Navigating the Periodic Table

1

What is the Periodic Table?

• An organization of Earth's elements arranged according to atomic number, the number of protons each element's nucleus contains

• The structure of the periodic table corresponds directly to atomic structure. This makes the table an invaluable tool for determining the property and behavior of elements and predicting how they will interact.

2

3

Introduction to the Periodic Table• In the 1860’s a Russian chemistry teacher named

Dmitri Mendeleev was searching for a way to categorize and make sense of the growing number of elements for his students and invented the Periodic Chart.

• He placed the elements in columns (groups or families) according to their similar chemical and physical properties and in rows (periods) by increasing mass.

• The chart is periodic because the chemical and physical properties of the elements repeat again and again. The same way that a calendar is periodic.

• His brilliance came because of his willingness to leave spaces where he expected elements to be in his chart, but where none had yet been discovered. Sure enough is a few years three more undiscovered elements were isolated to fit in the holes in his chart

4

Groups and Periods• Columns aka Groups aka Families• Rows aka Periods• Why is it called the “Periodic” Chart?

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

Group (Family)• A column or group of

columns in the periodic table; elements in one group have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell

• Elements in each group share similar chemical properties

Period• A row of the periodic

table; each row corresponds to the number of electron shells in an atom of the elements in that row

• The elements in the second period each have two electron shells, and the elements in the sixth period have six electron shells

5

6

Metals vs Nonmetals• Nonmetals• Metals

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

Metals vs Nonmetals

• Metals are elements that are generally shiny when smooth and clean, solid at room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

• Physical properties include• Efficient conduction of heat

and electricity• Malleability (can be

hammered into thin sheets)• Ductility (can be pulled into

wires)• A lustrous (shiny)

appearance

• Nonmetals are elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.

• Generally lack those properties that characterize metals and show much more variation in their properties than metals do

7

8

Some Metal Families• Alkali Metals (very, very reactive)• Alkaline Earth Metals (quite reactive)• Transition Metals

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

9

The Mixed Groups• Families containing both metals and nonmetals• The aluminum family• The the six metals (and more) under the staircase

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

10

Metalloids (Semimetals)• Close to the “stair-step” and often show a mixture

of metallic and nonmetallic properties.

11

Some of the Nonmetals• Halogens• Noble Gases aka Inert Gases (Unreactive)

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

73W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Uuu

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

116Uuh

118Uuo

12

Modern Period Table