lue

and

impro

vem

ents

of

the

area

bas

edon

the

des

ign

criter

ia.

Furt

her

more

the

monitoring

dat

aca

nbe

use

dto

adap

tth

e

mai

nte

nan

ceof

Anna’

sRuig

teto

loca

lci

rcum

stan

ces.

The

monitoring

pro

gra

mw

illbe

initia

ted

for

10

year

s.

Qu

est

ion

s

1.

Do t

he

nat

ure

frien

dly

ban

k le

ad t

o a

n incr

ease

d b

iodiv

ersi

ty?

a.Are

ther

e diffe

rence

s bet

wee

n t

he

surr

oundin

g a

nd inner

wat

erw

ay?

2.

What

are

the

wet

land s

pec

ies

occ

urr

ing in A

nna’

s Ruig

te?

3.

What

are

the

diffe

rence

sbet

wee

nth

esu

rroundin

gan

din

ner

wat

erw

ayin

term

sof

wat

erdep

th,

tran

spar

ency

, tu

rbid

ity

and t

hic

knes

s of org

anic

lay

er?

4.

What

is

the

effe

ct o

f m

ow

ing fre

quen

cy o

n t

he

spec

ies

rich

nes

s in

Anna’

s Ruig

te?

a.W

hat

is

the

diffe

rence

bet

wee

n t

he

mea

dow

and b

rush

wood in t

erm

s of bio

div

ersi

ty?

Mo

nit

ori

ng

meth

od

s

Veg

etat

ion s

urv

ey

Eve

ryye

ara

veget

atio

nsu

rvey

should

be

conduct

edat

6si

tes

inAnna’

sRuig

te(f

igure

3).

The

diffe

rent

site

sar

elo

cate

dat

the

nat

ure

frie

ndly

ban

kin

the

isola

ted

wat

erw

ay,

the

nat

ure

frie

ndly

ban

kin

the

surr

oundin

gw

ater

way

,th

eam

phib

ian

pool,

the

mea

dow

,th

ebru

shw

oods

and

the

shru

bs.

The

s ite

s

should

hav

ea

size

of

4m

2in

the

mea

dow

and

bru

shw

oods.

The

site

son

the

nat

ure

frie

ndly

ban

kan

d

amphib

ian

pool

also

hav

ea

size

of

4m

2an

dar

esi

tuat

edat

the

wat

erlin

e.The

site

inth

esh

rubs

should

be

10m

2.

Inth

isve

get

atio

nsu

rvey

the

abundan

ceof

diffe

rent

pla

nt

spec

ies

info

ur

diffe

rent

laye

r(t

ree,

shru

bs,

her

b a

nd m

oss

) w

ill b

e es

tim

ated

. The

veget

atio

n s

urv

ey s

hould

be

conduct

ed in june.

Monitoring r

oute

Thre

em

onitoring

route

sar

euse

dto

count

the

num

ber

of

butt

erfly

spec

ies,

amphib

ians

and

reptile

s,an

d

birds.

The

monitoring

route

sar

eth

ew

ander

ings

trai

lsin

Anna’

sRuig

te(s

eefigure

13).

Pref

erab

lyth

ese

route

s ar

e w

alke

d o

nce

eve

ry t

wo w

eeks

bet

wee

n 1

april an

d 3

0 s

epte

mber

.

Phys

ical

wat

er p

aram

eter

s

Eve

ryye

arth

ew

ater

dep

th,

tran

spar

ency

,tu

rbid

ity

and

thic

knes

sof

org

anic

laye

ron

top

of

the

soil

surf

ace

in t

he

wat

erw

ays

should

be

mea

sure

d.

Data

pro

cess

ing

For

ever

ym

onitoring

met

hod

agoogle

form

iscr

eate

dw

hic

hca

nbe

use

dto

fill

inth

edat

aonlin

e.W

hen

this

monitoring

form

issu

bm

itte

d,

angoogle

spre

adsh

eet

will

be

crea

ted

auto

mat

ical

ly.

Tw

oye

ars

afte

r

the

real

izat

ion

of

the

des

ign

the

dat

aw

illbe

anal

yzed

on

anan

nual

bas

isin

autu

mn.

The

da t

aan

alys

is

will

try

to a

nsw

er t

he

stat

ed q

ues

tions.

Org

an

izati

on

, p

lan

nin

g a

nd

rep

ort

ing

The

monitoring

will

be

conduct

edby

the

studen

tsfr

om

the

Bio

logy

bac

hel

or

and

mas

ter

united

inth

e

com

mitte

e Exc

urc

ie.

In t

his

way

the

studen

t w

ill g

et m

ore

fam

iliar

with m

onitoring p

roce

sses

.

The

resu

lts

of

the

monitoring

will

be

report

edto

hea

dof

Gre

enM

ainte

nan

ce(T

imBlo

kker

)an

dth

elo

cal

ecolo

gis

t(E

lsCorp

ora

al)

both

of

the

City

of

Am

ster

dam

.Toget

her

with

them

the

mai

nte

nan

cepla

nca

n

be

adju

sted

if

nec

essa

ry t

o m

eet

the

des

ign c

rite

ria

and k

eep t

rack

of

the

cost

s.

App

endi

x 11

. Ev

alua

tion

and

Mon

itoring

pla

n

79

SURROUNDING WATERWAYS

ISOLATED WATERWAYS

NATURE FRIENDLY BANKS

PERMACULTURE AREA

MEADOW

WANDER TRAILS

ANNA’S TUIN TRAILS

INCUBATION MOUND

AMPHIBIA POOL

POOL

SHRUBS AND TREES

BUILDING

INFORMATION SIGN

MAP LEGEND

BRUSHWOOD

0 100 500m