NBSS & LUP - Annual Report 2008-09

ANNUAL REPORT 2008-09 2008-09

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (I.C.A.R.), Nagpur - 440010

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ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL REPORT 2008-09 2008-09

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 010

For further information and to obtain copies of this reportPlease write to:

Director

Amravati Road, NAGPUR-440 010.

Tel : (0712) 2500386; 2500226; 2500545; 2500664Telefax : +91(0)712-2500534E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected] : 0970-9460

September, 2009

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP)

EDITORIAL BOARD

Cartography

Word Processing

Technical Assistance

Cover page

D.K. PalT. Bhattacharyya

Jagdish PrasadS. ChatterjeeP. Chandran

S.K. RayM.S.S. NagarajuG.P. Obi Reddy

Cartography Staff and GIS Staff

Wasudha KhandweRohini WatekarVaishali Arbat

S.S. Nimkhedkar A.P. Nagar

Prakash Ambekar

CITATION:

NBSS Staff (2009) Annual Report, 2008-09 NBSS&LUP Publ., Nagpur-440 010, India.

n view of present global crisis on food, rising food prices in the international market, progressive Iconversion of good lands to grow bio-fuel crops or their utilization for non-agricultural purposes, SEZ challenge and demand for urbanization and industrialization, etc. proper management of land resources is of paramount importance towards attaining optimum livelihood security. Land utilization according to its use potential is important not only for producing food materials (cereals, fruits and vegetables) but also for developing industrial sector, transport and communication network and other social needs and public amenities. Moreover, there is an urgent need for fundamental change in approach of the country’s land use policy in the context of globalization and commercialization of agriculture, threat from greenhouse gas emission, carbon depletion due to intensive cultivation and so on. In the dynamic context, keeping in view the natural endowments and spectacular technological boom, the overall interest of the country thus dictates certain modifications or changes in the existing land use of a region together with paradigm shift in research on land use planning towards decision making at strategic, tactical and operational levels.

In the year 2007-08, land use planning and soil correlation to establish benchmark soils constituted to be the priority areas for the bureau through its five regional centers and Soil Survey Unit as well as three research divisions of the Hqrs., Nagpur. Important activities were undertaken to give impetus to land use planning including, amongst others, formulation of a national level network project on district level land use planning, initiation of efforts towards organizing brainstorming session and group meeting on land use planning under the chairmanship of Dr. Mangala Rai, Director General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE, Govt. of India and Dr. A.K. Singh Deputy Director General (NRM), respectively. Efforts were in progress in organizing a National Symposium on ‘Land Use Planning and Livelihood Security’. Efforts were also initiated to constitute a national level task force to undertake soil correlation in different states. Other areas of research pertained to soil resource mapping, soil genesis, carbon stock estimation and its sequestration in soils, estimation of soil degradation, remote sensing and GIS applications, nutrient mapping in different states and refinement of agro-ecological delineations. This report provides significant research achievements of the bureau in these areas of work during the year 2008-2009. 49 research papers were published in national and international referred journals of repute. Besides, 5 book chapters, 22 research bulletins, survey reports and 16 popular articles were also published.

Human resource development related activities in the bureau have, since inception, been one of its important mandates. In a collaborative programme between the headquarters of the bureau and Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 5 students were awarded M.Sc. degree and 1 student was awarded Ph.D. degree. Similar PG education programmes were also run in regional centres at Bangalore and Kolkata in collaboration with state agricultural universities. In all, 8 officials of the bureau received training in various fields and 106 officials from other departments were imparted training by the bureau in soil survey and mapping, remote sensing and GIS application towards land use planning and land resource management.

The soil resource information generated by the bureau at the country, state, district, watershed and village levels was shared with different user agencies like State Govt. Departments, ICAR Institutes, other Central Govt. Agencies, farmers and NGOs. The year has been a highly satisfying year for the bureau in terms of honours bestowed upon its scientists. A group of scientists of the bureau engaged

Preface

in soil carbon related studies were awarded ICAR Team Research Award for their outstanding contribution in the field of natural resources for the biennium 2005-06.

I acknowledge the dedicated efforts of all the staff of the bureau towards fulfillment of its mandate. I appreciate the efforts of the editorial committee for collating and packaging the large array of the activities of the bureau and bringing out this report in an interesting format.

The bureau received overwhelming support from the ICAR in accomplishing its targets. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Mangala Rai, Director-General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE for his continuous encouragement and guidance in taking the Bureau to elevated heights. I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. A.K. Singh, Deputy Director-General (Natural Resource Management), ICAR and Dr. P.D. Sharma, Assistant Director-General (Soils), ICAR for their continued support and motivation in prioritizing the research areas.

I have great sense of satisfaction in placing the Annual Report (2008-2009) for public scrutiny.

(DIPAK SARKAR)DIRECTOR

September, 2009Nagpur

Contents

PrefaceExecutive Summary

1. Introduction 1

2. Research Achievements 9

Divisions/Sections/Units2.1 Division of Land Use Planning 112.2 Division of Remote Sensing Applications 182.3 Division of Soil Resource Studies 232.4 Geographical Information System (GIS) 462.5 Cartography Section 59

Regional Centres2.6 Bangalore 652.7 Delhi 802.8 Jorhat 962.9 Kolkata 1142.10 Udaipur 125

3. Education and Training 138

4. Technology Assessed and Transferred 145

5. Sections and Unit 1465.1 Technical Cell 1465.2 Library and Documentation Unit 1465.3 Printing Section 1485.4 Publication Sale Unit 1485.5 ARIS Cell 1515.6 Hindi Cell 152

6. Awards and Recognitions 154

7. Publications 156

8. Participation of scientists in conferences, meetings, workshops, 165Symposia in India and abroad

9. Approved on-going Projects 170

10. Consultancy, Patents, Commercialization of Technology 175

11. Meetings 176

12. Workshops, Seminars and Farmers’ Day 177

13. Distinguished Visitors 178

14. Personnel (Managerial Position) 181

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BangaloreKolkataNew DelhiJorhatNagpur Hq.Udaipur

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Soil genesis, classification, mapping correlation and land evaluation and land use planning were the major thrust areas of work both at Headquarters and regional centres. Other research projects pertained to soil genesis, carbon stock assessment and carbon sequestration, remote sensing and GIS applications, soil degradation/ erosion and agro-climatic/agro-ecological studies. Besides, the bureau also conducted various programmes under ‘human resource development’ including post-graduate teaching and research and training, on amongst others, soil survey and mapping, remote sensing applications and soil and water analysis. Staff of the bureau were also deputed for various training programmes for improving their skills and technical know how.

Soil Resource Survey on 1:50,000 Scale: Soil survey and mapping (at the level of soil series association) of the following districts was completed.

State Districts Area surveyed (ha)

Kerala Mallapuram 2,75,000

Maharashtra Yavatmal 1,04,000

West Bengal Nadia 1,20,000

Rajasthan Chittorgarh 2,80,000

Detailed Soil Survey of Watersheds, Villages and Research Farms on 1:10,000/1:5,000 scale: The detailed soil survey of the following watersheds/farms/villages was completed

Research Highlights

Soil Survey and Mapping

for planning soil resource based land use and other development programme.

State District Watershed/ Area Farm/Village (ha)

Maharashtra Baramati Malegaon 76.5(proposed Institute)

Andhra Pradesh Rangareddy Hayatnagar Farm 285.0

Assam Jorhat Dholi Watershed 11,680.0

Kamrup Gerua Farm 12.5

Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam Keelvelur block 27,589.0Nagapattniam blockKeelaiyur block

Cuddalore Cuddalore block 25,647.0

Soil resource mapping of the alluvial and hilly region of Northern India comprising of the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh was accomplished covering an area of 66.5 M ha.

A total of 1,00,635 ha of Yavatmal district was surveyed and 903 soil profiles were examined and classified upto subgroup levels in Entisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols and Alfisols.

Detailed soil survey of Hayatnagar Farm was completed. Total 24 soil series were identified. Soils developed on granite-gneiss belonged to Alfisol order. Their thin Ap horizon indicates truncation.

surveyed

Other accomplishments

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Soil Genesis and Correlation

Soil Carbon Modelling

Remote Sensing and GIS

Land Use Planning

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The sodic soils of Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and West Bengal have sHc <1 mm/hr.

Some non-sodic soils of West Bengal have <1 mm/hr due to some unknown reasons.

The clay minerals of intermediate stage have been found to be a viable tool in reforming both climate change and the source area of sediments in the developments of Ganga-Yamuna Interfluve.

Soil properties of ferruginous soils of Andhra Pradesh indicate the truncation of soils developed in early humid climate thus exposing the relatively weathered part of the profile.

EDTA method to remove hydroxy-interlayer from soil clay smectites helped to determine actual layer charge of smectites in Vertisols.

Elemental analyses of various size fractions of silt and clay of Vertisols indicates a general decrease in Na and K content from coarser to finer fractions. No definite depth distribution of these two elements was observed, suggesting no positive role of plagioclase feldspars in the formation of smectites in Vertisols.

Forty five soil series have been entered in the National Soil Register maximizing the latest tally as two hundred and twenty five (225 Nos.)

Roth-C 26.3 model was used to capture the change in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in two long term fertilizer sites, one in the IGP (Mohanpur, West Bengal) and the other in the black soil region (BSR) (Akola, Maharashtra). The model value showed that application of NPK fertilizers with organic amendments can mitigate the effect of accelerated rate of SOC decomposition.

Soil reflectance studies on Nagpur soils (Maharashtra) indicated sand had positive correlations with derivative soil reflectance at most of the wavelength (350-2500 nm) whereas clay and organic carbon indicated negative correlation.

The potential and limitations of selected watersheds of Vidarbha Region, Maharashtra was analyzed to assign ecological sustainability index.

Rainfall productivity analysis of AESR in BSR indicates the optimum period of sowing as first week of July.

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Land suitability of mulberry in black soils of Vidarbha indicated that impeded drainage is responsible for poor quality of foliage.

Digital data for all the villages of Nagpur district were generated for their use in land use planning programme.

A National network project on district land use planning and policy issues was initiated.

Pedotransfer functions were used to predict water retention characteristics of black soils.

Soilscape-LGP-bioclimatic map was integrated to develop an AER map of Uttar Pradesh showing 18 AERs in the state.

Nutrient status of Tripura soils in terms of pH, OC, available N, P, K and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe) at 2 km grid intervals. A GIS database was created as first hand information of nutrient map of the states to help agricultural policy decisions.

Nearly 50 per cent work of district map (West Bengal) of soil nutrients (pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo) was completed.

Post Graduate Education: M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree programmes in Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science with specialization in Land Resource Management (LRM) were undertaken at Hqrs., Nagpur in collaboration with Dr. PDKV, Akola. Similar collaborative programmes were undertaken at Regional Centre, Bangalore with UAS, Bangalore and Regional Centre, Kolkata with BCKVV, Mohanpur, West Bengal.

Five students were awarded M.Sc. degree and three students were awarded Ph. D. degree whereas 7 M.Sc. and 3 Ph.D. students are on rolls.

During the year 107 officials from different organizations were trained in the field of latest techniques of remote sensing and GIS, soil survey mapping, and land resource management. This includes one training in NER Centre of the Bureau.

28 officials of the bureau received training in various fields.

Soil and crop modelling

Agro-climatic Zonation

Nutrient Mapping

Human Resource Development

Training organized

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Dissemination of Soil Information: The soil resource information, state, district, watershed and village level was shared with different user agencies like State Government Offices, Department of Science and Technology, other Central Government agencies and farmers and NGO’s by:

Conducting training programme

Participating in state Govt. activities

Coordinating meetings

Inviting the school and college students to Bureau

Participating in exhibitions

Bringing out literature in local language

Delivering special lectures to state officials

Village Linkage Programme

Participating in TV, Radio programs.

Institutional (ongoing) : 71

New (proposal)* : 25

DST : 02

Sponsored NAIP projects : 04

Sponsored (State Govts.) : 04

Sponsored (SAC) : 01

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Projects undertaken

Linkages

Publications

Awards and Recognitions

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NBSS&LUP - Dr. PDKV

NBSS&LUP - CICR

NBSS&LUP - NRSA

NBSS&LUP - State Agril. Deptt.

NBSS&LUP - NBAIM

NBSS&LUP - DWM

NBSS&LUP - SAUs

NBSS&LUP - CSSRI

NBSS&LUP - IISS

NBSS&LUP - CSWCR&TI

Research Papers Published : 38

Technical/ Popular/Extension Articles : 16

Seminar/Symposia Papers : 46

Soil Survey Reports/Bulletins : 07

Memorial/Invited Lectures : 25

Book Chapters : 05

This year has been particularly rewarding for the bureau in that its scientists and staff were decorated with a number of awards and recognitions.

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Introduction

he National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) with its Headquarters at T

Nagpur and four centres located at Bangalore, Delhi Kolkata, and Nagpur was founded in the year 1976. Jorhat (Assam) and Vadodara (1981) centres came later to cater to the needs of north-eastern and western regions, respectively. The latter was shifted to Udaipur (Rajasthan) in 1990. The Bureau established five research divisions during 1980s at the Headquarters. To avoid overlapping of the work, and to bring staff of the relevant fields together, as recommended by the Quinquennial Review Team (QRT), the five divisions were reorganised during 1992 into three divisions, viz. Soil Resource Studies (SRS), Remote Sensing Applications (RSA) and Land Use Planning (LUP). Recently Soil Survey Unit (SSU), Nagpur was merged with the Soil Resource Division of the HQrs. The five regional centres as well as SRS Division at the HQrs. are involved in soil resource mapping, soil correlation and classification, and research on various aspects of land use planning. The divisions and sections undertake fundamental and applied research in soils, remote sensing applications and land use planning besides necessary support to the regional centres.

To conduct soil survey and mapping of the soils of the country to promote scientific and optimal land use programmes in collaboration with relevant institutions and agencies.

To conduct and promote research in the National Agricultural Research System in the areas of pedology, soil survey, remote sensing applications,

Mandate

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land degradation, land evaluation and land use planning, in collaboration with other relevant agencies.

To impart training and education to create awareness on soil and land resources and their state of health.

The period during the X plan and the first year of the XI plan was a rewarding period for the Bureau in terms of achievements in research and human resource development related activities. Bureau handled many externally funded projects during this period. The highlights of the major achievements thereof are discussed below.

The soil map of India on 1:1 m scale (11 sheets) showing 7 soil orders and 62 great groups was printed. There are 1649 soil units in the map. The map is useful for deciding land use plan and other related aspects for achieving sustainability in agricultural production.

Soil resource survey was conducted on 1:50,000 scale for 36 districts of various states covering an area of 2,21,630 sq.km.

Detailed soil survey of 81 research farms and watersheds on 1:10,000/1:5,000 scale was completed (total area 11,34,352 ha) for watershed development programme.

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Major Research Achievements

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Soil Resource Inventory

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Model District Resource Planning

Divisional Resource Land Use Planning

Soil Correlation

Soil Degradation

Nutrient mapping

The soil resource atlases of 7 districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district each of Maharashtra and Assam were brought out. Each resource atlas has 40-45 themes pertaining to soil-site, soil quality and suitability parameters, and is useful for district land use planning. The atlas on soil suitability for tobacco has also been finalised.

Divisional Atlases for 22 districts of Andhra Pradesh covering an area of 130.48 lakh ha were prepared.

The correlation work of soil series identified during the reconnaissance, rapid reconnaissance and detailed soil surveys, was carried out. The soil series were reviewed, revised and correlated to include in the ‘National Register’ of soil series. Forty five soil series have been entered in the National Soil Register making the latest tally as two hundred and twenty five (225 Nos.)

Based on data generated through SRM project and grid observations (10 km interval), the soil loss maps/reports were prepared for Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Tripura, Assam, Andhra Pradesh. These maps and reports are useful for prioritising areas for appropriate soil conservation measures and their implementation.

The datasets generated by various organizations on land degradation / wastelands status in India were harmonized. The harmonized area statistics indicate that a total of 120.72 m ha area under arable land and open forest is under various forms of degradation, soil erosion being the worst offender affecting 94.97 m ha area.

As an attempt to determine soil drainage of sodic soils of Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and West Bengal, the hydraulic conductivity (sHC) values were generated in selected Benchmark spots. The sodic soils have sHc <1 mm/hr. Some non-sodic soils of West Bengal have <1 mm/hr.

Maps of Iron and zinc deficient zones of India have been generated in various agro-ecological regions.

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Assessment and mapping of some important parameters (macro and micro nutrients) were undertaken for following states (1:50,000 scale).

West Bengal: Maps for the available nitrogen and phosphorus were generated for Birbhum district. The

-1available nitrogen status is high (i.e. > 450 kg ha ) in -152% of area, medium (280-450 kg ha ) in 39.1%

-1area and low (< 280 kg ha ) in 6% area. Available -1phosphorus was low (< 45kg ha P O ) in 73.2% 2 5

area.

Tripura : Majority of soils of West Tripura District belong to low to medium category of available

-1nitrogen (< 280-450 kg ha ). About 83% of the soils -1 -1are low (25-55 kg ha ) to very low (< 25 kg ha ),

mainly distributed in northern and southern parts of the district.

Formation of Vertisols: Pedoturbation was being considered till now as a fundamental process in the formation of soil with vertic characters. Contemporary understanding of the pedogenesis of Vertisols suggests that clay illuviation is a more important pedogenetic process than pedoturbation. Thus, there is a strong possibility of formation of Vertisols from Alfisols with vertic character in sub-humid and semi-arid climatic conditions.

Single parameter for defining sodic soil: The process of natural degradation in the clayey black soils occurs in terms of the formation of CaCO vis-à-vis 3

development of ESP. This, in turn, impairs the hydraulic properties of soil. The presence of Ca-zeolities and gypsum prevents the rise of pH, decrease in Ca/Mg ratio of exchange sites and improves the hydraulic conductivity amidst the ESP>15. The presence of natural modifiers helps to further classify the sodic black soils that have < 10 mm/hr sHC instead of any ESP or SAR and this commensurate well with the performance of rainy season crops. Thus, characterization of sodic soils in terms of sHC < 10 mm/h instead of ESP or SAR emerges as a robust criterion that stands for universal acceptance for better use and management of naturally degraded soils.

The research on transformation of minerals in humid tropical area indicate that the genetic pathway of transformation of Ultisols to Oxisols as envisaged in the model of soil genesis appears to be improbable because the acid environment in Ultisols does not

Pedological Studies

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allow desilication for the formation of Oxides. This dissolute the myth about the possible transformation of Ultisols to Oxisols.

The clay minerals of intermediate stage have been found to be a viable tool to indicate both climate change and the source area of sediments in the developments of Ganga-Yamuna Interfluve.

Soil properties of ferruginous soils of Andhra Pradesh indicate the truncation of soils developed in early humid climate thus exposing the relatively un-weathered part of the profile.

EDTA method to remove hydroxy-interlayer from soil clay smectites helped to determine actual layer charge of smectites in Vertisols.

Work initiated in two NAIP projects (one as lead centre and other as cooperating centres) to develop “Georeferenced Soil Information System and a decision support system softwares for soil quality and resilience”.

Estimation of carbon stock in soils and their potential for carbon sequestration is a new area of research in view of the growing concern of global warming and countering green house effect. With this in view, the Bureau undertook estimation of carbon stocks in soils using the available data on benchmark soils. Compilation shows that total carbon stocks in 150

15=cm soil depth is up to 64 Pg (Pg 10 g) with considerable amount of inorganic form. SOC stock in different soil orders follows the sequence, Aridisols> Inceptisols>Alfisols> Vertisols>Entisols in the first 30 cm depth.

The global environment facility co-financed soil organic carbon (GEFSOC) project developed a comprehensive modelling system for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and changes over time. Efforts were made to predict SOC stocks and changes for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), an area with a predominantly rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, using the GEFSOC Modelling System and to compare output with stocks generated using mapping approaches based on soil survey data. The GEFSOC Modelling System predicts an estimated SOC stock for the IGP India of 1.27, 1.32 and 1.27 Pg for 1990, 2000 and 2030, respectively, in the top 20 cm of soil. The SOC stock using a mapping approach based on soil survey data was 0.66 and 0.88 Pg for 1980 and 2000, respectively.

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Soil Carbon Studies

The SOC stock estimated using the GEFSOC Modelling System is higher than the stock estimated using the mapping approach. This is due to the fact that while the GEFSOC System accounts for variation in crop input data (crop management), the soil mapping approach only considers regional variation in soil texture and wetness. The trend of overall change in the modelled SOC stock estimates shows that the IGP, India may have reached an equilibrium following 30-40 years of the Green Revolution. This can be seen in the SOC stock change rates. Different estimation methods show SOC stocks of 0.57-1.44 Pg C for the study area. The trend of overall change in C stock assessed from the soil survey data indicates that the soils of the IGP, India may store a projected 1.1 Pg of C in 2030.

Soil carbon pool and biodiversity conservation SOC stock maps for 1977 and 1999 were published. The analysis of changes occurring between these two dates indicate negligible change in total SOC stock. The potential loss of biodiversity has, however, been considerable. A specific forest ecosystem, namely, moist deciduous forest is particularly endangered. Socio-economic studies point at the danger of fixing market price for carbon without doing the same for biodiversity. The project outcome is expected to benefit regional scale soil carbon mapping.

Standardisation of methods and defining internal soil standards for C/N Analyser were accomplished. The project defined standards to adopt method(s) for determining C and N in soils, developed soil standards to determine C and N in both calcareous and non-calcareous soils, compared two sets of results from laboratory (chemical) and C/N analyzer to develop a rationale and developed a new dataset on C and N of a few selected soil types in electronic format. It was observed that, between methods, the C data are reproducible in most of the cases and all the methods produce consistently similar results of carbon.

Work on ICAR Network Project for Climate Change and Predicting Carbon Changes in Soil (funded by Department of Science & Technology) has been initiated. Roth-C 26.3 model was used to capture the change in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in two long term fertilizer sites, one in the IGP (Mohanpur, West Bengal) and the other in the black soil region (BSR) (Akola, Maharashtra). The model value showed that application of NPK fertilizers with organic amendments can mitigate the effect of accelerated rate of SOC decomposition.

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Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

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Methodologies for utilization of remote sensing data (IRS-1C PAN merged), for large scale (upto 1:12,500 scale) mapping of soils at village/watershed level were developed. The methodology involved (i) generation of PAN merged data, (ii) interpretation of merged data to derive information on land use/land cover and physiography of the area, (iii) generation of physiography land use map (PLU) by integrating land use/land cover, physiography and slope maps, (iv) ground truth collection to develop PLU-soil relationship, (v) finalisation of soil map i.e. soil series with phases. The technique developed thus would be useful for faster and precise large scale mapping of soils in basalt terrain.

A soil reflectance library of 128 soils representing different physiographic regions of India was developed under NATP project entitled, “Reflectance libraries for development of soil sensor for periodic assessment of state of soil resources”.

A software was developed for disseminating land resource information.

National Soil Resource Information System (NASRIC) was developed depicting the GIS based spatial database of different states of India on 1:250,000 scale (based on SRM project datasets) and of India on 1:1 m scale.

Indian National Agricultural Resource Information System (INARIS) was developed in a NATP-funded project which comprised national level soil resource information in data warehousing environment.

An assessment was made of acid soils of India using GIS. State and national level maps were generated along with a database of acid soils at district level.

Soil reflectance studies on Nagpur soils (Maha-rashtra) indicated sand had positive correlations with derivative soil reflectance at most of the wavelength (350-2500 nm) whereas clay and organic carbon indicated negative correlation.

The potential and limitations of selected watersheds of Vidarbha Region, Maharashtra was analyzed to assign ecological sustainability index.

A NAIP project “Development of spectral reflectance methods and low cost sensor for real time application of variable rate inputs in precision farming (as cooperating centre) has been initiated.

Land Use Planning

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The Bureau as the lead institute developed strategies and options for rational and scientific land use planning at microwatershed level in the NATP funded mission mode project on “Land use planning for management of agricultural resources”. The project was implemented in 56 operational units covering an area of 21,258 ha spread over 5 agro-ecosystems, namely, rainfed, irrigated, arid, hill and mountain and coastal cutting across 38 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs). Land use options were identified for the operational units of each agro-ecosystem based on integration of biophysical and socio-economic information.

Soil-site suitability criteria was developed and/or refined for a number of agricultural, horticultural and plantation crops for a variety of soils occurring in different agro-eco regions of the country. The soil-site suitability has been evaluated for the major crops using conventional methods, fuzzy logic – based methods and crop models.

Productivity potential of black soils was assessed for soybean and cotton using INFOCROP model.

Oilseed production systems were evaluated in 16 major oilseed growing districts of Karnataka to assess the climatic, soil, social and market constraints to suggest strategies for improving their productivity and production.

Pulses production systems were also evaluated in some major pulses growing districts of Karnataka to assess the climatic, soil, social and market constraints to suggest strategies for improving their productivity and production.

Perspective Land Use Planning – 2015 and 2025 for the Union Territory of Puducherry and Karaikal regions: Land use recommendations identified alluvial soils as the most profitable soils for agriculture both in Puducherry and Karaikal regions. The study warn against prevailing practice of using agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose. Improving rice productivity is the immediate need and appropriate actions towards this have been suggested which include soil-based nutrient management, timely plant protection measures, provision of institutional credit, mechanization of important cultivation practices and increasing minimum support price.

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Human Resource Development (HRD)

Rainfall productivity analysis of AESR in BSR indicates the optimum period of sowing as first week of July.

Land suitability of mulberry in black soils of Vidarbha indicated that impeded drainage is responsible for poor quality of foliage.

Digital data for all the villages of Nagpur district were generated for their use in land use planning programme.

A National network project on district land use planning and policy issues was initiated.

A NAIP “Efficient landuse base integrated farming system for rural livelihood security in Aurangabad, Dhule and Gondai districts of Maharashtra” (as Lead Centre) has been started.

The 20 agro-ecological Region (AER) map was published in 1992 and the 60 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESR) map was published in 1999. A project was initiated on refinement of these delineations based on recent soil and agro-climatic database for resource planning and development.

Soilscape-LGP-bioclimatic map was integrated to develop an AER map of Uttar Pradesh showing 18 AERs in the state.

1. Referred Articles/Research Papers 38

2. Seminar/Symposia Papers 46

3. Popular Articles 16

4. Book Chapters 05

5. Bulletin/ Soil Survey Reports 07

HRD was one of the important activities of the Bureau during the Xth Plan period. About 294 personnel from various state governments, research organizations were trained in latest techniques of soil survey and mapping, land evaluation, land use planning, watershed management, GIS, laboratory methods, and pedological studies. 28 staff members of the Bureau received trainings in simulation modelling, remote sensing and GIS

Agro-ecological regionalisation

Training

applications and laboratory methods in different institutes including the Bureau. These trained personnel can further enrich the database of soil resources for their better utilization.

Post-Graduate level teaching and research programmes in Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (with specialization in Land Resource Management) continued to be yet another important activity of the Bureau under HRD. Five (5) students completed for M.Sc. degrees and three (3) students for Ph.D. degrees.

A. Soil Resource Mapping, Soil Correlation and Interpretation

Soil and land resource inventorying of some selected model districts in 1:50,000 scale as well as watershed, command areas, block/ panchayats, etc. in 1:10,000 and 1:4,000 scale covering various agro-eco systems of the country and as per need of the user agencies.

Soil correlation and classification to establish benchmark soil series to facilitate soil based agro-technology transfer and basic research on established soil series basis.

B. Remote Sensing Applications in Soil Resource Mapping and other related fields

Land degradation/wasteland mapping, assessment and monitoring for resource conservation using digital image processing technique for restoration of eco-system.

C. Pedology – Soil Genesis and Mineral Transformation

Innovative research clubbing original researches in pedology with other disciplines, namely soil physics, soil chemistry, soil microbiology with development of suitable models. Some such important areas are global warming and climate change, atmospheric carbon sequestration, soil quality index evolution, restoration of degraded lands, soil as a bio-filter, soil as a sink of pollutants, soil water quality assessment and monitoring.

D. Land Use Planning

Establishment of a National Network Project on land use planning and policy issues in

PG Education

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Introduction

collaboration with SAUs, State Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Livestock, State Land Use Board, Railways, Urban Departments, Industry, etc. and specially reputed NGOs in the country.

E. Education and Training Programme

Organisation of short term and long term training programmes for the officials of State Government as well as SAUs in the sector of soil survey and mapping.

Post-graduate teaching and research in Land Resource Management (LRM) in collabora-tion with State Agricultural Universities (SAUs).

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Budget for the year 2008-09

Staff Strength as on 31.3.2009

(Rs. in lakhs)

Budget Sanctioned Actual Expenditure

PLAN 610.00 596.96

NON-PLAN 1979.50 1782.00

Category Sanctioned Strength In Position

RMP 01 01

Scientific 99 72

Technical 197 182

Administrative 72 68

Supporting 103 91

Total 471 414

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Division of Land Use Planning

Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use PlanningDivision of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning Division of Land Use Planning

2.1.a Refinement of agro-ecological regions and sub-regions delineation based on recent soils and agro-climatic data base for resource planning and development

The soil resource map of NBSSLUP for alluvial and sandy soil areas were reconciled to delineate major soils using Geomatica software and accordingly the boundaries of the major soil zones have been fine tuned.

The study indicated that sandy soils cover an area of 20.15 million hectare and alluvial soils cover 59.05 m ha. The deep sandy soils cover 70% of the area while shallow soils covers less than 30% of the area. The findings helped in modifying the boundaries of AESR Nos. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, 11.0, 13.2, 15.1 and 15.2.

Weekly rainfall probability analysis for important stations of black soil region (BSR) has been completed. A

D.K. Mandal, C. Mandal, O. Challa and S.N. Goswami

Rainfall probability analysis of AESR

model rainfall probability analysis for Rajkot is mentioned (Fig. 2.1.1). The figure depicts that probability of occurrence of 30 mm rainfall for two consecutive

thweeks is 50% probability (and above) occurs in 27 meteorological week. This indicates that optimum period

th stof sowing is 27 week i.e. 1 week of July.

The long term rainfall (weekly) analysis for 21 years period 1982-2000 as per standard classification and criteria, indicated that 1987, 1989 and 1994 are dry, normal and wet year respectively. The analysis further indicated that out of 21 years, the rainfall was normal in 7 years. The frequency of wet and dry years are 10 and 57 per cent respectively indicating the need for rain water conservation and supplemental irrigation structures in the AESR 5.1. Typical rainfall distribution patterns in wet, normal and dry years are given in Fig. 2.1.2 which will help in rabi crop planning.

Prediction of quantum of Rainfall (weekly) during crop growth period

Fig. 2.1.2. Rainfall distribution pattern of Rajkot during a normal, wet and dry yearsFig. 2.1.1. Rainfall probability analysis of Rajkot

Rainfall probability of Rajkot

NAGPUR DISTRICTArea Under Culturable Wasteland

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prevalent, were characterized for various physical, chemical and nutritional properties. The interaction with the farmers revealed that their preference for growing Mosambi is mainly due to i) absence of flowering problem ii) sturdier plants and less proneness to abiotic stress iii) a more stable market, even in high production year and iv) assured higher returns. The soil characteristics were similar to those of Nagpur mandarin soils, except for much lower contents of available Zn (in 9 soils, 0.18-0.34

1µg g ) indicating that soil properties might not have been the only influencing factor.

The experiment was continued for the third year to evaluate the productivity of mulberry in three taxonomically different soils namely Typic Haplusterts, Typic Haplustepts and Lithic Ustorthents. The observation related to foliage yield, leaf protein and cocoon yields were recorded.

The foliage yield, leaf protein and cocoon yields per 1000 were recorded. Quality of mulberry leaves as indicated by the protein content was superior in S2. It was also noted that the cocoon yield per 100 dfl were relatively high in Vertic Haplustpts (S2) (Table 2.1.3).

Table 2.1.3. Soil Vs foliage and cocoon yield in experimental field at Mondha

Soils Dfls Foliage Cocoon Yield/ Leafyield yield 100 protein

-1 -1(kg ha ) (kgha ) dfls (%)

Typic Haplusterts (S1) 400 5692 288.3 72.0 21.43Vertic Haplustepts (S2) 400 6564 317.6 79.4 22.18Lithic Ustorthents (S3) 400 5290 260.2 65.6 20.03

It is further noted that the soils classified as ‘Typic Haplusterts’ did not support the crop owing to high moisture during rainy season in these soils prevailed for a long period due to high clay content and greater depth (> 1 m) as there was little surface drainage. Thus impeded drainage and high moisture conditions were considered responsible for poor quality foliage.

Simultaneously observations on multi-locational trials were recorded to evaluate productivity and suitability of shallow, moderately deep and deep soils (Table 2.1.4) for mulberry cv S-36 at village Silly Mandhal and Kharbi, Khobna (Kuhi tehsil) and Susandri and Kachari Sawanga and Pardi (Kondhali tehsil) .

2.1.c Land suitability evaluation for mulberry cultiva-tion for sericulture in black soils of Vidarbha

T.N. Hajare, D.K. Mandal, Jagdish Prasad and S. N. Goswami

Foliage Vs yield

Multi-locational observations

2.1.b Evaluation of soil properties influencing productivity potential of Citrus reticulata blanco (Nagpur mandarin) orchards of Nagpur district, Maharashtra

S. Chatterji, T.K. Sen, T.N. Hajare and V.P. Patil

Available micronutrient contents were determined for the 10 selected soils each from Nagpur mandarin orchards of 6-15 years and >15 years age groups. The mean values of available micronutrients in surface soil (0-15 cm) are presented in Table 2.1.1.

Table 2.1.1 Available micronutrients in selected soils (0-15 cm) (range values)

1Age group DTPA extractable micronutrients (µg g )of orchards Zn Mn Fe Cu

6-15 years 0.34-1.18(82) (8) (-) (-)

>15 years 0.29-1.81 10.91-19.18 8.21-14.71 1.80-8.96(73) (5) (-) (-)

(% deficient soils in parenthesis)

Productivity rating indices (PRIs) were computed (Table 2.1.2) as per Dent and Young (1981) for determining suitability classification of the 10 selected soils each from Nagpur mandarin orchards of 6-15 years and >15 years age groups.

Table 2.1.2 PRI-based suitability classification of selected soils

PRI* Pedon No(s) Suitability (range) class**

78-82 P , P , P I3 7 8

58-75 P , P , P P , P , P , P , P , P , P , P , II1 2 4, 5 10 12 14 16 17 21 22

P , P , P24 26 30

42-48 P , P , P III11 13 31

** As per the scheme PRI Suitability class**

100-75 I75-50 II50-25 III

25-0 IV

A trend of replacing Nagpur mandarin by Mosambi (Sweet orange) is being observed amongst some farmers of Nagpur district for sometime Attempts were, therefore, made to ascertain the social, economic or bio-physical (soils) reasons for such a ‘shift’ through interacting with the farmers and investigating soil physical and chemical properties. Ten selected soils of 8 years old mosambi orchards of Umrer tehsil, where this trend is most

12.71-21.90 6.81-11.92 1.91-7.16

Actual yieldStandard yield (Research station yield)

*PRI = X 100

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The data indicated that maximum production of foliage was recorded in moderately deep as compared to shallow and deep soils. Higher economic returns in these soils at both the locations were indicative of potential of sericulture in the district if extended to larger area. The observations in area showed that deep soils could also be productive if proper drainage is ensured. It was interesting to note that mulberry leaves from deep soils had higher amount of protein.

It could be summarized that moderately deep, well drained soils are better suited for sericulture rather than shallow and very deep soils. Soil drainage seems to play crucial role in sericulture farming in central India.

Soil water content at -33 kPa was closely related to sand and clay content, bulk density and CEC (Table 2.1.5). The regressions were linear. The linear relationship with sand or silt content was expected since these fractions are associated with improved soil structure and quality.

Influence of soil properties on water retention

Decreasing soil water content with increasing sand content was also expected for the same reasons as the increases are expected from increasing clay content. But the continued influence of sand content irrespective of pressure applied suggests that in these clay soils, sand fraction has a stronger influence than silt content. Soil water content increased with increase in clay contents showing strong positive relationship. The data was divided into two groups based on CEC. An arbitrary value

+ -1of CEC 50 cmol (p ) kg was chosen to divide the set. Water retention at all the suction pressure points was observed to be influenced similar to the relationship between clay content and water content. However, clay

+ -1content in the subset with CEC> 50 cmol (p ) kg , showed a weak relationship with water content. Results suggest that physical limitations may exist in regard to the influence that clay content may have on water holding capacity of soils. It was also noted that the increase in clay content after 50 per cent was mostly at the cost of reduction in sand content suggesting that after a limit, influence of sand content was more in high clay soils.

Table 2.1.4. Foliage production, cocoon yield and leaf protein content in different soil types of Kondhali and Kuhi talukas

Location Soil Dfls Foliageproduction Yield (kg/ha) Protein(%) return Rs. 100 Dfls

(kg/ha) cocoonyield (kg)

Kondhali V.Shallow 1486 79 18.87 24,562 65.5

Mod. deep 2267 117 21.13 42,572 73.4

Deep 2246 114 21.67 41,354 71.3

Kuhi Shallow 1671 88 19.32 27,487 73.3

Mod. deep 2515 127 21.93 46,052 79.4

Deep 2425 121 22.17 43,848 75.6

Cocoons Leaf Economic Av. Per

Table 2.1.5 Regression coefficients indicating influence of soil properties on water retention

Soil Parameter Regression coefficients- for parameter relation to water content at suction pressure (-kPa)

5 10 33 100 500 1000 1500

Sand 0.643 0.557 0.756 0.766 0.809 0.752 0.748

Silt 0.281 0.178 0.252 0.264 0.307 0.258 0.313

Clay 0.647 0.633 0.841 0.846 0.859 0.833 0.765

OC 0.097 0.105 0.151 0.199 0.104 0.088 0.084

CEC 0.564 0.565 0.044 0.735 0.782 0.778 0.681

BD 0.438 0.352 0.387 0.628 0.583 0.579 0.517

CEC<50 0.562 0.579 0.815 0.799 0.819 0.820 0.764

CEC>50 0.092 0.180 0.140 0.101 0.164 0.174 0.237

Clay>50 0.414 0.479 0.555 0.526 0.542 0.469 0.338

Clay>55 0.201 0.340 0.400 0.331 0.323 0.280 0.292

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2.1.d Soils, land use and perspective land use planning of Nagpur district

2.1.e National Network Project on District Land Use Planning and Policy Issues under different Agro-ecosystems of the country

A. Chaturvedi, C. Mandal, S.R. Singh, Rajiv Shrivastava, D.K. Mandal, T.N. Hajare, S.N. Goswami, N.C. Khandare and R.S. Gawande

Arun Chaturvedi, T.K. Sen, D.K. Mandal, S. Chatterji, S.N. Goswami, T.N. Hajare, N.G. Patil and Dipak Sarkar

Land resource atlas of Nagpur District, NBSS Pub. No. 22, was published in 1996 based on the old survey data. Since then, 13 years have passed and Nagpur district has been fostered with sea changes in land use due to SEZ, MIHAN Project, urbanization and rapid industrialization. In future, the district would need proper planning for its development as an eco-friendly model district with conglomeration of urban metropolis and rural clusters. During the last 10 years, as per preliminary estimates, 4 lakh ha of good fertile lands have been converted into yellow belt. Ground water depth which was previously at a 5-6 metres has gone down to 10-15 metres. There is a need for detailed soil surveys of the district to develop suitable plan for future development. The objectives of the project were to prepare a GIS integrated (latest) land use map and other soil thematic maps based on benchmark soil series. During the reporting period, the digital data for all the villages of the district has been prepared. The base map of the Nagpur district has also been rectified with the help of latest satellite data. A number of maps have been prepared and the one showing area under culturable wasteland in the district has been presented in Fig. 2.1.3.

Issues related to land use are becoming increasingly

NAGPUR DISTRICTArea Under Culturable Wasteland

complex and land use planners/managers/officials often lack the right information at their disposal, thus lowering their capacity to make judicious land use options/land management decisions. Sectored and single objective approaches to land use planning, advocated in the past are no longer effective. The necessity of developing comprehensive land use plans at different levels has been increasingly felt and emphasised in different five year plans.

In the context of district agricultural development, land use planning is the sectoral allocation of land to optimize the postulated objectives under the existing environmental and societal opportunities and constraints. Currently, district level resource managers (development planners, decision and policy makers) are often concerned about what new agricultural (including livestock) production innovations/activities need to be promoted/supported under existing constraints of land (including quality), labour, water, and capital. They are also concerned about minimizing the adverse effect of agricultural/land use related economic activities on the quality of natural resources. They also have to incorporate several views, goals and programmes of State and Central Governments as well as problems, aspirations and priorities at lower level (Panchayat, NGOs etc.) and analyze the trade offs (current and future) of implementing them. To facilitate these complex tasks, a perspective land use plan that would involve alterations in the land area allocation over alternative uses, through suitable technological and institutional devices, taking into account the potentials and limitations of each land unit, is needed.

With this background, the division undertook this project with the following objectives.

1. To evaluate land resources and socio-economic conditions in relation to the land use objectives and aspirations of district level policy makers/ administrators.

2. To examine the performance of current and future Land Utilization Types and analyze alternate land use options considering all the components of agriculture as well as allied enterprises under different policy options and technological constraints.

3. To develop methodologies for multiple decision-making criteria for evaluating the possible trade offs after the suggested land use options are adopted.

4. To prepare an interactive Decision Support System to assist land managers at district level for land allocation.

Objectives

Fig. 2.1.3. Area under culturable wasteland in Nagpur district

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learning and negotiation process amongst the participants leads to the development of their planning capacities and to sustain co-operative relations at local level. Participants in land use planning are direct and indirect land users, as well as those affected by the consequences of land use activities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the need of the different stakeholders to formulate a land use plan. In economic land evaluation, potentiality of the land is evaluated based on its economic parameters to develop a sustainable land use plan for different cliental groups based on their needs for sustainable livelihood. Therefore, there is a need to integrating stakeholders needs and undertake economic land evaluation for formulating a district level land use plan. Keeping this in mind, this project is formulated in Gondia, Aurangabad and Dhule districts to prpare district level land use plan with the following objectives.

i) To assess the information needs of different stakeholders/user groups involved in agricultural planning and implementation and prioritizing the land use problems.

ii) To assess the socio-economic conditions of farm households and evaluate the performance of current land utilization types.

Background information of the identified districts have been collected. As per the objectives of the project, questionnaires were formulated to collect the socio-economic information from the stakeholder groups and also from the secondary sources like development departments, Tahsils, Panchayats, progressive farmers etc.

Besides the degraded lands, the rainfed agro-ecosystem is constrained by erratic rainfall, low rain water use efficiency, stagnating and/or declining resource use, productivity and declining land-man ratio. As a consequence, the livelihood status in rainfed regions is poor. The rural people in these areas are increasingly threatened by rapid erosion of sustainable livelihood. The very issue of waning livelihood opportunities needs to be addressed with judicious pragmatism in such areas. Subsequent to approval of the concept note (of the project), a full project proposal was submitted for NAIP funding. The project has been sanctioned with a budget of Rs. 584.3666 lakhs. The project attempts to adopt an efficient land use-based integrated farming system approach (an innovative task in itself) in improving/

2.1.g NAIP subproject on Efficient Land Use Based Integrated farming System for Rural Livelihood Security in Aurangabad, Dhule and Gondia Districts of Maharashtra

Arun Chaturvedi, T.N. Hajare, T.K. Sen, D.K. Mandal, S. Chatterji, S.N. Goswami, N.G. Patil and Dipak Sarkar

The selected districts in different states

State District

Uttar Pradesh Shahjehanpur

Uttarakhand Almora

Karnataka Mysore

Goa North Goa

West Bengal Nadia, Purulia

Rajasthan Bundi, Nagaur

Assam Jorhat, East Khasi Hill

Maharashtra Gondia, Dhule and Aurangabad

The methodology for developing land management units (as operational units) by integrating soil, land use and agro-ecological information was finalized by the division. The Regional Centre, Bangalore has identified ‘Land Management Units (LMUs) for the district of Mysore’ This being the first major step of methodology implementation would facilitate undertake the subsequent activities including, amongst others, land evaluation and preparation of an interactive Decision Support System.

Fig. 2.1.4. Land Management Units identified in Chhindwara District, M.P.

A major task of land use planning is to accompany and motivate the participants and those affected in order to attain a conciliation of interest concerning land resources, types and extent of land use. The dialogue-oriented

2.1.f Assessing the need of Stakeholders and Economic Evaluation of Major Land Use Types for Land Use Planning of Gondia, Aurangabad and Dhule districts

S.N. Goswami, T.N. Hajare, D.K. Mandal, T.K. Sen and S. Chatterji

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Expected Outcome

Other activities

i) Improved productivity of crops due to scientific intervention in their farming.

ii) Improved productivity of cattles and small ruminants owing to availability of improved pasture/grasslands and their improvement through crossing by better breeds.

iii) Recharge of ground water

iv) Limited clash with forest for fuel, fodder etc. as the project will encourage value addition to the NFTP.

v) Increased income through additional off farm activities.

vi) Enhanced nutritional security.

Group meeting on Land Use Planning

A Group meeting was organized on ‘Land Use Planning’ (LUP) at HQrs, Nagpur during April 4-5, 2008. The meeting was attended by the Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR, Dr. A.K. Singh, the Assistant Director General (NRM) ICAR, Dr. P.D. Sharma, the Director, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, Dr. Dipak Sarkar, the Heads of the different Divisions (at HQrs), Heads of Delhi, Jorhat and Bangalore Regional Centres and a host of scientists from Hqrs as well as the five Regional Centres. Interactive sessions were held on issues involved in LUP, various attempts made till date on LUP at different levels (in the form of case studies) and the future line of action.

National Brain Storming Session on Land Use Planning and Policy Issues

A Brainstorming session on above topic was organized at th ththe H.qrs Nagpur during 25 – 26 July, 2008. The

session was chaired by Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR. The session was also attended by a galaxy of scientific luminaries like, Dr. A.K. Singh, DDG (NRM), Dr. K.M. Bujarbaruah, DDG (Animal Science), Dr. H.P. Singh, DDG (Horticulture) and host of other dignitaries in the field of Agriculture and allied sectors. The meeting had detailed deliberation on various aspects of land use planning and policy issues at central and states level for attaining the goal of sustainable land use for posterity. A number of issues that emerged from the discussions are summarized below :

Concern was expressed on reliability, accuracy, timeliness, accessibility and effectiveness of land use data being generated by different organizations. Therefore there is need for convergence of these data bases on a common platform (scale and projection etc.) using emerging spatial data/ process standards to facilitate effective sharing, updation, and utilization. There is a strong need to develop working linkage

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ensuring sustainable livelihood in three disadvantaged rainfed districts of Maharashtra, namely, Gondia, Aurangabad and Dhule. Livelihood systems in these districts are primarily dependent on agriculture (including allied activities livestock, poultry, fishery, etc.), forest, agricultural labour and village artisans.

To identify constraints and potentials influencing the productivity and profitability of the existing livelihood systems.

To improve the livelihood systems through efficient management of soil and water resources for increasing productivity, profitability and diversity of the farming systems.

To facilitate enhanced off farm income and employment generation (for landless people) through complementary/supplementary enterprises, devise appropriate mechanisms through institutional linkages and capacity building and improve the quality of life through drudgery reduction.

To formulate a frame work for up-scaling improved livelihood matrix in similar domains.

The main criteria followed for selection of the project villages/sites are :

High Socially Backward (SC and ST) population.

Low agriculture wages, household income and high migration rates.

Poor management of natural resources.

Predominantly rainfed agriculture and neglected CPR’s.

Low agricultural and livestock productivity.

Lack of infrastructure and marketing facilities.

Name of Name of Villagesthe District the Cluster

Gondia Goregaon Bagadband, Asalpani,Gondtimezari

Deori Zuzaridola, Salegaon, Kham Talao

Aurangabad Kannad Ambala, Ambala TandaKhultabad Kannadgaon, Kanakshil

Dhule Sakri Laghadwal, NavagaonShirpur Zendeangjan, Hated

The project is to be operated in consortium mode that would involve NBSS&LUP, Nagpur as Consortium lead centre and MAU; Parbhani; MPKV; Rahuri; RTMNU, Nagpur and SGGVSS, Gondia as Consortium Partners.

Objectives

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between organizations generating data and the user agencies and a strong awareness campaign needed for the potential of data/information generated from different sources.

Land use, in general, and land use planning, in particular, is closely linked to land tenure, land title, land rights and land lease issues etc. and land revenue records need to be resurveyed, reclassified and updated by the concerned departments. There is need to identify the drivers of land use changes and the State Agricultural Universities (SAU) may be involved in this exercise.

Land Use Planning (LUP) must integrate agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry, social science and market policy etc. and also address the issues of climate change through different systems.

Certain policies on individual land uses are in place but an integrated land use policy is strongly needed for the country. To make sure that such a policy is properly implemented at ground level, proper legislative framework is also required.

Importance of agro-forestry for conserving ecological balance as a part of LUP is an accepted fact but realizing its role in economic development of the stakeholders, there is need for a price support mechanism like food crops. A marketing policy also needs to be developed for this important sector. It was suggested to make policy amendments for mandatory purchase of agro-forestry based raw material for industry.

In both the underground and opencast mining, it is necessary to develop reclamation and rehabilitation strategies for the development of the post mining land use in consultation with the local population. Mining is a temporary land use and therefore progressive rehabilitation practices should be used to enable the land to return to a productive use as soon as possible after mining. Soil analysis may be carried out for such lands to ascertain their suitability for cropping.

Diversifications suggested in Land Use Plans must evaluate the issue of economic gains vs. food security of the country and should be in tune with food and commodity targets established by Planning Commission. The District Agriculture Plans should be implemented through scientific land use planning using participatory approach.

The reduction in net land available for cultivation is imperative due to additional housing requirements for growing population both in rural and urban areas, shift of population from rural to urban areas for better opportunities and prosperity in rural India

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resulting in better and bigger housing requirement. It is, therefore, important to develop a long-term perspective plan on type of land to be allocated for urbanization/ industrialization in various regions. Proper urban planning could reduce the extent of conversion of prime agricultural lands to non–agricultural uses.

There is a strong need of a Decision Support System (DSS) which provides answers to where, how, when and what crops are to be grown linked with employment opportunities. The key drivers for a regional land use plan can identify stakeholders and their goals, population and income growth led food demand (quantity and quality), natural resources (land, water) conservation and competition amongst them, state of production resources: capital, labour, energy and other inputs, production systems: costs of cultivation and returns, markets, environmental issues; variability and climate change, technological innovations and Government policies.

State Land Use Boards (SLUB) in different states are not effectively functioning to deal with the much needed state and national level land use plans. In the land use planning processes, these Boards have to be made more effective. There is a need to revitalize the “National Land Use and Waste Land Development Council” and it should be used for providing effective functioning policy guidelines to the SLUBs for implementation of land use policy in the respective state. In case of Agricultural Land Use Plans, direct contacts may be established between officials of ICAR and SLUBs.

Land use which was once perceived as a matter of local concern has become a national concern. Therefore, there is a need to amend the constitution transferring the subject from State List to the Concurrent List.

The proposed methodology for district level land use planning being implemented through a National network project by NBSS&LUP should also be carried out after soil maps and other interpretative maps of any new area are prepared. The same also needs to be validated in the field for its acceptability and compared with current land use for overall productivity of land and national requirement.

The house decided that the next meeting involving Secretary, agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and other line departments, and SLUBs of the respective State Governments will be held in New Delhi by this year end. Director, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur will initiate action in consultation with the Council.

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2.2.a Development of soil reflectance libraries for characterization of soil properties in Nagpur district, Maharashtra

Rajeev Srivastava, A.K. Maji, M.S.S. Nagaraju and A.K. Barthwal

The study was carried out in Nagpur district Maharashtra to investigate the relationship between soil properties and soil reflectance at different wavelength between 350- 2500 nm. Two hundred ninety soil samples (surface and subsurface) representing 14 different soil series of Nagpur

district were collected, and analysed and soil reflectance were measured in the laboratory using Spectroradiometer (ASD FieldSpecPro FR).

The soil samples collected from different places in the district varied distinctly in colour and have Munsell hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR and 5YR. The Munsell values varied between 2 and 6 and chroma from 1 to 4. There was wide variation in other physical and chemical properties (Table 2.2.1).

Soil Characteristics

th th th th thTable 2.2.1: Number of samples analysed, their minimum and maximum values and 10 , 25 , 50 , 75 and 90 percentile for different soil properties

PercentilesSoil parameters sample analysed Min Max 10 25 50 75 90

Sand (%) 182 1.4 91.1 3.8 7.2 17.2 36.2 60.8Silt (%) 182 4.5 46.6 15.2 25.2 30.7 35.2 38.7Clay (%) 182 4.4 79.9 18.0 32.0 51.6 58.7 64.7pH 290 4.87 9.20 6.30 7.27 7.92 8.12 8.26EC 290 0.03 1.20 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.33Org. C (%) 290 0.04 2.49 0.31 0.42 0.59 0.78 1.01CaCO3 (%) 238 0.45 22.38 1.91 3.01 4.90 8.78 11.61

-1Ca [cmol (p+) Kg ] 184 4.47 58.67 9.29 24.02 34.57 43.15 50.10-1Mg [cmol (p+) Kg ] 184 0.41 26.06 2.04 5.29 8.37 11.81 15.87

-1Na [cmol (p+) Kg ] 184 0.00 17.85 0.23 0.35 0.50 0.71 1.25-1K [cmol (p+) Kg ] 184 0.04 2.38 0.16 0.27 0.51 0.79 1.05

-1CEC [cmol (p+) Kg ] 184 6.06 72.69 15.91 35.85 53.11 60.30 65.14Fe O (%) 290 0.39 18.77 0.85 1.43 2.32 3.26 4.292 3

-1Zn (mg kg ) 289 0.06 2.42 0.18 0.25 0.36 0.51 0.83-1Cu (mg kg ) 290 0.19 11.75 0.87 1.25 1.84 2.85 4.18

-1Fe (mg kg ) 288 2.05 84.24 4.29 5.27 6.77 13.01 23.74-1Mn (mg kg ) 289 1.00 214.56 1.48 2.15 8.80 22.06 43.99

Soil reflectance characteristics

Relationship between soil properties and soil reflectance

The reflectance spectra of surface soils collected from different soil series of Nagpur district are shown in Fig. 2.2.1. The Soil reflectance spectra of different soils followed the same basic shape as described by other workers with prominent absorption features around 1400, 1900 and 2200 nm. These features are mainly associated with smectitic clay minerals present in these soils. The broader absorption feature around 550 and 900 nm in some soils are mainly due to presence of iron oxides.

Fig. 2.2.1. Reflectance spectra of soils of Nagpur district, Maharashtra

stFig. 2.2.2. 1 derivatives of soil reflectance spectra of Nagpur district, Maharashtra

Prior to statistical analysis, the raw data of spectral reflectance were resampled by selecting every tenth-nanometer value between 350-2500 nm. This was done to reduce the volume of data for analysis and to match it more closely to the spectral resolution of the instrument (3-10 nm). The reflectance values were

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then transformed with first derivative processing (Fig. 2.2.2). Derivative transformation is known to minimize variation among samples caused by variation in grinding and optical setup. The statistical correlation between derivative soil reflectance and soil properties were studied after removing the outliers (i.e. extreme cases). Outliers are atypical (by definition), infrequent observations which do not appear to follow the characteristic distribution of the rest of the data. A single outlier is capable of considerably changing the slope of the regression line and, consequently thus , the value of the correlation. Fig. 2.2.3 shows the relationship of sand,

stclay and organic carbon with 1 derivative soil reflectance values. The data in figure It indicates that sand has positive correlation with derivative soil reflectance at most of the wavelength between 350- 2500 nm whereas clay and organic carbon showed the negative correlation.

Multispectral sensors (e.g. Landsat, SPOT, IRS, AVHRR etc.) measure reflectance of Earth’s earth’s surface material at few wide wavelength bands (100 to 200 nm) separated by spectral segments where no measurements are taken. In contrast, most hyperspectral sensors measure reflected radiation as a series of narrow and contiguous wavelength band. When spectrum from a single pixel in hyperspectral imagery is displayed, it appears much like a spectrum measured in a spectroscopy laboratory. This type of detailed pixel spectrum can provide much more information about a surface than available in a multispectral pixel spectrum. Keeping this view, the project was undertaken in collaboration with SAC Ahmedabad to study the applicability of hyperspectral data (hyperion sensor data) in mapping soils variability and delineating soil fertility zones.

2.2.b Soils variability mapping and fertility zonation using Hyperspectral data (A collaborative p r o j e c t b e t we e n N B S S & LU P a n d S AC , Ahmedabad

A.K. Maji, Rajeev Srivastava, M.S.S. Nagaraju, A.K. Barthwal and R.L. Mehta (SAC, Ahmedabad)

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350 850 1350 1850 2350

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For the present investigation, a study area was selected in 0Buldhana district, Maharashtra between latitude 19 45’

0 0 0to 20 15’ N and longitude 76 26’ to 76 37’ E. In general, the area represents a part of Buldhana plateau consisting of a succession of plateau – mesas at different contour levels intersected by river valleys. The plateau has a rolling topography with a flat- top low hills (subdued plateau). Subdued plateau near Lonar running with a north-west to south-east strike forms a water divide between the two valleys of the Penganga and the lower Purna, which lies to north and south of Lonar, respectively. An another striking feature in the area is Lonar lake, which forms a nearly circular depression surrounded by all sides by steeply sloping rising escarpment.

Landsat ETM+ false colour composite of October 2001 (Source: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landsat) was interpreted in conjunction with SOI (Survey of India) toposheets (1:50,000) to generate physiography map of the area. The area has been divided into four dominant landform/physiography viz subdued plateau, escarpments, pediment and alluvial plain. The alluvial plain have been further sub-divided into upper alluvial plain and lower alluvial plain. These physiographic units have been further sub-divided based on slope percent and landuse (Fig. 2.2.4). The field work and interpretation of field observation is in progress.

Fig. 2.2.4. Physiography map of study area using Landsat ETM+ satellite data

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model is used for assessment of soil loss in the study area. The advantage of using this model is that major input parameters like amount and intensity of rainfall, soil erodibility, land

Physiographic mapping

M.S.S. Nagaraju, A.K. Maji and A.K. Barthwal

2.2.c Assessment of soil erosion risk and land quality in Warora tehsil, Chandrapur district of Maharashtra

Soil erosion assessment and mapping

cover and terrain slope gradient which greatly influence the soil loss have been given due weightage.

Rainfall factor (R): The annual values of erosion index at any given location differ substantially from year to year. The observed ranges and 50% (2 year return period), 20% (5 year return period) and 10% (10 year return period) probabilities of annual erosion index from 15 years precipitation records at 44 locations in different zones of India was computed by Ram Babu et al. 1978. The estimated (Ram Babu et al., 1978) average annual erosion index for Chandrapur area is 483. The same value has been used for the estimation of soil loss in the present study.

Soil erodibility factor (K): The soil map prepared after adequate ground truth collection was utilized to generate information on soil erodibility factor (K) and preparation of soil erodibility map. Since soil mapping unit was the association of soil series with dominant soil occupying 60 per cent and sub-dominant soil comprising 40 per cent area of the polygon, appropriate weightage (60% for dominant and 40% for sub-dominant) was given to different soil series in the association to prepare soil erodibility factor (K) map (Fig.2.2.5). The data indicate that in basaltic landscape, high K value was observed in plateau top and alluvial plain and low K value was observed in narrow valley. In granite-gneiss landscape, high K value was observed in plateau top, escarpment, isolated hills and subdued plateau and low K value was observed in upland. In laterite landscape, interfluves has high K value whereas broad and narrow valley has low K value. In sandstone/limestone landscape, high K value was observed in alluvial plain and low K value was observed in subdued plateau. The K value ranged from 0.42 to 0.48, 0.50 to 0.53, 0.53 to 0.58 and 0.48 to 0.62 in basaltic, granite-gneiss, laterite and sandstone/limestone landscapes. Comparatively, higher K value was observed in sandstone/limestone followed by laterite, granite-gneiss and basaltic landscapes.

Fig. 2.2.5. Soil erodibility Factor (K) map of Warora tehsil

Estimation of USLE Factors

Legend

Landsat ETM+FCC Physiography map

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Slope length and gradient factor (LS): The slope length and gradient factor (LS) determined for each physiographic unit of the area is presented in in figure 2.2.6. The data indicate that higher LS values (6.82 and 2.4) were associated with moderately steeply sloping (15-30%) to moderately sloping (8-15%) escarpment, isolated hills in granite-gneiss and hilly terrain, escarpment and isolated hills in sandstone/limestone landscapes. The low LS values were associated with very gently sloping (1-3%) to gently sloping (3-8%)lands.

Fig. 2.2.6. Slope length and gradient (LS) map of Warora tehsil

Crop cover and management factor (C): The land use/land cover map of the area generated through interpretation of satellite data and subsequent ground truth was used to generate crop management (C) factor (Fig.2.2.7). The data indicate that the C values varied from 0.1 to 0.38. In the study area, the dominant crop cover is the cultivated land (cotton, soybean, bunded paddy in kharif; wheat, gram, linseed and sunflower in rabi) followed by moderately dense forest cover. Higher C values were observed under cultivation followed by wasteland with scrub. The lowest C values were observed under dense forest cover.

Fig. 2.2.7. Crop management Factor (C) map of Warora tehsil

Conservation/support practice factor (P): The conservation practices generally followed in the area under different land utilization types were utilized with supportive literature. Higher conservation/support practice factor values were observed (Table 2.2.2) with forest and wasteland with scrub as these land utilization types does not have effective conservation measures. The cultivated lands have low conservation/support practice factor value as these areas are covered with field bunds. The conservation/support practice factor map is shown in figure 2.2.8

Fig. 2.2.8. Conservation/support practice Factor (C) map of Warora tehsil

Table 2.2.2 Estimated value of C, P factors under different land utilization types

Sr. No. Land utilization type C value P value

1. Moderately dense forest 0.02 1.0

2. Dense forest 0.01 1.0

3. Degraded forest 0.20 1.0

4. Cultivated 0.38 0.3

5. Wasteland with scrub 0.20 1.0

After estimating different USLE factors (R, K, LS, C, P), the total soil loss (A) is estimated by multiplying all the factors. Based on estimated soil loss (t/ha/yr), the area (Fig.2.2.9) was grouped under different erosion classes viz. very slight (<5 t/ha/yr), slight (5-10 t/ha/yr), moderate (10-15 t/ha/yr), moderately severe (15-20 t/ha/yr), severe (20-40 t/ha/yr) and very severe (>40 t/ha/yr). The very slight erosion (<5 t/ha/yr) areas covering 37.7% of TGA are associated with very gently sloping (1-3%) to gently sloping (3-8%) in all type of landscapes with cultivation, dense, and moderately dense forest. The slight erosion (5-10 t/ha/yr) areas covering 46.0% of TGA are associated with very gently sloping (1-3%) to gently sloping (3-8%) landscapes plateau top, isolated mounds, undulating

Soil erosion mapping

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land, subdued plateau, interfluves, upland and alluvial plain in basaltic landscape; subdued plateau, foot slope, upland, undulating land, interfluves, broad and narrow valley in granite-gneiss landscape; interfluves, undulating land, broad and narrow valley in laterite landscape and foot slope, subdued plateau, undulating land, upland, interfluves, broad and narrow valley in sandstone/ limestone landscape. These areas are and are mainly under cultivation and wasteland with scrub in patches. The moderate erosion (10-15 t/ha/yr) areas covering 10.9% of TGA are associated with moderate sloping (8-15%), gently sloping (3-8%) and very gently sloping (1-3%) landscapes escarpments, isolated mounds, undulating land, subdued plateau, interfluves and broad valley in basaltic landscape; escarpment, isolated hills, foot slope, undulating land, interfluves and narrow valley in granite-gneiss landscape; undulating land and narrow valley in laterite landscape and escarpment, foot slope, isolated hills, undulating land, upland, interfluves, broad and narrow valley in sandstone/limestone landscape. These areas are under cultivation, wasteland with scrub, moderately dense and degraded forest. The moderately severe erosion (15-20 t/ha/yr) areas are confined to gently sloping (3-8%) undulating land in basaltic landscape. These areas are under degraded forest and wasteland with scrub. The severe erosion (20-40 t/ha/yr) and very severe (>40 t/ha/yr) areas are associated with moderately sloping (8-15%) to moderately steeply sloping (15-30%) escarpment, isolated hills and hilly terrain in granite-gneiss and sandstone/limestone landscapes. These areas are under degraded forest and wasteland with scrub. The moderately severe, severe and very severe erosion constitute 0.5%, 2.0% and 0.3% of TGA respectively.

Fig. 2.2.9. Soil erosion map of Warora tehsil

Suggested soil and water conservation measures

Hilly terrain, isolated hills, escarpments and foot slopes are associated with moderate (8-15%) and moderately steep slopes (15-30%) under dense, moderately dense, degraded forests and wasteland with under scrub with moderately severe (15-20 t/ha/yr), severe (20-40 t/ha/yr) and very severe (>40 t/ha/yr) erosion. Afforestation of the moderately dense, degraded forest and wasteland with scrub with suitable tree species is recommended suitable tree species viz. Teak (Tectona grandis), Shivam (Gmelina arboria), Babul (Acacia sp), Khair (Acacia catechu), Palas (Butea monospersa), Char (Bucharamia langan), etc. Continuous contour trenches are to be taken up to conserve water, protect soil and support the plants. The subdued plateau top with very gentle slope (1-3%) is under cultivation and moderately dense forest with slight (5-10 t/ha/yr) and moderate (10-15 t/ha/yr) erosion. The cultivated lands need to be protected through proper field bunding. Afforestation programme has to be taken up in moderately dense forest areas to check soil loss. Isolated mounds with gentle slopes (3-8%) are under cultivation, moderately dense forest and wasteland with scrub. These are marginal lands with severe erosion (20-40 t/ha/yr). The agricultural lands need to be protected through field bunding, contour cultivation, vegetative barriers across the slope and establishment of vegetative cover in forest and wasteland with scrub are recommended. Undulating lands with substantial area (53.7%) is associated with very gently (1-3%) and gently sloping (3-8%) lands under cultivation, wasteland with scrub and moderately dense forest with very slight (<5 t/ha/yr), slight (5-10 t/ha) and moderate (10-15 t/ha/yr) erosion. The areas under very slight and slight soil loss need no immediate soil and water conservation measures as the soil loss is under tolerance limit. The tolerance limit ranges from 4.5 to 11.2 tonnes/ha/yr (Mannering, 1981). The areas under moderate erosion require conservation measures such as proper field bunding and optimum vegetative cover to reduce soil loss. In wasteland with scrub, agro-forestry, agri-horticulture and silvipasture interventions need to be adopted. Multi purpose trees like Teak, Sivan, Subabul, Albizzia, Acacia spp. etc. should be planted. Horticultural crops like Aonla, Custard apple and Ber are recommended. The interfluves, alluvial plain and narrow and broad valleys are on very gently sloping (1-3%) and gently sloping (3-8%) lands under cultivation, moderately dense and degraded forest with very slight (<5 t/ha/yr), slight (5-10 t/ha/yr) and moderate (10-15 t/ha/yr) erosion. The areas under moderate erosion need soil and water conservation measure such as establishment of field bunds in cultivated areas and vegetative cover in forest areas with suitable species.

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Division of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource StudiesDivision of Soil Resource Studies




Division of Soil Resource Studies

2.3a. Pedogenic threshold in benchmark soils under rice-wheat cropping sequence in a climose-quence of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

D.K. Pal, S. Lal, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P.L.A. Satyavathi, P. Raja, U.K. Maurya, S.L. Durge and G.K. Kamble

The soil samples collected from six states namely Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal (IGP region) were analysed for particle-size distribution, BD, saturated hydraulic conductivity, water dispersible clay (WDC), carbonate clay, pH, CaCO , Org. 3

C, exchangeable cations, CEC, cationic and anionic composition of the saturation extracts. The clay content is high in the eastern IGP (Barddhaman district) whereas it is low in western IGP, especially those areas which are overlain by sand dunes. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is generally not low, but soils with high sodicity (e.g. Dadde, Ghabdan, Phaguwala, Zarifa-Viran, Singhvita, Sarthua, etc. soil series) have HC less than 1

-1mm h . However, some soils from Barddhaman, Nadia and Hooghly districts of West Bengal have HC less than 1

-1mm h in spite of their very low ESP. The reason for this is not very clear, though it may be attributed to pan formation in these soils. The pH and CaCO are relatively 3

less in high rainfall areas (eastern part of IGP) than in low rainfall areas (western part IGP). However, pH values are not related with ESP values for some soil series such as Simri (Taitpur, U.P.), Sagar, Seoraguri and Singhvita (West Bengal). In case of Sagar series located in coastal W.B., however, it is justified because of high ECe values. The

2+saturation extract analysis shows the dominance of Ca -and HCO ions. Soils which showed higher ESP also had 3

higher SAR.

The XRD analysis of soils from Masitawali (Rajasthan), Sarthua (Bihar), Seoraguri, Chuchura and Singhvita (West Bengal) series have been done, however, for the sake of brevity only Chuchura and Singhvita presented here. XRD analysis of silt fractions of Chuchura soils (Fig. 2.3.1) shows the dominance of mica and kaolin followed by quartz, feldspars, vermiculite and chlorite and of Singhvita soils (Fig. 2.3.4) are dominated by mica, vermiculite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and mixed layer minerals. The total clay and fine clay fractions of Chuchura soils however, are dominated by smectites followed by HIV and hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) (Figs. 2.3.2 and 2.3.3). Small amounts of mica, kaolin, quartz and feldspars are also present in the clay fractions. The amounts of mica and kaolin are quite substantial in total clay fractions. The clay fractions of Singhvita was dominated by mica, vermiculite, HIV and mixed layer minerals followed closely by kaolin with small amounts of quartz and traces of smectites (Fig. 2.3.5 and 2.3.6). Presence of huge amount of dioctahedral smectite in Chuchura soils was envisaged (from a study at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur) to have originated from the Rajmahal Trap basalt. However, the rivers which brought the black soil alluvium have changed their direction at present due to tectonic activity.

The micromorphology study from benchmark soils Konarpara, Mohanpur (West Bengal) and Dhadde (Punjab) indicates that the soils of IGP consists predominantly of tiny grains of mica and feldspars (Fig. 2.3.7a), lublinites, a fibrous form of calcites (Fig. 2.3.7b) are also present. Plasma is not well separated, mainly exihibits stippled-specled b fabric and unistrial b fabric (Fig. 2.3.7c) that indicates resemblance of parent material characteristics. Occasionally, it also exhibits crystallitic, reticulate and granostriated b fabric. Channel voids are in abundance coated with clay pedofeatures and compound

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calcitic pedofeatures (Fig. 2.3.7d) followed by irregular voids. Fe/Mn Oxides concretions are also present (1-2%). Clay illuviations are expressed by argillans often broken (Fig. 2.3.7e), mostly found endocoated in a channel and irregular voids (4-5%), and occasionally in a soil matrix. Few broken impure clay pedofeatures (Fig. 2.3.7f), are also present (~1%). Presence of compound calcitic pedofeatures (CCPF) and impure clay pedofeatures (CPF) side by side and one coated over the other is also observed in many places in the soil matrix (Fig. 2.3.7g). There are also lublinite like fibrous pedofeatures which may be calcified roots and/or calcified pore spaces resulted due to earthworm activities or even formed due to anthrophogenic activites or artifacts, inclusion of xenolithic material during the preparation of thin sections cannot be ruled out. Feldspars which are observed are moderately to highly altered exhibiting etch pits (Fig. 2.3.7h). In general, it is observed that the IGP soils consist high amount of easily weatherable minerals such as mica and feldspars, which upon weathering, can realese quantum of nutrients that are available to crops. The huge amount of micas and feldspars are possibly derived from Shivaliks and Rajmahal traps from where the Indo-Gangetic alluvium has been derived. Many broken pedofeatures and channel voids and even shearing in soil matrix provides ample evidence of prevalence of non-pedogenic stress/neotectonic stress in the IGP of the study area.

In a collaborative project with IIT, Kanpur, a total of 92 core samples upto a depth of 50 m were taken. The results of 35 samples have already been reported during last year. The results of remaining 57 samples is discussed here. The soil samples are slightly to moderately alkaline up to a depth of about 33 m and below it the sediment samples are generally strongly alkaline. The CaCO content is 3

highly irregular and the organic carbon content is also not of much consequence indicating that there was little time lag between episodes of sediment deposition. Silt was the dominant fraction in most of the sediment samples. Clay fractions varied irregularly with depth and it was dependent upon the nature of sediments. There was an indication of clay illuviation, in some segment of depth but no general conclusions can be drawn.

XRD analysis of silt fraction shows the dominance of mica followed by chlorite, feldspars, quartz (Fig. 2.3.8) and small amounts of vermiculite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and kaolin. Smectites and hydroxy-interlayered smectites (HIS) are present in small to sub-dominant quantities in some layers. However, at about 40

2.3.b Interfluve stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochemistry of the central and southern Ganga plains (DST-ESS Project)

D.K. Pal, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P.L.A. Satyavathi, P. Raja, U.K. Maurya, S.L. Durge, A.M. Nimje and S.C Chivane

m depth smectite is present in dominant quantities. Both muscovite and biotite mica are present. On K-treatment and heating, smectites collapsed to 1.0 nm peak with ease indicating its affinity for K. This suggested that these are high charge smectites (HCS) close to the charge of vermiculite and their genesis is from biotite mica though an intermediate phase of vermiculite. However, the lower part of the core contains smectites which are of low charge type (LCS) which do not collapse to 1.0 nm very easily on K-saturation and heating. The presence of both HCS and LCS may indicate that the source of this sediment could be of different origin in addition to the source from the Yamuna river system.

The coarse clay fractions (2-0.2 mm) are dominated by mica and smectite from a depth of about 28 m to 35 m (Fig. 2.3.9). However, beyond this depth up to 50 m, the coarse clays are dominated by smectites. This is followed by sub-ordinate amounts of chloritised smectite, chloritised vermiculite and small amounts of kaolin, quartz and feldspars. These smectites collapse to 1.0 nm on K-saturation and heating at 110°C. The proportion of high charge smectite decreases in this fraction compared to the corresponding silt fraction. This also indicates that the HCS were formed as a transformation product of mica through the intermediate product vermiculte. The presence of small amounts of kaolin indicated that the material has been transported from high rainfall region and is a part of the sediment.

The fine clay fraction (<0.2 mm) are dominated by smectites and below a depth of 28 m, the average smectite content is more than 60% on a semi-quantitative basis (Figs. 2.3.10 and 2.3.11). This is followed by vermiculte (seldom chloritised vermiculite) and mica (Fig. 2.3.12). Small amounts of chlorite and feldspars are also present. As stated earlier presence of some trioctahedral HCS may be attributed to vermiculite from the Yamuna river system. However, presence of large amount of dioctahedral LCS is attributed to parent material other than Yamuna river system. The dioctahedral LCS appears to be originated from spheroidal weathering of basalt as the former is the first weathering product of Deccan basalt. This weathering of basalt to LCS must have required humid climatic conditions. Further the LCS have been preserved till date indicating a change in climate. The semi-arid climate is supported by the presence of pedogenic CaCO and strongly alkaline conditions. 3

Below a depth of 30 m the smectites were neither much chloritised nor the transformation of smectite to Sm/K was much favoured. This may be due to the onset of drier conditions where low charge smectites are preserved till date. The presence of appreciable amount of vermiculite in fine clay fractions owes its legacy to high mica content. The vermiculite in turn transformed to HCS which is evident from K-saturated and heated (at 110°C) samples.

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Fig. 2.3.3 Representative XRD diagrams of fine clay fractions of Chunchura soil

Fig. 2.3.1 Representative XRD diagrams of silt fractions of Chunchura soil

Fig. 2.3.2 Representative XRD diagrams of total clay fractions of Chunchura soil

Fig. 2.3.4 Representative XRD diagrams of silt fractions of Singhvita soil

Fig. 2.3.5 Representative XRD diagrams of coarse clay fractions of Singhvita soil

Fig. 2.3.6 Representative XRD diagrams of fine clay fractions of Singhvita soil

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Fig. 2.3.7. Photo mica graphs of thin section studies (a) Slightly altered plagioclase feldspar and tiny micas from Konarpara soils (20-28 cms) 5X,.(b) Lublinites and tiny micas from Mohanpur soils (102-110 cms) 5X, (c) Unistrial and partly stippled-specled b fabric, Mohanpur (130-138 cms), (d) Argillans associated with compound calcitic pedofeatures, Mohanpur soils, (102-110 cms) 5X, (e) Broken argillans caused by tensional stress, 5X, Dhadde, Kapurthala (122-130), (f ) Broken impure Fe/Mn clay pedofeature, (g) CPF and CCPF occurs together, Mohanpur soils (80-88 cms) 2.5X, (h) Partly altered feldspar with etch pits, Mohanpur soils (80-88 cms) 10X. Nicols crossed in all photomicrographs

b

d

f

h

a

c

e

g

Fig. 2.3.9. Representative XRD diagrams of the coarse clay fraction.

Fig. 2.3.8. Representative XRD diagrams of the silt fraction

Fig. 2.3.10. Representative XRD diagrams of the fine clay fraction

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IIT Kanpur Fine Clay Fraction (< 0.2u) Smectite %

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Sm

6239 (0- 0.4 m)

6243 (1.56- 1.76 m)

6247 (3.40- 3.62 m)

6251 (4.73-4.93 m)

6255 (5.61- 5.88 m)

6259 (6.95- 7.60 m)

6263 (9.05-9.50m)

6267 (10.70-11.10m)

6271 (11.80-12.05m)

6275 (13.30-13.80m)

6279 (15.09-15.39m)

6283 (17.55-17.88m)

6287 (20.19-20.39m)

6291 (22.85-23.25m)

6295 (24.42-24.85m)

6299 (26.00-27.82m)

6303 (28.99-29.34m)

6308 (31.23-31.78m)

6314 (34.50-35.30m)

6318 (38.40-38.83m)

6322 (40.97-41.55m)

6326 (44.94-45.50m)

6330 (48.23-50.00m)

Fig. 2.3.11. Depthwise distribution of fine clay smectite.

Fig. 2.3.5

IIT Kanpur Fine Clay Fraction (< 0.2u) Mica %

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

M

6239 (0- 0.4 m)

6243 (1.56- 1.76 m)

6247 (3.40- 3.62 m)

6251 (4.73-4.93 m)

6255 (5.61- 5.88 m)

6259 (6.95- 7.60 m)

6263 (9.05-9.50m)

6267 (10.70-11.10m)

6271 (11.80-12.05m)

6275 (13.30-13.80m)

6279 (15.09-15.39m)

6283 (17.55-17.88m)

6287 (20.19-20.39m)

6291 (22.85-23.25m)

6295 (24.42-24.85m)

6299 (26.00-27.82m)

6303 (28.99-29.34m)

6308 (31.23-31.78m)

6314 (34.50-35.30m)

6318 (38.40-38.83m)

6322 (40.97-41.55m)

6326 (44.94-45.50m)

6330 (48.23-50.00m)

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2.3.c Correlation of soil series of India

D.K. Pal, D. Sarkar, S.R. Singh, T. Bhattacharyya, Jagdish Prasad, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, B.P. Bhaskar, L.G.K. Naidu, A. Natarajan, K.M. Nair, J.P. Sharma, G.S. Sidhu, S.K. Mahapatra, U. Baruah, T.H. Das, S.K. Reza, D.S. Singh, D.C. Nayak, Krishnendu Das, R.L. Shyampura and R.S. Singh

Soil correlation has been an important mandate of the Division. Soil correlation is in vogue for every parcel of land surveyed by the Division as well as those soil series information obtained from Regional Centres of the Bureau and from other organizations. Recently efforts were made to take up correlation of soil series of India in a more comprehensive way and thus this project was formulated to add newly correlated soil series into the National Register of Soil Series.

Correlation means “to relate similar things”. By analogy soil correlation means to demonstrate equivalence between spatially–separated soil entities or bodies and map those areas given in the same name. This process is carried out for (i) consistent terminology, (ii) classification of each soil, (iii) establishing new taxa if necessary, (iv) establishing a mapping legend and (v) placing delineations in the correct legend category. Correlation is in practice a difficult and controversial process requiring substantial field experience and institutional memory. Field reviews for soil correlations are done to maintain standards and uniformity in conducting soil surveys and interpretation of the data, thus generated. It enables monitoring standards in soil survey, soil map and identifying soil series.

Soil series are differentiated on the basis of all the differential characteristics of the higher categories plus those additional and significant characteristics in the series control section. The four views of soil series are: (i) a natural entity resulting from a unique set of circumstances, (ii) a natural cartographic entity at detailed scales, (iii) the basic unit of information transfer and (iv) the lowest category in a classification system. A scientific methodology has been enumerated for establishment of the modal profile and for defining range in characteristics of soil profile. This method can be effectively used for correlation of soil series for soil survey and mapping. 180 benchmark soil series has already been compiled and documented for reference. Later 45 new established series have been identified for documentation. Thus, these 205 soil series have been entered into the National Register for Soil Correlation which is also available in the electronic format.

Soil surveys are expensive, labour intensive and time consuming exercises with empirical soil landscape models developed to make predictive statements about spatial distribution of soil classes. Models for predicting soil-

landscape distribution relate to soils/soil classes to topographic position in certain landforms, geology, vegetation and land use. These models are developed by inducting reasoning from field observations and are used to delineate soil classes, taxonomic or technical. The empirical techniques for classification is based on either statistical pattern recognition with fuzzy logic or decision trees or production rules. Unfortunately soil mapping rules and mental models for predicting soil-landscape distribution are not routinely recorded by surveyors and make it difficult for a new team of surveyors to use previous surveyors’ data.

The newly correlated soil series are listed below. These soil series have already been entered into the National Register.

Total No. of soil series correlated : 45

The soil series correlated are :

State (No. of Series) Name (Classification) of Soil Series

Andhra Pradesh (5) : Chitkul (Vertic Haplustepts), Kandalaswamy (Typic Haplustepts), Masanpalli (Typic Haplustalf), Nemlimet (Typic Haplustalf), Uplingapur (Rhodic Paleustalf)

Kerala (8) : Chimpukkad (Ul t ic Haplusta l f ) , Kar ingathode (Ul t ic Pa leusta l f ) , Kummankuzhi (Rhodic Paleustalf), Kuthannur (Udic Haplustept), Tolanur (Udic Haplustept), Atayyampathy (Typic Haplustalf), Ozhalapathy (Typic Haplustalf), Perumachalla (Typic Haplustalf)

Tamil Nadu (10) : Idayamelur (Typ ic Rhodus ta l f ) , Malampat t i (Typic Rhodusta l f ) , Tamaraikulam (Aquertic Natrustalf), Tamarakki (Vert ic Haplustepts) , Sivagangai (Rhodic Paleustalf), Kilthari (Typic Natraqualf), Kadangipatti (Typic Haplustalf), Salur (Vertic Haplustept), Melapoongudi (Typic Haplustept), Nalukottai (Aquic Natrustalf)

Sikkim (5) : Rayong (Humic Dystrudept), Maniram (Typic Hapludoll), Doling (Typic Argiudoll), Namchi (humic Utrudept) Nangjing (Typic Endoaquept)

Tripura (15) : S h i b b a r i ( Ty p i c K a n d i h u m u l t ) , Jagabandhupara (Typic Haplohumult), Gynama (Humic Hapludult), Khowai (Typic Endoaquepts ) , Nayanpur (Typic Endoaquep t ) , Nayanpur (Typ i c Endoaquept), Dhanpur (Fluventic Dystrudept), Goachand ( Typic Endoaqualf), Paschim Manu (Oxy-aquic Dystrudept), Netajinagar (Fluventic Dystrudept), Belianchef (Oxic Dystrudept), Bilthai (Typic Dystrudept), Chebri (Typic Dystrudept), Chailengta-I (Oxy-aquic Dystrudept), Ganganagar (Raptic-Ultic Dystrudept)

Dadra & Nagar : Pati (Lithic Ustorthent), Tinoda (Typic Haveli (2) Haplustept)

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2.3.d Predicting soil carbon changes under different cropping systems in soils of selected benchmark spots in different bioclimatic systems in India (DST sponsored Project)

T. Bhattacharyya, D.K. Pal, S.K. Ray, P. Chandran, C. Mandal, B. Telpande, and A. Deshmukh

Roth C-26.3 model was used to capture the change in organic carbon content in soils of two benchmark sites representing two long term fertilizer experiments (LTFE), one each in the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) and black soil regions (BSR). The LTFE sites of Mohanpur (West Bengal) and Akola (Maharashtra) represent typical alluvial soils of the IGP and the shrink-swell soils of the BSR, respectively. In Mohanpur, rice and wheat were grown annually while in Akola sorghum-wheat cropping system was followed. Actual mean monthly temperature and rainfall were used from 1951 to 2000 for Mohanpur and 1971-2007 for Akola. Soil moisture deficit (SMD) was calculated for the first three horizons of both the sites.

Mohanpur data showed that organic carbon added through external sources like, FYM, paddy straw and green manure increases total organic carbon (TOC). It was also observed that a regular application of NPK marginally influences TOC during the experimental period although it registered a TOC increase beyond 2004 when compared with the control. At both the sites, the rate of change of TOC will slow down between 2030 and 2050. The generated data for sub-surface horizons using Roth C 26.3 indicated that second and third horizons of Mohanpur have almost similar trend except that T1 (control) produced higher soil organic carbon (SOC) than T2 (100% NPK). Akola LTFE data indicated that TOC increased when organic carbon is externally added through FYM either in combination of inorganic fertilizers or alone. Regular application of NPK increases TOC. Application of S through gypsum, as is common in sodic black soils (Vertisols) of arid and semi-arid tropics, did not bring much change in TOC. The exercise to run the Roth-C model for the subsurface horizons produced similar trend of TOC turnover.

We presumed a subsequent increase in mean annual 0temperature of 0.25 C per decade over 100 years (1990 to

2090) as a probable effect of global warming and ran Roth C. TOC of top 69 cm decreased by 1.34 per cent in single layer when compared to a fall of 1.31 per cent when the same soil was modelled dividing it into three equal layers. It shows that treating soil as different layers will project actual effects of global warming in accelerating decomposition of soil C and the resultant release of CO 2

from soil organic matter. An effort was also made to estimate the modelled TOC stock change in different treatments in Mohanpur site assuming a mean annual

0temperature increase of 0.25 C per decade. Assuming

treatment 1, TOC stock as control, the data show that application of NPK fertilizers in combination with organic amendments could mitigate the effect of accelerated rate of soil organic C decomposition and can thus control the resultant release of CO from soil to 2

atmosphere.

Ferruginous soils developed from granite – gneiss under semi – arid (dry) climate of Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh was analyzed for chemical and mineralogical properties to understand the genesis of these soils.

These ferruginous soils are acidic at the surface and pH increases with depth. The lower layers are slightly alkaline. pH in KCl is always less than water pH and thus is DpH –ve, indicating presence of good amount of weatherable minerals. The soils are light textured with more than 50% sand throughout. Silt content is relatively low and more than 70% of total clay is composed of fine clay suggesting considerable movement of clay and formation of well developed argillic horizon. This is also evident from the presence of clay cutans observed in the field.

+2Exchange properties of soil indicate Ca as a dominant +2cation followed by Mg . CEC increases with depth

primarily due to increase in clay indicating its positive role towards contribution to CEC. On the basis of clay CEC. These soils can be grouped under semi-active (0.24 to 0.4

+ -1cmol(p )kg clay) as per Soil Taxonomy. The expanding 2:1 mineral and 1:1 – 2:1 interstratified minerals of the subsoil are responsible for the higher CEC and base saturation. Further the highly weathered surface layers of the past have been removed during erosional cycles in the dry climates and thus relatively less weathered sub-soil are exposed for the present land use. This is also confirmed by the presence of clay enriched B horizon followed immediately after the thin Ap horizon.

Mineralogy: X-ray diffraction patterns of the Ca-saturated samples of silt fraction (Fig. 2.3.13) indicate a dominant peak at 1.0 nm followed by 0.7 nm and 1.4 nm along with the peaks at 0.42nm and 0.31 to 0.32 nm ranges. On glycolation, the 1.4 nm peak expands to 1.7 nm indicating the presence of swelling type mineral i.e. smectite. On K treatment, the 1.4 nm peak disappears and reinforces the 1.0 nm peak indicating a high-charge smectite. The intensity of the 1.0 nm peak of mica decreases slightly on glycolation indicating that the interstratifications of 1.0 nm and 1.4 nm mineral. This is more prominent in the clay fractions. The persistence of 0.7 nm peaks in glycolated samples (Fig. 2.3.13) and its

0collapse after heating at 550 C indicate the presence of

2.3.e Genesis and classification of benchmark ferruginous soils of India

P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, T. Bhattacharyya, D. K. Pal and Dipak Sarkar

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kaolin. However, the 0.7 nm peak is branched at its tip and has a broad base stretching towards the low angle side. This clearly indicates that this mineral is not a true kaolinite but interstratified with 2:1 mineral. The small peaks at 0.32 to .031 indicate the presence of feldspars.

Fig. 2.3.13. Diffraction pattern of silt (Bt horizon) fraction. (Ca=Ca saturated; Ca-EG=Ca-saturated and ethylene-glycol solvated, K25,110,300 and 500 are

oK-saturated and heated at 25,110,300 and 500 C respectively; Sm=smectite; M=mica; K=kaolin, Q=quartz, F=feldspars).

The X-ray pattern of the clay fraction (Fig 2.3.14) indicates the presence of mica (1.0 nm), kaolin (0.7 nm) and small amount of 1.4 nm mineral. The 1.4 nm peak on glycolation shifts entirely to 1.7 nm indicating the presence of smectite. On K treatment and subsequent heating, this peak disappears and reinforces the 1.0 nm peak. This confirms that 1.4 nm mineral is a smectite. The decrease in intensities of 1.0 nm and 0.7 nm peaks on glycolation indicate that the mica and kaolin are interstratified with swelling type of minerals. This is more prominent for 0.7 nm mineral than the 1.0 nm minerals.

The presence of 0.7nm minerals interstratitied with 1.4nm minerals is more common in the ferruginous soils of India then reported earlier.

The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils indicate that these ferruginous soils are not formed in the present semi – arid climate. They were formed in an earlier humid climate wherein leaching of bases and development of acidity was the main chemical processes. Hence they are considered as relict soils of the humid climate during pre- Pliocene period. This fact is realized by the presence of kaolin mineral which is considered to be a weathering product of humid climate. Further the present day aridic environment is not conducive for (i) development of such deeply weathered profile with kaolin and (ii) a well developed argillic horizon with more than 30% clay. The thin Ap horizon followed by a thick argillic horizons and well developed structure also suggest that upper layers of ferruginous soils formed during earlier climate were removed by multiple erosional cycles. This has resulted in a truncated profile with considerable amount of weatherable minerals exposed for the present agricultural use. The Alfisols with kaolin and smectite described above are relict paleosols but polygenetic in nature.

Silt and clay fraction of the soils have considerable amount of mica. The ratio of 001 / 002 reflection of mica is much higher than unity indicating that mica consists of more biotite than muscovite. These micas survived the alternation during tropical weathering of pre – Pliocene period. During the semi- arid climatic conditions, however, the biotite micas have been weathered to high charge smectites. Thus the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties clearly indicate that due to truncation of the soils developed in the earlier humid tropical climate, the present day soils are the relatively unweathered part of the profile developed on granite-gneiss. Thus the present soils have a distinct advantage from the resource point of view and are better placed in terms of water and nutrient management than other ferruginous soils in humid and per-humid climates.

This project was initiated as per request from the Director, CRIDA, Hyderabad to generate detailed information on soils of the farm to carryout experiments on the basis of soil properties, for efficient use of the natural resources.

The research farm is situated in Hayatnagar village about 15km from Hyderabad. The total area of the farm about 280 ha, out of which about 35-40% is under deciduous forest and rock-outcrops. The remaining area is used for agricultural experiments of the Institute and for general agricultural activities. The climate is semi arid (dry) with mean annual rainfall of about 764 mm. The geology of the area is granite–gneiss.

2.3.f Detailed resources soil survey of Hayatnagar research farm of CRIDA, Hyderabad

P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P. Raja, U.K. Maurya, S.L. Durge, A. M. Nimkar, D. K. Pal, T. Bhattacharyya, C. Mandal , M.S.S. Nagaraju and Dipak Sarkar

Fig. 2.3.14. Diffraction pattern of total clay (Ca=Ca saturated; Ca-EG=Ca-saturated and ethylene-glycol solvated, K25,110,300 and 500 are K-saturated and heated at 25,110,300 and 500oC respectively; Sm=smectite; M=mica; K=kaolin, Q=quartz, F=feldspars).

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The farm was surveyed on 1:5000 scales. The IKONOS imagery received from CRIDA was used for field traversing and survey as the cadastral map of the farm was not made available. One hundred and sixty soil profiles/augers were examined and morphological properties were studied and 110 samples were collected for laboratory analysis. A total of 24 soil series were tentatively identified in the field. A field map has been prepared and it is under finalization.

The soils are shallow to deep, red in colour, sandy loam to clay in texture with well developed argillic horizon and developed from granite-gneiss. The soil profile appears to be truncated as there is a thin Ap horizon followed by clay enriched B horizon with well developed argillans.

The soils are slightly acidic to alkaline and the pH varies from 5.1 to 8.5. pH in KCl is always less than water pH indicating presence of good amount of weatherable

+ -1minerals. CEC of the soils varies from 8 - 26 cmol(p )kg . High CEC of the sub-soil also indicate presence of active

+2group of minerals. Ca dominates the exchange complex +2followed by Mg and the ratio is the therefore <1. The

amount of extractable Na and K are low

The laboratory analysis for other properties of these soils is in progress.

This project has been completed, presented in the SRC held during September 2008 and the final report (RPF-III) has been submitted and approved by the Chairman, SRC.

Higher the tetrahedral charge of a mineral, more will be the tendency of the mineral to be hydroxy-interlayered.

The non-exchangeable Li extracted by mild acid treatment exhibited very good relationship with vermiculite plus chlorite CEC. Thus this could be an alternate method to estimate the quantity of vermiculite plus chlorite.

The average layer charge densities determined for Paral soil clays (Akola district, Maharashtra) was the lowest reported till date and that for Bellary in Karnataka and Sait in Maharashtra were the highest for soils of India. Paral fine clays are low-charged smectites nearer to the layer charge of bentonite (Wyoming) clays having layer charge of 0.26 mol(-)/(Si,Al) O (OH) .4 10 2

2.3.g Determination of layer charge of 2:1 layer silicate minerals in soils of India

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S.K. Ray, P. Chandran, T. Bhattacharyya, D.K. Pal and S.L. Durge

Major outcomes of the project

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The increase in vermiculite plus chlorite charge and/or tetrahedral charge resulted in the increase in

+ exchangeable K . This fact assures importance in terms of K management in these soils.

The depth at which hydroxy-interlayering was found to be minimum corresponded to the depth of first occurrence of slickensides.

A new method has been developed involving 0.25 N EDTA solution (pH 7.0) which was found to be an effective extractant to remove the hydroxy-interlayer materials from soil smectites and which allows to estimate the actual layer charge of the crystal lattice of soil smectites of Peninsular India.

The methodology for determination of reduced CEC of clays was modified.

The Vertisol clays of both Linga and Pahur series are dominated by nontronite type of minerals as indicated from Greene-Kelly test and high iron content in the clay samples.

In general, the distribution of charge shows two types of charge density – low and high charge; low charge is much higher than high charge.

The layer charge densities determined for Paral and Boripani are the lowest values reported till date for soils of India. Paral and Boripani soils have low-charged fine clay smectites nearer to the layer charge of bentonite (Wyoming) having layer charge of 0.26 mol(-)/(Si,Al) O (OH) .4 10 2

The layer charge of fine clays of Paral soil series (Akola, Maharashtra) is slightly lower than Boripani soil series (Nagpur, Maharashtra). Inspite of the fact that Paral soils are sodic, it did not lead to hydroxy-interlayering and thus did not increase the layer charge.

0.25 N EDTA solution (pH 7.0) is an effective extractant to remove the hydroxy-interlayer materials of the soil smectites and this method allows to estimate the actual layer charge of the crystal lattice of soil smectites of Peninsular India.

Increase in layer charge resulted in the decrease in 2+ +moisture retention, exchangeable Mg and Na and

pH of the soils and in the increase in fine clay CEC, 2+exchangeable Ca , HC/ESP ratio and vermiculite +

chlorite (V + Ch) content. These relations showed further improvement when contribution of V + Ch towards layer charge was deducted and sole smectite layer charge was considered. The increase in V + Ch

+charge resulted in the increase in exchangeable K . This fact assumes importance in terms of K management in these soils.

Some major conclusions of the project

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2.3.h Development of protocols for digestion, standards and methods to determine elements in soil and sediments using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Hydroxy-interlayering is sometimes associated with sodicity such as in Sait and Nimone soils. However, it cannot be generalised because hydroxy-interlayering was not observed in sodic Vertisols of Paral and Sollapuram.

Hydroxy-interlayering is more at the surface and decreases with depth.

Increase in hydroxy-interlayering increases the layer charge of soil clays in spite of the fact that their CEC is less.

Determination of reduced CEC indicated that CEC as well as charge are distributed in both tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. The former shares higher proportion of charge (and CEC) than the latter. The tetrahedral share remained higher even after deducting the contribution of vermiculite and chlorite minerals towards CEC. Thus the tetrahedral and octahedral share of CEC as well as surface charge density are about 57% and 43%, respectively indicating that these soils may be more prone to hydroxy-interlayering.

The tetrahedral and octahedral CEC and charge density exhibited fairly good agreement with some soil properties indicating that these intrinsic properties of clay minerals govern the properties of Vertisols and associated soils which have high amount of smectitic clay.

AWC, pH, ESP, EMP and fine clay CEC increases while COLE decreases with increase in layer charge.

The study shows that the swell-shrink properties (COLE values) and clay CEC values are reflected in layer charge characteristics of soils.

The layer charges obtained also have implications on the K availability of these soils as low charge indicates rehydration after K saturation and high charge indicates lack of rehydration after K saturation.

One of the objectives of the project was to develop internal standards and standardise the working of ICP for a particular method and also to validate the accuracy with respect to various matrix solutions. For this purpose, single element standards were selected either in elemental

S.K. Ray, U.K. Maurya, P. Raja, P. Chandran, T. Bhattacharyya, P.L.A. Satyavathi and D.K. Pal

Selection of standards and their preparation

form or in their stable compounds and standards were prepared (Table 2.3.1) in concentration ranges of 10000, 1000 and 100 ppm. Standards of Ga, Si, Co and As were available in liquid form and therefore no further pre-treatments were required for these standards. All these standards were diluted to 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 ppm. Multielement standard solutions obtained from Merck (Germany) (Table 2.3.2) were also diluted in the same range.

Dual view (axial) torches were used to develop most of the methods. Besides this HF resistant torches along with HF resistant nebulizer and spray chamber have also been used. Concentric nebulizer was good for most of the methods which has less than 1% dissolved solids in the samples. V-groove nebulizer was used for samples containing high dissolved solids and/or organic solvents. Torch position was optimized and torch injector was placed 3 mm away from the load coil which is effective for alkali metals and “soft lines”. However, for the lowest detection limit for non-soft lines or “hard lines”, such as, As, Se, Hg and Mo, the torch injector was placed 6mm further from the load coil. Sample introduction pressure was also optimized. For alkali metals, the nebulizer pressure was kept at 40PSI whereas for hard lines, it was kept at 36PSI by increasing the pumping rate of 1.8 ml/min. Radio frequency (RF) power was kept at 1.2 to 1.4 kw for better detection of hard lines whereas it was kept at 1.1 kw for alkalis and other metals. Flow rate of coolant was also increased with increase of RF power. Prominent wavelength of all the elements with least interference from the wavelength of other elements were selected.

Mapping of the elements through preparation of echellograms is essential to familiarise the instrument with respect to a particular element. It is also used to position the analytical subarray over the observed emission intensity for a particular analytical wavelength. This exercise was carried out for all the elements. As an example, an echellogram of As is shown in Fig. 2.3.15.

In view of the fact that the purpose of analyzing a particular element or a group of elements differ, the methods of analyzing them also varies. Thus, it is necessary that each element or a group of elements to be standardized. This then becomes a particular method. The various methods developed are enumerated in Table 2.3.3. Methods were prepared by selecting suitable wavelength of elements to be analyzed.

Selection of specific torches and nebulizers

Mapping of elements by selecting suitable wavelength

Preparation of various methods

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ICP multielement standard solution XIII was used for the analysis of As, Hg and Se involving hydride generator with potassium borohydrite and V-groove nebulizer whereas Mo and Ti were analyzed using ICP multielement standard solution XVI.

Silica was determined after digestion in microwave using single element Si standard solutions of 1, 5, 10, 20ppm. S and P were determined using single standard solutions. To determine elements from solutions containing high solids (e.g. 1N MgCl solution), high solids – MgCl method was 2 2

used. This method was used to determine Fe, Li, Ca and Al

in solution. For each element, calibration curve (in linear, quadratic, etc.) and their respective scans were made to ascertain the accuracy and repeatability of the data. One of the representative calibration curve of As along with scans are shown in figures 2.3.16 and 2.3.17. The calibration curve of arsenic was most suited in quadratic equation as the graph is curvilinear. The scans of arsenic indicated a normal distribution.

Work involving standardisation of digestion procedures have also been initiated using the microwave digester.

Table 2.3.1 Elements compounds used for preparation of single element standards

Sr. No. Name of the Elements Name of the Compound Chemical formula

1. Ga Gallium ICP standard Ga(NO )3 3

2. Si Silicon ICP standard SiO2

3. Co Cobalt standard solution Co(NO )3 2

4. As Arsenic standard solution H AsO3 4

5. Al Aluminum Ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate NH Al (SO )2.12 H O4 4 2

6. Ag Silver Nitrate AgNO3

7. B Boric acid H BO3 3

8. Ba Barium Chloride BaCl .2H O2 2

9. Ca Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

10. Cd Cadmium sulfate hydrate 3CdSO .8H O4 2

11. Cu Copper (II) Oxide CuO

12. Fe Iron Oxide Fe O2 3

13. Hg Mercury Oxide HgO

14. K Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH PO2 4

15. Li Lithium Carbonate Li CO2 3

16. Mg Magnesium Oxide MgO

17. Mn Manganese Powder Mn

18. Na Sodium Carbonate Na CO2 3

19. Ni Nickel Powder Ni

20. Mo Ammonium molybdate (NH ) MO O .4H O4 6 2 24 2

21. P di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH )2HPO4 4

22. Cr Potassium dichromate K Cr O2 2 7

23. Pd Lead (II) nitrate Pb(NO )3 2

24. S Ammonium sulfate (NH )2SO4 4

25. Se Selenium dioxide SeO2

26. V Sodium vanadate NaVO .H O 2 2

27. Zn Zinc Powder Zn

28. Zr Zirconium oxide chloride octahydrate Cl OZr.8H O2 2

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Table 2.3.2 Multielement ICP standard solutions obtained for the present work

Sr. No. Name of multielement ICP standard solutions Elemental composition

1. ICP multielement standard solution IV23 elements in dilute nitric acid Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, Zn

2. ICP multielement standard solution XIII15 elements in Al, As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pd, Se, V,dilute nitric acid Zn

3. ICP multielement standard solution XVI21 elements in Sb, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn,dilute nitric acid Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, Tl, Ti, Y, Zn

Table 2.3.3 The various methods developed and the elements to be analysed

Sr. No. Name of the Method Elements analyzed(After Standardization)

1. SLD I Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn

2. TK Sen As3. SKR Test Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn4. Si-Method Si

5. Kamlesh total Ele. Li,Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K

6. UKMMcA Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn7. P.Chandran (Radial) Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn

8. Dakhane Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, K, Cu, Zn

9. PLAS Si Si10. Dakhane B B11. PLAS Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn

12. As analysis As

13. Hg analysis Hg14. Dakhane RTM B, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, K, Cu, Zn, Na

15. PLAS S&P S, P

16. Trainees As, Hg, Se analysis As, Hg, Se17. High solids – MgCl Fe, Ca, Al, Li2

Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K,

Fig. 2.3.15. Echellogram of arsenic

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2.3.i Ascertaining the pedogenetic processes for the clay enriched Bss horizons of Vertisols

P.L.A. Satyavathi, S.K. Ray, P. Chandran, P. Raja, S.L. Durge and D.K. Pal

The coarse silt (50-20 mm), medium silt (20-6 m), fine silt (6-2 mm), coarse clay (2-0.6 mm), medium clay (0.6-0.2 mm) and fine clay (<0.2 mm) fractions of two Vertisols viz. Semla Gondal of semi-arid dry climate and Sokhda of arid climate of Rajkot district in Gujarat were studied to understand inter-relationships between particle-size fractions and elemental composition.

The samples were digested in microwave with aquaregia and HF and determined elements with Inductively Coupled Plasma. The compositional components determined were Al O , CdO, CuO, Cr O , Mn O , NiO, ZnO, CaO, 2 3 2 3 2 3

PbO, Na O, K O, Fe O , Li O, MgO and CoO.2 2 2 3 2

Aluminum and iron are the dominant components in the soil samples. CaO, Na O, K O and MgO are present in 2 2

low amounts and others were nil to traces. The concentration of CaO and Na O appears to decrease with 2

decreasing particle-size from coarse silt to fine clay.

m

Distribution of major elements in relation with particle-size fractions:

Semla Gondal Pedon

Sokhda Pedon

Coarse silt : Al O content ranged from 10% to 26.4% 2 3

and irregularly distributed. The CaO content vary from 4.1% to 16.1% and decreased with depth. Na O also 2

shows decreasing trends and varies from 1.7% to 3.3%. K O values are low (0.4% to 0.8%). Profile exhibits 2

uneven distribution of Fe O and MgO (Table 2.3.4).2 3

Medium silt : Al O contents are irregularly distributed in 2 3

the profile and vary from 10.6% to 14.9%. CaO (2.6% to 3.7%) and Na O shows almost uniform distribution. K O 2 2

shows low values with uniform depth distribution. Fe O 2 3

contents ranged from 9.0% to 13.6% and are irregularly distributed. MgO varied from 2.0% to 3.9%.

Fine silt : Al O varies from 15.0% to 16.9% and again 2 3

shows irregular distribution. CaO varies considerably albeit irregularly from 0.6% to 4.3%. Na O varies 2

irregularly from 1.8% to 4.4%. K O shows low values in 2

the range of 0.8% to 1.3%. Fe O varies irregularly from 2 3

10.7% to 15.6% while MgO ranges from 3.4% to 6.3%.

Coarse + Medium clay : Al O shows irregular trends and 2 3

it content varies from 15.8% to 20.1%. Low concentrations of CaO are found to vary from 0 to 2.4%. Na O shows very low concentrations (less than 1%). K O 2 2

varies irregularly from 0.3% to 1.4%. Fe O shows 2 3

increasing trends and varies from 12.1% to 17.9%. MgO shows increasing trends from 5.6% to 7.7%.

Fine clay : Al O is irregularly distributed and its values 2 3

ranged from 15.2% to 19.5%. There was low concentration of CaO (0 to 0.7%) and N O (0 to 0.4%) 2

and K O (<0.5%). The Fe O and MgO contents varied 2 2 3

from 10.9 to 15.0% and 3.6 to 4.3 per cent, respectively, however, Fe O content increased with depth. 2 3

Coarse silt : Al O varies irregularly from 5.6% to 9.5%. 2 3

CaO varied from 0.8 to 2.2%. Na O shows uniform 2

distribution. K O shows values close to 1%. Fe O shows 2 2 3

an increasing trend. MgO varies from 1.9% to 2.5% (Table 2.3.5).

Medium silt : Al O concentration shows irregular with 2 3

depth and it varied from 9.7% to 14.4% and CaO from 0.5 to 1.3%. Na O content was fairly constant levels 2

(1.5% to 1.8%) but K O ranged from 1.1% to 1.5%. 2

Fe O showed significant variation (3.7% and 10.4%) 2 3

and MgO varied from (1.1% to 3.2%).

Fine silt : Al O and CaO contents ranged from 15.5% to 2 3

17.7% and 0.2% to 1.1%, respectively, but variation in

Fig. 2.3.16. Calibration curve of arsenic normal

Fig. 2.3.17. Scans of arsenic showing normal distribution

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Na content (0.8 to 1.3%) was narrow. The concentration of K O (1.7 to 2.4) increased with depth, however, 2

concentration of Fe O showed irregular distribution 2 3

ranging from 8.7 to 13.7 per cent. The MgO content had narrow range (4.2 to 4.9%) of distribution.

Coarse + Medium clay : Fe O shows a general increasing 2 3

trend from 22.6% to 28.2%. CaO shows generally low values varying from 0 to 0.7%. Na O shows fairly 2

constant values from 0.4% to 0.5%. K O varies 2

increasingly from 2.0% to 3.1%. Fe O varies irregularly 2 3

from 12.4% to 15.8%. MgO shows concentrations in the region of 5.3% to 7.0%.

Fine clay : Al O varied irregularly between 18.1% to 2 3

22.8% and Fe O from 0.7 to 1.3% and 12.4 to 13.2 per 2 3

cent, respectively. Similarly MgO content fluctuated between 3.5 to 4.6%.

Table 2.3.4 Elemental composition of silt and clay fractions in Semla Gondal pedon

Horizon Depth(cm) Al O CaO Na O K O Fe O MgO2 3 2 2 2 3

(%)

Coarse Silt

Ap 0-17 26.4 16.1 3.3 0.8 19.8 11.3

Bw1 17-42 13.0 5.6 1.9 0.5 13.4 5.0

Bw2 42-57 11.0 5.1 1.7 0.4 12.6 4.7

Bss1 57-86 10.0 4.1 1.8 0.5 11.4 2.8

Bss2 86-115 11.0 4.7 2 0.5 16.3 4.9

Bss3 115-144 11.0 4.1 1.7 0.6 12.0 2.7

BC 144-155 14.0 4.4 1.9 0.6 12.2 4.6

Medium Silt

Ap 0-17 15.0 3.4 2.6 0.7 9 3.3

Bw1 17-42 13.8 3.7 2.5 0.8 15.0 3.4

Bw2 42-57 14.4 3.7 2.7 0.8 13.6 3.2

Bss1 57-86 11.6 2.6 2.3 0.9 9.7 2

Bss2 86-115 14.1 3.5 2.7 0.8 13.3 3.4

Bss3 115-144 10.6 3.1 2.2 1 11.0 2.7

BC 144-155 14.0 2.8 2.3 0.9 12.0 3.9

Fine Silt

Ap 0-17 14.5 0.6 2.0 0.9 10.7 4.3

Bw1 17-42 17.0 2.0 4.4 1.2 14.5 4.4

Bw2 42-57 14.7 2.2 2.3 1 15.6 4.8

Bss1 57-86 13.2 1.3 1.8 1.3 12.5 3.5

Bss2 86-115 15.0 4.3 2.4 1 14.8 6.3

Bss3 115-144 13.1 1.0 2.0 1.3 11.5 3.4

BC 144-155 15.0 0.9 1.2 0.8 13.6 5.1

Coarse + Medium Clay

Ap 0-17 16.8 0 0.6 0.5 12.1 5.6

Bw1 17-42 20.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 18.0 6.3

Bw2 42-57 16.9 1.1 0.8 0.5 16.7 6.6

Bss1 57-86 18.2 0.5 0.6 1.4 16.2 5.8

Bss2 86-115 17.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 17.7 7.7

Bss3 115-144 17.6 2.4 0.6 1.3 17.1 7.5

BC 144-155 15.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 13.6 4.6

(Cont...)

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Fine Clay

Ap 0-17 15.6 0 0 0.3 1.0 3.6Bw1 17-42 19.5 0 0.1 0.3 14.1 4.2Bw2 42-57 17.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 13.6 4.4Bss1 57-86 16.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 14.0 3.9Bss2 86-115 16.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 13.7 4.8Bss3 115-144 16.2 0.6 0.2 0.5 15.0 4.4BC 144-155 15.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 12.0 4.4

Table 2.3.5 Elemental composition of silt and clay fractions in Sokhda pedon

Horizon Depth(cm) Al O CaO Na O K O Fe O MgO2 3 2 2 2 3

(%)

Coarse Silt

Ap 0-11 7.8 1.7 1.3 0.7 8.2 1.9

Bw1 11-37 9.1 2.2 1.6 0.9 8.8 2.5

Bw2 37-63 8.3 1.9 1.4 0.8 9.7 2.0

Bss1 63-98 9.5 1.9 1.7 1.0 10.3 2.0

Bss2 98-145 8.6 1.8 1.4 0.9 10.8 2.1

BC 145-160 5.6 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.7 0.2

Medium Silt

Ap 0-11 12.3 1.2 1.6 1.3 10.4 2.9

Bw1 11-37 10.8 0.7 1.6 1.1 9.5 2.4

Bw2 37-63 11.3 1.0 1.7 1.2 10.1 2.7

Bss1 63-98 14.4 1.3 1.8 1.4 12.0 3.2

Bss2 98-145 10.1 0.7 1.7 1.2 10.3 2.8

BC 145-160 9.7 0.5 1.5 1.5 3.7 1.1

Fine Silt

Ap 0-11 15.9 1.1 1.2 1.7 12.2 4.9

Bw1 11-37 15.5 0.2 1.1 1.7 12.1 4.2

Bw2 37-63 16.0 0.3 1.0 1.8 13.5 4.6

Bss1 63-98 16.1 0.7 1.2 1.8 13.4 4.8

Bss2 98-145 15.8 0.9 1.3 1.7 13.7 4.9

BC 145-160 17.7 0.3 0.8 2.4 8.7 4.8

Coarse + Medium Clay

Ap 0-11 22.6 0 0.4 2.0 13.1 5.3

Bw1 11-37 23.7 0.1 0.5 2.1 14.2 5.9

Bw2 37-63 23.6 0.7 0.5 2.2 13.7 6.4

Bss1 63-98 25.1 0.03 0.4 2.3 14.9 6.4

Bss2 98-145 26.8 0.1 0.4 2.3 15.8 6.5

BC 145-160 28.2 0.1 0.4 3.1 12.4 7

(Cont...)

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In both Semla and Sokhda soils the quantities of Al, Fe and Mg increased from coarser fraction to finer fraction of silt and this trend continued even in clay fractions. This may be due to the increasing abundance of phyllosilicates in finer fractions, namely smectites and more specifically montmorillonites due to higher amounts of Mg in the finer fractions. Moreover, there is a decrease in the amounts of Na and K from coarser to finer fractions of soil and no definite trend was observed within the profile. This may suggest that the smectities were not formed from Na or K-feldspars, otherwise their concentrations would have increased in the finer fractions. This data also goes to validate that there are no significant energy changes in Vertisols and the net change in entropy is positive.

The drainage of Waghari catchment have linear, areal and abstract attributes (Fig. 2.4.18). Waghari river originates at 460 m above MSL from Yavatmal plateau and joins the

2.3.j Study of the drainage morphology for development of the water resources of the Waghari river catchment in Yavatmal district, Maharashtra

S.R. Singh and B.P. Bhaskar

Penganga at <240 m above MSL after flowing a distance of 66 km. The river crosses this distance with average gradient of 2.6 m per km as evident from the curve (Fig.

22.3.19). It is spread over 900 km with its’ large net of tributaries and subsidiary streams total numbering 1879 belonging to I to VI order of streams (Table 2.3.6). Order of streams is closely governed by the slope conditions. Break of slope has given rise to next higher order. Average slope of the catchment ranges from <1% in the plains to 7% over the hills and ridges and escarpment. Order VI is the highest order covered a distance of 38 km. Length of I order segments ranges from 200 m to nearly a 4 km on the ground. The significance of the I order stream lies in its aggressiveness in headward erosion and run off. Total length of streams is 1743 km that has influenced the

2drainage density i.e. 1.94/km .

Inventory of morphometric characteristics of the main 2 tributaries related to V order segments (Table 2.3.7) is also made to trace the impact of the landforms on drainage. There is a significant variation in utilization of water resources. Despite more number of streams and more lengths of streams, the eastern tributary has less water than the Western counterpart.

Table 2.3.6 Waghari river catchment – Number, Order and Length of Streams

Stream I Order II Order III Order IV Order V Order VI Order Total Dd DfOrder

Stream 1466 312 79 19 2 1 1879 1.94 2.1Number

Stream 964.5 400.75 194.00 74.50 73.00 36.25 1743Length

Table 2.3.7 Hydromorphological characteristics of V order Sub-catchment of Waghari river

2Sub-Catchment Area(km ) No. of Length of Drainage Stream Average Circulatory Infiltrationstreams streams density frequency slope ratio No.

2(per km) (per km )

Eastern 315.01 686 608 1.93 2.17 2.3 0.35 4.2Tributary

Western 203.86 525 455 2.23 2.57 2.5 0.32 5.7Tributary

Fine Clay

Ap 0-11 20.4 0 0.04 0.9 12.5 4.5

Bw1 11-37 19.3 0 0.1 0.8 13 5

Bw2 37-63 18.1 0 0.1 0.7 12.4 4.6

Bss1 63-98 19.2 0 0.1 0.7 13.2 5.1

Bss2 98-145 18.3 0.04 0.1 0.7 13.2 5.3

BC 145-160 22.8 0 0.1 1.3 12.4 3.5

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Drainage channels are the common denominator for the landforms and land use of the area that have been separately derived from the IRS Liss III P6 imageries. Further analysis is continued.

The objective of this project is to characterize, classify and interpret the soils for the fertility and crop planning on 1:50000 scale. The work plan involves delineation of landforms (SOI) and its corresponding satellite imageries for ground verification of landform units. During survey, agricultural information collected for agrogeographic characterization and resource availability at tehsil level in the district (District Statistical and Economics Department, 2004-2005, District Yavatmal). The information has been complied, tabulated and discussed under different heads i.e. agro-geographic characteristics, land utilization particulars, crop concentration and combinations, per capita availability of cereals, pulses and fibre, agricultural efficiency and carrying capacity, water availability, rainfall, area under irrigation, types, number and mode of pumping of well water, poverty line and rural workforce in agriculture and soil-physiographic relationship.

Agricultural efficiency and land carrying capacity in relation to area under foodgrains and production density has been shown in figure 2.3.21.

2.3.k Reconnaissance soil survey in Yavatmal district,

Maharashtra

B.P. Bhaskar, S.R. Singh, M.S. Gaikwad, S.V.

Bobade, A.M. Nimkar, S.S. Gaikwad, V.N. Parad

and K.M. Gaikwad

Fig. 2.3.21. Agricultural efficiency and land carrying capacity in relation to area under food grains and population density.

A total of 1006353 hectares of area has been surveyed in district and a total of 903 soil profiles were studied and classifed upto subgroup level in Vertisols, Inceptisols, Entisols and Alfisols. Nearly 44.6 per cent of soil subgroups are Lithic Ustorthents, 8.54% of Typic Ustorthents, 13.2 % of Typic Haplustepts, 7.65 % of Lithic Haplustepts, 3.7% Vertic Haplustepts and Leptic Haplusterts. The occurrence of dominant soil subgroups with respect to lanforms is given below is shown (Fig. 2.3.22).

Middle plateaus (223 profiles studied consisting of 24.7% area) - dominant soil subgroups are Lithic Ustorthents (11.3% area) > Lithic Haplustepts (3.8% area).

Lower plateaus (21.4% area) - Lithic Ustorthents (8.97% area), Typic Haplustepts (3.2% area) and Typic Haplusterts (2.8% area).

Hills & ridges (16.94% area) - Lithic Ustorthents (12.95% area) and Typic Ustorthents (2.54% area).

Upper pediplains (16.38% area) - Lithic Ustorthents (12.95% area), Typic Haplustepts (3.2% area) and Typic Haplusterts (2.3% area).

Upper plateaus (4.9% area) - Lithic Ustorthents (2.0% area) and Typic Haplustepts (0.99% area).

Lower pediplains (4.31% area) - Typic Haplusterts (1.8% area) and Typic Haplustepts (0.88% area).

2.3k.1 Soil - physiography relationships

•

•

•

•

•

•

Fig. 2.3.18 Drainage of Waghari Catchment

Fig. 2.3.19 Gradient Curve Waghari River

DRAINAGEWaghari River Catchment

Yavatmal District

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Note: 1=hills &ridges,2=isolated hills, 3=mesa, 4=butte, 5=interveining valleys,6=upper plateaus,7=escarpments, 8=upper pediplains, 9=middle plateaus, 10=lowerplateaus, 11=lower pediplains,12=alluvial plains ,13=stony wastelands, 14= gullied lands, 15=valleys

Fig. 2.3.22. Histogram showing the distribution of soils in landforms

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2.3. lDetailed soil survey of Malegaon Khurd, tehsil Baramati, district Pune, Maharashtra

Jagdish Prasad, B.P.Bhaskar and Dipak Sarkar

The site is earmarked for establishing National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (under NRM Division of ICAR) at Malegaon, Tehsil Baramati, District Pune,

oMaharashtra cover an area of 76.49 ha (18 09’1.1'’ to o o o18 09’37.8'’ N and 74 39’0.1'’ to 74 30’8.5'’, computed

through GPS).

Basalt basic flows are horizontal in deposition, massive, dark gray, coloured, fine, jointed, fractured and vascicular zeolitic in nature. Deccan trap consists of laberoderite and Bytonite minerals, calcic in nature and important sources of trace elements to the soil.

The site is a basaltic subdued plateau with an elevation ranging from 547 to 565 m sloping towards south. Geomorphologically, the landscape is divided into summit, side slopes, shoulder slopes and backslopes. The radial drainage to all the directions owing to lesser length of slope leads to severe stony surface cover and gully formation in north-west and north-east of the land scape causing headward erosion. The ground natural features associated in nose slope parts are gullies wherein sparse scrub/grass cover on weathering front or soft sheet rock with rock outcrops (>40% surface cover) is common. In

rdeastern side, 1/3 part is excavated for murrum with breakup slopes of convex and concave pattern. The south-east part is under quarry wherein landscape is totally disturbed. The summit and backslopes are associated with 1-3% slope and side slope and shoulder slope upto 5-10%. The terracing (bunding) on summits and backslopes has been modified natural slopes (5-8 m apart depending upon slope) and are planted with Neem, Aonla, Shisham and Acacia spp. The site characteristics and soil profiles in the study is presented in Fig. 2.3.23.

The study site falls under the scarcity rainfall zone with mild winters and hot summers. Average annual rainfall is 693 mm, receiving mostly during June to September. The

omean annual maximum temperature is 30.7 C, mean oannual minimum temperature of 29.9 C and mean annual

otemperature of 27.4 C. The soil moisture regime is ustic and temperature regime is isohyperthermic.

The area is wasteland (upland with scrub). The social forestry department has tried for the plantation of neem, shisham, karanj and aonla in pits (4-7 m apart) prepared through drilling. The survival of these plants is meagre and few plant stands are visible in back slopes off south-west, north-west and north-east (above to quarry’s land). The grasses are Haryali (Cynodon dactylon), Lavala (Cyprus rotundus), Kunda (Ischemum pidasum), Tanduja (Amaranthus polygamus), Ekdandi (Tridex procumben), Tarwad (Cassia quariculata) and Calatropis spp.

The soil survey was carried out using cadastral map scaled at 1:10000 scale. A total of 106 profile studied with rapid field traverse with density of soil profile observations of

-11.39 ha . The soils were classified in the subgroups of Entisols and identified 6 soil series for generation of soil map with 12 mapping units defined as phases of soil series. The description extent of mapping units presented in Fig. 2.3.24.

Fig. 2.3.24. Description and extent of Mapping Units

SOIL MAP

National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR)

GAT No. 35 Malegaon (Khurd)

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1. Malegaon Series-1 : [Loamy-skeletal, mixed isohyperthermic (calcareous) Lithic Ustorthents].

Mlg1d2(g2)B3st2R2: Shallow (8-12 cm deep), brown (10YR 4/3 and 10YR 5/3), gravelly sandy loam occurring on very gently sloping summit associated with severe erosion, moderately stony and rocky. Soils are underlain by saprolite upto 24 cm and thereafter hard rock.

2. Malegaon Series-2 : [Loamy-skeletal, mixed isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents].

Mlg2d2(g1)D2g1st1: Shallow (8-13 cm deep), reddish brown (5YR 4/3), gravelly sandy clay loam occurring on shoulder slopes (5-10%) but terraced one and associated with slightly gravelly and stony. These soils are underlain by saprolite upto 29 cm and thereafter hard rock.

3. Malegaon Series-3 : [Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents].

Mlg3d1(g2)D3st2R3: Very shallow (<7.5 cm deep), pale brown to brown (5YR 5/3,6/3), sandy loam soils occurring on moderately sloping (5-10%). These are severely eroded, moderately stony and associated with severely rock out crops (non-calcareous). These soils are underlain by saprolite upto 15 cm and then hard rock.

4. Malegaon Series-4: [Loamy-skeletal, mixed (calcareous) isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents].

4.0 Mlg4d2C(g2)C3st1R2 : Shallow, brown (7.5YR 4/3), sandy loam, moderately gravelly, gently sloping (3 to 5%) severely eroded, slightly stony, moderately covered with surface rockout crops.

4.1 Mlg4d2h(g2)C3st2R2: Shallow (11-17 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/3), sandy clay loam, moderately gravell, gently sloping (3 to 5%), moderately stony, moderately covered with surface rockout crops.

4.2 Mlg4d2C(g3)C3R3: Shallow (9-18 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/3), sandy loam, severely gravely, gently sloping (3 to 5%), strongly covered with surface rock outcrops.

4.3 Mlg4d1c(g1)C3st2: Very shallow (<7.5 cm), brown (7.5YR 3/3), sandy loam, slightly gravely, gently sloping (3 to 5%) moderately stony.

5. Malegaon Series-5 : [Sandy-skeletal (non-calcareous), isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents].

5.0 Mlg5d1b(g1): Very shallow (<7.5 cm),, brown (10YR 5/3, 4/3), loamy sand, slightly gravely, quarried land.

5.1 Mlg5dlb(g2) D3St2R3: Very shallow (<7.5 cm), brown (7.5 YR 5/3), loamy sand, moderately gravelly, moderately sloping (5-10%), severely eroded, moderately stony and rocky.

6 Malegaon Series-6: [Loamy, mixed (calcareous), isohyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents]

6.0 Mlg6d2h(g1)B2: Shallow (9-20 cm), brown (10YR 5//3), sandy clay loam, slightly gravelly, very gently sloping (1-3%), moderately eroded.

6.1 Mlg5d1b(g1): Very shallow (<7.5 cm), brown (10YR 5/3, 4/3), loamy sand, slightly gravely, quarried land.

6.2 Mlg5dlb(g2) D3St2R3: Very shallow (<7.5 cm), brown (7.5 YR 5/3), loamy sand, moderately gravelly, moderately sloping (5-10%), severely eroded, moderately stony and rocky.

Reconnaissance soil survey of Wardha district (628900 ha) was carried out to generate soil map on 1:50000 scale and (ii) to evaluate soil mapping units for land use plan. Six landforms were delineated viz. plateaus, eroded hills, valleys, gently sloping plains, dissected flood plains and table lands. Thirty eight soil series were identified and mapped into thirty three mapping units (Fig. 2.3.25). These soil mapping units defined in terms of soil series associations.

The arability and irrigability analyses showed that 66 per cent of area is arable and also suitable for irrigation with a limitations of erosion, soil depth, texture and permeability. The non-arable lands covering an area of 34 per cent was evaluated for its suitability to forestry and wildlife conservation. The soil site suitability analyses for arable land consisting of 23 units showed that 24% of

2.3.m Reconnaissance soil survey, mapping, correlation and classification of Wardha district (Maharashtra) for land use planning

J.P. Sharma, P. Raja, K.M. Nair, B.P. Bhaskar and Dipak Sarkar

Fig. 2.3.25. Soil map

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land is suitable for cereals in combination with cotton and sugarcane (Fig. 2.3.26). The land resource inventory had clearly brought out the allocation of land based on soil –site information for different categories of land use to enhance productivity of local crops.

2.3n. Reconnaissance soil survey, mapping, correlation and classification of soils of Dindori district

Jagdish Prasad, S.R. Singh and A.M. Nimkar

Reconnaissance soil survey (1:50,000) of the district was carried out with an objective to generate soil map and different thematic maps (14 Nos.) to make decisions on rational land use planning. There were 29 soil series (tentative) and mapped into 17 mapping units over 8 physiographic units. Nearly 52.02% of TGA was arable and rest being non-arable. Entisols were dominant one followed by Inceptisols, Alfisols, Vertisols. The severely eroded soils cover nearly 24.36% while moderately and slightly acidic soils occupy 24.09 and 44.35% of TGA respectively. The database generated so far indicated potentiality of district for forest (teak and sal) and other multipurpose trees. The inclusions of agro-forestry, agro-horticulture and pasture many change the scenario of substance forming, insitu water conservation and water harvesting during monsoon period would be welcome approach in view of frequent failure of bunded rice (particularly in deep soils) due to moisture stress and possibility of growing rabi crops (utera farming) on residual moisture. The progress of the project has been presented in SRC and thereafter RPF-III and report of the project has been submitted. The physiography, soil and soil pH maps have been appended here.

WARDHASoil Suitability for Cotton

Fig. 2.3.26. Soil-site suitability for cotton

Description of legend (series)

Cht: Chatiya Pki: Palki

Dnl: Dhanauli Kkj: Kikarijhar

NS II: Neosa II Crd: Chauradadar

Stl: Sarastal Kmt: Kukarramath

Hkt: Hathkata Myk: Muriyakalan

Brg: Bargai Psh: Paraswah

NS I: Neosa I Rhg: Rahangi

Sjr: Sahajpuri Pdk: Pudurkhi

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2.3.o Soil Resource mapping (1:50,000 scale) of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh for land use planning

2.3.p Evaluation of different pedotransfer functions for estimation of water retention in soils of basaltic terrain

Jagdish Prasad, S.R. Singh and A.M. Nimkar

N.G. Patil and Jagdish Prasad

Based on the geology and landforms, the district is divided into 24 physiographic units (Annual Report, 2000-2008). The write-up of fifty four series is completed. The analysis of soil samples for sand, silt, clay, bulk density, water retention at 33 and 1500 kPa, COLE and LE (wherever is needed), pH, EC, organic carbon, CaCO , exchangeable 3

Ca, Mg, Na, K, DTPA-extractable, micronutrient, available N and P (surface horizons) is over. The determination of CEC and bulk density and writing of report is in progress.

The objective of the project was to measure water retention characteristics of soils of Kokarda and Panubali watersheds. To estimate water retention characteristics from the physical properties of the soils using developed ANN model and To evaluate estimation model(s) Water retention characteristics of soils of the Kokarda watershed, representative of basaltic terrain were analyzed for seven different suction pressure points (-5,-10,-33,-100,-500,-1000, and -1500 kPa) and van Genuchten (VG) function

2was fitted (R =0.9521, RMSE 0.0287) to the laboratory measured data. The function is described as

Where, È(h) denotes the volumetric 3 - 3w a t e r c o n t e n t ( L L ) a t t h e

corresponding soil-water matric head h (L), È saturated soil water content, È s r

residual soil water content, Ü scaling -1parameter (L ), n a curve shape factor,

and m an empirical constant that can be related to n.

Relationship (PTF) between fitted VG parameters and basic soil properties were calibrated. Statistical indices used to evaluate PTFs were root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of

2determination (R ). Linear regression analysis was done to compare the estimated and measured soil water contents. The VG function fitted well to

2the retention data (Fig. 2.3.27) as indicated by R =0.9521 and RMSE 0.0287. Average values of parameters È , r

È ,Ü, and n were 0.068235, 0.332431, 0.002753, s ,

1.408235 respectively. VG function parameters fitted to the measured retention data were then used for calibrating neural network PTFs. Basic soil properties, namely, textural composition and bulk density were related to the VG parameters. Calibrated PTFs could predict the VG parameters È , È ,Ü, and n with RMSE r s ,

0.030, 0.003, 0.002 and 0.24 respectively (Fig. 2.3.28).

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Measured water retention (%)

Es

tim

ate

d w

ate

r re

ten

tio

n (

%)

R2 = 0.9521

y = 0.945x + 0.0191

Fig. 2.3.28. Fitted and predicted VG parameters

Fig. 2.3.27. Measured and predicted water retention data using VG function

( )mn

rsr

hh

)(1)(

a

qqqq

+

-+= (1)

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The results clearly demonstrated that soil survey information could be used to predict hydraulic properties of soils with accuracy. Thus a user of PTFs can easily predict water retention characteristics using basic soil survey data. Estimates of water retention obtained using

3 -3‘Rosetta’ were imprecise with large RMSE (> 1 m m ). Thus application of ‘Rosetta’ was ruled out for this dataset.

Required input data for PTF calibration was collected and input files were prepared in ASCII format for neural analysis. Attempt was made to calibrate PTFs using ‘Neuropath’ a computer code. The relationships between basic soil data and saturated hydraulic conductivity were developed. However, the error element could not be minimized. This was attributed to inability of the code to handle more than 25-30 data points at a time. The PTFs will now be after acquiring specialized software.

Required input data was collected and input files were prepared in ASCII format for neural analysis. Attempt was made to calibrate PTFs using ‘Neuropath’ a computer code. The relationships between basic soil data and bulk density were developed. However, the error element could

2.3.q Estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density of the vertisols and vertic intergrades from published research and soil survey data.

1. Calibration of pedotransfer functions to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity of Vertisols and Vertic intergrades

2. Estimating soil bulk density from available soil survey data

Sub-projects :

N. G. Patil, S. K. Ray, T. Bhattacharya, C. Mandal, D. K. Mandal, D. K. Pal and Dipak Sarkar

N.G. Patil and S.R. Singh

not be minimized. This was attributed to inability of the code to handle more than 25-30 data points at a time. The PTFs will now be after acquiring specialized software.

Dhar district, is in Western part of the Madhya Pradesh State. The total geographical area of the district is 8153 sq. km. and is located between 22°01’ to 22°14’N latitude and 74°28’ to 75°42’ E longitude. It is divided into seven tehsil viz., Dharmpuri, Gandwani, Kukshi, Sardarpur, Badnawar, Manawar and Dhar. It has been classified as transitional eco-system of moist semi-arid and dry sub-humid climatic type. Geology of this area is mainly of granite (24%) and constitute thin porous layer of earthy basalt. Physiographically the whole district lies on the Malwa Plateau with elevation ranges between 350 and 800 meters above the MSL. In the south the plateau is steeply sloping, which gradually merges with Berar plain. The Plateau is highly eroded in the north, giving raise to residual hills and escarpments.

After 80’s majority of the agricultural areas in Dhar district is occupied by soybean crop during kharif. Continuous cropping with soybean leads to decrease in factor productivity which is mainly due to depletion of sulphur along with soil organic carbon (SOC). To overcome the problem and to evolve and effective alternate cropping pattern for soybean growing regions of Dhar district, this study has been initiated. Soybean growing areas of Dhar district was demarcated using satellite imageries. Physiographic base maps were prepared based on the soybean growing areas (windows). Sample strips were marked in the demarcated areas for soil sampling.

2.3.r Characterization and evaluation of carbon (SOC) and sulphur status in soybean growing areas of Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh to suggest an alternative cropping pattern

K. Karthikeyan, Jagdish Prasad, Pushpanjali, S.R Singh and Dipak Sarkar

Geographical Information System (GIS)

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2.4.a Design and Development of Spatial Soil Database and their Analysis in GIS

A.K. Maji, G.P. Obi Reddy and Sunil Meshram

The project aimed at generating the spatial database of soils at 1:250,000 scale of all the states in the country. States for which soil information was generated earlier on

1: 500,000 scale were re-digitized on toposheet basis (1:250,000 scale) to create parity in soil resource database in GIS. The state wise soil information has been generated for all the states of the country. Presently the compilation of state wise soil information is in progress in GIS to keep the soil information of India on 1:250,000 scale in a single file (Fig. 2.4.1).

Fig.2.4.1. Compilation of soil resource database of India at 1:250,000 scale (in progress)

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District level soil information: In the reporting year, Chengalpattu and Dharmapuri districts of Karnataka state has been taken up to generate district level soil information on 1:250,000 scale for agricultural planning. The various thematic maps of the district were generated

by clipping the state thematic layers based on the district boundary and area analysis has been carried out for the generated thematic layers. The generated thematic maps on soil parameters and suitability for rice and sorghum were shown in figures 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.

Fig.2.4.2. Soil information at district level for Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu

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48

2.4.b Ecological Evaluation of Land Resources and Land Use Systems for Sustainable Development at Watershed level in Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Vidarbha Region, Maharashtra Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques (AP Cess Fund)

G.P. Obi Reddy, A. K. Maji, M.S.S Ngaraju, S. Thayalan and V. Ramamurthy

Analysis of land transformation processes in the selected watersheds over a period of 25 years (1980-81 to 2005-06) shows that in Borgaon Manju watershed area under cotton/pigeonpea-fallow system has been reduced from 33.6 to 23.6 per cent (Fig.2.4.4). At the same time, area under cotton-fallow has been increased from 2.7 to 9.0 per cent. In the same period, area under sorghum-fallow system has been reduced drastically from 12.8 to 3.4 per cent. This transformation in the land use systems clearly indicates the shift from subsistence to commercial cultivation. In Mohari watershed, area under rainfed rice-fallow system has been reduced from 31.0 to 14.1 per

cent. At the same time, area under irrigated rice-fallow system has been increased from 12.3 to 32.4 per cent. This phenomenal shift might be due to introduction of canal irrigation in the mid 1980’s. The area under rainfed rice-sorghum/wheat/bengal gram/linseed systems has been reduced from 3.0 to 0.8 per cent. Significantly, the traditional land use systems like sorghum-fallow and sorghum-wheat/bengal gram/linseed have been totally replaced by other systems. The soybean-fallow system seems to be emerging as a new system in rainfed areas. In Vihirgaon watershed, area under rice-fallow system has marginally increased about 1.5 per cent and at the same time area under rice-fallow system shows marginal reduction of 0.5 per cent. Area under rice-sorghum/ wheat/bengal gram/linseed has been reduced significantly by 4.3 per cent over a period of 25 years. Significant shift in land use towards soybean crop has been noticed and the area under different combinations of soybean crop has been increased from almost negligible area in the year 1980-81 to about 13.5 per cent in the year 2005-06.

Fig.2.4.3. Soil information at district level for Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu

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Fig.2.4.4. Dynamics of major land use systems in Borgaon Manju watershed

In Borgaon Manju watershed, the cropping intensity was increased by 4.0 per cent from 108.0 to 112.0 per cent. Whereas, in Mohari watershed, due to reduction in double cropped area, the overall cropping intensity was reduced by 5.1 per cent from 112.1 to 107.0 per cent. In Vihirgaon watershed, the cropping intensity was declined marginally by 3.4 per cent from 135.0 to 131.6 per cent over a period of 25 years. To enhance the cropping intensity in Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds, leguminous crops in rabi season need to be encouraged. Analysis of socio-economic parameters shows that the population pressure is more in Borgaon Manju (2.5 p/ha.) and Mohari (2.0 p/ha) watersheds than in Vihirgaon watershed (1.1 p/ha). Mohari watershed has highest animal population density of 1.21 (a/ha) followed by 1.11 (a/ha) in Borgaon Manju and 0.68 (a/ha) in Vihirgaon watershed. It indicates the need of proper management of land resources in the watersheds to sustain the human and animal population pressures. The comparative analysis shows that 50.0 per cent of the cultivable area in Borgaon

Manju watershed is under medium and large farm holdings, whereas, in Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds it is only 11.3 and 10.8 per cent respectively. The area under marginal and small land holdings in Borgaon Manju, Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds is 20.7, 32.9 and 20.2 respectively and indicates that the land holding pressure is more in Mohari watershed followed by Borgaon Manju and Vihirgaon watersheds.Carrying capacity in the watersheds has been assessed based on the availability and requirement of food grains in terms of calories for human population and availability and requirement of forage (dry matter) for animal population for the year 2005-06. Based on the gap analysis, the surplus and deficit zones of carrying capacity both for human and animal population has been ranked and the composite carrying capacity index (CCI) has been generated to assess the overall carrying capacity and to identify the surplus and deficit zones in the watersheds. Watershed wise number of villages both in food grains and fodder surplus and deficit (Table 2.4.1).

Table.2.4.1 Watershed wise number of villages both in food grains and fodder surplus and deficit

No. of villages

Surplus Deficit

Watershed >75 50-75 25-50 0-25 0-25 25-50 50-75 >75

Borgaon Manju 0 0 2 3 7 5 12 7

Mohari 3 3 10 16 3 2 2 1

Vihirgaon 5 1 8 9 3 2 1 1

Cotton/pigeonpea-Fallow

Cotton-Fallow

Cotton/sorghum-Fallow

Cotton/pigeonpea-Wheat/bengal gram/safflower

Cotton/mung bean-Fallow

Mung bean-Fallow

Sorghum-Fallow

Soybean-Fallow

Current fallows

Permanent fallows

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

% A

rea

ch

an

ge

80-81 85-86 90-91 95-96 00-01 05-06

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50

In Borgaon Manju watershed, very low CCI zone having the rank 7 is very low in meeting the food grains demand and fodder requirement and it ranges from 50 to 75 per cent deficit and covers an area of 42.3 per cent. The extremely low CCI zone having the rank 8 is under extremely low food grains and fodder availability and the deficit is more than 75 per cent of the requirement and covers an area of 17.79 per cent. In Mohari watershed, very low CCI zone having the rank 7 is very low in meeting the food grains and fodder demand ranges from 50 to 75 per cent deficit and covers an area of 1.4 per cent. The extremely low CCI zone having the rank 8 is associated with very thick human and animal population with low cultivable area and covers an area of 0.5 per cent. In Vihirgaon watershed, very low CCI zone having the rank 7 is very low in meeting the food grains and fodder demand ranges from 50 to 75 per cent deficit and occupy with an area of 0.2 per cent. The extremely low CCI zone having the rank 8 has been found in untreated part of the watershed with an area of 1.5 per cent. Efforts need to be made to bridge the gap between the fodder availability and requirement in three watersheds.

The multi-thematic vector database on landforms, slope, soil depth, soil erosion, degraded lands and land use/land cover layers generated from remotely sensed data, field surveys and collateral data have been integrated in GIS using vector overlay techniques to delineate distinct composite land resources units (CLRU’s). Forty one distinct CLRU units in Borgaon Manju, forty distinct CLRU units in Mohari watershed and forty six distinct CLRU units in Vihirgaon watershed have been identified (Fig. 2.4.5).

The analysis of ecological sustainability of CLRU’s in Borgaon Manju watershed shows that the major limitations are very low sustainability index, gentle to moderate slopes, moderate erosion hazards, very low ecological potentials of land resources and land use systems, very low groundwater potential and carrying capacity. The units of low and very low Ecological Sustainable Index (ESI) cover 40.35 and 48.35 per

Fig.2.4.5. Composite land resource units of Borgaon Manju Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds

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cent respectively and the units under these two classes are sensitive and potential of these units needs to be improved with appropriate soil, water and bio-resource conservation measures. The area under these ecologically fragile systems is mainly noticed in the upper reaches of the watershed with an area of 25.4 per cent. From ecological point of view, these areas are sensitive and ecological potential of these units needs to be improved with appropriate soil, water and bio resource conservation measures to enhance ecological integrity in the watershed. The units under low ESI (50-60) and very low ESI (>60) have potentials of moderately good to good forest cover of ecological importance and the limitations are land with out scrub with moderate erosion hazards associated with degraded forest and soil acidity.

Based on the composite values of Ecological Sustainability Index (ESI) , the CLRU’s have been grouped into five Ecological Sustainable Zones (ESZ) i.e. very highly sustainable (<30), highly sustainable (30-40), moderately sustainable (40-50), low sustainable (50-60) and very low sustainable (>60). Based on their ecological sustainability index (ESI), the potentials and limitations have been analyzed to find out the ecologically sensitive units in the watersheds. Ecological Sustainable Zones (ESZ) maps of Borgaon Manju, Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds are shown in figure 2.4.6.

In this project, the soil pH and acid soil map of India have been generated in GIS. To know the extent of area under different pH classes like strongly acidic (pH< 4.5), moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5), Neutral (pH 6.5-7.5), slightly alkaline (pH 7.5-8.5), moderately alkaline (pH 8.5-9.5) and strongly alkaline (pH >9.5), state wise areas have been worked out (Table 2.4.2). The generated acid soil map of India under this project has been used to estimate the land degradation/wastelands of India.

2.4.c. Soil Quality Mapping of Different States and

India (1:250,000 scale)


Fig.2.4.6. Ecological sustainability zones in Borgaon Manju, Mohari and Vihirgaon watersheds

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Tab

le 2

.4.2

. Are

a u

nd

er

dif

fere

nt

pH

cla

sse

s a

t st

ate

lev

el.

(sq.

km)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

(sq.

km)

(%)

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

aA

rea

Are

a

1.A

ndhr

a Pr

ades

h27

5045

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2827

4.63

10.2

857

154.

3520

.78

6312

2.83

22.9

519

335.

667.

030.

000.

0010

7157

.53

38.9

627

5045

100

2.A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

8374

347

758.

6357

.03

1742

6.92

20.8

126

88.1

53.

2155

2.70

0.66

6104

.86

7.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9211

.73

11.0

083

743

100

3.A

ssam

7843

823

5.31

0.30

2331

1.77

29.7

223

327.

4629

.74

2655

1.26

33.8

50.

000.

000.

000.

000.

000.

0050

12.1

96.

3978

438

100

4.B

ihar

9397

90.

000.

0036

6.52

0.39

2325

0.40

24.7

424

932.

6326

.53

4043

9.16

43.0

322

36.7

02.

380.

000.

0027

53.5

82.

9393

979

100

5.C

hhat

tisg

arh

1348

0515

36.7

81.

1463

034.

8246

.76

4386

5.55

32.5

410

555.

237.

8315

812.

6311

.73

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1348

0510

0

6.D

elhi

1483

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

105.

597.

1287

9.72

59.3

20.

000.

000.

000.

0049

7.69

33.5

614

8310

0

7.G

oa37

0237

.76

1.02

1142

.44

30.8

619

10.9

751

.62

473.

8612

.80

16.6

60.

4512

.22

0.33

0.00

0.00

108.

102.

9237

0210

0

8.G

ujar

at19

6024

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3150

1.06

16.0

785

270.

4443

.50

4659

4.90

23.7

70.

000.

0032

657.

6016

.66

1960

2410

0

9.H

arya

na44

212

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3055

.05

6.91

3024

5.43

68.4

110

584.

3523

.94

0.00

0.00

327.

170.

7444

212

100

10.

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

5567

30.

000.

0015

69.9

82.

8216

206.

4129

.11

1229

8.17

22.0

931

17.6

95.

600.

000.

000.

000.

0022

480.

7640

.38

5567

310

0

11.

Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir22

2236

0.00

0.00

955.

610.

4314

800.

926.

6634

868.

8315

.69

8378

.30

3.77

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1632

32.3

473

.45

2222

3610

0

12.

Jhar

khan

d79

898

0.00

0.00

9987

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12.5

057

718.

3272

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9340

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11.6

919

17.5

52.

400.

000.

000.

000.

0093

5.21

1.17

7989

810

0

13.

Kar

nata

ka19

1791

0.00

0.00

613.

730.

3232

546.

9316

.97

7270

7.97

37.9

142

251.

5622

.03

3544

2.98

18.4

80.

000.

0082

27.8

34.

2919

1791

100

14.

Ker

ala

3886

313

25.2

33.

4127

907.

5271

.81

7531

.65

19.3

889

.38

0.23

1111

.48

2.86

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

897.

742.

3138

863

100

15.

Mad

hya

Prad

esh

3086

410.

000.

0011

246.

883.

6496

049.

0831

.12

8808

6.14

28.5

411

3135

.44

36.6

612

3.46

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3086

4110

0

16.

Mah

aras

htra

3077

130.

000.

0021

23.2

20.

6943

325.

9914

.08

1335

16.6

743

.39

1163

77.0

637

.82

9200

.62

2.99

0.00

0.00

3169

.44

1.03

3077

1310

0

17.

Man

ipur

2232

742

66.6

919

.11

1437

1.89

64.3

732

50.8

114

.56

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

437.

611.

9622

327

100

18.

Meg

haly

a22

429

0.00

0.00

1186

2.70

52.8

910

543.

8747

.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

22.4

30.

1022

429

100

19.

Miz

oram

2108

10.

000.

0012

676.

0160

.13

7772

.56

36.8

763

2.43

3.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2108

110

0

20.

Nag

alan

d16

579

1188

.71

7.17

1483

3.23

89.4

755

7.05

3.36

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1657

910

0

21.

Ori

ssa

1557

070.

000.

0026

15.8

81.

6884

097.

3554

.01

5466

8.73

35.1

110

930.

637.

020.

000.

000.

000.

0033

94.4

12.

1815

5707

100

22.

Punj

ab50

362

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

7468

.68

14.8

334

266.

3068

.04

7443

.50

14.7

810

62.6

42.

1112

0.87

0.24

5036

210

0

23.

Raj

asth

an34

2239

0.00

0.00

0.00

unci

0.00

nun

4555

2.01

13.3

120

1544

.55

58.8

959

344.

2417

.34

7426

.59

2.17

2837

1.61

8.29

3422

3910

0

24.

Sikk

im70

9627

88.0

239

.29

3233

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45.5

70.

000.

000.

000.

0027

.67

0.39

0.00

0.00

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1046

.66

14.7

570

9610

0

25.

Tam

il N

adu

1300

5820

80.9

31.

6034

59.5

42.

6642

945.

1533

.02

2023

7.02

15.5

650

241.

4138

.63

1300

.58

1.00

0.00

0.00

9793

.37

7.53

1300

5810

0

26.

Tri

pura

1048

656

6.24

5.40

7490

.15

71.4

323

71.9

322

.62

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

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57.6

70.

5510

486

100

27.

Utt

ar P

rade

sh24

1046

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3374

.64

1.40

4784

7.63

19.8

513

6721

.29

56.7

240

013.

6416

.60

1125

6.85

4.67

1831

.95

0.76

2410

4610

0

28.

Utt

aran

chal

5336

50.

000.

0011

836.

3622

.18

2300

5.65

43.1

191

89.4

517

.22

2219

.98

4.16

192.

110.

365.

340.

0169

16.1

012

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510

0

29.

Wes

t B

enga

l88

752

0.00

0.00

5555

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6.26

4199

7.45

47.3

230

734.

8234

.63

8742

.07

9.85

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1721

.79

1.94

8875

210

0

Tot

al32

7777

361

784.

311.

8824

7621

.93

7.55

6114

12.9

418

.65

7221

19.7

422

.03

9728

74.7

129

.68

2318

24.9

77.

0719

751.

410.

6041

0383

.39

12.5

232

7777

310

0

S. No.

S

tate

ST

AT

ET

GA

Stor

ngly

acid

icM

oder

atel

yac

idic

Slig

htly

aci

dic

Neu

tral

Slig

htly

alka

line

Mod

erat

ely

alka

line

Stro

ngly

alka

line

Oth

ers

Tot

al

ph 4

.5ph

4.5

- 5

.5ph

5.5

- 6

.5ph

6.5

- 7

.5ph

7.5

- 8

.5ph

8.5

- 9

.5ph

9.5

2.4

.dS

oil

Lo

ss E

stim

ati

on

of D

iffe

ren

t Sta

tes

- NB

SS

& C

SW

CR

&T

I Co

lla

bo

rati

ve

pro

ject

A.K

. Ma

ji, G

.P. O

bi R

ed

dy,

Su

nil

Me

shra

m, S

PC

’s o

f Re

spe

ctiv

e s

tate

s a

nd

Pro

ject

Le

ad

er

of C

SW

CR

&T

I

Und

er t

his

colla

bora

tive

pro

ject

bet

wee

n N

BSS

&L

UP,

Nag

pur

and

CSW

CR

&T

I, D

ehra

dun,

ass

essm

ent

of s

oil l

oss

in d

iffe

rent

sta

tes

of I

ndia

has

bee

n ca

rrie

d ou

t. I

n th

is p

roje

ct, t

he p

oint

dat

a of

USL

E p

aram

eter

s fo

r di

ffer

ent

stat

es w

as e

nter

ed w

ith

loca

tion

info

rmat

ion

in G

IS. U

sing

the

est

ablis

hed

empi

rica

l mod

el (U

SLE

), th

e po

int d

ata

has b

een

inte

rpol

ated

usi

ng in

terp

olat

ion

tech

niqu

es in

SPA

NS

GIS

to e

stim

ate

the

spat

ial v

aria

tion

of d

iffe

rent

soil

loss

fact

ors (

R, K

, LS,

C a

nd P

fact

ors)

. The

se fa

ctor

s hav

e be

en in

tegr

ated

in G

IS to

ass

ess t

he so

il lo

ss in

dif

fere

nt st

ates

of I

ndia

. T

he so

il lo

ss m

ap o

f Ind

ia

(exc

ept G

oa a

nd M

izor

am st

ates

) has

bee

n ge

nera

ted.

In c

onti

nuat

ion

of th

is p

roje

ct, t

he a

rea

anal

ysis

und

er d

iffe

rent

soil

loss

cla

sses

at s

tate

leve

l has

bee

n w

orke

d ou

t (Ta

ble

2.4.

3).

Tab

le 2

.4.3

. Are

a u

nd

er

dif

fere

nt

soil

loss

cla

sse

s a

t st

ate

lev

el

53


An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09

An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09

1.A

ndhr

a Pr

ades

h27

5045

8872

9.52

32.2

674

152.

1326

.96

3619

5.92

13.1

620

738.

397.

5434

380.

6312

.50

1796

0.44

6.53

2721

57.0

398

.95

2.A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

8374

383

74.3

010

.00

4480

.25

5.35

4270

.89

5.10

4538

.87

5.42

1980

5.22

23.6

522

870.

2127

.31

9354

.09

11.1

773

693.

8488

.00

3.A

ssam

7843

812

895.

2116

.44

8832

.12

11.2

635

92.4

64.

5814

181.

5918

.08

1163

2.36

14.8

322

197.

9528

.30

7333

1.69

93.4

94.

Bih

ar93

979

6371

7.76

67.8

018

072.

1619

.23

5854

.89

6.23

3223

.48

3.43

2565

.63

2.73

545.

080.

5893

979.

0010

0.00

5.C

hhat

tisg

arh

1348

0530

722.

0622

.79

1605

5.28

11.9

110

770.

927.

9986

94.9

26.

4524

561.

4718

.22

1836

0.44

13.6

225

639.

9119

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1348

05.0

010

0.00

6.D

elhi

1483

313.

6521

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366.

4524

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136.

149.

1878

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5.27

98.4

76.

6417

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1.15

1009

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68.1

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Guj

arat

1960

2411

9574

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642.

169.

0013

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687.

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8580

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yana

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28.7

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8342

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100.

009.

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

5567

312

019.

8021

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3796

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5.43

2087

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854.

7560

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mm

u &

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hmir

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024.

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khan

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arna

taka

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eral

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hya

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esh

3086

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567.

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139

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ahar

asht

ra30

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anip

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hala

ya22

429

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114

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158

87.6

126

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70.9

112

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2242

9.00

100.

0018

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agal

and

1657

915

86.6

19.

5752

3.90

3.16

678.

084.

0963

0.00

3.80

2646

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647

21.7

028

.48

5792

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34.9

416

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0010

0.00

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Ori

ssa

1557

0777

261.

8149

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7.07

18.6

116

006.

6810

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6.80

6.69

1485

4.45

9.54

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1.04

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07.0

010

0.00

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Punj

ab50

362

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86.5

034

29.6

56.

8112

69.1

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3.26

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ajas

than

3422

3913

347.

323.

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249.

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444.

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789.

818.

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347.

323.

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70.9

91.

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kkir

n70

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41.

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4.91

7.82

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1136

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16.0

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il N

adu

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486.

0010

0.00

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ar P

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sh24

1046

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5336

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14.4

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07.

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30.9

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t B

enga

l88

752

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5.90

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030

717.

0734

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2.61

11.8

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63.0

84.

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57.2

03.

6734

6.13

0.39

8875

2.00

100.

00

Tot

al94

2927

.01

5744

25.3

236

5117

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2099

98.1

732

2760

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2324

00.7

812

9633

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2777

262.

44Tot

alS. No.

TG

ASt

ate

Ver

y Sl

ight

Mod

. Sev

ere

Mod

erat

eM

od. S

ever

eSe

vere

Ver

y Se

vere

Ext

r. Se

vere

[ >

80 ]

[ <

5 ]

[5-1

0[

10-

15 ]

[ 15

-20

[

20 -

40

][

40 -

80

]

(t/s

q. k

m/y

r)(t

/sq.

km

/yr)

(t/s

q. k

m/y

r)(t

/sq.

km

/yr)

(t/s

q. k

m/y

r)(t

/sq.

km

/yr)

(t/s

q. k

m/y

r)(t

/sq.

km

/yr)

(Sq.

km.)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(s

q. k

m)

Are

a(%

)A

rea

(%)

Are

a(%

)A

rea

(%)

Are

a(%

)A

rea

(%)

Are

a(%

)A

rea

(%)

No.S.

Cla

sses

13.

Exc

lusi

vely

sod

ic s

oils

14.

Min

ing/

Indu

stri

al w

aste

land

s15

.W

ater

logg

ed a

nd M

arsh

y (p

erm

anen

t)16

.B

arre

n/St

onyw

aste

17.

Snow

cov

ered

& G

laci

al a

rea

18.

Are

a no

t su

rvey

ed19

.O

ther

s

No.S.

Cla

sses

1.E

xclu

sive

ly w

ater

ero

sion

(>1

0t/t

ha/y

r)

2.W

ater

ero

sion

und

er o

pen

fore

st (

<40%

Can

opy)

3.E

xclu

sive

ly a

cid

soils

(pH

<5.

5)

4.A

cid

soils

und

erw

ater

ero

sion

5.A

cid

soils

und

er o

pen

fore

st

6.E

xclu

sive

ly o

pen

fore

st

No.S.

Cla

sses

7.W

ind

Ero

sion

8.E

rode

d sa

line

soils

9.E

rode

d so

dic

soils

10.

Ero

ded

sodi

c so

ils u

nder

ope

n fo

rest

11.

Exc

lusi

vely

sal

ine

soils

12.

Salin

e so

ils u

nder

ope

n fo

rest

An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09

An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09


54

2.4.e Assessment of Degraded lands and Waste-

lands Datasets of India

Under this collaborative project, the spatial layers on water erosion (soil loss) (NBSS&LUP), acid soils (CSSRI), wind erosion (CAZRI), dense and open forest (FSI) and other layers like area under glaciers, rockout crops, mining/industrial waste and water logged areas (NRSA) were considered to assess the land degradation/ wastelands of India and it was noticed that about 121.72 Mha area is under different categories of land degradation/wastelands India. Based on the degradation/wastelands database of India, state wise degradation/wastelands maps and district wise area have been generated. The degradation/wastelands map of Arunachal Pradesh and Karnataka states are shown in figure 2.4.7 and 2.4.8

(A Collaborative Project - NBSS&LUP, NRM Division (ICAR), NAAS, CSWCR&TI, CSSRI, CAZRI and NRSA)


Fig.2.4.7. Land degradation/wastelands map Arunachal Pradesh

Fig.2.4.8. Land degradation/wastelands map and data base of Karnataka

Dis

tric

t w

ise

La

nd

De

gra

da

tio

n/W

ast

ela

nd

Sta

tist

ics

of

Aru

na

cha

l Pra

de

sh (

Are

a in

ha

.)

S.D

istr

ict

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

19T

otal

No. 1.

Alo

ng45

073

2902

056

290

1552

6810

5067

3354

70

00

00

00

00

1471

612

8839

088

4378

1462

197

2.A

nini

2836

311

493

6263

081

082

3996

112

653

00

00

00

00

1054

1739

733

4555

071

3922

1303

111

3.B

omdi

la11

699

6502

211

517

1405

693

226

1714

00

00

00

00

00

4869

922

2091

057

5859

1059

309

4.D

apor

lio13

274

4845

156

526

3340

742

588

7965

00

00

00

00

026

5511

0618

038

7717

7032

005.

Kho

nsa

00

3619

035

246

2035

0346

160

00

00

00

420

1469

420

1258

80

4078

4570

2295

6.Pa

sigh

at83

7613

1433

6726

936

6446

591

980

00

00

00

016

482

3285

027

2313

3895

007.

Sepp

a16

940

2224

013

9053

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00

00

00

00

00

1059

424

040

4556

5596

008.

Tezu

2717

515

074

6146

385

242

2154

943

520

00

00

00

028

6683

8616

7617

074

6581

1140

306

9.Z

iro

2825

042

221

8526

6389

625

2914

2013

40

00

00

00

00

1356

035

441

058

9755

1054

697

Tot

al16

3905

2125

9429

8734

5051

3296

2326

1201

950

00

00

00

420

5553

1069

7310

1545

80

4982

926

8374

216

55


An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09

An

nu

al R

ep

ort

20

08

-09

S.D

istr

ict

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

19T

otal

No. 1.

Baga

lkot

4502

280

00

00

00

506

00

092

833

70

3323

80

017

2347

6575

84

2.Ba

ngal

ore

2148

2044

201

00

033

220

00

00

00

059

060

2039

30

048

1961

8005

00

3.Be

lgau

rn79

2095

00

2326

00

00

930

00

7631

465

067

930

053

2096

1341

500

4.Be

llary

2802

2740

585

00

016

108

00

3545

641

400

036

986

9179

015

028

00

4074

7284

5180

5.Bi

dar

2448

170

00

00

00

00

00

094

013

160

029

8573

5448

00

6.Bi

japu

r49

7116

00

00

00

031

090

00

4915

502

017

754

00

5259

0410

4930

0

7.C

harn

rajn

agar

1530

8379

946

017

70

4324

50

055

710

00

5306

177

020

340

022

0560

5101

00

8.C

hikm

anga

lur

1731

3237

741

00

040

581

00

00

00

064

10

1282

00

4667

2372

0100

9.C

hitr

adur

ga29

7158

2170

00

00

1124

90

019

751

00

058

634

2214

011

160

00

4220

4484

3911

10.

Dak

shin

Kan

nad

1671

570

1728

535

360

00

00

00

00

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196

2259

00

2651

7345

6000

11.

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ange

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8447

00

00

00

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00

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5684

40

3858

00

2446

5359

2279

12.

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2756

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00

00

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00

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90

173

00

1498

9542

6000

13.

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00

00

00

00

00

00

190

039

920

023

6364

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00

14.

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a56

4253

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00

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00

00

00

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099

5391

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00

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16.

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eri

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00

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00

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ore

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00

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chur

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00

00

1119

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7702

3653

027

553

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3245

1768

2700

23.

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noga

9322

536

130

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1788

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00

00

00

542

00

7323

4384

7610

24.

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kur

3375

8534

378

00

038

444

00

00

00

054

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4435

80

059

9391

1059

608

25.

Udu

pi55

064

2034

030

553

4170

044

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00

00

00

00

511

7745

00

2246

8138

7915

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ar K

anna

d30

3043

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707

1301

3II

I10

874

00

00

00

089

2139

1248

00

6839

8710

2910

0

Tot

al73

4971

933

8584

6385

823

691

032

7880

00

1218

1441

400

014

8642

5085

428

4630

8332

00

1043

8795

1917

9156

0

Dis

tric

t w

ise

La

nd

De

gra

da

tio

n/W

ast

ela

nd

Sta

tist

ics

of

Ka

rna

tak

a (

Are

a in

ha

.)

No.S.

Cla

sses

13.

Exc

lusi

vely

sod

ic s

oils

14.

Min

ing/

Indu

stri

al w

aste

land

s15

.W

ater

logg

ed a

nd M

arsh

y (p

erm

anen

t)16

.B

arre

n/St

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aste

17.

Snow

cov

ered

& G

laci

al a

rea

18.

Are

a no

t su

rvey

ed19

.O

ther

s

No.S.

Cla

sses

1.E

xclu

sive

ly w

ater

ero

sion

(>1

0t/t

ha/y

r)

2.W

ater

ero

sion

und

er o

pen

fore

st (

<40%

Can

opy)

3.E

xclu

sive

ly a

cid

soils

(pH

<5.

5)

4.A

cid

soils

und

erw

ater

ero

sion

5.A

cid

soils

und

er o

pen

fore

st

6.E

xclu

sive

ly o

pen

fore

st

No.S.

Cla

sses

7.W

ind

Ero

sion

8.E

rode

d sa

line

soils

9.E

rode

d so

dic

soils

10.

Ero

ded

sodi

c so

ils u

nder

ope

n fo

rest

11.

Exc

lusi

vely

sal

ine

soils

12.

Salin

e so

ils u

nder

ope

n fo

rest

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2.4.f Soil resource data and their interpretation for implementation of river link projects in India: Ken-Betwa river link project

A.K. Maji, G.P. Obi Reddy, S. Thayalan, M.S.S. Nagaraju and A.K. Barthwal

The project aims at providing soil resource information and different thematic maps to the implementing agencies of Govt. of India and Central Water Commission (CWC) for the maiden project of linking the Ken and Betwa rivers. Soil map and other thematic maps pertaining to the project area have been provided to CWC. During the reporting year the digital data of IRS-P6 LISS-III of November and March 2004 cover part of the study area was interpreted using Geomatica software. SOI Toposheet No. 55O on 1:250,000 scale was used to collect topographic and location information.

The methodology followed for the interpretation of the IRS-P6 LISS-III data is essentially the standard visual interpretation technique based on the tone, texture, pattern, shape and size for preparing land use / land cover map. The other ancillary data such as toposheet was used for forest boundaries/ravinous land etc. Screen digitization was done to extract information on landuse/landcover. The land use/land cover classes identified are cropland, fallow land, wasteland with scrub, gullied / ravinous land, sandy waste, habitation, river and water body. The drainage map of the study area (Fig. 2.4.9) has been generated from SRM database. The extent of area under different land use/ land cover classes is given in Table 2.4.4 and the map is shown in figure 2.4.10. The data indicate that 67.7 percent of total geographical area (TGA) is under crop land followed by forest (16.9%) and wasteland with / without shrubs (9.0%).

Fig.2.4.9. Drainage map of Ken-Betwa river basin Fig.2.4.10. Land use/land cover map of Ken-Betwa river basin

Landuse/Land cover mapKen-Betwa Watershed

Ken-Betwa River basinDrainage Pattren

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2.4.g Micro Nutrient Mapping

(IISS, Bhopal and NBSS&LUP, Nagpur)


A collaborative project on ‘Micro Nutrient Mapping’ with IISS, Bhopal has been initiated to generate state wise and micro nutrient maps. The micro nutrient data at district level has been entered in MS-Excel format and later it was linked to the polygon attribute table of the respective state layers in GIS. Using the reclassification option, Iron and Zinc deficient zone have been generated based on the agro-ecological regions. Micro-nutrient maps of Orissa state are shown in figure 2.4.11.

Fig 2.4.11. Micro-nutrient maps of Orissa state

Table 2.4.6 Extent and distribution of area under different Landuse/ landcover classes Ken-Betwa river basin

2S.No. Landuse / Landcover Area (Km ) Area %TGA

1. Crop land 29,513 67.7

2 . Fallow land 885 2.0

3. Forest land 7,387 16.9

4. Wasteland with scrub 3,934 9.0

5. Gullied/ Ravinous land 763 1.8

6. Sandy waste 58 0.1

7. Waterbody 675 1.6

8. River 225 0.5

9. Habitation 153 0.4

Total 43,593 100

OrissaCopper Fertility Status

in Soils

OrissaIron Fertility Status

in Soils

OrissaManganese Fertility

Status in Soils

OrissaZinc Fertility Status

in Soils

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2.4.h Human Resource development in Remote sensing and GIS in Natural Resource Management-

NNRMS (ISRO) - NBSS&LUP Collaborative Project

A.K. Maji, Arun Chaturvedi, G.P. Obi Reddy and Head RC’s

Information technology has revolutionized the research and development activities in the last few decades. In this direction, Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been considered as appropriate tools for generation of spatial information on natural resources and up-to-date knowledge on these tools need to be imparted to develop potential scientific and technical competency in natural resources mapping, monitoring, planning and management. Keeping this in background NNRMS, (ISRO) and NBSS&LUP jointly formulated a project to organize a series of training programmes at different Regional Centres and Head Quarters of NBSS&LUP. The main objectives of the joint effort is capacity building in the field of RS and GIS application in natural resources management, enhance expert manpower to cater to the needs of agricultural universities, state departments and district developmental agencies so that to help in inter institutional collaboration towards spatial database creation and management. So

far under this collaborative effort five training programmes have been conducted and 86 trainee officers from ICAR, SAU’s, State Govt. departments, academic institutions were trained.

Soil resource database of Moradabad and Muzaffarnagar Districts (UP) was generated on 1: 500,000 scale. The 12 soil sheets of Moradabad District and 14 soil sheet of Muzaffarnagar district (on 1:50,000 scale) were scanned, geo-referenced and edge-matched in Geomatica image analysis software. The geo-referenced images were imported into ArcMap GIS system for onscreen digitization. The soil boundaries and associated layers were digitized and attributions of soil parameters were assigned to the soil polygons. The database on site, physical and chemical parameters were created in MS-Access. This database was linked to the polygon attribute table (PAT). From the soil coverage and attribute database, various soil thematic maps for Moradabad and Muzaffarnagar districts were generated.

Other activities

2.4.i Spatial Soil database development in GIS at district level for Moradabad and Muzzaffarnagar districts

2.5.a Generation of digital soil thematic maps and preparation of soil atlas at national level

C. Mandal, D.K. Mandal, T. Bhattacharyya, Jagdish Prasad, R. Srivastava and Associates

Generation of thematic maps of red soils region

Project was initiated with the objectives of generating maps related to different groups of soils in a region, thematic maps of different soil properties and other ancillary maps. During the reporting period, the following work was accomplished.

The red soils (5 YR or redder in colour) are concentrated mainly in 19 districts of country and cover nearly of 96.06 m ha. Their depth-wise distribution and acreage is shown in table 2.5.1

Table 2.5.1. Depth-wise distribution of red soils

Depth class Depth (cm) Area

(m.ha) (%)

Very shallow <25 1.43 1.48

Shallow 25-50 4.21 4.38

Slightly deep 50-75 5.32 5.53

Moderately deep 75-100 26.66 27.75

Deep 100-150 38.92 40.51

Very deep >150 19.46 20.25

Rock outcrop - 0.06 0.06

The map (Fig. 2.5.1) shows that majority of the red soils are deep to moderately deep (75-100 cm) and occupy of 38.92 m ha and 26.66 m ha respectively. Very deep red

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soils (19.46 mha) occur mainly in Kerala, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Shallow soils (<50 cm) are mostly confined in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and coastal area of Maharashtra and cover an area of 5.8 mha.

INDIARed Soils Regions

Fig. 2.5.1

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AESR, Climate and Red soils : Majority of red soils support rainfed crops in kharif and hence knowledge about their occurrence in different pedo-environment is must for augmenting their sustainable use. Through an exercise, red soils has been re-classified into Arid Red Soils (Et), Semiarid dry (Dd), Semiarid moist (Dm), Subhumid dry (Cd), Subhumid moist (Cm), Humid (B), Perhumid (A). These group of red soils occur in 3.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 10.3, 10.4, 11.0, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 17.2, 18.4, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3 AESRs, however these are more concentrated in 12.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 7.2, 17.1, 17.2 and 19.2 AESRs (Fig. 2.5.2).

pH and Red Soils : An exercise was done to separate the red soils having <5.5 pH (acid soils) and their spatial distribution indicate that majority of the soils of north eastern region including Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and parts of Assam, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and most of the soils of Kerala falls in the categories of moderate to strong acid red soils.

With an objective to develop a digital database system for storing and retrieval of maps and photographs and preparation of web-based library for data transmission, the project was undertaken.

2.5.b Documentation and Storing of Maps and Photographs- Concept of Digital Map Library

C. Mandal, Pushpanjali, D.K. Mandal, Jagdish Prasad, R. Srivastava, T. Bhattacharyya and Dipak Sarkar

INDIADistribution of

Red and Black Soils

Fig. 2.5.2

The likely date for the start of project was January, 2009. At present, the purchase of softwares and hardwares required to run the project has been initiated and some of them has been procured.

A collaborative project was undertaken by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur and Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajamundry to prepare comprehensive atlases showing the distribution of tobacco-growing areas and soils, their production and productivity of the tobacco with the following objectives:

2.5.c1 Cartographic Support (Tobacco Project)

Fig. 2.5.4

LEGEND

1

2

3

4

Map Unit Area (Unit)

0-50

150-200

1,450-1,500

6,450-6,500

Hassan District (Karnataka)

AREAFCV Tabacco

(2002-03)

LEGEND

1

2

3

4

Map Unit Area (Unit)

0-50

150-200

1,550-1,600

7,550-7,600


PRODUCTIONFCV Tabacco

(2002-03)

Fig. 2.5.3

states, auction platforms of tobacco Board and Fertilizer Association of India. The total area of the tobacco in the country is 434453 ha with production of 681349.8

-1tonnes and productivity of 1568 kg ha . The data also provides information for flue-cured Virgina (FCV) and non-FCV tobacco-growing areas in the country. There are 17 tobacco-growing states of which the major states producing tobacco are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Orissa. The major non-FCV tobacco growing states are Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

During the reported year different have been prepared in GIS environment for all the 17 states.

The information / compendium generated through this project will help the planners, policy maker and researcher to find out the constraints and potential for tobacco production in different agro-climatic situations of the country.

The project was undertaken in collaboration with Uttar Pradesh Council of Agriculture Research Lucknow (UPCAR). During the reported period the following support was provided.

Preparation of physiographic region map for Tarai, Ganga plain and Southern highland.

The soil resource map with 14 major groups was replaced with soil map having traditional classification with eight groups namely Tarai soils, Alluvial soils, Calcareous alluvial soils, Medium Black soils, Red sandy soils, Mixed Red and Black soils, Red and Yellow soils and salt affected soils (not mappable) but mapped in symbolic form due to scale limitation.

Both soil and physiographic region map was integrated in GIS and 12 units were identified as soil-scape units.

LGP and bio-climatic maps were also integrated and total 18 units were identified.

Finally the soil-scape, LGP-bioclimate map were integrated and AER map of Uttar Pradesh was developed.

There are 18 agro-ecological regions in the state. There are seven regions in semi-arid nine in sub-humid and two in humid ecosystems.

2.5.c2 Cartographic Support Agro-ecological Zones

and Sub-zones (Uttar Pradesh) Project

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To prepare state/district maps of the tobacco-growing areas

To superimpose soil information of state/district on tobacco-growing areas

To generate the Atlas and database for tobacco development in India

Cartography Unit provided support to generate various thematic maps. For the mapping of area, production and productivity of tobacco, (Fig. 2.5.3 to 2.5.6) the data were collected from department of agriculture of different

Fig. 2.5.6

Hassan District (Karnataka)FCV Tabacco

Growing Soils


PRODUCTIVITYFCV Tabacco

(2002-03)

1

2

3

4

Map Unit

5

LEGEND

Productivity (kg/ha)

550-600

1,050-1,100

1,150-1,200

1,350-1,400

1,400-1,450

Fig. 2.5.5

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Each region have been described with reference to their physiography, bio-climate, soils and growing period (Fig 2.5.7).

GIS and Cartographic support was provided for the preparation of Seed Atlas of India as requested by Directorate of Seed Research (ICAR), Kusmaur, Mau, Uttar Pradesh. The data related to wheat, mustard, rice, pigeonpea, sorghum sunflower, groundnut, cotton, maize, pearl millet was provided by Directorate and maps were generated in digital thereafter format and atlas was prepared.

Under this project data related to crops, productivity, nutrient status (NPK), bio-climate and socio economic factors were collected to screen (GIS environment) to generate thematic maps (Fig. 2.5.8-2.5.12).

2.5.c3 Cartographic Support (Seed Atlas of India):

2.5.c4 Cartographic Support (Preparation of Resource Inventory of Vidarbha region)

UTTAR PRADESHPhysiography & Soil Regions

Fig. 2.5.7

VIDARBHACropping Pattern

Fig. 2.5.8

VIDARBHASoil Classification

Fig. 2.5.9

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VIDARBHAConsumption of Nutrient

Fig. 2.5.10

Fig. 2.5.11

SOIL MAPNational Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR)

GAT No. 35 Malegaon (Khurd)

Cartography Service

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Fig. 2.5.12

Variations in Rainfall in Different Districts of Vidarbha

Eastern Vidarbha

1140 mm

NAGPUR

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Ra

infa

ll in

(m

/m)

Rainfall Normal

Western Vidarbha

YAVATMAL

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Ra

infa

ll in

(m

/m)

Rainfall Normal

964 mm

Northern Vidarbha

AMRAVATI

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Ra

infa

ll in

(m

/m)

Rainfall Normal

873 mm

Southern Vidarbha

GADCHIROLI

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Ra

infa

ll in

(m

/m)

Rainfall Normal

1408 mm

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Other Miscellaneous work:

As a centralized service centre the following work has been undertaken:

1. NBSS & LUP at a Glance2. Soil Resource Inventory- Seoni district3. Method of Soil and Water Analysis 4. Agro Climatic Data Analysis of India5. Mineralogy of Benchmark Soils- West Bengal6. Souvenir ISSLUP7. Publication ISSLUP8. Dharti 2007 (Hindi Publication)9. Mrida Darpan (Hindi Publication)10. Perspective Land Use – Puducherry11. Land Resource Atlas- Kolar 12. Annual Report- 2007-0813. NBSS & LUP Publication (1976-2008)

1. Twenty poster designed and printed for the different national and international seminar

2. Posters and Banners designed for different programme and national festival celebrated by the Bureau

3. Posters designed (Monolith Legend) and displayed at Soil Museum, IISS, Bhopal

1. Training brochure-LUP Division

2. ISSLUP Programme

3. Georeferenced Soil Information System for Land Use Planning and Monitoring Soil and Land Quality for Agriculture (NAIP)

1. Soil Loss – West Bengal

2. Soil Loss – Tamil Nadu

3. Soil Loss – Karnataka

4. Soil Loss – Kerala

Designing Work

Cover page

Poster

Brochure

Map redesigned for offset printing (CMYK Format)

Plotting and scanning

Digitization

Xeroxing

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Total 1319 maps were scanned and their plotting was also carried for following-

Base maps of West Bengal, Kerala

Posters for national/international seminars

Thematic maps of tobacco atlas

Certificate of training course conducted by the Bureau

Letter head of the Director

Training Brochure of the Institute

Soils of India map

Land degradation map of Wardha district

Cover page design for research bulletins

Maps pertaining to report of National Institute for Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Pune district (MS)

Soil map of Hayat Nagar Farm (CRIDA)

Agro-ecological map of Uttar Pradesh

Vidarbha region , base map soils and physioghraphy

Soil loss – Jharkhand and West Bengal

Base and soil map of Hayatnagar Farm

Seed Atlas of India – 26 themes including maps, National Seed Research Institute, Mau (U.P.)

Location map of soil series of India.

Base map of Nagpur district on 1:50000 and 1:250000 scales

Village map of different tehsils of Nagpur district

Base map, soil map and other thematic maps of Wardha report

Village map of Chhindwara districts

About 90429 copies were xeroxed during the reported period

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Regional Centre, Bangalore

































2.6.a Land Resource Inventory and GIS Database for Farm Planning in Keelvelur and Keelaiyur blocks, Nagapattinam and Cuddalore block, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu

A. Natarajan, S.C.Ramesh Kumar, K.V.Niranjana, B.A.Dhanorkar, D.H.Venkatesh, M.Ramesh, K.S.Anilkumar and S.Srinivas

(Collaborating Organisations: Soil Survey and Land Use Organisation, Coimbatore, Agricultural Engineering Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore)

Progress of work in Keelvelur and Keelaiyur blocks, Nagapattinam district : Total area of the two blocks is 27589 ha. Nagapattinam is a coastal district and the area is divided into two distinct lanforms, namely Marine and Riverine landforms. Both the landforms are observed in these two blocks. Field survey was completed during the period from 2006 to 2008. The reports for Keelvelur and Keelaiyur blocks were finalized in 2008-09 and submitted to the Department of Agriculture for further needful.

Progress of work in Cuddalore block, Cuddalore district: Total area of Cuddalore block is 25647 ha. Marine, Riverine and Lateritic landforms occur. All the three landforms occur in Cuddalore block. Fieldwork, started in 2005-06, was completed in all the 77 villages of the blocks. Based on the survey, the area was divided into four landforms, 14 soil series with 87 phases were identified and mapped. Out of this, four soil series occur in the Lateritic upland area and one series occur in the Lateritic lowland area, eight soil series occur in riverine area and one soil series occur in marine landform area. Out of the 87 phases mapped, 28 phases occur in the lateritic upland areas, 8 phases occur in the lateritic lowland area, 48

phases occur in Riverine area and three occur in Marine area of the block. The draft report is finalized for the block in 2008-09.

(Collaborating Organisations: Soil Survey and Land Use Organisation, Coimbatore, Agricultural Engineering Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore)

Project is planned to cover 3.6 lakh ha in 10 blocks, identified in 10 priority districts of the state as given below.

Block Name District Area (ha)

Thirumanur Ariyalur 33,000

Annur Coimbatore 29,000

Pappireddipatti Dharmapuri 41,000

Ottanchadram Dindugal 51,000

Uthangarai Krishnagiri 33,000

Rasipuram Nammakal 25,000

Perambalur Perambalur 34,000

R.S.Mangalam Ramanad 52,000

Veerapandi Salem 19,000

Gingee Villupuram 43,000

Total 3,60,000

Organised two field training programs to the soil survey officers and newly recruited JRF’S and SRF’S for taking up detailed soil survey in 10 blocks selected in 10 districts.

2.6.b Land Resource Inventory and GIS Database for Farm Planning in 10 Blocks of TN (II phase)

•

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2.6.c Assessment of Land Resources for growing Horticultural Crops in selected districts of Tamil Nadu under the National Horticultural Mission Project

2.6.d Detailed Assessment of Land and Soil Resources of Kuppam Mandal in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh

Field reviews were undertaken in eight blocks (Thirumanur, Annur, Pappireddipatti, Uthangarai, Rasipuram, Perambalur, Gingee and Veerapandi) and finlised soil series in the surveyed areas.

Finalisation of village wise soil maps is in progress in the surveyed areas. About 75 per cent of the field survey work is completed in all the blocks.

Training for soil survey, field review and soil series correlation have been accomplished by the Regional Centre, Banaglore.

(Collaborators : NBSSLUP, Regional centre, Bangalore, Soil Survey and Land Use Organization and Department of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu)

Finalised soil suitability maps for horticultural crops and other resources maps for the seven districts. The report preparation is in progress for all the 14 districts.

A. Natarajan, Dr. V. Ramamurthy, S. Thayalan, S. Srinivas, K.V.Niranjana, M.Ramesh, D.H. Venkatesh and S. Vadivelu

K.S. Anil Kumar, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, B.R. Dhanorker, Arti Koyal, S. Thayalan, Rajendra Hegde, S. Srinivas, D. Mohekar, Bhoora Prasad, Shivappa Angadi, S. Vadivelu and L.G.K Naidu

Bangalore centre has planned to bring out detailed soil survey information in the form of 26 panchayat reports for use at Panchayat level. Detailed information for important themes such as (LCC, LIC, texture, fertility, pH, suitability for major crops) are given for one Panchayats (Manakaladoddi) here. Similar format is followed for all other 25 Panchayats. Manakaladoddi gram panchayat comprises of 2 revenue villages namely Mulakalpalle and Peddagopanapalle. It has a TGA of 203.26 ha, population is 3400 and livestock population is 823.

The average annual rainfall of the area is about 817 mm. Maximum rainfall is received during the month of September and October. The distribution of different categories of land holdings showed that the marginal farmers (< 1 ha) for 84 per cent, small farmers (1-2 ha) for 12 per cent and large farmers for only 4 per cent. Due to fragmentation of the land holding the farming has become a non-viable profession in the rural areas.

Peddagopanapalle village (Fig. 2.6.1) has a geographical area of 94.17 ha, with population of 662 human and livestock is 712. The per capita land availability is only 0.14 ha. Dry land occupies large extent (79 %) and nearly 19 per cent of TGA is out of agricultural use. The major crops grown are groundnut (63 %), followed by paddy (14 %), jowar (13 %), other crops (7 %) and sugarcane (2 %).

During the detailed survey of the soil and land resources 8 series namely Ekaralapalle (Erp), Gudalapalle (Gdp), Guttapalle (Gtp), Koppalli (Kpl), Kuppam (Kpm), Kattimanipalle (Ktp) and Rajula (Rjl) were identified and mapped into 10 mapping units.

A brief description of the mapped soils are given in table 2.6.1.

Table 2.6.1. Soils of Peddagopanapalle village

Sl. No. Map Unit Symbol Brief Description Area in ha. (%)

1. GtphA1g1St1 Soils of Guttapalle series are shallow (<50 cm), sandy clay loam surface with 15 to35 percent gravel and 3 to 15 percent stones occuring on level to nearly leveluplands and midlands, slightly eroded

2. GtphB2g3 St1 Soils of Guttapalle series are shallow (<50 cm), sandy clay loam surface with >60 3.46 (3.8) percent gravel and 3 to 15 percent stones occuring on very gently sloping upland and midlands, moderately eroded

3. GtpiA1 Soils of Guttapalle series are shallow (<50 cm), sandy clay surface occuring on, 12.21 (13.2)leval to nearly leval sloping upland and midlands, slightly eroded

4. KplbB2st2 Soils of Koppalli series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), loamy sand surface 8.90 (9.6)with 15-40 per cent stone occuring on very gently sloping upland and midlands, moderately eroded

5. KplbB2g1St2 Soils of Koppalli series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), loamy sand surface 7.68 (8.3)with 15 to 35per cent gravel and 15 to 40 percent stones occuring on very gentlysloping upland and midlands, moderately eroded

4.49 (4.8)

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6. KplcA1st2 Soils of Koppali series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), sandy loam surfacewith 35 to 60 per cent stones occuring on level to nearly level upland andmidlands, slightly eroded

7. KplcB2g1St2 Soils of Koppalli series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), sandy loam surface 17.17 (18.6)with 15 to 35 per cent gravel and 15 to 40 per cent stones occurring on verygently sloping upland and midlands, moderately eroded

8. KpliB2g1St1 Soils of Koppali series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), sandy clay surface 9.17(9.9)with 3-15 per cent gravel and 3 to 15 per cent stones occuring on gently slopingupland and midlands, moderately eroded

9. UlvcB1St1 Soils of Urlavobanpalle series are shallow (< 50 cm), sandy loam surface with 3 5.0(5.4)to 15 per cent stones, occuring on very gently sloping uplands, moderately eroded

10. UlvcB2g2St2 Soils of Urlavobanpalle series are shallow (< 50 cm), sandy loam surface with 6.19(6.7)35 to 60 per cent gravel and 15-40 per cent stones, occuring on very gently sloping uplands. moderately eroded

11. R Rock out crop 1.43 (1.5)

12. Railway line 8.9 (9.7)

13. Habitation 0.30 (0.3)

6.99 (7.6)

Table 2.6.2 shows the soil site characteristics indicating potentials and their constraints for different uses. Soils of Koppali series are moderately shallow (50-75 cm depth). Guttapalle and Urlavobanapalle soils are shallow (25-50 cm depth).

Dominant surface texture is sandy loam, followed by sandy clay loam and loamy sand. Most of the soils have gravels ranging from 15 to > 60 per cent. The surface spread of stone ranged from 3 to 40 per cent. The major area under cultivation is moderately eroded, where as only a small extent of area is under slight erosion.

Soils of Guttapalle and Koppali are well drained, where as Urlavobanapalle soils are somewhat excessively drained. Soil reaction is neutral to mildly alkaline in Guttapalle. It is slightly acid to moderately acid in Koppali and Urlavobanapalle. Peddagopanapalle village has good lands (Table 2.6.3) with minor limitations (Class II) and moderately good lands (Class III) with major soil and erosion limitations. Majority of area is irrigable with moderate (Class 2) and with severe soil and topographic limitations (Class 3). The area is moderately suitable (Table 2.6.3) for cultivation of groundnut and marginally suitable for mango, flower and vegetables. However, the area is not suitable for cultivation of paddy, sorghum and at places mango as well.

These soils are medium (Table 2.6.4) in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, low to medium in available potassium and phosphorus. Soils are sufficient in micronutrients like manganese and copper. Available zinc is deficient predominantly. The four series is further

divided into phases based on variations in slope, erosion, amount of gravels and stones and surface textures. Barren lands, fallow lands, cultivable waste lands and land put to non-agricultural use together account for about 20 per cent. This can be brought under pasture development where goat and sheep rearing may be introduced.

As majority of the farmers belong to marginal (>85 %) category, availability of agricultural credit and banking requirement has to be ensured. More farmers have to be brought under the umbrella of crop insurance scheme with easy terms and conditions. As only 30 per cent area is under irrigation, increasing this on priority basis is required to bring more area under intensive agriculture. Majority of soils are shallow (25-50 cm) followed by moderately shallow (50-75 cm), deep rooted crops may be recommended with great caution here, shallow rooted drought tolerant crops can be recommended to overcome high gravelliness and stoniness at substratum. Here agro horticulture trees such as tamarind, custard apple and amla can be recommended. Also agri-horti-silvi-pastoral systems can be recommended for such lands. Areas having good and assured water source may be recommended for cultivation of paddy and sugarcane. Vegetable and flower crops can be raised, based on demand from market. Since majority of soils of this panchayat are low in available nitrogen, low to medium in available phosphorus and potassium proper fertilizer application has to be ensured for intensive agriculture. Survey numbers having low N, P, K status may be supplied with 125 per cent of recommended dose, medium status with 100 per cent and high status with 60 per cent.

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Table 2.6.2 Soil site characteristics in Peddagopanapalle village

Sl.ness

No. Slope Erosion Drain- Depth Texture Coarse fragmentsage (cm) Surface Sub Surface Sub Surface Sub

surface surface surface

1. GtphA1g1st1 A e1 WD 25-50 sl sl,scl 15-35 35-60 6.5-7.0 nil nil 3-15

2. GtphB2g3st1 B e2 WD 25-50 scl sl,scl >60 35-60 6.5-7.0 nil nil 3-15

3. GtpiA1 A e1 WD 25-50 sc sl,scl 0-15 35-60 6.5-7.0 nil nil -

4. KplbB2st2 B e2 WD 50-75 ls sl,scl,sc 0-15 35-60 5.7-6.6 nil nil 15-40

5. KplbB2g1st2 B e2 WD 50-75 ls sl,scl,sc 15-35 35-60 5.7-6.6 nil nil 15-40

6. KplcA1st2 A e1 WD 50-75 sl sl,scl,sc 35-60 35-60 5.7-6.6 nil nil 15-40

7. KplcB2g1st2 B e2 WD 50-75 sl sl,scl,sc 15-35 35-60 5.7-6.6 nil nil 15-40

8. KpliB2g1st1 B e2 WD 50-75 sc sl,scl,sc 15-35 35-60 5.7-6.6 nil nil 3-15

9. UlvcB1st1 B e1 SE 25-50 sl ls,sl 0-15 0-30 5.8-6.1 nil nil 3-15

10. UlvcB2g2st2 B e2 SE 25-50 sl ls,sl 35-60 0-30 5.8-6.1 nil nil 15-40

Slope : A- 0-1 %, B-1-3 %

Erosion : e1 – slight erosion, e2- moderate erosion

Drainage : WD- well drained, SE-somewhat excessive

Texture : ls- loamy sand, sl- sandy loam, scl- sandy clay loam, sc- sandy clay

Table 2.6.3 Interpretative grouping of soils in Peddagopanapalle village

Sl. Phasesmapped LCC LIC Land suitability rating for major crops

No. Rice Sugar- Ground- Sorghum Mango Flower Carrot/ Ragicane nut Radish

1. GtphA1g1st1 IIIs 3s N N S3dg S3dg N S3g S3g S3g

2. GtphB2g3st1 IVs 4s N N S3dg S3dg N S3g S3g S3g

3. GtpiA1 IIIs 3s N N S3dg S3dg N S3g S3g S3g

4. KplbB2st2 IIIes 3ts N N S2ge S3g S3g S3g S3g S3g

5. KplbB2g1st2 IIIes 3ts N N S2ge S3g S3g S3g S3g S3g

6. KplcA1st2 IIIs 3s N N S2g S3g S3g S3g S3g S3g

7. KplcB2g1st2 IIIes 3ts N N S2ge S3g S3g S3g S3g S3g

8. KpliB2g1st1 IIes 2ts N N S2ge S3g S3g S3g S3g S3g

9. UlvcB1st1 IIs 2s N N S2d S3dt N S2g S2dg S3dt

10. UlvcB2g2st2 IVs N N N N N N N N N

LCC- Land Capability : Class II- Good land with minor limitation, III- Moderately good land with major limitations IV- Fairly good land with severe limitation, s- root zone limitation.

LIC: Land irrigability : Class 2- Irrigable with moderate limitations, 3- Marginally irrigable with severe limitations, 4 Marginally irrigable with very severe limitations, s- Soil limitations.

Land Suitability : S2- moderately suitable, S3-Marginally suitable, N-Not suitable, d-Soil depth limitation, s-soil texture limitation, e-soil erosion limitation, g-gravelliness limitation, s-soil fertility limitation.

Phases mapped Site characteristics Soil characteristics pH Calcareousness Stoni-

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Areas having 3-5 per cent or more slopes can be recommended for contour bunding, bench terracing across the slope, planting of some grass species across the slope at regular interval (15 meter) may also check surface erosion and runoff. Grassed waterways, in situ water harvesting structures like ditches of size 1.8 m x 0.6m x 0.5m and existing farm pond renovation need to be taken up on priority. Mulching and agronomic practices such as contour and alley cropping can be practiced. Majority of the soils are low in nitrogen and organic matter which can be built up by growing green manure crops like Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate), sanhemp (Crotalaria juncea) etc. in rows inside plots or green leaf manure and N fixing plants like Glyricidea sp. on plot boundaries.

Soil resource mapping of Pulivendla taluk, Kadapa district, Andra Pradesh was carried out by adopting remote sensing techniques with adequate ground truth on 1:25,000 scale The soils identified and mapped as associations of soil series in different landforms (map units) are described below

2.6.e. Planning optimum landuse based on bio-physical and economic resourcres in Pulivendala area Kadapa district, AP

L.G.K.Naidu, K.V.Niranjana, K.S.Anil Kumar, S.Thayalan, S.C.Ramesh Kumar, V. Ramamurthy, Rajendra Hegde, S.Srinivas, Arti Koyal, S. Vadivelu

Soils of Hills and Ridges

1. Rockout crops-Kanampalli association: This map unit occurs on moderately steeply sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

2. Rock outcrops-Ganganapalle association: This unit occurs on moderately steeply sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

3. Rock outcrops-Rachukuntapalle association: This unit occurs on moderately steeply sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

4. Rock outcrops-Lingala association: This unit occurs on strongly sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

5. Rachakuntapalle-Rock outcrops association: This unit occurs on moderately steeply sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

6. Ganganapalle-Rock outcrops association: This unit occurs on moderately steeply sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

7. Rock outcrops-Mupendranpalle association: This unit occurs on gently sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

8. Mupendranpalle-Rock outcrops association: This unit occurs on gently sloping to moderately sloping side slopes of hills and ridges.

Table: 2.6.4 Fertility status of soils in Peddagopanapalle village

Fertility Mapping unit Survey Macronutrient (Kg/ha) Micronutrient (ppm)Sample No. numbers N P O K O Cu Mn Fe Zn

1. KplcB2g1st2 11,12 211 5.9 131 0.42 19.4 6.8 0.18

2. GtpiA1 19 246 6.7 116 1.72 16.4 41.2 0.6

3. UlvcB1st1 10,14 211 6.7 61 0.72 7.8 19.2 0.46

4. UlvcB2g2st2 9 211 7.3 65 0.36 19.4 5.1 0.42

5 KplbB2st2 6 211 5.9 86 0.24 28 8.6 0.32

6. KplcA1st2 1,7 281 6.5 122 0.28 23.4 8.8 0.68

7. GtphA1g1st1 11,12 369 6.4 137 0.86 24 26 1.12

8. KpliB2g1st1 23,25 246 7.5 122 1.0 15 44.6 0.64

9. KplbB2g1st2 20 177 6.7 85 0.94 29.4 8.8 0.4

10. GtphB2g3st1 28 299 7.3 166 1.82 5.2 34 3.24

11. GtpiA1 26,27,29 299 7.9 144 1.84 8.6 25.2 0.38

12. KplbB2g1st2 17 316 6.6 137 1.86 11 27 1.2

N : Low-<280 Kg/ha, Medium-280-560 Kg/ha, High- >560 Kg/ha, P O :Low-<23 Kg/ha, Medium- 23-57 Kg/ha, High->57 Kg/ha, 2 5

K O : Low- <145 Kg/ha, Medium-145-337 Kg/ha, High->337 Kg/ha, Miconutrients Cu-<0.2, Fe-<2.5, Mn- <2.0 ppm, Zn- Low-2

<0.6, Medium-0.6-1.2, High->1.2

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Soils of interhilly basin

9. Tallalapalle soils: This unit occurs on very gently to gently sloping interhilly basin.

10. Murarichintala soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping to gently sloping interhill basin.

11. Tatireddipalle soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping interhilly basin.

12. Kottalu soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping interhilly basin. It covers an area of 372 ha (0.3%) in Pulivendla and Vemula Mandals.

13. Santakovur soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping interhilly basin. It covers an area of 548 ha (0.4%) in Tondur Mandal.

14. Murarichintala-Tallalapalle association: This unit occurs on very gently to gently sloping interhill basins.

15. Cherlapalle soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping interhill basins. It covers an area of 184 ha (0.1%) in Tondur mandal.

Soils of Gently sloping middle sector

16. Balapanur soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping middle sector.

17. Simhadripuram Soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping middle sector.

18. Simhadripuram-Agraharam association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping middle sectors.

19. Balapanur-Sunkesela Association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping middle sectors.

20. Vemula soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping uplands with an area of 1667 ha (1.2%) in Vempalli, Vemula, Pulivendla and Simhadripuram mandals.

21. Velpula soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping uplands with an area of 1326 ha (1.0%) in Simhadripuram, Pulivendla, Vemula and Vempalli mandals.

22. Parnapalle soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping midlands with an area of 446 ha (0.3%) in Lingala Mandal.

23. Agraharam soils: The unit occurs on very gently sloping middle sectos with an area of 2690 ha (2.0%) in Lingala, Pulivendla and Simhadripuram mandals.

24. Sunkesela soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping middle sectors with an area of 2778 ha (2.1%) in Lingala, Simhadripuram, Pulivendla, Vemula and Vempalli Mandals.

25. Agraharam-Sunkesula association: This unit occurs on very gently sloping midlandswith an area of 802 ha (0.6%) in Lingala mandal.

26. Agraharam-Simhadripuram association: This unit occurs on very gently sloping middle sectors with an area of 369 ha (0.3%) in Tondur Mandal.

27. Sunkesela-Simhadripuram association: This unit occurs on very gently sloping uplands wth an area of 741ha (0.6%) in Pulivendla mandal.

28. Velpula-Vemula association: This unit occurs on very gently sloping uplands. It covers an area of 712 ha (0.5%) in Tondur mandals.

Soils of colluvic alluvic sector

29. Bhadrampalle-Agadur association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvic lower sector with an area of 788 ha(0.6%) in Tondur and Simhadripuram mandals.

30. Tondur – Pernapadu association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvic lower sectors with an area of 1351 ha (1.0%) in Tondur Mandal.

31. Tondur soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvic lower sectors with an area of 3568 ha (2.7%) in Tondur, Simhadripuram, Pulivendla and Vempalli Mandals.

32. Agadur soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvic lower sector with an area of 633 ha (0.5%) in Tondur, Pulivenda and Vemula mandals.

33. Pernapadu-Gondipalle association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvic lower sector with an area of 853 ha. (0.6%) in Vempalli and Vemula mandals.

34. Tondur-Agadur association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvial plains. It covers an area of 709 ha (0.5%) in Tondur mandal.

35. Pulivendla-Pernapadu association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 101 ha (0.08%) in Pulivendla and Vemula mandals.

36. Goturu-Gondipalle association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 1501 ha (1.1%) in Vemula, Vempalli and Tondur mandals.

37. Pernapadu soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 3689 ha (2.8%) in Vempalli, Vemula, Pulivendla and Tondur mandals. These soils are described in Unit 30. Most of the area is under rainfed cultivation.

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38. Pernapadu-Tondur association: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping, colluvial plains with an area of 4358 ha (3.3%) in Vemula and Vempalli mandals.

39. Gondipalle soils: This unit occurs on nearly level to very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 1683 ha. (1.3%) in Tondur and Pulivendla mandals.

40. Goturu soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 1707 ha (1.3%) in Vemula, Pulivendla and Tondur mandals.

41. Agadur-Pernapadu association: This unit occurs on very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 3613 ha. (2.7%) in Pulivendla, Tondur, Vemula and Vempalli mandals.

42. Bhadrampalle soils: This unit occurs on very gently sloping colluvial plains with an area of 448 ha (0.3%) in Pulivendla, Tondur and Vempalli mandals.

43. Pulivendla soils: This unit occurs on very gently to nearly level colluvial plains with an area of 3540 ha (2.7%) in Vempalli, Vemula, Tondur and Pulivendla mandals.

Land Capability: Soils of Pulivendla taluk have been grouped under five land capability classes, seven subclasses and eight associations of subclasses and reported in. About 55 per cent of the area of the taluk is suitable for agriculture, the remaining area for forestry, pasture, agri-horti-Silvipastured system, quarrying, and recreation and as habitat for wildlife. Of the lands suitable for agriculture, about 56092 ha (42.08%) in Pulivendla taluk has good cultivable lands (class II lands) distributed dominantly in Simhadripuram, Tondur, Vemula and partly in Pulivenda, Lingala and Vempalli mandals. About 10549 ha (7.91%) area has moderately good cultivable lands (class III) spread across almost all the mandals. About 7153 ha (5.37%) area has fairly good lands (marginal lands) that are predominantly Class IV lands in almost all the mandals. These lands are suitable for occasional cultivation.

About 55238 ha (41.44%) area in the district is not suitable for agriculture because of very severe problems of shallow rooting depth, strong slopes, high gravel and stone content, severe salinity and alkalinity and erosion.

Land Irrigability: Soils of Pulivendla taluk are grouped under four land-irrigability classes, four subclasses and seven subclass associations. About 55 per cent area is suitable for irrigation with different degree of problems and the remaining area is not suitable for sustained use under irrigation because of severe limitations.

Of the land suitable for irrigation, about 4479 ha (3.35%) area has good irrigable land (class 2) distributed in small patches in all the mandals; about 62264 ha (46.7%) has moderately good irrigable land (class 3) spread in

Simhadripuram and Tondur mandals; about 7052 ha (5.29 %) area is marginal irrigable lands (class 4) distributed in Vemula, Tondur, Vempalli, Pulivendla and Simhadripuram mandals. About 54814 ha (41.12%) area is not suitable for sustained use under irrigation apart from the miscellaneous lands. These lands (class 6) have very severe limitation of strong slopes, high gravel and stone content and extremely shallow rooting depth.

Soil Depth: About 43844 ha (32.88%) has deep (>100cm) soils distributed predominantly in Vemula, Vempalli and Tondur Mandals and partly in Pulivendala, Lingala, Vempalli and Simhadripuram mandals. About 18627 ha (13.97%) area has deep (100-150 cm) soils distributed mainly in Vemula, Vempalli Mandals and small areas in other mandals. Medium deep soils (50-100 cm) cover about 26439 ha (19.83%) concentrated in dominantly in Simhadripuram and Pulivendla mandals and small areas in other mandals. Shallow soils (10-50 cm) cover about 7986 ha (5.99%) and distributed in almost all the mandals.

Available Nitrogen Status: Pulivendla taluk is predominantly rated low in available nitrogen. However small areas in almost all the mandals showed medium to high in available nitrogen.

Available phosphorus Status: It is low to medium in this taluk About 63,631 ha area (47.73%) is grouped under low, 54,219 ha area (40.67%) under medium and 15,465 ha area (11.60%) under high status in the Pulivendla taluk. The Available Phosphorus distribution is almost even in all the mandals. The medium and high status of available phosphorus was observed in red soils particularly in ridges. In black soil it in predominantly low in available phosphorus.

Available potassium Status: It is predominantly high about 99240 ha (74.44%) is rated high. About 30,009 ha (22.51%) area is medium and 4066 ha (3.05%) area is rated low in available potassium. Soils with high, available potassium are well distributed in Lingala, Pulivendla, Simhadripuram and Tondur mandals and small areas in Vemula and Vempalli mandals. Soils with medium in available potassium are predominantly distributed in Vemula and Vempalli mandals.

Irrigation potential : Bore well are the main source of irrigation in Pulivendla area, which irrigates about 21161 ha which accounts for 23 per ent of total cropped area in the area (Table 2.6.5). The extent of irrigation is maximum in Lingala (34 % TCA) followed by Pulivendla (31.25 % TCA), Vempalli (31 % TCA) a minimum in Vemula mandal (13 % TCA).

Various crops viz. paddy, sorghum, redgram, chillies, cotton, groundnut, sunflower and other non food crops were studied (Table 2.6.6)

Cropping pattern

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Table 2.6.5. Irrigation potential indifferent mandals of Pulivendla area, Kadapa district

Tuble well irrigated area (ha) % to Total Cropped Area

Mandal Name Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total

Simhadripuram 2621 265 2886 20.22 2.04 22.27

Lingala 2416 795 3211 25.91 8.53 34.44

Pulivendla 2112 584 2696 24.48 6.77 31.25

Vemula 1064 1551 2615 5.09 7.42 12.51

Thondur 1623 290 1913 11.80 2.11 13.91

Vempalli 6465 1375 7840 25.67 5.46 31.13

Total area 16301 4860 21161 17.96 5.36 23.32

District 69266 65374 134640 17.61 16.62 34.24

Source: Chief planning officer, Kadapa district (2006-2007)

Table 2.6.6. Cropping pattern in different mandals of Pulivendla area , Kadapa district

Crops Simhadripuram Lingala Pulivendla Vemula Thondur Vempalli Total area District

Paddy 5 114 21 0 6 604 750 46905

%to TCA 0.04 1.22 0.24 0.00 0.04 2.40 0.83 11.93

Jowar 2562 1859 1565 251 3661 60 9958 17851

%to TCA 19.77 19.94 18.14 1.20 26.61 0.24 10.97 4.54

Redgram 12 20 4 45 24 36 141 9356

%to TCA 0.09 0.21 0.05 0.22 0.17 0.14 0.16 2.38

Chillies 0 0 118 135 42 32 327 2526

%to TCA 0.00 0.00 1.37 0.65 0.31 0.13 0.36 0.64

Mango 0 0 26 0 0 25 51 17304

%to TCA 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.06 4.40

Lemon 0 0 0 50 6 133 189 3511

%to TCA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.04 0.53 0.21 0.89

Cotton 0 0 109 24 75 58 266 7940

%to TCA 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.11 0.55 0.23 0.29 2.02

Groundnut 659 580 768 3613 979 6899 13498 62632

%to TCA 5.08 6.22 8.90 17.29 7.12 27.39 14.87 15.93

Sunflower 4632 3085 2559 6531 3955 4932 25694 74177

%to TCA 35.74 33.09 29.67 31.25 28.75 19.58 28.31 18.86

Total non food crops 5091 3665 3456 10249 5009 12405 39875 151074

%to TCA 39.28 39.31 40.06 49.04 36.41 49.26 43.94 38.41

TCA (ha) 12961 9323 8626 20898 13757 25184 90749 393276

Note : TCA : Total Cultivabl area; Source: Chief planning officer, Kadapa district

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2.6.f Development of Socio-Economic Database and its Analysis for District Level Land Use Planning in Medak, Chittoor and West Godavari Districts of Andhra Pradesh

2.6.g Soils, Soil-scape relationships and their Mapping at 1:50,000 scale in Bellary district, Karnataka

S.C. Ramesh Kumar, L.G.K. Naidu, K.M. Nair and S.Srinivas

S.L. Budihal

West Godawari district consists of 46 mandals covering 901 revenue villages. Population of the district is 38.05 lakhs with a density of 491 Sq. km. There are 2.2 lakh cultivators and 8.9 lakh agricultural labours as per 2001 census. Socio-economic survey of farm households was undertaken based on soil variability in West Godawari district. During survey the soils were identified in each village as per soil legend description. Socio-economic survey of farm households was carried out for 22 major soil types distributed across West Godawari district. Paddy is the major food crop (68 % per cent to gross cropped area) grown in the district. The productivity potential and economic evaluation of paddy soils was assessed. The productivity potential of paddy on different soils is presented in Fig 2.6.1. The net returns in paddy cultivation is more black cracking clay soils(Rs 17162/ha) followed by red clayey soils (Rs 14264/ha), red loamy soils (Rs 13616/ha), red gravelly clay soils (Rs 12841/ha) and sandy soils (Rs 8788/ha).

Fig 2.6.1. Productivity of paddy on different soil types

The soil map at 1:50,000 scale, was prepared and printed. Of the 54 soil series mapped, five series cover 42% of the district’s area account for 85% of the net cultivable area. Of these three are red soils and two are black soils. These five soils have a good moisture holding capacity and are potentially fertile. The soil map interpretations were finalized and thematic maps were printed.

Most of the lands in the district are in agricultural use. Over half of the district (about 51% is cultivable, about 15% of which is intensively cultivated, being sown more than once a year. These lands grow a wide range of crops-field crops, plantation crops, and vegetable crops lands are also in use for forest production, about 15%, 80% of which is reserved and rest is open or grazing.

1. Study on sand extraction from surface soils of agricultural lands: During the last 3-4 years, surface soils from tank beds, agricultural fields and village common lands are excavated and washed to produce a kind of made up sand all around Bangalore to meet the enormous demand. It is reported that for Bangalore city alone nearly 4000 lorry loads of sand are supplied daily mainly for building construction and other infrastructure projects. Out of this, nearly 25 percent is met with from units extracting sand (Plate 2.6.1) from surface soils of agricultural fields/village tank beds. Remaining is mined from riverbeds. Under these circumstances, entire gamut of trade of sand extracted from top-soils was analyzed in terms of environmental, economic, technological, institutional, policy and equity dimensions. Not only the increased demand for sand for construction sector in Bangalore, but also the less remunerative crop production and prevailing drought like conditions during the last few years have driven farmers to this enterprise. Sand extraction is providing reasonably gainful employment for many farmers and landless labours in the region.

Ecological degradation: Nearly 132000 liters of water is 3needed for washing 4 tractor loads of soil (120 m of top

soil) is used to produce one lorry load of sand. A conservative estimate suggests that nearly 21900 lakhs gallons of water is used for sand extraction per year around Bangalore. This water is pumped from deep bore-wells. In most areas ground water level has reached a precarious status. In Bangalore and its environs, it has already gone down to 300 m due to overdrawing. Because of this all the open wells in the region have dried up.

Opportunities and management: When soils are removed from tank bed, it increases water storage capacity of the tanks. Hence there is scope for higher water storage and recharging. Similarly, ponds are created due to soil excavation to deeper depths. Regeneration of soil structure by organic amendments and tillage system or their combination is considered appropriate for the management of desurfaced soils. As available nutrient status is invariably poor in desurfaced soils, use of higher

2.6.h Participatory Technology Development on Land Use Planning and Diversification of farming in a micro-watershed in Eastern Dry zone of Karnataka

Rajendra Hegde, Anil kumar K.S., Rameshkumar, S.C. Sunil Maske, Srinivas S.

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RedClayey Soil

RedLoamy Soil

RedGravelly Clay Soil

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doses (25%-50%) of fertilizers and water input than for normal soils may prove beneficial for crop growth. By under taking required modifications, alternative uses of desurfaced lands for social forestry, waste disposal, water harvesting structures, farm ponds or even fish or Azolla rearing ponds (Plates 2.6.2 & 2.6.3) can be achieved However, such efforts are very rare and seldom reported.

2.6.i Development of Software for Disseminating Land Resource Information in Electronic Form

S. Srinivas, K.M. Nair, D.H. Venkatesh and Rajendra Hegde

The main objective of the project is to develop software for distributing the land resource data electronically and facilitate interactive query. Amani Shivpurkere watershed, Linganahalli village, Doddaballapur taluk, Bangalore rural district, Karnataka was used as the sample study area to test the software. The software is capable of displaying the soil, fertility and farmer details interactively.

The software is also capable of highlighting the areas on the map based on selected attribute criteria. Figure 2.6.2 shows highlighting the map areas with severe erosion problem. Fig. 2.6.3 shows the soil, fertility and Farmer details of the selected farmer plot.

The software development work for Disseminating Land Resource Information in Electronic Form completed.

Plate 2.6.1. Sand extraction from top soils: a source of soil degradation

Plate 2.6.2. Azolla pit preparation at farmers fields

Plate 2.6.3. Azolla macrophylla rearing in artificial shallow pond for use as animal feed

Fig 2.6.2. Highlighting the map areas with severe erosion problem of Amani Shivpurkere watershed

Fig. 2.6.3. The soil, fertility and Farmer details of the selected farmer plot of Amani Shivpurkere

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2.6.j Assessment of Land And Soil Resources of Malapuram district (part) at 1:50,000 scale for Land Use Planning

2.6.k Agro-ecological Units of Kerala (Consultancy project)

K.S. Anil Kumar, S. Thayalan, K.M. Nair, S.Srinivas, Rajendra Hegde, S.C. Ramesh Kumar and L.G.K. Naidu

K.M. Nair, C. Mandal, Arun Chaturvedi, S. Thayalan, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, V. Ramamurthy, K.S. Anil Kumar, S. Srinivas, L.G.K. Naidu and Dipak Sarkar

Malapuram has world’s oldest teak plantation in Nilambur, as well as Angadipuram, the place where Dr. Buchanan first noticed laterite. The district has 4 taluks viz. Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur and Ponnani with district head quarters at Malappuram. Major geology of the area is Archaean Charnockites, Granite- Gneissic and laterites under physiography of hills, midlands and coastal plains. The district is drained by the longest river of Kerala, Bharatha Puzha and by Chaliyar and Kadalundi rivers to west and Bhavani River to East. The forest areas of the district occupy the borders of Silent Valley in Palakkad, Wayanad and Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu. This district also has borders with Kozhikode and Thrissur districts.

Initial physiographic legend of Malappuram district comprised Charnockite high lands (with summits, hills, side slopes, uplands and valleys), Archaean granitic gneiss high lands (with summits, hills, side slopes. Uplands and valleys), Charnockite midland hills (with summits, side slopes, rock/laterite outcrops), Charnockite mounds (with summits, side slopes, uplands, valleys), Archaean midland hills (with summits, side slopes, rock/laterite outcrops), Archaean mounds (with summits, side slopes, uplands, valleys), laterite midlands mounds (with summits, side slopes, uplands, valleys) and Recent alluviums (Kayal lands, coastal plains).

About 17 new soil series were identified and mapped. They are Koduru under laterites, Kaladi and Veliyangode under laterite upland plains, Cherupuzha, Karulai, Perinthalmanna and Karuvarakundu under charnockites. Low land new series include Kolathur, Atavanadu, Pallipuram, Thenjipalam, Keraladishapuram, Mangattur, Changaramkulam, Parivarapuram, Thutha, Edakkara etc. Other dominant series of Malappuram district include Kairadi, Vijayapuram, Kanjirapally, Lahai, Pasllipudi, Ezhallur, Kaipuzha, Mannanam and Kunnathupuzha.

Climatic data sets necessary for analysis from all the IMD stations of the state for the period 1991 to 2008 and added to the existing data set for the period 1970 to 1990 were procured. In the state 73 station’s records were made available by IMD. Climatic data from other sources like

agricultural research farms, Irrigation Department, hydrological stations, and Commercial Plantations were collected by project personnel. The data sets obtained in hard copy form is currently being digitized. For 5 districts of northern Kerala, data sets were obtained from 53 stations. District-wise base maps required for agro-ecological delineations were prepared for all the 13 districts of Kerala in digital form. Protocols for climatic data analysis were arrived at and tested with sample data sets. For each station the parameters viz. Mean annual rainfall, Mean summer rainfall, Mean SW monsoon rainfall, Mean NE monsoon rainfall, Probability of drought years, Probability of drought during SW monsoon period, Probability of drought during NE monsoon period, LGP at 50 and 75 per cent probability and Probability of two or three consecutive weeks being dry shall be worked out.

Land use is primarily dictated by the external land features, the kind of soil, climate and human needs. Development of land use plan require integration of data sets (both spatial and attribute) on land resources and socio-economics. GIS’s offer convenient means for integration data sets which have spatial components. Digital methods for integration of data sets on land resources (land form-soils-agroecology-land use) for delineating land management units (LMU’s) were developed. The process involved spatial integration of external land features, soils, agro-ecology, present land use, administrative divisions, socio-economics and farming systems data. The soil map of Mysore district at 1:50,000 with 95 map units as association of soil series was used as a base map. The soil map was further generalized in to 15 soil management units based on the land forms and soil properties such as soil depth and gravellines. The present land use map was also generated by interpretation of satellite data. Twenty five land use classes in the original map were generalized to five classes. In order to generate agro-ecological units map long term climatic data was collected from IMD and Department of Agriculture. Whereas the IMD provided data sets for district and taluk head quarters, Department of Agriculture could provide data for each hobli. The data sets were analysed for rain fall variability, probability of drought and length of growing period. Four agro-ecological units were realised for the district based on the differences in the length of growing period, probability of drought etc. The other thematic maps were on administrative divisions map, socio-economic data and farming systems data.

2.6.l Development of District Level Land Use Plan for Mysore District, Karnataka (National Network Project)

V. Ramamurthy, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, S. Thayalan, S. Srinivas, K.M. Nair, L.G.K. Naidu

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The productivity of different crops obtained through crop cutting experiments both in irrigated and rainfed situation on farmers field is presented in Table 2.6.7.

Table 2.6.7. Productivity levels of different crops in farmers fields of Mysore district.

Taluk Hobli Farmers field Yield (Kg/ha)

Irrigated situation Rainfed situation

Rice Ragi Maize Jowar Ragi Maize Tur Horse Ground-gram nut

H.D.Kote Antharasanthe 2688 2444 1494 - 339

Hampapura 2415 1870 1208 - 350 332

H.D.Kote 2840 3006 1676 3146 343 397 409

Kandalike 3905 - 1371 - 334 373

Saragur 2964 2863 2046 2659 312 352

Hunsur Bilikere 2577 3319 1780 2079 3037 357 313 1044

Gowdagere 2699 - 1765 2112 3671 320 575

Hanagodu 2389 3646 3516 - 1948 2458 312 606

Hunsur 3309 3471 4127 - 2047 3624 283 323

K.R.Nagar Chunchanakatte 2931 - 1575 544

Hebbal 3125 - 1580 581

Hosaagrahara 2613 - 1510 316 509

K. R. Nagar 3022 - 1600 529

Mirle 2960 - 1589 561

Saligrama 3077 - 1670 534

Mysore Ilawala 2895 1648 1477 448 537 567

Jayapura 2650 994 1702 474 538 768

Mysore 3641 977 1600 563

Varuna 2990 950 1305 1063 484 519 855

Nanjanagud Biligere 3481 1877 923 527 1030

Chikkayyanachatra 3380 2855 1921 1212 638 430 1024

Hullahalli 3568 1756 2689 1285 1264 510 875

Kowlandhe - 1288 1191 365 422 454 243 342

Nanjanagud 2798 640 1085 907 435 970

Piriyapatna Bettadapura 2628 2995 3877 358

Haranahalli 2380 2707 4514 375

Piriyapatna 2802 2965 4476 360

Ravandoor 3132 2818 4443 361

T. Narasipur Bannur 3411 1869 593

Mugur 3342 1861 251

Sosale 3507 1612 3895 419

T. Narasipur 3590 1998 524

Talkad 3597 1602 3725 378

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Under irrigated conditions, the yield gap varied from 895 kgs to 2420 kgs in rice, 1399 to3757 kgs in ragi and 477 to 3409 kgs in maize. Under rainfed situation the yield gap varied from 37 to 2535 kgs in jowar, 414 to 2456 kgs in ragi, 105 to 2937 kgs in maize, 93 to 717 kgs in tur, 169 to 507 kgs in horse gram and 356 to 1149 kgs in groundnut. In almost all the crops research station yield levels were more than farmers field. However, maize performance in farmers fields was better than research station in Harnahalli, Piriyapatna and Ravandoor hoblies and similarly tur recorded higher

productivity in Hullahalli hobli than the research station.

The spatial integration procedure is schematically presented in figure 2.6.4. The final integrated map provides a large data base on land, soil, agro-ecological and socio-economic parameters for each LMU and their spatial distribution in a given administrative unit. The spatial and attribute data sets either alone or together can be used for evolving decision making criteria. The system also provides for displaying the results of implemented decision criteria and evaluating them.

Vill. LMU Area (%) L. form Soil Landuse AEU Far. syst Pop. Trib. Pop. Ag. work.

Haver 1 35 Gsl Mtr R. agri. 2 Tobacc 2000 305 750

Haver 1 35 Gsl Rkp Misc. 2 Fallow 2000 305 750

Haver 2 40 Vgsl Mtr Ir. agri. 1 Ir. agri. 2000 305 750

Haver 2 40 Vgsl Stn Forest 1 Forest 2000 305 750

Soil map of Mysore1 : 50 K: 106 series : 95 map units

Land use map of Mysore1 : 50 K: 23 land use types

Overlay / Union

Landform-soil-land use 1:50 K

Generalised landform - soil map1:50 K: 15 series: 20 map units

Generalised landform use map1:50 K: 6 land use types

Agro-ecological units1:50 K: 4 AE units

Overlay / Union

Land Management Units Administrative boundaries

Overlay / Union

LMU's of administrative divisions

Fig 2.6.4. Flow chart of spatial data processing in GIS

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2.6.m Development of climatic and soil site-suitability criteria for Jatropha curcas in Rainfed regions of India (Inter-institutional Project)

G. Ravindrachary, G. Rajeswara Rao, K.V. Rao, G.R. Maruthi Shankar and A.V.M. Subba Rao,

L.G.K. Naidu and S. Srinivas

Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad

National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore

This Project is initiated to identify different climatic and soil site attributes supporting excellent, moderate and marginal production of Jatropha curcas and to develop climate and soil site criteria for evaluating suitability of soils of Jatropha.

The study area covers 462 sites spread over in 108 targeted districts in 25 states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarath, Haryana, H.P., Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Andaman Islands. Inventory of climate and soil details of the above regions were collected through net work Centres of AICRPDA and AICRPAM. Inventory of soil site details were collected by studying 392 soil mapping units from Soil Resource Maps of 25 states generated by NBSS & LUP.

Based on the literature reported and experience, tentative soil site suitability criteria was developed as given below:

Climate/soil site Suitable

Highly Moderately Marginal

Climatic LGP days >180 120-180 90-120

oMax. temp. C 28-36 36-42 >42oMin. temp. C >15 6-15 <6

Site parameters

Altitude (M/MSL) <500 500-1000 >1000

Slope (%) <5 5-15 >15

Drainage Welldrained Mod. Well Imperfect to& Excessive Poorly

Soil Parameters

Rooting depth (cm) < 75 50-75 <50

Texture L, Sil Cl, Scl, Sl Clay (Mixed/ clay Kaolinitic) ls (smectite) s

Gravelliness(%) <35 35-50 >50

pH 6-7 5.0-5.9 <5.07.1-7.9 >8.0

parameter

The above criteria were tested in Andhra Pradesh. The soil units covering an area of 62, 23 & 31 ha falling in Land Capability Class VI and above were evaluated. About 21,831 ha (0.35%) area rated as S1, 20, 38, 792 ha (32.8) as S2, 40, 76,026 ha (65.5%) as S3 and 86835 ha (1.4%) as not suitable. The available Jatropha sps, crop stand in natural habitats (plant height branches, in some of the distr icts namely Anantapur, Mahabubnagar, Visakhapatnam were checked with criteria. Jatropha performance and crop stand matched well on site rated as excellent and highly suitable lands, very good on moderately, good or marginally suitable and average on not suitable lands. The project is completed. The information generated will be useful in development of waste lands and biofuel plantations to over come oil crises in future and also Conservation of fragile rainfed areas.

UPASI NBSS & LUP, Bangalore

UPASI TEA REASEARCH FOUNDATION, Valparai, Tamil Nadu has taken up project on “Application of GIS to acidity and fertility management of tea soils of Tamil Nadu” in collaboration with NBSS & LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore funded by Departement of Science and Technology (DST). Soil fertility maps of nearly 30 tea estates of Anamallais and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu were prepared using GIS. Thematic maps showing the soil pH, Electrical conductivity, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium (Fig. 2.6.5) and ammonium-N were prepared for the selected tea estates. Brief report for each tea estate along with thematic maps showing current fertility status and recommendations were made. Final report with all the estate maps was prepared and submitted to DST.

2.6.n Application of GIS to acidity and fertility management of tea soils of Tamil Nadu

V.K. Senthurpandian and S. Srinivas,

Fig. 2.6.5. Soil Potassium status map of Iyerpadi Tea Estate

Soil Potassium Status Mapof Iyerpadi Estate

Parry Agro Industries Ltd.Valparai Village, Coimbatore District

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2.6.o Correlation of Soil Series of India and Their Placement in the National Register : Southern States (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Puducherry and Lakshadweep)

L.G.K. Naidu, A. Natarajan, K.M. Nair, K.S. Anil Kumar, R.S. Meena

Soil Correlation : During the period under report about 33 soil series were correlated and forwarded to Soil Correlation Committee for incorporation in the National Soil Series Register.

Kerala: 18 soil series (Chimpukkad, Karinganthode, Kummankuzhi, Kuthannur, Tolanur, Attayampathy, Ozhalapathy, Perumachalla, Kanjirapally, Kunnathur, Lahai, Manjalloor, Pall ippadi, Panachikkad,

Thiruvanchoor, Thrikkannamangal, Vazhoor, Vijayapuram) were correlated.

Andhra Pradesh: 5 soil series (Chitkul, Kondalaswamy, Masanpalli, Nemlimet and Uplingapur) from Medak district were correlated.

Tamil Nadu: 10 soil series (Idayamelur, Malampatti, Tamaraikulam, Tamarakki, Sivagangai, Kilathari, Kandangipatti, Salur, Melpoongudi and Nalukottai) in Sivagangai block, Sivagangai district were correlated.

Preparation of Field Guide: To maintain uniformity in the description of soil and site characteristics in the field, a Field Guide was prepared for use in the field. This Field Guide was aimed to help the field parties working in the field at cadastral level survey in Tamil Nadu at present.

Regional Centre, Delhi

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2.7.a Generation of soil database for Khulgad watershed development in Almora district, Uttarakhand

C.S Walia, Jaya N. Surya, R.P. Dhankar, J.P. Sharma, Harjit Singh and K.M. Soni

In order to assess the potential and problems of different soils and to develop rational land use for optimizing agricultural production, comprehensive information about soils was generated. Soils in the Khulgad are very complex in their properties due to complex geology, geomorphology in the area. Dominant soils are Entisols (60.0%) followed by Inceptisols (38.0%) and Alfisols (1.5%), respectively. Taxonomy of soils is presented in Table 2.7.1.The soils are mostly dark colored as they are rich in organic matter. The soils are very strongly acidic to

slightly acidic in reaction with pH varies from 4.4 to 6.5 depending upon the parent material, vegetation cover and stage of weathering. The texture of soils is mostly sandy loam. However, loam to sandy clay loam soils found to occur on stable landforms, where weathering is relatively in advance stage. All the soils are subject to varying degree of erosion depending upon vegetation cover, slope and management practices. The surface mostly varies from slightly to strongly stony or rocky depending upon slope and erosion. The soils are mostly excessively to somewhat excessively drained. The soils are mostly cultivated to crops like rice, wheat, mandua and pulses. Horticulture crops are also grown in patches where soil depth is favourable. Soils on steeper slopes are either under forest or under scrubs.

Table 2.7.1. Taxonomy of Soils, Khulgad Watershed

Soil Series Sub-group Family Areaha %

Sahyadevi-I, Aghar, Bhargal Routella, Lithic Udorthents Loamy 903.9 27.6

Bisra, Khunt, Daubra, Dhaili Typic Udorthents Coarse-loamy 988.1 30.1

Jolswar Typic Udifluvents Coarse-loamy 71.0 2.2

Naula, Kujyari Lithic Dystrudepts Loamy 151.8 4.6

Sitlakhet, Kathpurya Humic Dystrudepts Fine-loamy 287 8.8

Sahyadevi-II, Basar, Dilkot Typic Dystrudepts Coarse-loamy 226.6 6.9

Jolly Typic Dystrudepts Fine-loamy 144.0 4.4

Sala Routella Dystric Eutrudepts Fine-loamy 45.0 1.4

Bhakhar, Kurchaun, Kapchaun, Champa Dystric Eutrudepts Coarse-loamy 371 11.3

Dhamas Ultic Hapludalfs Fine-loamy 46 1.4

Habitation 44 1.3

Kharkhuna

• Soils are suitable for rice in 14 percent area, vegetables like potato can be put under 22 percent area. Fruit crops like citrus can be cultivated in 22 percent area while crops like pear is suitable in 7 percent area.

• About 20 to 30 percent area is marginally suitable for cultivation of the crops and require intensive soil and water conservation measures. More than 40 percent area of watershed area is not suitable for growing crops, but suitable for pasture land, silvi-culture, social forestry and silvi-pasture.

• The most important characteristics that determine the suitability class are soil depth, slope, texture, pH, fertility status and AWC of soils.

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Land Capability Classification

Soil Suitability for Crops

Soils of Khulgad were classified into eight land capability classes (Fig. 2.7.1). Class I to IV are considered as arable, whereas V to VIII are non arable. In the Khulgad watershed, the major limitations are due to soil depth, soil texture, wetness and erosion. Land capability classification data showed that about 40 percent area is fit for cultivation whereas rest of the area is non arable due to severe soil and erosion limitations. Around 1 percent area qualifies for class I land, 3 percent for class II, 20 percent for class III and 17 percent for class IV land. Rest of the area put under V to VIII classes. The degraded scrub lands put under VII and VIII class lands whereas valley lands suffer from coarse texture overflow and during rainy season has been placed under class IV land.

Fig.2.7.1. Land Capability Classes, Khulgad Watershed

Soil-site evaluation was done by adopting FAO (1984) and Sys (1995) criteria for climatically suitable crops viz., Wheat, rice, maize, mandua, mustard/rapeseed, soybean, potato, chilli, tomato, pear, plum, citrus and walnut (Fig. 2.7.2).

Land evaluation for different crops indicate that only 21 to 26 percent area is suitable for crops like wheat, maize, mustard, potato. Mandua can be grown in 37 percent area while soyabean can be cultivated in 33 percent area of the watershed.

•

Fig. 2.7.2. Crops suitability of Khulgad watershed

LAND CAPABILITYKhulgad Watershed

Almora

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2.7.b Soil resource distribution, characterization

and evaluation for cotton based cropping

systems in irrigated ecosystem in northern

India

C.S. Walia, D. Martin, S.P. Singh, J. Ram,

D.K. Katiyar, R.P. Dhankar and Dharam Singh

Agri-environmental indicators (AEI) were used to work out sustainability of the cotton based cropping system by using Kelvin Parris (1997) method. The agri-environmental indicators (AEI) used for sustainable agriculture are nutrients, pesticides/weedicides use, water use efficiency, land use and conservation, soil quality, water quality, green house gases, bio-diversity, wild life habitats, landscape, farm management, farm financial resources and socio-cultural aspects for understanding the links between agriculture and environment. Data on these parameters were collected from 500 farm families representing small, medium and large holdings in Sirsa district. Based on the degree of degradation of agro-resources as reflected through 13 agri-environmental indicators, each AEI was given the rank value of 0, -1, -2, -3 and -4 indicating no problem, slight problem, moderate problem, severe problem and very severe problem, respectively. Further, similar rank values were counted in each class and denoted the value of ½, 1 and 2 for moderate, severe and very severity class respectively to calculate the severity index. It was found that more the severity index more will be the unsustainable agriculture system (Table 2.7.2). Cotton sustainability map of the district has been generated (Fig. 2.7.3).

The data showed that cotton based cropping system is sustainable only in 31 per cent area with severity less than 4 and moderately sustainable in 25 per cent area where high doses of pesticides usage, lack of credit facilities, little manuring and recycling of farm waste, little diversification, marginal quality of groundwater, coarse texture soils and moderate level of management. The

severity index in 25 per cent of TGA ranges between 8-12 indicating marginal sustainability due to moderate erosion, sandy texture, low level of farm management, poor quality of water and low profit. Cotton based cropping is unsustainable in about 19 per cent area due to sandy/fine texture, salinity/waterlogging, undulation, severe erosion and very low profit in addition to limitations stated in moderate class. It can be concluded that cotton based cropping is sustainable in about 56 per cent area and remaining area is marginally sustainable or presently not sustainable and may lead to degradation of agricultural resources if these issues are not addressed as soon as possible.

Table 2.7.2. Sustainability of Cotton based cropping system

Sustainability class Severity index range ha %

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Sustainable (S1) <4 Mangla 1) High doses of pesticides 134078 31.4

Kalanwali 2) lack of credit facilities

Ganga 3) Little manuring/recycling of farm waste

Soil Series Sustainability issues Area

Fig 2.7.3. Cotton sustainability map of Sirsa district, Haryana

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2.7.c Soil resource mapping and digitization of some districts of Uttar Pradesh (RSAC-UP Project)

J.P. Sharma, S.K. Mahapatra, D. Martin, C.S. Walia, T.P. Verma, S.P. Singh, Jagat Ram, R.P. Dhankar, Tarsem Lal, C.B. Sachdev, G.S. Sidhu, Jaya N. Surya, Ram Gopal, R.D. Sharma and D.K. Katiyar

Firozabad District

Soils of Firozabad district are classified into two orders, four sub-orders, five great groups and seven sub-groups. Inceptisols occupy about 81 per cent of TGA. Among the sub-orders Ustepts occupy the largest area (76 %) followed by Fluvents (12.2 %). Among great groups, Haplustepts contribute the largest area (65 %) followed by Ustifluvents (12.2 %) and Calciustepts (10.9 %). Seven sub-groups have been identified in the district; Typic Haplustepts occupies the largest area in the district followed by Udic Haplustepts and Typic Ustifluvents. Among the families, fine-loamy soils are dominant followed by coarse loamy soils. Thematic maps were generated from soil resource map and revealed that soils of the district suffer from various problems such as salinity/sodicity (22.5%), erosion (9.3%), waterlogging

(5.1%) and impeded drainage (20%) and coarse textured soils (32%). These soils require special management and conservation/reclamation measures for cultivation otherwise aggravate the degradational process and make them unproductive or wasteland. Interpretation of soil-resource data (Fig. 2.7.4) for land capability classification indicates that about 63 per cent area qualify for class II lands while 18 per cent are put in to class III land, 7.3 per cent in to class IV land and about 8 per cent area is classified under VI land. The dominant limitation identified sub-class levels are soil characteristics (coarse texture, sodicity/salinity and calcareousness), wetness and erosion. About 59 per cent area is suitable for irrigation. Nearly 30 per cent area is unsuitable for irrigation due to soil and drainage constraints. Soils were evaluated to assess the suitability for crops. Soil suitability analysis indicated that about 43 per cent area of TGA is suitable for irrigated rice, 75 per cent area for wheat and 67 per cent area for potato. Bajra, mustard and arhar hold high promise for cultivation under rainfed areas and suitable for about 60 per cent of TGA. Fruits like guava and pomegranate can be grown in about 58 per cent area of the district. However, fruits like ber can be cultivated in 68 per cent of the total area of the district.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Moderately

sustainable (S2) Khariyan • Little diversification

Ellanabad • Marginal quality of ground water

• Moderate level of farm management and

• coarse textured soils

Marginally 8-12 Sukh chain Stated as above and 106251 24.8

sustainable (S3) Chattariyan • Moderate wind erosion

Modiya khera • Sandy texture,

Kelaniya • Drainage

• low level of farm management

• Poor quality of ground water/

non-availability of canal water

• Low profit

Unsustainable (N1) >12 Rarriya Stated as above and 80533 18.8

Ranipur • Sandy/fine texture

Tehri • Salinity/waterlogging

Umedpura • Undulation

Rori • Severe wind erosion

Surtia

4-8 Ratta khera Stated as above and 104433 24.5

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Fig. 2.7.4. Land capability, irrigability and crop suitability maps of Firozabad district, U.P.

Land Capability classesFirozabad

Uttar Pradesh

Land Irrigability classesFirozabad

Uttar Pradesh

Soil Suitability - WheatFirozabad

Uttar Pradesh

Soil Suitability - GuavaFirozabad

Uttar Pradesh

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Mainpuri District

Soil map of Mainpuri district has been digitized and depicted in figure 2.7.5. The soils belong to 3 orders, 6 sub orders, 8 great groups, 12 subgroups and 18 family classes. Inceptisols are the dominant soils (84.43%) followed by Entisols (12.82%) and Alfisols (1.23%). Among sub orders Ustepts occupy the largest (51.25%) area in the district followed by Aquepts (33.18%), Orthents (6.81%), Fluvents (4.04%), Psamments (1.97%) and least Aqualfs (1.23%). Among the great groups Haplustepts occupies the largest area (40.84%) followed by Halaquepts (30.43%), Calciustepts (10.41%), Ustorthents (6.81%), Ustifluvents (4.04%), Endoaquepts (2.75%),Ustipsamments (1.97%) and least area by Natraqualfs (1.23%). Among the sub groups Typic Haplustepts (33.30%) having major area followed by Aeric Halaquepts (30.43%), Typic Ustorthents (6.81%), Typic Calciustepts (6.05%), Natric Calciustepts (4.36 %), Natric Haplustepts (4.22%), Typic Ustifluvents (4.04%), Aeric Endoaquepts (2.75%), Calcic Haplustepts (2.53%), Typic Ustipsamments (1.97%), Fluventic Aeric Natraqualfs (1.23%) and Oxyaquic Haplustepts (0.79%) are the dominant sub groups in the district.

Land capability sub-class association and extent of the area indicated that about 10 per cent lands are grouped into class II, 40 per cent into class III, 27 per cent into class IV and 19 per cent into class VI. Most of the lands have limitation of either of erosion or soil factor (soil texture, root zone limitation, etc.) and or both. Some lands are also limited by both wetness and soil factors.

Nearly 87 per cent area is suitable for wheat and rice, 84 per cent for pearl mille and mustard , 91 per cent for potato and 55 per cent for 55 percent for maize, pigeon pea and chick pea.

Majority of soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (61%), low to medium in organic carbon status (64%) low to medium in available P and medium in available K.

Soil and thematic maps of Shahjahanpur and Mathura districts have been prepared in GIS environment. The write-up of soil series description of these two districts has been completed. The details have been presented separately in respective projects.

Soil map of the Moradabad district has been finalized. 23 soil series have been identified and mapped as 41 soil series associations. The soils have been classified into 2 orders viz. Inceptisols (71.78%) and Entisols (23.81%). They have been further classified unto 3 sub-orders (Ustepts, Fluvents and Psamments) and 3 Great-groups viz. Haplustepts (71.78%), Ustifluvents (18.25%) and Ustisamments (5.56%). The soils have been further classified into 4 sub-groups viz. Typic Haplustepts (63.67%), Oxyaquic Haplustepts (8.11%), Typic Ustifluvents (18.25%) and Typic Ustisamments (5.56 %). An assessment of the various soil characteristics shows that about 68.64% of the soils are well drained followed by 13.29% moderately well drained, 8.11% imperfectly drained, 54.86 % coarse loamy and 35.18% fine loamy soils. About 75.4 % of the district was slightly eroded and 90.76% of the TGA was neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction.

Soil map of Mathura district has been finalized and digitized. 20 soil series have been identified and mapped into 35 soil mapping units (soil series association). Soil map has been depicted in figure 2.7.6 and legend has been presented in Table 2.7.3, respectively. Soils of active flood

Moradabad District

S.K. Mahapatra, Tarsem Lal, Jaya N. Surya, G.S. Sidhu and J.P. Sharma

2.7.d Soil Resource Mapping of Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh for Perspective Land Use Planning

Fig. 2.7.5. Soil map of Mainpuri district, U.P.

SoilMainpuri

Uttar Pradesh

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plain are very deep, somewhat excessively drained, loamy sand to sand in texture, both calcareous and non-calcareous and subject to occasional annual flooding. They are classified as mostly Typic Ustipsamments. Soils of recent alluvial plains are very deep, moderately well drained, loamy sand to loam in texture, alkaline in reaction, both calcareous and non-calcareous and classified as Typic Ustipsamments, Typic Ustifluvents and Typic Haplustepts. Soils of old alluvial plains are very deep, well drained, sandy loam to clay loam in texture, both calcareous and non-calcareous, alkaline and affected by salinity in some patches, comparatively well developed having sub-angular blocky structure and classified as mostly Typic Haplustepts. Soils of Aravalli hills are shallow, excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam in texture, moderate to severely eroded and are classified as Lithic Ustorthents.

SoilUnit

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Table 2.7.3. Soil mapping legend, Mathura district, U.P.

Soil SeriesAssociation

Bechhawan Bihari

Shergarh

Garhi talfi

Shergarh

Bechhawan Bihar

Garhitalfi

Shergarh

Bechhawan Bihar

Shargarh

Garhi talfi

Chhatikara

Brief Description

A SOILS OF ACTIVE FLOOD PLAINSoils of Gently Sloping Flood Plain

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, brown to yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4) colour, loamy sand over sandy. These soils are subject to annual flood and are under wheat and mustard crops

Very deep, well drained, grayish brown to gray (10 YR 5/2 to 10 YR 6/1) colour, loamy sand over sandy calcareous soils. These soils are subject to annual flood and are under seasonal vegetables

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4 to 10 YR 4/6) colour, sandy soils. These soils are subject to flooding and are under wheat mustard and potato cultivation

Same as above in 1

Soils of gently sloping levees

Same as above in 1

Same as above in 1

Soils of nearly level meandering plain

Same as above in 1

Same as above in 1

Same as above in 1

Same as above in 2

SOILS OF RECENT FLOOD PLAINSoils of Very Gently Sloping Recent Alluvial Plain

Very deep, well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3, 10 YR 4/4) colour, sandy loam soils. Mostly under wheat, mustard, fodder, potato and vegetables

Taxonomy

Typic Ustipsamments

Typic Ustipsamments

Typic Ustipsamments

Typic Haplustepts

ha %

8371.1 2.5

4487.7 1.3

7379.8 2.2

8077.9 2.4

3899.3 1.2

20434.0 6.1

Area

N

Fig. 2.7.6. Soil map of Mathura district, U.P.

Soils Mathura district

U.P.

(Cont....)

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SoilUnit


Brief Description Taxonomyha %

Area

Very deep, moderately well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR to 4/4) colour, sandy loam to loam soils with few Fe-Mn nodules below 50 cm depth. Mostly under wheat, mustard, sugarcane, rice cultivation

Same as above in 6

Very deep, moderately well drained, light brownish gray to grayish brown (10 YR 6/2 to 5/2) colour, sandy loam over sandy, calcareous soils. These soils are subject to occasional floods and mostly under wheat, mustard, bajra and vegetables

Same as above in 7

Very deep, well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 to 4/4) colour, sandy loam, calcareous soils

Same as above in 7

Very deep, well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 to 4/4) colour, loamy sand, calcareous soils on 1-3% slopes with lime kankar below 75 cm and are mostly under wheat, bajra, sorghum, mustard, potato and vegetables cultivation

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 to 4/4) colour, loamy sand soils. They are mostly under wheat, mustard, chari and vegetables cultivation

Same as above in 8Same as above in 9Same as above in 6

Soils of very gently sloping recent alluvial plain with scattered low lying patches

Same as above in 6Same as above in 6

Soils of very gently sloping recent alluvial plain with concave sloping

Same as above in 1Same as above in 6Same as above in 8Same as above in 6Same as above in 8Same as above in 1

OLD ALLUVIAL PLAINSSoils of very gently sloping old alluvial plain

Very deep, well drained, dark grayish brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/2 to 4/4) colour, sandy loam with few Fe-Mn nodules below 70 cm. Mostly under wheat, mustard, chari, sugarcane and maize cultivation

Same as above in 6

Very deep, moderately well drained, brown to yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 to 5/4) colour, sandy loam, clcareous soils with lime kankar below 75 cm. These soils are under wheat, rice, mustard, bajra and chari crops

Same as above in 6

Ladpur

Chhatikra

Majhoi

Chhatikra

Tarauli

Majhoi

Salempur

Barari

TarauliSalempurChhatikra

LadpurChhatikra

ShergarhLadpurTarauli

ChhatikraTarauli

Bechhawan Bihari

Chhata

Ladpur

Karhela

Ladpur

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Ustifluvents

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Ustipsamments

Typic Ustipsamments

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Haplustepts

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

8895.6 2.7

24762.1 7.4

2138.7 0.6

9972.7 3.0

8446.8 2.5

17651.6 5.3

418.9 0.1

18040.5 5.4

1296.4 0.4

45086.4 13.5

10760.5 3.2

(Cont....)

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SoilUnit



Area

Chaumuhan

Basauti

Ladpur

Chaumuhan

Chhata

Karhela

Neri

Chhata

Pedal

Dalauta

Garhsauli

Basauti

Barari

Chhata

Simri

Ladpur

Chhata

Bathian Kalan

KarhelaBasauti

ChhataDalouta

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

4786.9 1.4

9773.2 2.9

9095.1 2.7

1854.9 0.6

13881.9 4.2

6631.8 2.0

5744.3 1.7

3490.4 1.0

1336.3 0.4

10172.1 3.0

13742.3 4.1

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Haplustepts

Typic Halaquepts

Typic Haplustepts

Lithic Ustorthents

Very deep, well drained, dark grayish brown dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/2 to 4/4) colour, loam to clay loam soils with few Fe-Mn nodules below 70 cm depth. These soils are mostly under wheat rice, sugarcane, mustard and chari crops

Very deep, moderately well drained, dark grayish brown to yellowish brown (10 YR 4/2 to 5/4), loam, calcareous soils with fine lime kankar below 50 cm. These soils are mostly under wheat, rice, mustard, sugarcane, maize and bajra cultivation

Same as above in 6

Same as above in 18

Same as above in 16

Same as above in 17

Very deep, well drained/moderately well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3) to 5/3) colour, sandy loam loam, calcareous soils with lime kankar below 75 cm (hard pan). Mostly under wheat, mustard, maize, bajra, chari and rice cultivation

Same as above in 16

Very deep, well drained, dark grayish brown to dark yellowish (10 YR 4/2 to 4/4), loam soils and are mostly under wheat, rice, mustard, sugarcane cultivation

Very deep, well drained, brown to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 to 4/4), sandy loam, calcareous soils with fine lime nodules below 50 cm. These soils are mostly under rice, wheat, maize, mustard, bajra and vegetables

Very deep, moderately well drained, brown to yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 to 5/4), loam to clay loam, calcareous soils with few lime nodules below 75 cm. These soils are mostly under rice, wheat, sugarcane, mustard, maize and fodder crops

Same as above in 18

Same as above in 10

Same as above in 16

Very deep, moderately to imperfectly drained, light olive brown to olive brown (2.5 YR 5/3 to 4/4), loam to clay loam, calcareous soils with lime kankar below 50 cm sodic in nature and are under rice, wheat, mustard, sugarcane and fodder crops

Same as above in 6

Same as above in 16

Very deep, moderately well drained, olive brown to dark olive brown 2.5 YR 4/3 to 3/3) colour, loam soils with few Fe-Mn nodules below 80 cm. These soils are cultivated to wheat, rice, mustard, sugarcane and vegetables



(Cont....)

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SoilUnit



Area

Same as above in 6

Same as above in 16

Same as above in 18

Same as above in 22

Soils of very gently sloping old alluvial plain with low lying area in patches

Same as above in 22

Same as above in 25

Same as above in 21

Same as above in 25

Soils of very gently sloping old alluvial plain with concave slopes

Same as above in 2

Same as above in 18

Same as above in 22

Same as above in 18

Soils of moderately steep sloping Aravalli Hills

Shallow, excessively drained, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 to 3/6) colour, gravelly sandy loam soils on 15-30% slopes

SettlementsWater bodies/River

Total

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Ladpur

Chhata

Basauti

Pedal

Pedal

Simri

Neri

Simri

Dalauta

Basauti

Pedal

Chaumuhan

Barsana

Rock outcrops

7150.4 2.1

3221.2 1.0

20068.0 6.0

4009.0 1.2

4288.2 1.3

4047.9 1.2

688.1 0.2

4723.9 1.45110.1 1.5

333936 100

Lithic Ustorthents

Land capability map has been prepared and digitized (Fig 2.7.7). They are mostly rated under class IIc (23.2%), followed by IIs (20.7%), IIse (18.2%), IIsw (7.8%), IV sew (7.2%), IIIs (6.4%), IV sw (5.1%), IVse (4.7%) and others in small patches, respectively. Land irrigability map

has also been prepared and digitized (Fig 2.7.8). The data revel that the area is mostly under irrigability class 1 (42.5%), followed by 2s (16.2%), 2sd (15.7%), 3sd (12.3%), 3sdt (4.7%), 2d (2.4%) and 2ds (2.0%) and others in small areas, respectively.

Fig. 2.7.7. Land capability map of Mathura district, U.P. Fig. 2.7.8. Soil irrigability map of Mathura district, U.P.

N N

Land capability Mathura District

Soil IrrigabilityMathura District

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2.7.e Soil Resource Mapping of Shahjahanpur District

of Uttar Pradesh on 1: 50, 000 scale for Perspective

Land Use Planning.

D. Martin, J.P. Sharma, Tarsem Lal and

G.S. Sidhu

Soil resource data has been interpreted to generate various thematic maps (Fig. 2.7.9) in GIS to cater the needs of different user agencies like researchers, students, planners and administrators of government and non-governmental organizations.

Fig 2.7.9. Thematic Maps of Shahjahanpur district, UP

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•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Soils in large part of the district are sandy loam (63.98%), loamy sand (11.39%), silt loam (9.66%), silty clay loam (8.29) and loam (4.93%).

Soils with neutral reaction occupy maximum area of 219967.6 ha (48.2%), followed by slightly alkaline soils with 183842.2 ha (40.2%) area. Mild to moderately alkaline soil occupy 18454.2 ha (4.1%) area in the district.

Available phosphorus content in soils are classified into three i.e. low (< 12.5 kg/ha), medium (12.5 – 22.5 kg/ha) and high (> 22.5 kg/ha). About 84.0 percent area of the district falls under low phosphorus status class, which occurs mostly in all parts of the district. Only 10.5 percent area (47834.1 ha) of the district is medium in phosphorus status and are distributed randomly in old alluvial plains and lowlying old alluvial plains.

Available potassium status in soils is mostly medium to low. About 51.0 percent area of the district falls under low (<135 kg/ha) occurring in recent alluvial and old alluvial plains of the district and 43.5 percent area under medium potassium status (135 to 335 kg/ha) occurring in the recent alluvial plains with lime depositions and other parts of the district.

Exchangeable Sodium Percentage of the soils shows that 66 % of the soils have <15 ESP followed by 30 % soils in the recent and old alluvial plains of Ramganga, Bhagul and Garrah river alluvial plains with ESP up to 69%. These soils are sodic in nature where relief is low lying affected by severe flooding. Imperfect drainage, high pH, medium EC, Fe-Mn nodules, calcareousness and low organic carbon characterize them into Aquic Haplustepts, Aeric Halaquepts.

Land capability classes and extent of the area under each land capability sub-classes presented in figure shows that 38.0 percent lands are grouped into class II, 12.0 per cent lands as class III, 2.4 per cent lands into class IV and 25.0 per cent lands as class V and 16.0 per cent in class VI. Most of the lands are limited either by soil factor (soil texture, root zone limitation etc.) or because of erosion and both. Some lands are also limited by both wetness and soil factors.

Five land irrigability classes are found in the district which are further grouped into 5 sub classes. It was found from the map that 16.3% area is highly suitable for irrigation and 53.1% area is suitable with slight soil limitations. About 18.7% area is placed under class 3. For sub-class 3ds irrigation is needed at a low rate to check rise in water table and salinization due to imperfect drainage due to low soil permeability. Marginally suitable (4w) area was only 5% which is under sandy soils with low AWC and

very high permeability. Drip and sprinkler irrigation is recommended in these areas for better water use efficiency. Nearly 70% geographical area of the district can be given irrigation and about 30 % area needs proper management practices to check the damage in terms of soil salinization and other related problems.

The suitability of major crops of Shahjahanpur district has been worked out on the basis of soil site characteristics and the suitability criteria of some important crops grown in the district. Soil site suitability evaluation of some important agriculture and horticultural crops is depicted Fig. 2.7.10. The data shows that rice-wheat, rice-mustard, sugarcane-wheat, sorghum-mustard, sorghum-potato are the dominant cropping system recommended in the district (Table 2.7.4).

Table 2.7.4. Recommended cropping systems for the district in preferential order

MappingUnit

1. Sorgum Potato2. Sorgum, Ground nut Potato, Mustard

3. Ground nut, Potato, Seasamum

4. Maize, Millet, Sorgum, Gram, Pea, Wheat, Sugarcane Sesamum, Sunflower, Mustard

5. Maize, Millet, Sorgum, Wheat, Pea, Mustard,Sugarcane Tobaco, Potato, Seasum,

6. Sorghum, Millet Tobaco, Gram, Pea, Mustard

7. Pigeon pea, Sorghum, Wheat, Pea, Sunflower,Millet Seasum

8. Sugarcane, Millet, Mustard, Field beanGround nut

9. Sugarcane, Millet Gram, Sunflower,

10. Irrigated rice, Sugarcane, Gram, Pea, Wheat, Sesamum,Maize, Sunflower, Mustard

11. Irrigated rice, Sugarcane, Wheat, Sesamum, Sunflower,Maize, Mustard

12. Irrigated rice, Sugarcane, Wheat, Sesamum,Maize, Sunflower, Mustard

13. Rainfed rice, Maize, Sunflower, Mustard Sorghum,

14. Sugarcane, Maize, Wheat, Sunflower, MustardMillets, Pigeon pea

15. Irrigated rice, Sugarcane Wheat, Pea16. Irrigated rice, Maize, Wheat, Barley, gram,

Ground nut Pea, Field bean, Sunflower17. Rainfed rice, Sorghum Wheat, Barley, gram18. Rainfed rice, Sunflower

19. Rainfed rice, Sugarcane Wheat, Mustard

20. Irrigated rice -21. Irrigated rice Sugarcane22. Irrigated rice Barley

23. Ground nut, Irrigated rice Barley

24. Ground nut Potato25. Irrigated rice Pasture

•

Kharif Rabi


92

Fig. 2.7.10. Crops suitability maps of Shahjahanpur district, U.P.

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Water Harvesting, its Storage and Management

G.S. Sidhu, Tarsem Lal, Jaya N Surya, Dharam Singh and J.P. Sharma

Irrigation practices followed by the farmers in raising major crops of the region were taken into account to estimate ground water use and hence annual draft. Assuming normal monsoon, water requirement for each crop covering average acreage was determined. Considering geology, soil strata, slope and extent of water bodies, suitable assumptions were made to assess recharge of ground water. Using the water requirement of the crops grown in the district, the water requirement of different crops for growing the different areas was calculated and presented in Table 2.7.5.

Table 2.7.5. Water requirement for different crops in Shahjahanpur district

Crop Area* WR (mm) WR (m) IR (ha m)

Rice 216669 2000 2.00 433338

Wheat 249180 250 0.25 62295

Maize 2793 250 0.25 698.25

Barley 2685 150 0.15 402.75

Sorghum 1274 150 0.10 127.4

Millets 3693 150 0.15 553.95

Gram 252 200 0.20 50.4

Pea 943 150 0.15 141.45

Oil seeds 24691 200 0.20 4938.2

Pulses 31812 200 0.20 6362.4

sugarcane 37687 900 0.90 33918.3

Potato 8472 250 0.25 2118

Total Water requirement 544944.1

Total available water for ground water recharge 159881.05in the district through annual rainfall and waterbodies

Deficit of water requirement for ground water 385063.05recharge

From the analysis it was found that only 30 per cent of the water in the district is available for groundwater recharge and 70 per cent is the deficit, which is a serious concern for future water requirement in the district for agriculture as well as for the human and animal population. Therefore, immediate necessary steps to be taken up for rain water harvesting and construction of water harvesting structures as the district receives an average of 1050 mm rainfall.

The soil mapping has been completed and soil map has been prepared after harmonizing the scale of topo bases. The microbial mass in different landform units is given in

2.7.f Dynamics of land use plan and its impact on soil development in Jalandhar district, Punjab state.

Table 2.7.6. The quality of underground water (Table 2.7.7) indicated that the most of water is safe for use as irrigation. The interpretation of land use data as gathered from the farmers is in progress.

Table 2.7.6. Microbial population in soils at different grid points in Jalandhar district

Sr.-1 -1No. No. Use 24 g Bacteria Fungi Actinomy-

PB/ JD soil cetes

Old Flood Plain12 3 41. 1 *P-MA 33.9 212 X 10 19 X 10 198X 1011 3 42. 3 W-R 92.3 58X10 15 X 10 263X108 3 53. 5 W-R 87.4 294X10 29 X 10 37X10

11 3 44. 7 W-S 48.4 237X10 26X10 46X109 3 45. 9 W-S 228.8 217X10 44X10 92X10

10 3 56. 13 W-P 178.6 63X10 22X 10 54X109 3 47. 17 W-P 97.9 286X10 53X10 39X10

11 3 48. 19 W-P 96.8 291X10 18X10 137X109 2 39. 25 W-S 56.8 81X10 35X10 47X109 3 310. 27 W-M-S 111.833 212X10 157X10 40X10

10 3 411. 29 W-S 40.53 94X10 27X10 155X1010 4 312. 31 W-R 29.326 209X10 50X10 75X1010 2 413. 33 W-S-B 97.2 243X10 45X10 80X1010 2 314. 35 W-S 79.2 244X10 46X10 74X1011 3 315. 41 W-S 44.2 202X10 20X10 97X109 2 316. 43 W-S 62.233 240X10 92X10 146X10

11 3 417. 45 W-S 44.4 85X10 12X10 62X108 3 418. 47 W-MU-P 35,566 98X10 33X10 59 X 10

11 3 419. 49 W-S 34.23 299X10 22X10 240X109 2 320. 51 W- 21.7361 195X10 63X10 66X10

10 3 521. 53 W-S-M 112.933 81X10 49 X 10 134X1010 4 322. 61 W-S 76.233 165X10 207X10 148X108 3 323. 63 S-W-MA 89.4 221X10 33X10 168X108 3 424. 65 W-S 65.766 212 X 10 16X10 196X10

Recent Flood Plain9 2 325. 67 W-MU 112.266 156X10 26X10 242X109 2 326. 69 W-P-R 68.9 74X10 207X10 129X109 4 327. 71 W-S 41.333 47X10 48X10 117X10

10 3 428. 73 R-W 218.933 259X10 32X10 197X1010 3 529. 79 W-R 57.566 296X10 39X10 50X109 2 330. 83 W-P 10.623 106X10 29X10 65X109 2 331. 94 W-S 42.733 63X10 59X10 128X10

12 3 432. 96 R-W 33.46 284X10 26X10 157X109 3 333. 98 R-W 83.266 69X10 34X10 34X109 3 434. 106 W-MU 69.066 174X10 38X10 87X109 3 435. 108 W-S 38.366 128X10 65 X 10 75X10

*W-wheat, R-rice, S-sugarcane, Mu-mustard, P-potato, Ma- maize, PE-pea

Sample Land µg TPF x -1Total microbial count X 10 cfu g soil

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2.7.g Dynamics of land use and its impact on soil development in Nawanshahr district, Punjab state.

G.S. Sidhu, Tarsem Lal, Jaya N. Surya, D.K. Katiyar and J.P. Sharma

The soil survey of the Nawanshahr district has been completed and soil map has been finalized (Fig. 2.7.11) on GIS environment. The groundwater quality (Table 2.7.7) is good for safe use in irrigation. The interpretation of land use data as gathered from the farmers is under progress. The range of soil chemical properties along with soil classification and present land use is presented in Table 2.7.8.

Table 2.7.7. Quality of underground water samples analysed in Jalandhar and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab during the period from April 2008 to March 2009

Sl. Water Quality Districts

No. characteristics Jalandhar Nawanshahr-11. Ca + Mg (meq L ) 2.20 -5.20 1.30 – 14.20

-12. Na (meq L ) 0.20-9.40 0.20 – 16.50-13. K (meq L ) 0.06 – 0.30 0.07 – 0.43

-14. Carbonates (meq L ) 0.00 – 1.60 0.00 – 3.40-15. Bicarbonates (meq L ) 2.00 – 7.40 1.90 – 11.40

-16 Chlorides (meq L ) 3.20 – 6.80 0.00 – 10.20-17. RSC (meq L ) 0.00 – 6.80 0.00 – 10.20

8. SAR 0.10 – 8.90 0.30 – 19.60

9. pH 7.00 – 8.70 7.40 – 9.20-110. EC (dS M ) 0.22 – 0.81 0.12 – 1.30

SOILSNawanshahar

District

N

Fig. 2.7.11. Soil map of Nawanshahr district, Punjab

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Table 2.7.8. Range of chemical characteristics of the soil series of Nawanshahar district, Punjab

Sl.-1No. pH EC (dS m ) OC(%) CEC[Cmol

-1(+)kg ]

Soils of Shiwaliks Hills

1. Bhaddi 7.60-9.20 0.09-0.30 0.04-1.06 1.00-11.50 Sandy, calcareous, Typic Ustorthents

2. Singhpur 8.00-8.30 0.11-0.17 0.08-0.38 3.50-6.00 Coarse-loamy, calcareous, -do-Typic Ustorthents

3. Chuchuwal 6.50-6.60 0.03-0.22 0.20-1.04 5.00-9.50 Coarse-loamy, Grazing landTypic Ustorthents

Soils of Piedmont Plain

4. Manjuwal 7.00-7.10 0.03-0.16 0.02-0.19 1.00-2.60 Sandy, Fallow (sandy soilsTypic Ustipsamments in choes)

5. Mandiani 7.00-8.30 0.10-0.21 0.02-0.30 1.00-5.80 Sandy, calcareous, Rainfed area underTypic Ustipsamments maize, wheat,

mustard6. Balachaur 8.00-8.90 0.10-0.23 0.04-0.30 1.00-9.00 Coarse-loamy, calcareous, Wheat, maize,

Typic Ustifluvents mustard and potatoSoils of Flood Plain

7. Naura 7.00-7.10 0.06-0.37 0.19-1.08 13.2-22.4 Fine-loamy, Paddy, wheat andUdic Haplustalfs sugarcane

8. Mahalown 7.80-8.30 0.10-0.22 0.23-0.72 10.11-20.00 Fine-loamy, calcareous, -do-Typic Haplustalfs

9. Hansron 7.70-8.00 0.09-0.20 0.29-0.76 7.90-18.70 Fine-loamy, Wheat, maize,Udic Haplustepts mustard and potato

10. Sadla 7.60-8.00 0.02-0.21 0.24-0.83 9.50-20.30 Fine-loamy, calcareous, -do-Typic Haplustepts

11. Sahabpur 7.90-8.00 0.08-0.25 0.25-0.71 8.00-14.00 Fine-loamy, Wheat, maize,Udic Haplustepts mustard and potato,

sunflower, berseemSoils of Old Flood Plain with high water table

12. Maksudpur 9.20-9.90 0.90-1.20 0.06-0.66 8.60-19.50 Fine-loamy, calcareous, Paddy and fallowTypic Halaquepts

Soils of Old Flood Plain with Channels beds/Levees

13. Hakimpur 8.10-8.70 0.13-0.23 0.25-0.68 7.50-12.10 Fine-loamy, calcareous, Paddy, wheat,Fluventic Haplustepts sugarcane, maize,

mustard, potato,and sunflower

14. Garcha 7.90-8.00 0.06-0.13 0.13-0.65 2.30-10.50 Coarse-loamy, calcareous, Wheat, sugarcane,Typic Ustifluvents maize, mustard,

potato, and sunflowerSoils of Upper Recent Flood Plains

15. Garhi 8.10-8.50 0.07-0.12 0.06-0.30 3.00-9.50 Coarse-loamy, Maize, mustard,Typic Haplustepts sugarcane, potato

and wheat16. Julaha Majra 7.80-8.80 0.10-0.45 0.02-0.99 0.60-7.50 Coarse-loamy, calcareous, -do-

Typic Ustifluvents

Soils of Lower Flood Plain17. Mahndipur 8.80-9.70 0.44-0.88 0.12-1.05 2.00-17.40 Fine-loamy, calcareous, Paddy, wheat,

Typic Ustifluvents sugarcane, andberseem

18. Palian Khurd 8.30-8.70 0.15-0.30 0.10-1.34 6.00-20.00 Fine-loamy, calcareous, Paddy and wheatAquic Ustifluvents in waterlogged

Soils of Active Flood Plain

19. Daryapur 7.90-8.10 0.10-0.16 0.04-0.27 0.20-1.80 Sandy, calcareous, Wheat, maize andTypic Ustipsamments mustard sandy waste

lands in patches

Soil Series Range of chemical characteristics Taxonomy Present land use

Thin forest

Regional Centre, Jorhat









































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2.8.a Assessment and mapping of important soil parameters including macro and micronutrients for the state of Tripura towards optimum land use planning

Dipak Sarkar, Utpal Baruah and T.H. Das

Nutrient status of soils in Tripura state has been assessed in terms of pH, O.C., available N,P,K and available micronutrients viz. Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe at 2 km intervals and GIS database has been created for first hand requisite for sustainable crop production.

Soil reaction (pH): The soil pH ranges from 3.5-7.1. An

area of 49.2 percent area of the state belongs to strongly acidic (5.1-5.5) category followed by 24.46 percent of the state under very strongly acidic (4.5-5.0) (Table 2.8.1 and Fig.2.8.1a,b,c,d).

Soil organic carbon: Organic carbon content in the soils of -1Tripura ranges from 0.1 to 5.42 gm kg and three

-1categories viz. low (<0.75 gm kg ), medium (0.75 to 1.50 -1 -1gmkg ) and high (>1.50 gm kg ) have been identified

(Table 2.8.2). 70.78 percent of the state belongs to medium category followed by 11.47 percent and 10.08 percent to low and high category respectively.

Table 2.8.1. Area (ha) under various soil reaction class in different districts of Tripura state

Classes (pH) West district South district Dhalai district North district Tripura State

Extremely acidic (<4.5) 17419.4 (5.81) 10135 (4.70) 50145 (18.65) 17771(6.30) 95470.5 (0.09)

Very strongly acidic (4.6-5.0) 91038.7 (30.37) 82239 (38.21) 55311 (21.67) 28090 (9.96) 256678.7 (24.46)

Strongly acidic (5.1-5.5) 150587.28 (50.26) 112094 (52.09) 58515 (22.92) 195085 (69.16) 516281.28 (49.20)

Moderately acidic (5.6-6.0) 15761.60 (5.26) 4971 (2.31) 20660 (8.10) 39208 (13.90) 80600.6 (7.68)

Strongly acidic(6.1-6.5) 5304.00 (1.76) 191 (0.10) 12316 (4.82) 1909 (0.68) 19720 (1.87)

(Parentheses indicates respective percentage)

Table 2.8.2. Area of Tripura under different categories of soil organic carbon content

Classes West district South district Dhalai district North district Tripura State

Low 57673 (19.24) 22106 (10.27) 15869 (6.22) 24718 (8.76) 120366 (11.47)

Medium 183774 (61.32) 161501 (75.05) 160248 (62.78) 237102 (84.06) 742625 (70.78)

High 38664 (12.90) 26023 (12.09) 20830 (8.16) 20243 (7.18) 105760 (10.08)

(Parentheses indicate respective percentage to state)

AVAILABLE ZINC AVAILABLE ZINC AVAILABLE ZINC AVAILABLE ZINC

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Fig. 2.8.1a. pH map of West district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.1b. pH map of South district, Tripura

Fig. 2.8.1c. pH map of Dhalai district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.1d. pH map of North district, Tripura

SOIL REACTION (ph) SOIL REACTION (ph)

SOIL REACTION (ph) SOIL REACTION (ph)

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Available nitrogen

Available phosphorus

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of Tripura -1ranges between 50.0 to 1206.0 kg ha (Table 2.8.3). Soils

of majority area (about 36 percent of the state) have -1medium status of available nitrogen (280-450 kgha ) and

-1 about 32 percent have low (<280 kg ha ) available nitrogen content.

Available phosphorus content ranges from 126.0-1059.0 -1kgha in soils of Tripura (Table 2.8.4 and Fig. 2.8.2a,b,c

& d). Soils of about 73.0 percent area are very low (<25 kg -1ha ) in available phosphorus content while about 10.29

-1percent area are found to be medium (25.0-45.0 kg ha ) in available P content.

Available potassium

Available copper

Available potassium content in soils of Tripura ranges -1 from 3.85 to 1155.84 kg ha (Table 2.8.5). Most

of the soils (about 51.0 percent of the state) -1have medium (150-340 kg ha ) and about 33.0

-1per cent are low (below 150 kg ha ) in available potassium content.

The available copper status in surface soils of Tripura -1 ranges between trace to 38.5 mg kg (Table 2.8.6). Soils of

Tripura are sufficient in available copper. Only 33.0 -1percent area shows low (<1.0 mg kg ) available copper

content.

Table 2.8.3. Status of available nitrogen content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Low 144395.13 (48.18) 151331 (70.32) 20906 (8.19) 22504 (7.98) 339136.13 (32.32)

Medium 127306.53 (42.48) 36253 (16.85) 102756 (40.25) 110706 (39.25) 377021.53 (35.93)

High 8410.07 (2.80) 22046 (10.24) 73285 (28.72) 148853 (52.77) 2525594.07 (24.07)

(Parentheses indicates respective percentage to state)

Table 2.8.4. Status of available phosphorus content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Very Low 189485.69 (63.22) 171805 (79.84) 131556 (51.54) 277656 (98.44) 770502.69 (73.43)

Low 59315.16 (19.79) 28318 (13.15) 15972 (6.26) 4407 (1.56) 108012.16 (10.29)

Medium 22141.26 (7.39) 6623 (3.08) 14066 (5.51) - 42830.26 (4.08)

High 9169.62 (3.06) 2884 (1.34) 35353 (13.85) - 47406.62 (4.51)


Table 2.8.5. Status of available potassium content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Low 174242.0 (58.17) 65685 (30.52) 45327 (17.76) 63803 (22.62) 349157 (33.27)

Medium 96148.86 (32.08) 126970 (59.00) 120888 (47.36) 185988 (65.94) 529994.86 (50.51)

High 9620.87 (3.21) 16975 (7.89) 30732 (12.04) 32272 (11.44) 89599.87 (8.54)


Table 2.8.6. Status of available copper content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Low 126318.02 (42.15) 56730 (26.36) 62416 (24.45) 109957 (38.98) 355421.02 (33.87)

Marginal 63149.02 (21.07) 32582 (15.14) 25033 (9.81) 71431 (25.33) 192195.02 (18.31)

Adequate 51714.02 (17.25) 50042 (23.25) 22369 (8.77) 53961 (19.13) 178086.02 (16.97)

High 38930.2 (12.98) 70276 (32.66) 87129 (34.13) 46714 (16.56) 243049.2 (23.16)


Fig. 2.8.2a. Distribution of available phosphorus in soils of West district, Tripura

Fig. 2.8.2b. Distribution of available phosphorus in soils of South district, Tripura

Fig. 2.8.2c. Distribution of available phosphorus in soils of Dhalai district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.2d. Distribution of available phosphorus in soils of North district, Tripura

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AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS

AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS

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Available Zinc

Available Manganese

-1The available zinc ranges between trace to 62.0 mgkg (Table 2.8.7 and Fig.2.8.3a,b,c and d). Soils of

-1about16.40 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg ) in available Zinc.

-1 It ranges from 2.02 to 149.5 mg kg in surface soils. All soils are sufficient in available Manganese

-1content (>2.0 mg kg ) (Table 2.8.8 and Fig.2.8.4a,b,c and d).

Available iron content in surface soils ranges -1between 13.05 to 306.0 mg kg (Table 2.8.9).

As per the critical limit of available iron (>4.5 -1mg kg ) soils of Tripura are sufficient in available

content.

Available Iron

Table 2.8.7. Status of available zinc content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Low 27923.00(9.32) 21941(10.20) 26221(10.27) 96015(34.04) 172100(16.40)

Marginal 173500.08(57.89) 82816(38.48) 74037(29.00) 151601(53.75) 481954.08(45.93)

Adequate 57105.00(19.05) 21349(9.92 73234(9.19) 22395(7.94) 174083(16.59)

High 21583.00(7.20) 83524(38.81) 23455(28.69) 12052(4.27) 140614(13.40)


Table 2.8.8. Status of available manganese content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Excessive 72432.87(24.17) 3207(1.49) 98597(38.63) 48013(17.02) 222249.87(21.18

Very high 121727.67(57.15) 149416(69.43) 92378(36.19) 223924(79.39) 636990.67(60.71)

High 32045.85(10.69) 57007(26.49) 5972(2.34) 10126(3.59) 105150.85(10.02)

Adequate 4360.34(1.45) - - - 4360.34(0.41)


Table 2.8.9. Status of available iron content of Tripura state (area in ha)


Excessive 45985.39(15.34) 13021(6.05) 77733(30.46) 148753(52.74) 285492.39(27.21)

Very high 129221.33(43.12) 100422(46.67) 95343(37.35) 114515(40.60) 439501.33(41.89)

High 100104.90(10.69) 96187(44.69) 23871(9.35) 18795(6.66) 238957.90(22.77)

Adequate 4800.11(1.60) - - - 4800.11(0.45)


Fig. 2.8.3a. Distribution of available zinc in soils of West district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.3b. Distribution of available zinc in soils of South district, Tripura

Fig. 2.8.3c. Distribution of available zinc in soils of Dhalai district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.3d. Distribution of available zinc in soils of North district, Tripura

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AVAILABLE ZINC AVAILABLE ZINC

AVAILABLE ZINC AVAILABLE ZINC

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Fig. 2.8.4a. Distribution of available manganese in soils of West district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.4b. Distribution of available manganese in soils of South district, Tripura

Fig. 2.8.4c. Distribution of available manganese in soils of Dhalai district, Tripura Fig. 2.8.4d. Distribution of available manganese in soils of North district, Tripura

AVAILABLE MANGANESE AVAILABLE MANGANESE

AVAILABLE MANGANESE AVAILABLE MANGANESE

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Soils of Tripura are acidic in nature ranging from slightly acidic (6.1 to 6.5) to extremely acidic (<4.5). An area of 49.20 percent of the state area belongs to strongly acidic category (5.1 to 5.5). The organic carbon content are moderate. Majority of soils (36.0 percent) have medium

-1status (280 to 450 kg ha ). Soils (73.0 percent) are very low in available phosphorus content. Due to acidic nature P is fixed with Al and Fe. Most of the soils are rated as

-1medium in potassium (150 to 340 kg ha ). Soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese content. About

-116.40 percent area of the state are deficient (<0.5 mg kg ) in available zinc. Soils of Tripura (34.0 percent area) are

-1deficient in available copper (<1.0 mg kg ).

The site of the project belongs to Dholi microwatershed o o olying between 26 35’ to 26 40’N latitude and 93 50’ to

o94 20’E longitude. It covers nearly 11680 ha of land within its hydrological boundary and is an alluvial tract bounded by river Brahmaputra in north and by Nagaland hills in south direction. The objectives are to create natural resource database using remote sensing and conventional techniques and development of alternate land use system based on prospect and limitations of existing natural resources.

Socio-economic survey has been made on 19 villages and 114 households. Based on size of land holding (<1 ha) 35 households are put in marginal category, 40 in small category (1-2 ha), 30 in medium (2-6 ha) and 5 in large category (6-10 ha). The average family size in respective categories viz., marginal, small, medium and large are 4,5,6 and 5. Among various caste groups in each category of household other backward classes (OBC) (40-50%) predominates in each category followed by scheduled

2.8.b Natural Resource Management in Dholi Micro-watershed for optimum land use planning

Utpal Baruah, T.H. Das, Ashok Kumar, R.S. Meena and S.K. Reza

Demographic features

tribes (25-33%). The level of education is upto high school (80-90%) among various categories except large categories where college level education is at par with high school (Table 2.8.10).

In marginal and small categories agriculture and services are the main source of livelihood, while medium and large categories are mostly agrarian in nature. Tea garden, be of small area, is owned by every group of farmers irrespective of their land holding size. Asset-wise analysis shows that there is a gradual advancement of assets from marginal to large categories e.g. marginal farmers generally owned manually operated hand tools while large farmers own machine operated implements. Similar is the case with means of transportation i.e. bicycle is owned by marginal and small farmers while large farmers owned motorbike too.

The dominant farming systems are agricultural crops and agroforestry alongwith livestock (Table 2.8.11). In case of marginal category of farmers output is very low i.e. upto 5

-1 qha (rice). It may be due to low level of management associated with lack of crop diversification and hence low yield. Mixed farming (crops+livestock) is also carried out by 27 families (70%). Out of 39 households in marginal categories. Similarly small and medium category farmers grow crops alongwith livestock rearing activities and

-1yield of rice is achieved upto 10 qha . The dominant livestocks are cow, goat and poultry. While in case of large category, crops and tea plantation are dominant farming

-1type and yield of rice ranges from 10-15 qha in addition -1to 4-5 qha tea is also obtained. Level of management in

case of large farmers is medium compared to low to medium in case of small and medium categories. Similarly constraints vary with land holding categories of farmers e.g. for marginal and small, irrigation and machinery along with seed and credit availability are the major constraints while for medium and large categories of farmers, labour, seed availability and regulated market for sale of the products are the constraints.

Socio-economic status

Table 2.8.10. Domographic features of the Dholi watershed

S.No. Particulars Category of farmers

Marginal Small Medium Large

1. Land holding (ha) <1 1-2 2-6 6-10

2. No. of farmers 39 40 30 5

3. Family size (Av.) 4 5 6 5

4. Caste OBC (41%), ST (25%) OBC (50%), ST (33%) OBC (46%), ST (33%) Gen/OBC (40%), OBC 40%)

5. Educational status High School (87%) HS (90%) HS (83%) HS/College (80%)

6. Nature of livelihood Agrarian, service (30%) Agrarian, service (22.3%) Agrarian

7. Assets Manually operated age Power tiller, dug wells, Power tiller, tractor, Tractor, tubewell,implements, Bicycle, Bicycle, Motorbike, motorbike, house motorbike, power tiller,House cultivable land house cultivable land cultivable land house land

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Table 2.8.11. Socio-economic condition of farming community

Category offarmers farming system level in crops (Rice) No. of Kind of

farming families livestock

Marginal Age crops,agroforestry bullock tiller, seed availability, credit, poor

management of resources

Small Crops, livestock Low-medium 10 qha 35 Cow, Power tiller, tractor, pump, poorpoultry, goat management of resources

-1Medium Crops, livestock Low-medium 10 qha 27 Cow, goat, Seed availability, labourduck

-1Large Crops-tea Medium >10 qha 5 Cow Labour, seed, regulated market to-1 4-5 qha (tea) sale the product

Dominant Management Yield of principal Status of livestock Constraints

-1Low Upto 5 qha 27 Cow, Dug well, pump, tractor/power

-1

2.8.c Detailed soil survey of Regional Rainfed lowland rice research station farm, Gerua, Kamrup district, Assam

Utpal Baruah and T.H. Das

Soil series characteristics

A high intensity soil survey of the research farm had been carried out to characterize, classify and map the soils and to identify their problems and potentials for sustainable productivity.

oThe farm is located at 26 11’N latitude and o94 47’E longitude comprising of an area of

12.5 ha. The soils of the farm have been developed on alluvium brought down by the river Brahmaputra. Depending upon the land situation the farm has been divided into 4 categories of landforms viz. medium land, moderately low land, low land and extremely low land. The climate of the area belongs to humid subtropical and qualifies for hyperthermic soil temperature and humid soil moisture. Rice is cultivated in 3 main seasons namely –Ahu (Feb-March to June-July), Sali (June-July to Nov.-Dec.) and Boro (Nov-Dec to April-May).

Detail soil survey was carried out on 1:5000 scale base map supplied by RRLRRS, (Fig. 2.8.5) Gerua and three soil series namely Gerua A, Gerua B and Gerua C have been identified and mapped (Fig. 2.8.6). Gerua A series occur in medium situation. Gerua B series occur in moderately low to low land, whereas Gerua C have been identified in very low land. Characteristics of soil series are presented in Table 2.8.12.

Fig. 2.8.5. Soils of RRLRRS, Gerua

Fig. 2.8.6. Available zinc content in soils of RRLRRS, Gerua

SOIL GERUA

AVAILABLE ZINC GERUA

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Table 2.8.12. Characteristics of soil series

Soil series : Gerua A (GR-A) Classification : Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic family of Typic Endoaquepts

Hori-zon Depth (cm) Size class and particle diameter (mm) <2 mm%

Total Sand

Sand 2-0.05 Silt 0.05-0.002 Clay 0.002 Fine 0.25-0.1 Very fine Textural (0.1-0.05) class(USDA)

Ap 0-22 4.9 74.1 21.0 1.0 3.9 Sil

AB 22-49 4.3 75.2 20.5 0.8 3.5 SilBw1 49-60 2.1 68.9 29.0 0.7 1.4 SilBw2 60-108 3.7 69.3 27.0 1.4 2.3 Sil/siel

Bw3 108+ 3.6 73.4 23.0 0.8 2.8 sil

Depth O.C.% pHH O Exchangeable bases Exchangeable CEC cmol B.S %2-1(cm) acidity (p+) kg

+ +3Ca Mg Na K Sum H Al+ -1cmol(p )kg

0-22 1.16 6.10 2.16 0.99 1.02 0.11 4.28 0.19 Tr 10.24 42

22-49 0.60 7.50 5.10 1.54 0.61 0.88 7.33 0.10 Tr 11.31 65

49-60 0.33 7.37 6.47 1.41 0.99 0.09 8.96 0.19 Tr 13.74 65

60-108 0.27 7.44 8.23 0.66 1.20 0.10 10.19 0.10 Tr 14.82 69

108+ 0.54 7.37 5.68 0.85 0.82 0.07 7.42 0.19 Tr 11.58 64

Soil series : Gerua B (GR-B) Classification : Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic family of Typic Endoaquepts


Total Sand

Sand 2-0.05 Silt 0.05-0.002 Clay 0.002 Fine 0.25-0.1 Very fine Textural (0.1-0.05) class(USDA)

Ap 0-18 2.4 69.6 28.0 0.4 2.0 sicl

AB 18-30 3.3 74.2 22.5 0.7 2.6 sil

Bw1 30-49 1.8 69.7 28.5 0.5 1.3 sicl

Bw2 49-100 1.5 65.0 33.5 0.6 0.9 sicl


+ +3Ca Mg Na K Sum H Al+ -1cmol(p )kg

0-18 1.08 6.48 4.51 0.55 0.52 0.12 5.70 0.19 Tr 10.24 56

18-30 0.37 7.46 6.66 0.20 1.01 0.08 7.95 0.19 Tr 11.85 67

30-49 0.39 7.41 7.25 0.63 1.06 0.09 9.03 0.19 Tr 13.74 66

49-100 0.39 7.47 7.64 0.91 1.00 0.10 9.65 0.10 Tr 16.16 60

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Soil series : Gerua C (GR-C) Classification : Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic family of Typic Endoaquepts


Total Sand

Sand 2-0.05 Silt 0.05-0.002 Clay 0.002 Fine (0.25-0.1) Very fine (0.1-0.05)

Ap 0-16 6.5 68.0 25.5 2.5 4.0

AB 10-31 6.5 76.2 17.3 3.4 3.1Bw1 31-53 3.0 62.8 34.2 0.8 2.2Bw2 53-78 3.5 69.4 27.1 0.7 2.8

Bw3 78+ 3.7 70.1 26.2 1.8 1.9


+Ca Mg Na K Sum H1(mc/100 g)

0-16 1.21 6.5 2.23 0.89 1.21 0.42 4.75 0.14 11.42 42

10-31 0.89 6.90 4.14 1.02 0.93 0.66 6.75 0.11 10.90 62

31-53 0.66 6.70 3.96 1.41 0.68 0.54 6.59 0.13 12.41 53

53-78 0.40 7.10 6.49 0.96 0.18 0.11 7.74 0.11 14.10 55

78+ 0.21 6.90 4.38 0.46 0.23 0.19 5.26 0.08 9.66 54

Soil reaction and fertility status

Soils of Gerua farm have been developed on four categories of landform. Soils belong to aquept suborder. Soil pH ranges from 5.3 to 7.5. Dominant soils are medium acidic (pH 5.5-6.0) covering 44.48 percent area. Organic carbon content in soils ranges from 0.27 to 1.87

-1gm kg . An area of 86.32 percent comes under high -1organic carbon content (0.75-1.5 gm kg ). Available

nitrogen content of surface soils of the farm ranges from -1 -1150.86 to 678.89 kg ha . Medium (280-450 kg ha ) and

-1high (>450 kgha ) cover 40.52 and 52.44 percent area of the district respectively. The available phosphorus content

-1 in the soils of the farm ranges from 0.254 kg ha to 17.95-1 kgha which have been rated as very low. Available

potassium content in soils are dominantly low (<108 kg -1 -1ha ) to high (>280 kg ha ) covering 93.52 percent and

0.26 percent area respectively.

Analytical results indicate that DTPA extractable available Zn content in surface soil ranges from low (0.24

-1 -1 -mg kg ) to high 3.0 mg kg (Fig. 2.8.6). Low (<0.5 mg kg1 -1) and adequate (1.0-1.5 mg kg ) class covering 47.97 and 29.52 percent of the farm respectively. The available Cu

-1content in soil ranges from high (3.0 – 4.0 mg kg ) -1covering 48.1 percent to very high (>4.0 mg kg ) covering

51.90 percent of the farm.

2.8.d Assessment and mapping of important soil parameters including macro and micro

nutrients for 13 priority districts of Assam state (1:50,000) towards land use planning

Utpal Baruah, T.H. Das, Ashok Kumar, S.K. Reza, R.S. Meena and Dipak Sarkar

The project is undertaken with the objectives to study the status and distribution of soil nutrients and to prepare soil nutrient map on 1:50,000 scale for thirteen Nation Food Security Mission districts of Assam. The macro and micro nutrients are N,P,K, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. These will provide a strong database for preparation of any developmental programme. The thirteen districts have been grouped into six sub-projects and the area under each sub-project and number of grids to be covered are shown in Table 2.8.13.

Table 2.8.13. Number of grids of different sub-projects showing district name

Sub Districts Total area No. of project (ha) grids

1. Goalpara, Kokrajhar,Bongaigaon, Nalbari, Barpeta 12,85,148 10,000

2. Darrang and Sonitpur 8,80,500 6,600

3. Morigaon and Nagaon 5,69,795 41804. Lakhimpur and Dhemaji 5,58,724 41755. Tinsukia 3,39,000 2870

6. Karbi Anglong 10,33,400 3156

Total 46,66,567 30,981

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The base maps (1 km interval grid points) on 1:50,000 Police Station wise map showing village boundary published by Assam Survey, Govt. of Assam, were prepared for the districts of Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barpea, Nalbari and Kokrajhar for the field work and sample collection. The first phase of field work was carried out comprising four soil survey parties in the districts of Goalpara, Barpeta, Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar.

1450 soil samples have been collected from Goalpara district (1824 sq.km) covering Lakhipur, Goalpara, Dudhnoi police station, 793 soil samples from Bongaigaon district (843 sq.km) covering Abhayapuri and Bongaigaon police station, 1897 samples from Barpeta district (3245 sq.km) covering Sorbhog, Barpeta, Patacharkuchi, Baghbar and Tarabari police stations and 627 samples from Sidli police station out of five police stations of Kokrajhar district (3538 sq.km) on a first phase of field work.

2.8.e Soils of Kamrup district, Assam for optimizing land use

Kamrup district, Assam covering an area of 4345 sq.km have been divided into five broad physiographic divisions viz. piedmont, occurring near Bhutan hill, alluvial plain lying in the central part of the north bank, floodplain – the tract lying in the both sides of river Brahmaputra, old alluvial plain – elevated alluvial plain broken by hills in the southern part of Brahmaputra and hills.

Soils occurring the five physiographic units have been mapped on 1:50,000 scale by semi-detailed soil survey in 33 soil mapping units on the level series association. A total of 40 soil series have been identified in Kamrup district (Table 2.8.14). Kamalajari, Amchanga RF, Mamon RF soil series.

T.H. Das, Utpal Baruah and S.K. Reza

Soil series characteristics

Table 2.8.14. Soil series identified in Kamrup

Sl.No. Soil series Classification Area (ha) % of TGA

Hills

1. Maliyata RF Loamy skeletal Typic Dystrudepts 6351.0 1.46

2. Bhalumara Coarse loamy Typic Udorthents 4234.0 0.97

3. Amchang R.F. Fine Inceptic Hapludalfs 23686.2 5.454. Garbhanga Fine Typic Kandiudults 19450.8 4.475. Barbitli Fine Typic Kanhapludults 5490.0 1.26

6. Mamon RF Fine Typic Kanhapludults 22365.5 5.157. Kamalajari Very fine Typic Kanhapludults 156455.9 3.608. Londadong Very fine Typic Kanhapludults 6709.7 1.54

Upper Alluvial plains

9. Jamlaigaon Very fine, Typic Endoaqualfs 17738.0 4.08

10. Dekapara Fine, Typic Kanhapludalfs 6482.6 1.4911. Rangingpara Fine-loamy, Typic dystrudepts 9435.2 2.1712. Ambari Fine-loamy Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts 753.6 2.24

13. Lampara Fine-loamy, Typic Dystrudepts 6277.2 1.44

14. Barduar Fine-loamy Typic Dystrudepts 7084.5 1.6315. Hekura Fine-silty Aeric Endoaquepts 6780.3 1.56

16. Nichalamari Fine Typic Dystrudepts 722.5 0.16

17. Mondira Fine Aeric Endoaquepts 505.7 0.1118. Bhehua Fine, typic Kanhapludalfs 5754.0 1.3219. Nampathar Fine-liamy, Typic Dystrudepts 13307.6 3.06

20. Singra Fine-loamy Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts 0619.9 2.44

Alluvial plain

21. Dhalkuchi Fine-loamy typic Fluvaquents 4311.0 0.99

22. Bamunbari Fine-loamy Aeric Endoaquepts 4973.7 1.14

23. Naogaon Fine cumulic Humaquepts 3374.1 0.77(Cont...)

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24. Kulhati Coarse loamy over sandy Typic Fluvaquent 11145.0 2.56

25. Nijabangarh Coarse loamy Typic Psammaquents 15821.9 3.6426. Sanyasirkhat Fine loamy Aeric Endoaquepts 5291.9 1.2127. Lorkhund Sandy over fine-loamy, Typic Fluvaquents 22616.5 5.20

28. Bhogpur Fine, Typic Endoaquepts 10389.5 2.39

29. Bardhodhi Fine-loamy Typic Endoaquepts 3254.4 0.7530. Nanara Fine-loamy Typic Endoaquepts 17570.2 4.04

Recent alluvial plain

31. Deeparbil Fine Aeric Endoaquepts 1725.9 0.39

Soils of piedmont

32. Dhupguri Fine Typic Kandiaqualfs 1894.9

Soils of flood plain

33. Barapara Sandy over loamy Oxyaquic Udifluvents 22710.8 5.2234. Kandalpara Coarse loamy, Typic Fluvaquents 32326.5 7.4335. Tarabari Coarse-loamy Aquic Udifluvents 12087.6 2.78

Soils of Valley

36. Belguri Fine-loamy, Fluventic Eutrudepts 6684.6 1.53

37. Luki Loamy-skeletal, Typic Udifluvents 4661.0 1.07

38. Jarukuchi Fine, Humic Dystrudepts 3493.8 0.8039. Tuksibari Fine Umbric Endoaqualfs 5781.7 1.3340. Nogabil Fine, Aeric Humaquepts 7675.1 1.76

Soils with origin of alluvium of Pleistocene age of upper alluvial plain are moderately developed with cambic horizons. Structure is predominantly moderate to strong, sub-angular blocky. They are fine loamy to fine in texture becoming heavier down the profile. Soils of recent alluvial plain and flood plain are weakly developed soils with no diagnostic horizons. They have been developed on younger alluvium. The colour of old floodplain soils of southern Brahmaputra valley are found to be grey to pale brown whereas the same of recent flood plain is dark brown to light yellowish brown with high chroma. The grey colour of floodplain soils indicate the characteristics associated with wetness as seen in case of soils of recent floodplain of Tarabari, Barapara soil series and lower alluvial plain (Syanyasirkhat soil series). The degree of soil profile development increases with increasing distance from the river. Five soil series have been identified in valley. The colour of rice growing valley soils varies from pale brown to grey with occurrence of mottles of higher value (6-8) and low chroma which are the indicative of hydromorphic characteristics.

Soils have been classified as per USDA viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, Ultisols are identified covering 29.89 percent, 34.09 percent, 14.11 percent, 16.03 percent respectively. Three suborders of Entisols viz. Orthents, Fluvents and Aquents occupy 4234 ha, 39459.4 ha and 86220.9 ha respectively. Aquept is the dominant suborder

Soil Taxonomy

in Inticeptisols covering 94768.0 ha followed by Udepts in 53356.4 ha. Alfisols shows udalfs as dominant suborder covering 37817.7 ha. Ultisols are with only one suborder. Udults cover an area of 69671.9 ha and further grouped into Typic Kandiudults and Typic Kanhapludults subgroups covering 19450.8 ha and 50221.1 ha respectively.

Several interpretative maps like land capability, drainage, erosion, fertility status and soil based thematic maps viz. slope, depth, pH, OC etc. have been generated for user agencies.

Based on surface soil data the district can be divided into five soil reaction classes (Table 2.8.15 and Fig. 2.8.7). Most extensive class is very strongly acidic (pH 4.5-5.0) covering 52.13 percent area followed by strongly acidic (5.0-5.5) which covers 19.41 percent area of the district.

Table 2.9.15. Soils under different reaction (pH) classes (surface)

Sl.No. Class Range of pH Area (ha) % of totalarea

1. Extremely acid <4.5 6148 1.41

2. Very strongly acid 4.5-5.0 2,26,498 52.13

3. Strongly acid 5.0-5.5 84337 19.41

4. Medium acidic 5.5-6.0 16039 3.69

5. Slightly acid >6.0 76026 17.50

6. River & misc. 25452 5.86

Thematic maps

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Available macro and micro nutrients

Available phosphorus content in soils are grouped into four categories i.e, low, medium, high and very high (Table 2.8.16). Data reveal that 61.66 percent area of the district belongs to low category (Fig 2.8.8). The soils are grouped into four category of available potassium content (Table 2.8.17), 66.54 percent area belongs to medium

-1category (108-280 kg ha ) of available potassium content (Fig. 2.8.9). Four basic available cationic micronutrients viz. Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe have been estimated. Soils of Kamrup district have been grouped into four category of available zinc content (Table 2.8.18). Marginal category of available Zn covers 51.67% area whereas high and low categories cover 14.27% and 20.33% respectively (Fig. 2.8.10).

Table 2.8.16. Soils under different available phosphorus classes (surface)

Class Description Area (ha) % of TGA-1Low <10 kg ha 267938 61.66

-1Medium 10-25 kg ha 91460 21.05-1High 25-40 kg ha 32441 7.47

-1Very high >40 kg ha 17209 3.96

River & Misc. - 25452 5.86

Fig. 2.8.7. pH map of Kamrup district

Table 2.8.17. Soils under different Available Potassium classes (surface)

Class Description Area (ha) % of TGA

-1Low <108 kg ha 16778 3.86

-1Medium 108-280 kg ha 289156 66.54

-1High 280-400 kg ha 67495 15.53

-1Very high >400 kg ha 35819 8.19

River & Misc. 25452 5.85

Table 2.8.18. Soils under different Available Zinc classes (surface)

Class Description Area % of TGA-1Low <1.0 mg kg 88344 20.33

-1Marginal 0.5-1.0 mg kg 224529 51.67-1Adequate 1.0-1.5 mg kg 34156 7.86

-1High >1.5 mg kg 62019 14.27

River & misc. 25452 5.86

SOIL REACTION (pH)Kamrup District

Fig. 2.8.8. Distribution of Available Phosphorus

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Fig. 2.8.9. Distribution of Available Potassium

AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUSKamrup District

AVAILABLE POTASSIUMKamrup District

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Soil-site suitability

Soil-site suitability for different crops viz. paddy, potato, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables have been assessed (Table 2.8.19). Soil series identified in hills may be brought under vegetable cultivation. Dominant soils of upper alluvial

plains are highly suitable for rice cultivation butmoderately suitable for other crops. Soils under lower alluvial plains are marginally suitable for oilseed due to unfavourable soil physical conditions.

Fig. 2.8.10. Distribution of Available Zinc

Table 2.8.19. Soil site suitability for different crops

Sl. No. Soil series Paddy Potato Pulses Oilseed Vegetable

Hills

1. Maliyata RF N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

2. Bhalumara N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

3. Amchang R.F. N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

4. Garbhanga N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

5. Barbitli N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

6. Mamon RF N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

7. Kamalajari N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

8. Londadong N2 N2 N2 N2 S3

Upper Alluvial plains

9. Jamlaigaon S1 S3 S2 S2 S2

10. Dekapara S1 S2 S2 S2 S2(Cont...)

AVAILABLE ZINCKamrup District

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Sl.No. Soil series Paddy Potato Pulses Oilseed Vegetable

11. Rangingpara S3 S1 S2 S2 S2

12. Ambari S3 S1 S2 S2 S2

13. Lampara S2 S2 S2 S2 S2

14. Barduar S2 S2 S2 S2 S2

15. Hekura S1 S2 S2 S2 S2

16. Nichalamari S1 S3 S2 S2 S2

17. Mondira S1 S3 S1 S2 S2

18. Bhehua S1 S3 S1 S1 S1

19. Nampathar S2 S1 S1 S1 S1

20. Singra S3 S1 S2 S2 S2

Alluvial plain

21. Dhalkuchi S2 S3 S2 S2 S2

22. Bamunbari S1 S3 S3 S3 S3

23. Naogaon S1 S3 S3 S3 S3

24. Kulhati S3 S1 S2 S2 S2

25. Nijabangarh S3 S1 S2 S2 S2

26. Sanyasirkhat S2 S1 S1 S1 S2

27. Lorkhund S2 S3 S3 S3 S2

28. Bhogpur S1 S3 S2 S2 S2

29. Bardhodhi S2 S3 S3 S3 S2

30. Nanara S2 S3 S3 S3 S2

Recent alluvial plain

31. Deeparbil S2 S3 S3 S3 S3

Soils of piedmont

32. Dhupguri S3 S3 S3 S3 S2

Soils of flood plain

33. Barapara S2 S2 S3 S3 S2

34. Kandalpara S2 S2 S3 S3 S2

35. Tarabari S3 S3 S3 S3 S3

Soils of Valley

36. Belguri S3 S3 S3 S3 S3

37. Luki S3 S3 S3 S3 S3

38. Jarukuchi S3 S2 S2 S3 S2

39. Tuksibari S3 S2 S2 S2 S2

40. Nogabil S3 S2 S2 S2 S2

S- Suitable, N- Non suitable, S1- Highly suitable, S2- Moderately suitable, S3- Marginally suitable, N1- Temporarily not suitable and N2- Not suitable.

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2.8.f Viable Rice Based Cropping System for the Major soil groups of Jorhat District

D. Singh, T.H. Das, Utpal Baruah and B.P. Bhaskar

The study was carried out on four locations of Jorhat district viz. Jegoni soil series (Coarse- Loamy Aeric Fluaquents) at Nagaon, Bhogdai soil series (Fine-Loamy Fluaquentic Endoaquepts) at Hathichungi, Matikhola soil series (Fine-loamy Typic Endoaquepts) at Chowkhat Bharalua and Kokilamukh (Coarse-silty Typic Fluaquents) at Baruabari. Two package of practices (i) Farmers practices (FP), (ii) Recommended package of practices (RPP) by State Agricultural University (SAU) in four cropping systems viz –(i) Rice-Fallow (FP), (ii) Rice –Potato, (iii) Rice-Pea, and (iv) Rice-Mustard were studied in detail.

The data (Table 2.8.20) show that Rice - Potato cropping system recorded highest significant Rice equivalent yield (154.8 and 197.97 q/ ha) followed by Rice - Pea (139.12

and 140.81 q/ha) and Rice - Mustard (98.00 and 94.66 q/ha) as compared to Rice - Fallow at Nagaon during both seasons. Similar results were also observed at Hathichungi, whereas at Chowkhat Bharalua and Baruabari soils Rice - Pea cropping system was found better and produced higher Rice equivalent yield (105.95 and 105.12 q/ha) followed by Rice – Potato (105.58 and 100.00 q/ha) and Rice – Mustard (72.11 and 67.89 q/ha) as compared to Rice - Fallow during both seasons.

However, overall rice equivalent productivity was greater (104.72 and 115.85 q/ha) at Nagaon followed by (92.96 and 95.89 q/ha), Hathichungi (77.25 and 75.0 q/ha) at Chowkhat bharalua and (65.47 and 66.97 q/ha) at Baruabari. On the basis of this study it can be recommended that Rice - Potato cropping system is viable cropping system at Nagaon and Hathichungi followed by Rice - Pea and Rice - Mustard. At Chowkhat bharalua and Baruabari, Rice - Pea is viable cropping system followed by Rice - Potato and Rice - Mustard.

Table 2.8.20. Rice equivalent yield (q/ha)

Cropping system Coarse- Loamy Fine-Loamy Fine-loamy Coarse-silty Aeric Fluaquents Fluaquentic Endoaquepts Typic Endoaquepts Typic Fluaquents

2004-2005

Rice-Fallow(FP) 26.90 20.00 25.35 25.00

RPP

Rice –Potato 154.80 137.02 105.58 78.72

Rice- Pea 139.12 128.02 105.95 101.57

Rice– Mustard 98.00 83.02 72.11 56.59

CD at 5 % 1.60 2.49 6.07 1.95

2005-2006

Rice-Fallow(FP) 30.00 29.00 27.00 27.5

RPP

Rice –Potato 197.92 138.18 100.00 80.33

Rice-Pea 140.81 132.89 105.12 101.09

Rice- Mustard 94.66 83.49 67.89 58.94

CD at 5 % 1.78 3.27 5.21 6.67

Regional Centre, Kolkata









































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2.9.a Characterization of Simana sub-watershed in Subarnarekha catchment, West Bengal for land use planning using IRS data

S. K. G angopadhyay, Dipak S arkar, S. Mukhopadhyay, D.C. Nayak and D.S. Singh

The soils of Simana sub-watershed in West Medinipur district were surveyed and evaluated for land capability, land irrigability, soil suitability and socio-economic conditions for optimizing land use. The watershed covers a part of Binpur-I, Binpur-II and Jamboni blocks of Jhargram subdivision and represents an undulating terrain under rainfed areas of West Bengal. Rainfed rice is the major crop and boro rice is grown in pockets. Twenty soil series were identified and mapped in twenty-one soil mapping units of soil series associations. These were classified as Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols covering 65.2, 28.5 and 6.3 per cent area respectively. Slope and erosion were identified as the dominant constraints for poor performance of the crops in the watershed. The soils were classified to III, IV and VI land capability classes and to five land capability sub-classes VIe s, IVe s, IIIe s, IIIe2 and IIIw2. The soils 4 2 2

were classified to four land irrigability classes 2, 3, 4 and 6 and to four sub-classes, 2ds, 3t, 4ts and 6ts. About 38.29 per cent area of the sub-watershed was moderately suitable (S2) and 26.27per cent was marginally suitable for rainfed bunded rice. The suitability class for maize was ranked moderately and marginally suitable in 33.80 and 17.06 per cent area, respectively (Fig.2.9.1). About 34per cent area of the watershed was rated non-suitable for agriculture. About 19.5 and 14.3 per cent area were moderately and marginally suitable for this crop respectively.

Fig.2.9.1. Suitability of maize crop in Simana sub-watershed

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2.9.b Soil resource inventory (1:50,000 scale) of Lohar-daga district, Jharkhand for land use planning

A. K. Sahoo, Dipak Sarkar and D.S. Singh

Lohardaga district in the state of Jharkhand lies between 23°16'37" to 23°40'32" N latitude and 84°23'49" to 84°56'28" E longitude, covering an area of 1,49,100 ha in the tribal belt of Chottanagpur plateau. The climate of the district is subhumid subtropical with an annual

0 0temperature of 22 to 24 C and annual rainfall of 1100 to 1500 mm. Geology of the area belong to Archean Granites and Gneisses.

Soil survey was carried out on 1:50,000 scale, using geocoded satellite imagery (IRS 1D) as a base map. Twenty six soil series were identified and mapped in thirty five soil series associations. The soils of the district belonged to 3 soil orders, 5 sub-orders, 9 great groups and 15 subgroups (Table 2.9.1). Alfisols were the dominant soil order (45.1% of TGA) followed by Inceptisols (28.0 % of TGA) and Entisols (16.6 % of TGA). About 32 per cent area of Lohardaga district was moderately (15-30 % slope) to very steeply sloping (>50 % slope) hills covered with very shallow (10-25 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) soils, having severe risk of erosion hazards. Another 64.5 per cent area in the plateau region have deep to very deep soils on very gently to gently sloping land with slight to moderate risk of erosion.

Table 2.9.1. Distribution of soils in Lohardaga district, Jharkhand (% of TGA)

Soil Orders Orders

Alfisols(45.09%) (29.84%) (20.00%) Typic Paleustalfs (9.38%)

Rhodustalfs Typic Rhodustalfs (5.08%)(5.08%)

Haplustalfs Typic Haplustalfs (4.76%)(4.76%)

Aqualfs Endoaqualfs Typic Endoaqualfs (6.41%)(15.25%) (12.54%) Vertic Endoaqualfs (6.13%)

Epiaqualfs Aeric Epiaqualfs (2.71%)(2.71%)

Inceptisols Ustepts Haplustepts Typic Haplustepts (8.67%)(28.03%) (17.70%) (17.70%) Lithic Haplustepts (5.56%)

Fluventic Haplustepts (3.19%)Dystric Haplustepts (0.28%)

Aquepts Endoaquepts Typic Endoaquepts (8.71%)(10.33%) (8.71%)

Epiaquepts Typic Epiaquepts (1.62%)(1.62%)

Entisols Orthents Ustorthents Typic Ustorthents (1.44%)(16.58%) (16.58%) (16.58%) Lithic Ustorthents (15.14%)

Rock out crops (8.46%)

Miscellaneous (1.84%)

Sub Greatgroups Subgroups

Ustalfs Paleustalfs Rhodic Paleustalfs (10.62%)

Analysis of 216 surface soil samples (0-25 cm) collected at 2.5 km intervals and superimposition of one map over other in GIS, identified that about 71.6 per cent soils very strongly (pH 4.5-5.0) to strongly acidic (pH 5.0-5.3) soils with low available nitrogen (<280 kg ha-1), medium to high organic carbon (0.25 to 1.17 %), low to medium

1available phosphorus (5.6 to 81.8 kg ha- ) and medium to -1high available potassium (56 to 672 kg ha ). Deficiency

of sulphur, zinc, copper and boron was noticed in 77.9per -1 -1cent (< 10 mg kg ), 13.8per cent (< 0.50 mg kg ), 16.8per

-1 -1cent (< 0.20 mg kg ) and 71.5 per cent (< 0.50 mg kg ) soils respectively.

About 33.1 per cent soils of the district belonged to capability sub-class IIIw and 31.3 per cent soils were classified under capability subclass VIIes. About 33.5 per cent soils of Lohardaga were unsuitable for irrigation and 50.1 per cent soils were marginally suitable for this purpose. Soils in the plateau region were marginally to moderately suitable for rice, groundnut and maize (Fig. 2.9.2).

Fig.2.9.2. Maize suitability map of Lohardaga district

Steep slopes, surface stoniness, shallow soil depth, gravelliness, low AWC, severe soil erosion and strong soil acidity were the major constraints of the hill soils. These may be used for forestry with proper soil and water conservation measures. Soil acidity, unavailability of underground water and poor fertility status were the major constraints for plateau and upland soils. These may be used for various upland crops with proper liming, adopting soil and water conservation measures and soil fertility management.

Baripada subdivision in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa was surveyed on 1:50,000 scale. Thirty one soil series were identified and mapped in twenty six soil series

2.9.c. Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Baripada sub-division, Mayurbhanj district, Orissa (1:50,000 scale) for land use planning

K. Das, Dipak Sarkar, D. S. Singh and D. C. Nayak

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associations (Fig. 2.9.3). Thematic maps on slope, drainage, soil erosion, soil depth, texture, soil pH, organic carbon, capability, irrigability and crop suitability were prepared. Analysis of data indicated that Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols covered 20.6 per cent, 35.8 per cent and 43.6 per cent area of the sub-division. Haplustalfs (35.5% of TGA), Haplustepts (28.7%of TGA), Ustorthents (20.4% of TGA), Endoaqualfs (8.1 % of TGA), Endoaquepts (7.1% of TGA) were the mapped great groups within soil orders and suborders of the sub-division.

The soils of the subdivision were classified into eleven land capability subclasses (IIs, IIw, IIIs, IIIe, IIIw, IIIws, IIIew, IIIes, IVe, IVes and VIIes) and eight land irrigability subclasses (2d, 2t, 3d, 3t, 4s, 4st, 5t, 6st). Erosion, gravelliness and soil depth in western and central part and drainage in the eastern and southern part were the major constraints for agriculture in the sub-division.

Soil suitability evaluation of twenty six soil series for rainfed rice, wheat, groundnut, sesamum and maize is

Interpretation of soil survey data

Suggested land use

shown in Table 2.9.2. Khasadia I and II, Burhepani, Nadigaon, Ghatkuari and Nichinta series may be better used for forestry and the deforested area under these series may be utilized for the cultivation of pulses and maize in summer. Andheri, Kalama, Kalaninei, Bulanpur and Sahuri series may be used for rainfed crops such as maize, pulses, short duration paddy, sesame and groundnut. These have potentials for the cultivation of a wide range of crops on the introduction of irrigation. Soils of Amarda, Azalha and Kanpur series may be utilized for jute and paddy in summer and may be grown for wheat, oilseeds and vegetables successfully in winter by irrigating them. The remaining area may be cultivated for paddy and maize in summer and in irrigated conditions, these may be utilized for major cereals and vegetables.

Table 2.9.2. Soil-site suitability of the identified series for different crops in Mayurbhanj district

Map Soil series Rainfed Wheat G. nut Sesa-Unit Rice mum

1 Khasadiya II S3w S3f S3f S2f S3fw

2 Burehipani S3w S3f S3fw S3f S3f

3 Ghatkuari S3w S3f S3f S3f S3f

4 Purosattampur S3w S2f S2f S2s S1

5 Nichinta S3t S2f S2f S2s S2s

6 Bantia S3t Nifw S3w S3fw S3f

7 Khasadiya II S3w S3f S3f S2f S3fw

8 Kherna S2f S3f S3fw S3fw S3f

9 Kalajhinei S3w S3f S3fw S3f S3f

10 Andheri S2t S2f S3f S2f S2fw

11 Kalama S2f S3f S3fw S3f S3f

12 Kaifulian S2f S3f S3fw S3fw S3f

13 Kathasirsi S3w N1fw S3f N1f S3fw

14 Karnasar S3w N1fw S3f S3f S3fw

15 Bansvilla-II S1 N1fw S3w S3w S2f

16 Purosattampur S3w S2f S2f S2s S1

17 Burikumhari S3w S3f S3f S3fw S3f

18 Bansvilla-II S3w S2f S3w S3w S2f

19 Musnakati S3w S3f S3f S3f S3f

20 Dhanapal S2t S2f S2f S2s S2f

21 Nichuapada S3t S3f S3fw S3fw S3f

22 Barananda S2f S3f S3fw S3fw S3f

23 Bhuskunda S2w S2f S2f S2f S2f

24 Kochilakunti S2w S3f S3f S2s S3f

25 Amarda S2w S3f S3f S3f S3f

26 Kanpur S1 S3f S3w S3f S3f

Dominant constraints in lower caseKey: S1- highly suitable, S2-Moderately suitable, S3-Marginally suitable, w-wetness, t-topography, s-soil, f-fertility

Maize

Fig. 2.9.3. Soil Map of Baripada subdivision, Mayurbhanj district, Orissa

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2.9.d Land use planning at block level in two agro-ecological sub-regions of West Bengal

D. C. Nayak, D. Dutta and Dipak Sarkar

The project was undertaken to prepare the rational land use plan of Chakdah block of Nadia district (Agro-ecological sub-region, 15.1) and Garbetta-II block of Paschim Medinipur district (Agro-ecological sub-region, 12.3) through the resource appraisal of soil, water, climate, present land use and socio-economic condition of the farmers.

Fig. 2.9.4. Present land use, Chakdaha block, Nadia district

As per the present land use map (Fig. 2.9.4) of Chakdah block (1:50,000 scale) prepared on 1:50,000 scale by digital interpretation of remote sensing data of IRS-P6 LISS-III (December, 2007), crop land occupies 61 per cent area; followed by rural built up areas including homestead land and orchard 20 per cent, urban built up area 9 per cent, oxbow lake, bils 8 per cent and river 2 per cent.

Aeric Endoaquepts (34.5%) were the dominant soils followed by Typic Endoaquepts (15.6%), Typic Ustifluvents (15.4%), Fluventic Haplustepts (5.9%) and Aquic Ustifluvents (4.9%) and miscellaneous soils (23.7%) in that order as also shown in the soil map (Fig. 2.9.5). The soils were very deep, moderately well to poorly drained, dark grayish brown to gray. Strong brown to yellowish brown mottles were dominant in the sub-soils. The texture varied from sandy loam to silty clay loam. Soil pH (Table 2.9.3) was slightly acidic to moderately alkaline (pH 6.0 – 7.9) and organic carbon was low (0.1 – 0.7%). CEC of the soils ranged from

+ -13.4 – 35.8 cmol (p ) kg and base saturation ranged from 64 – 85 %.

Fig. 2.9.5. Soils of Chakdah block, Nadia district

Table 2.9.3. Salient characteristics of soil mapping units of Chakdah block

Soils Series Units Horizons Depth(cm) pH O.C (%) CECcmol B.S(%)-1(p+) kg

Pachpota 1 Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts

Ap 0-18 6.0 0.30 6.0 64

AB 18-39 6.4 0.20 12.2 68

Bw1 39-67 6.5 0.15 8.0 70

Bw2 67-92 7.0 0.08 6.6 76

Bw3 92-112 6.6 0.24 12.0 73

C1 112-140 6.6 0.12 8.6 73

C2 140-158 6.5 0.06 7.7 73

(Cont....)

LEVEL I LEVEL II MAP UNIT

Built up Urban

Built up

Agricultural Land

River River

Water Body OxBow lake, Bil etc.

Rural/Homestead landincluding orchard

Crop Land

AREA (sq km) % OF TGA

46.40 14.02

62.93 19.02

9.71 2.93

15.65 4.73

196.27 59.30

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Soils Series Units Horizons Depth(cm) pH O.C (%) CECcmol B.S(%)-1(p+) kg

Kumarpur 2 Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts

Ap 0-19 6.7 0.54 16.5 74

AB 19-35 7.5 0.26 14.8 81

Bw1 35-61 7.5 0.23 15.6 82

Bw2 61-92 7.6 0.19 15.2 84

C1 92-140 7.9 0.19 18.6 85

Chatimtala 3 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts

Ap 0-13 6.0 0.32 17.6 68

AB 13-40 6.2 0.16 17.6 69

Bw1 40-69 6.2 0.25 19.2 69

Bw2 69-99 6.3 0.25 19.2 70

Bw3 99-129 6.3 0.21 18.8 71

Bw4 129-152 6.8 0.20 17.8 74

Maheswarpur 4 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Endoaquepts

Ap 0-22 6.1 0.18 30.0 68

AB 22-31 6.2 0.15 29.3 68

Bw1 31-76 6.2 0.16 29.3 69

Bw2 76-104 6.1 0.18 35.8 69

Bw3 104-130 6.0 0.20 33.2 67

C 130-150 6.0 0.30 32.0 67

Kataganj 5 Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Endoaquepts

Ap 0-16 6.2 0.54 14.8 68

Bw1 16-36 6.6 0.28 18.4 70

Bw2 36-72 6.8 0.28 18.0 74

Bw3 72-118 7.2 0.12 20.6 77

BC 118-150 7.4 0.08 6.8 80

Manoharpur 6 Coarse-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustifluvents

Ap 0-18 6.0 0.74 7.6 64

AC 18-38 6.2 0.58 7.0 66

C1 38-50 6.4 0.46 5.8 70

C2 50-78 6.5 0.49 3.4 70

C3 78-135 6.3 0.56 4.6 70

Fig. 2.9.6. Present land use, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts (part), West Bengal

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Soil suitability evaluation of the dominant soils of each mapping unit for different crops indicated that 41 per cent area of the block were highly suitable for both kharif and boro rice whereas 35.4 per cent area was moderately suitable for rice cultivation, water logging/flooding and coarse texture being the main component. 29 per cent area of the block was highly suitable and 47 per cent was moderately suitable for jute, the constraints identified being improper drainage and clayey texture.

The impact of land use on soil organic carbon was studied in Tarai region of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of the state, representing upper and lower piedmont plain of Holocene period (Shiwalik, sandstone). Four soil series, namely, Berubari, Binnaguri, Simulbari and Paharpur were identified. Sandy clay loam to clay loam soils of Berubari series were being cultivated for paddy, jute and pulses for last 30 to 35 years, whereas sandy loam to loam soils of Binnaguri series was under agriculture with the same cropping pattern for last three decades. Silty loam to loam soils of Paharpur series has been under paddy cultivation for last thirty years. The mixed forests

2.9.e Effect of land use changes on total soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active pool in humid to per humid eco-region of West Bengal.

D. Dutta , D.C Nayak and Dipak Sarkar

consisting of Sal and Teak were grown on a part of sandy loam to silt loam soils of Simbulbari series, whereas other parts of these soils are covered with tea plantations (Fig. 2.9.6). Ten soil samples from the horizon depths of 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm were collected from each land use system for laboratory analysis.

Six soil series namely Dhandanr, Ramdihra, Kumhaun, Hathni, Kachnath and Mahuwat in Kaimur region of Rohtas district were identified and characterized. Soils of Dhaudanr and Ramdihra series were loamy sand to sandy loam (coarse sand content varied from 42 to 46%), gravelly and rich lime nodules. Soil pH varied from 8.5 to

+ -19.2; CEC ranged from 7.2 to 7.8 cmol (p ) kg and the base saturation varied from 89 to 93per cent. The soils of alluvial region of Kaimur plateau were clayey (clay content varied from 43 to 62per cent), showed deep wide cracks during summer months. These were characterized by Fe-Mn and CaCO nodules, neutral to slightly alkaline 3

pH(7.3 to 8.1), high organic carbon(0.6 to 1.2%), + -1moderate CEC 15.1 to 17.1 cmol(p )kg .

The forest area in the region of Kaimur plateau had shallow (25 to 45 cm), loamy sand to sandy loam (12 to 15per cent clay) and gravelly texture (40 to 60per cent coarse gravels). Among different land uses, forest soils

-3had lower bulk density (1.12 Mgm ), maximum porosity (43%) and high organic carbon (1.41%). Moisture retention capacity of the forest soils was relatively high.

Soils of Kachnath and Mahuwat series located in the grassland region had high organic Carbon (0.81%). CEC

+ -1of these soils ranged from 12.8 to 13.3 cmol (p )kg ). Cation exchange capacity was the highest in cultivated land (15.1 to 17.1 followed by grassland (12.8 to 13.3) forest (11.1 to 11.8) and degraded land (7.2 to 7.8) cmol

+ -1(p )kg in that order.

The study area spreads over the southern part of the Bankura district encompassing Raipur and Ranibandh blocks and covers a geographical area of 802 sq. km. The digital soil mapping units were linked to their respective soil attribute information in a GIS environment to generate theme maps. The suitability of some common crops practised in the area was reassessed and subsequently linked to the unique soil IDs of the digital

2.9.f Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Rohtas district, Bihar (1:50,000 scale) for Land Use Planning

2.9.g Soil-based approach towards land use planning using remote sensing and GIS

T. Chattopadhyay, A.K. Sahoo, D.C. Nayak, T. Banerjee and Dipak Sarkar

S. Mukhopadhyay, T. Banerjee and Dipak Sarkar

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data. This helped in preparation of the suitability maps of the identified crops in a GIS platform (Table 2.9.4).

Table 2.9.4. Suitability of crops and their extent

Crop Suitability Class Area in sq km % of TGA

Rice N1-S2 68.4 8.53

S2-S1 130.8 16.31

S2-S3 22.0 2.74

S3-S3 552.7 68.92

Misc 28.1 3.50

Total 802.0 100.00

Wheat N1-N1 75.5 9.41

S3-S2 130.8 16.31

S3-S3 567.6 70.77

Misc 28.1 3.50

Total 802.0 100.00

Pulses N1-S3 68.4 8.53

S2-S2 152.8 19.05

S2-S3 17.4 2.17

S3-S2 128.9 16.07

S3-S3 406.4 50.67

773.9 96.50

Misc 28.1 3.50

Total 802.0 100.00

Oilseeds N1-S3 68.4 8.53

S2-S2 159.9 19.94

S2-S3 10.3 1.28

S3-S2 128.9 16.07

S3-S3 406.4 50.67

Misc 28.1 3.50

Total 802.0 100.00

Potato N1-N1 68.4 8.53

N1-N2 7.1 0.89

N1-S3 7.6 0.95

S3-N1 123.2 15.36

S2-S3 234.9 29.29

S3-S3 332.7 41.48

Misc 28.1 3.50

Total 802.0 100.00

2.9.h Detailed soil survey of Shankarpur and Massipirhi farms of Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (ICAR), Hazaribag, Jharkhand

Dipak Sarkar and A. K. Sahoo

Soils of Shankarpur farm

A high intensity detailed soil survey of Shankarpur (26.23 ha) and Masipiri (4.08 ha) farms of Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (ICAR), Hazaribag was carried out, using the cadastral map (1:500 scale) of the farm as the base map. Topographically, the farm is an upland developed on Archean granite and gneisses. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 1300 to 1400 mm. Upland (aerobic) rice is the dominant crop in summer; wheat, pigeon pea and finger millet are grown in winter.

Five landforms were identified in Shankarpur farm. Very gently sloping upland occupies 49.2 per cent area of the farm followed by medium land (16.7 %), moderately lowland (15.5 %), lowland (14.1 %) and gently sloping upland (4.5 %). In Masipiri farm, four landforms were delineated. These were very gently sloping upland (50.5 % of the farm) followed by moderately low land (23.6 %), low land (17.9 %) and medium land (8.0 %).

Detailed study of the soils was undertaken, using phases of soil series as mapping unit. Surface soil samples (0-25 cm depth) were used to generate soil fertility maps.

The soils were classified in three orders i.e. Inceptisols (61.1%), Alfisols (37.9%) and Entisols (1.10%). These were further classified into Typic Haplustepts (42.7%), Oxyaquic Haplustalfs (35.0%) and Udic Haplustepts (18.4%) at subgroup level.

Soils on very gently to gently sloping upland (Tanr) were very deep, well drained, pale brown (10YR6/3) to strong brown (7.5 YR4/6), loamy sand to silty clay in texture (clay 8.6 to 47.3 %) and moderately eroded. Surface samples were slightly to moderately acidic (pH 5.5 -6.1) in reaction, low to high in organic carbon contents (0.10 to 0.70 %), low to medium in CEC and base saturation (BS 67 to 78 %). The soils on the very gently to medium land (Chaora) were very deep, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4) to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6) with mottles of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) in sub-soils and silty clay to loam (clay 21.3 to 51.8 %) well to moderately well drained, slightly to moderately acidic, low to medium in organic carbon (0.39 to 0.61 %) and low to moderate in CEC.

The soils were very deep, moderately well to imperfectly drained and silty loam to silty clay in texture (clay 21.9 to 45.6 %) on moderately low to low land (Don). Colour in the soil matrix varied from brown (10YR 5/3) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) with sub-soil mottles of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) to strong brown (7.5YR

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5/8). These had moderately acidic to neutral (pH 5.7 to 7.1) reaction, medium to high organic carbon (0.76 to 1.23%), moderate CEC and medium to high base status (76 to 82%). Thematic maps for soil depth, slope, erosion, drainage, surface texture were generated.

Based on the superimposition of thematic maps of pH, organic carbon, available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in GIS, It is concluded that majority of the soils (68 to 74 % soils of the farm) in the farm had acidic reaction, high organic carbon (>0.75%), medium available nitrogen (280 to 560

-1 -1kg ha ), phosphorus (10 to 25 kg ha ) and high potassium. Surface soils of the farm were sufficient in available iron, manganese and copper and 23.8per cent

-1soils of the farm were deficient (<0.5 mg kg ) in available zinc.

About 48 to 50 per cent soils belonged to the capability sub-class IIIe and irrigabilty class 2; remaining soils were classified under capability subclass IIIes (23.1%), IIIs (9.3%) and irrigability class 3. 28.0 per cent soils of the farm were suitable (S1) and 46.4 per cent was marginally suitable (S3) for upland rice. Suitability of bunded rice was ranked marginal (S3) for 78.7 per cent soils, moderate and high for 14.8 per cent and 6.5 per cent soils, respectively. About 50 per cent soils were marginally suitable and 28.0 per cent soils were highly suitable (S1) for maize. The suitability of wheat and pea was mapped as highly suitable on 49.3 per cent soils and moderately suitable (S2) for the remaining soils. The suitability of farm soils (78.7 %) was ranked moderate to high for millets.

The farm soils have been mapped in seven mapping units (at phases of soil series). These belonged to two soil orders viz. Alfisols (52.9%) and Inceptisols (47.1%). At subgroup level Udic Haplustepts (41.5 %) were the most dominant soils followed by Typic Rhodustalfs (34.6 %) and Typic Haplustalfs (10.3 %).

The soils developed on very gently sloping upland (Tanr) were very deep, moderately eroded well drained, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) to dark reddish brown (2.5 YR3/4) with silty loam to silty clay texture (clay 22.6 to 48.5%) and moderately eroded. These were slightly to very strongly acidic (pH 4.9 to 6.2), low to medium in organic carbon (0.10 to 0.70%) with low CEC and low to medium base status (BS 56 to 76%).

The soils on very gently sloping medium land (Chaora) were very deep, moderately well drained, brown (10 YR 4/3) to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6) with mottles of

Soil fertility mapping

Land evaluation

Soils of Masipiri farm

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) in sub-soils with loamy to clayey texture (clay 18.4 to 47.3 %). These were very strongly acidic to neutral (pH 4.6 to 6.7) in reaction and low to medium in organic carbon (0.12 to 0.70 %) with low to moderate CEC.

The soils occurring on very gently sloping land to moderately low to low land (Don) were very deep, imperfectly drained with silty clay loam to silty clayey texture (clay 27.3 to 40.9 %). The soil matrix colour varied from brown (10YR 4/3) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) with sub-soil mottles of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8). These were moderately acidic to neutral (pH 5.9 to 7.3), medium to high in organic carbon (0.90 to 1.21 %) with moderate CEC

+ -1(12.2 to 21.4 coml(p )kg ) and medium to high base status (72 to 90 %).Thematic maps on soil depth, slope, erosion, drainage, surface texture and soil reaction were prepared.

Based on the superimposition of thematic maps of pH, organic carbon, available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in GIS, It is concluded that majority of the soils (69 to 78 %) was acidic and had high organic carbon (0.26 to 1.34%),

-1medium available nitrogen (280 to 560 kg ha ) and -1phosphorus (10 to 25 kg ha ) and (Fig. 2.9.7) high

potassium. The surface soils were sufficient in available iron, manganese and copper. About 4.6 % soils were

-1deficient (<0.5 mg kg ) in available zinc.

The soils were evaluated for land capability, irrigability and crop suitability. About 44.9 per cent farm soils were classified under the capability subclass IIIe and irrigability class 2. Remaining area was classified in capability sub class IIIsw (41.5%), IIIs (8.0 %) and IIIes (5.6%) and irrigability class 3. Soil-site suitability evaluation show that 18.2 per cent (S3) for upland rice. Bunded rice was marginally suitable (S3) for 50.5 per cent soils and moderately suitable for 49.5 per cent soils. Around 58.5

Soil fertility mapping

Land evaluation

Fig. 2.9.7. Available phosphorus map of Masipiri farm, CRURRS, Hazaribag, Jharkhand

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per cent soils of the farm were marginally suitable (S3) for growing of maize. For the winter crops about 49.5 per cent soils of the farm were moderately suitable (S2) for growing wheat and pea. Suitability evaluation further indicated that 48.2 per cent soils of the farm were marginally suitable (S3) and 10.3 per cent soils were moderately suitable (S2) for cultivation of millets.

Silai basin is predominantly an agricultural basin with 55 per cent cultivated land in which 70 per cent of working group is engaged. Majority of the farmers are of marginal category (53 %) and of mostly grew single crop i.e. rice under rainfed conditions, mainly because of lack of irrigation facilities and scarcity of rainfall. Especially, western part is totally devoid of any irrigation facilities and there is hardly any chance to develop ground water irrigation because the area is underlain by archaean formation. The hydrogeomorphical map (Fig.2.9.8) of the basin area confirms the ground water prospects.

2.9.i Land resource appraisal of Silai Basin, Rarh region, West Bengal for optimum land utilization

T. Banerjee, Dipak Sarkar and S. Mukhopadhyay

Fig.2.9.8. Hydromorphic situation of Silai basin

Available water holding capacity varies from 9.4 cm in the shallow soils to 24.2 cm in the deep soils whereas soil moisture content varies from 0.70 cm in shallow soils to 10.5 cm in deep soils. The eastern part is enriched with good ground water conditions and regularly irrigated to grow several rabi crops like potato, wheat, mustard and boro rice.

The land capability, irrigability and suitability classification of the basin was undertaken. About 70 per cent of the total basin area have limitations of wetness. Land irrigability classification shows that lands of eastern alluvial plain have limitations of unfavourable drainage conditions although irrigation water is frequently used without considering land and soil conditions.

The project was undertaken to carry out soil correlation work of the eastern states viz. Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal with the objectives to correlate the existing soil series for their placement in the National Register. Two soil correlation meetings were organized at Regional Centre, NBSS & LUP Kolkata with the scientists of NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal and Soil and Land Use Survey of India, Kolkata Centre to finalize the soil series. It was decided that soil series identified on 1:50,000 scale will get priority for establishing soil series. A number of soil series were identified on 1:50,000 scale in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal. Five soil series from south Sikkim district of Sikkim viz. Rayong, Maniram, Doling, Namchi and Mangjing and six soil series from Madhubani district of Bihar viz. Baratol, Hirapatti, Nahar, Charkhali, Khopa and Parsa were correlated and finalized for inclusion in the National Register.

oNadia district in West Bengal lies between 22 52'30" to o o o24 05'40" N latitude and 88 08'10" to 88 48'15" E

longitude covering an area of 3927 sq. km, developed in the alluvial plain of lower Bhagirathi basin. The landscape witnesses daily rise of water level due to tides. The climate

2.9.j Correlation of soil series of eastern states (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal)

2.9.k Development of district level land use plan for Nadia district in West Bengal under irrigated ecosystem.

A.K. Sahoo, D.C. Nayak, K. Das, S.K. Gangopadhyay, K . D. S a h , D. D u t t a , T. C h at to p a d hyay, S. Mukhopadhyay and T. Banerjee

A.K. Sahoo, T. Banerjee, K. Das and S.K. Gangopadhyay

HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPSilai basin

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of the area is oppressive hot summer, high humidity, mild winter with annual rainfall ranging from 1424 to 1635

0mm. Mean daily minimum temperature ranges from 8 C 0(in winter) to the maximum of 36 C (in summer). It is

under hot moist sub- humid Gangetic plain agro-ecological sub-regions (15.1).

The net sown area is 306860 ha (78.1%), forest 1220 ha., current fallow 5420 ha (1.4%), other fallow land excluding current fallow 200 ha. and area not available for cultivation is about 19 per cent. The cropping intensity of the district is 278 per cent in comparison to state average of 177 per cent (2001-2002). Rice (Aus, Aman and Boro) is the main crop and occupies about 74 per cent of the net cropped area. The other important crops are jute, wheat, potato, pulses (gram, tur etc), oilseeds (Rapeseed, mustard, linseed and sesame), sugarcane and vegetables. The district has high potential for fruit production mainly, mango, banana, papaya etc. and also has good scope for floriculture. The agricultural land is irrigated mostly with groundwater through shallow and deep tube wells and few lift irrigationsystem. The groundwater is contaminated with arsenic.

The population density of the district is high (1172 persons/sq.km.) and it varies from 773 (Karimpur-I) to 1425 (Ranaghat-I) persons/sq.km. Most of the operational land holdings are marginal, small and semi-medium sizes. The land per capita is very low (0.06 to 0.13 ha per person) and the cultivated land per capita is still lower (0.052 to 0.11 ha per person).

The soils are deep to very deep, moderately well to poorly drained, dark grayish brown to gray in colour and loam to silty clay in texture. Most of the soils of the district are calcareous. Major soil subgroups are Typic/Vertic Endoaquepts, Typic/Vertic Endoaqualfs, Typic/Fluventic Haplustepts and Typic/Aquic Ustifluvents.

The soil map of Puruliya district on 1:50,000 scale was prepared and digitized in GIS format. 52 soil series were identified in different landforms and were mapped in 56 soil mapping units (soil series association). Inceptisols are the dominant soil order (45.7%) followed by Alfisols (39.5%), Entisols (11.1%) and rock-outcrops (1.8%). The satellite data of IRS P6 LISS-III of the whole district was procured for the preparation of the present land use and land cover map. Both the geocoded FCC and digital data were taken for the digital interpretation.

2.9.l Development of district level land use plan for Puruliya district in West Bengal under rainfed ecosystem.

D.C. Nayak, D.S. Singh and D. Dutta

2.9.m Preparation of soil resource inventory of coastal salt affected areas of West Bengal and Orissa using satellite imagery and characteristics and classification of the soils to determine their potentialities, problems and management

(In collaboration with WTCER, Bhubaneswar, Orissa)

Physiographic units (upper and lower delta and coastal plain) were delineated based on topography and drainage pattern in the coastal region of West Bengal, using IRS-LISS III data geo-referenced with SOI toposheet as base map. A soil-physiographic model was established and the same was used to map the entire region in 23 soil series associations (60:40) as a mapping unit on 1: 50,000 scale (Fig.2.9.9). Thematic maps on soil depth, surface texture, slope, erosion, soil reaction, organic carbon, available water capacity, length of growing period, land capability, land irrigability and land suitability were also prepared.

Fig.2.9.9. Soil map of coastal region of West Bengal

The soils of the region were very deep, moderately to poorly drained and moderately eroded. Endoaquepts and Haplustepts were the dominant great groups the region constituting 63 per cent of the total geographical area. Ustifluents, Fluvaquents and Ustipsamments were the other great groups the region, covering 27 per cent of the area. Moderate to severe salinity was mapped in Berul, Basanti, Kadua and Dagar series, whereas slightly to moderate acidity was mapped in the soils of Kamarpota, Rudranagar, Harinbari, Nirdeshkhali and Sarada series. About 41 per cent area of the region was neutral to alkaline (pH, 6.5 to 8.2); 39.4 and 11.8 per cent area are moderately acidic (pH, 4.1 to 5.5) and acidic (pH, 4.1 to 5.5), respectively. The length of growing period in the coastal region of West Bengal was estimated to be 150 days that may extend to 210 to 220 days in the year of good rainfall.

K. D. Sah, Dipak Sarkar and D. S. Singh

SOIL Coastal Region

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2.9.n Assessment and mapping of some important para-meters including macro and micronutrients for the state of West Bengal (1:50,000 scale) towards optimum land use plan (Sponsored Project)

Preparation of district-wise maps of pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo on 1:50,000 scale for agricultural development and planning is the main objective of the project.

Sampling scheme in grids at one km interval was developed (base map 1:50,000 scale) for Darjeeling, Koch Bihar, Purba and Paschim Medinipur districts during the year. For Bardhman district the same scheme was developed prior to current field season. Total 27453 soil samples (0-25 cm depth) were collected and land use and management information were compiled for Bankura, Puruliya, 24-Parganas (North), Nadia, Murshidabad and Malda districts. The soil samples of Barddhaman and Hugli districts were analyzed for pH, EC, OC, available N,P,K, S, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn.

81.8 per cent were acidic in the district of which 37.9 per cent soils were moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) 35.5 per cent

Dipak Sarkar, D. C. Nayak, A. K. Sahoo, D.S. Singh, S. Mukhopadhyay, K. Das, K. D. Sah, S. K. Gangopadhyay, T. Chattopadhyay, D. Dutta, M. Swaminathan and Tapti Banerjee

Barddhman

slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) and 8.4 per cent strongly acidic (pH <4.5). Neutral (pH 6.5-7.5) and alkaline (pH >7.5) soils were 11.6 and 3.4 per cent area, respectively. About 62.1 per cent soils have high (>0.80 %) organic carbon; 21.4 per cent medium (0.50-0.80 %) and 13.3 per cent low (<0.50 %). About 58.1 soils in the district were high in available nitrogen (>450

-1 -1kg ha ), 30.8 per cent medium (280-450 kg ha ) and -17.8 per cent low (<280 kg ha ). Available P O content in 2 5

-1the soils of the district was low (< 45 kg ha P O ) in 50.0 2 5-1per cent soils; medium (45-90 kg ha P O ) in 25.7 2 5

-1per cent and high (>90 kg ha P O ) in 21.2 per cent soils. 2 5

The available potassium status map showed that 57.4 per -1cent soils contained low (<200 kg ha ), 27.7 per cent

-1medium (200-350 kg ha ) and 11.7 per cent high (>350 -1kg ha ) potassium.

40.5 per cent soils of the district were slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5), 28.7 per cent moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), 2.5 per cent strongly acidic (pH <4.5), 20.5 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.5) and 4.6 per cent alkaline (pH >7.5). Organic carbon (>0.80 %) content was high in 77.2 per cent soils. Organic carbon was low (<0.50 %) in 6.4 per cent soils and medium (0.50-0.80 %) in 13.2 per cent

-1soils. The available nitrogen was high (>450 kg ha ) in -179.0 per cent soils; medium (280-450 kg ha ) in 14.6 per

-1cent and low (<280 kg ha ) in another 3.2 per cent soils. -1 Availability of phosphorus was high (>90 kg ha P O ) in 2 5

-148.4 per cent soils; medium (45-90 kg ha P O ) and low 2 5-1(< 45 kg ha P O ) in 20.6 and 27.8 per cent soils 2 5

respectively. The available potassium was high (>350 kg -1 -1ha ) in 16.4 per cent soils; medium (200-350 kg ha ) in

-144.8 per cent and low (<200 kg ha ) in 35.6 per cent soils. Available Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn (DTPA extractable) were

-1 -1deficient in 36.5 (<0.6 mgkg ), 3.0 (<0.2 mgkg ), 4.8 -1 -1(<4.5 mgkg ) and 6.0 (<1.0 mgkg ) per cent soils,

respectively.

Hugli

Organic carbon map of Barddhman district, West Bengal

ORGANIC CARBONBarddhman District

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Regional Centre, Udaipur









































2.10.a Soil Resource Inventory and Land Evaluation of Chittaurgarh district for Land Use Planning.

J.D. Giri and R. L. Shyampura

1. The entire district is covered in 28 Survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 scale either in part or whole and covers sheet numbers 45K, L, O, and P and 46 I.

2. Out of the 28 sheets, so far 17 IRS P6+IRSIV D PAN (merged) data products and digital products have been received.

3. Based on the image characteristics like colour, pattern, texture, shape, size, etc and taking the help of matching Survey of India 1:50,000 scale toposheets as reference data, interpretation has been carried out for all the 17 sheets received so far and based on the interpretation, the physiographic units have been

delineated. While delineating the physiographic units, the delineation done during the SRM project has been used as a base.

4. The physiographic legend has been prepared (Table 2.10.1).

5. An area of 2,80,000 hectares has been surveyed and morphological observations of 150-160 augers per sheet have been recorded. Master profiles for the area surveyed have been identified for subsequent excavation and collection of soil samples for laboratory characterization.

6. A representative soil-physiography legend for the landforms surveyed and dominant soil associations obtained 1:50, 000 scale sheet (45 L/9) is shown in Table 2.10.2.

Description

Hilly Terrain with ridges and furrows with moderate to dense vegetation and/or exposed rock

Gently to moderately sloping with scattered cultivation/ vegetation

Gently to moderately sloping with monadnocks with black and/or brown soils of shallow depth

-do- with medium black and/or brown soils

Image Characteristics

Brownish/reddish colour with ridge pattern/ dark red/pink colour spots/dark greenish or light greenish colour/whitish colour

Greenish whitish colour with scattered red spots

Dark greenish and yellow colour

Light greenish and light yellow with red spots

Map Unit

1

2

3

3a

Physiogra-phic unit

Caa

Cak

Cea

-do-

The Central Highlands-C

a-Aravalli landscape

Eastern Rajasthan Uplands-ea

Table 2.10.1. Physiography legend of Chittaurgarh district

(Cont...)

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Image CharacteristicsDescriptionPhysiogra-phic unit

Map Unit

3b

4

4a

4b

4c

4d

5

5a

6

7

7a

7b

7c

8

8a

8b

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

Ceb

-do-

Cec

-do-

-do-

Ced

-do-

-do-

Ceh

-do- with shallow medium black soils with gravelly surface

-do- eroded pediment (open scrub)

-do- sandy/salt affected/calcareous open scrub

-do-eroded gravelly surface

-do- with red brown gravelly shallow soils

-do- barren area with medium black gravelly shallow soils

-do- red brown soils with cultivation/vegetation

-do- red brown soils mixed with medium black soils

-do- undulating eroded pediments with medium black gravelly soils

-do- nearly level with medium black or brown moderately shallow soils with cultivation/vegetation

-do- with eroded gravelly shallow to moderately shallow soils

-do- nearly level with moderately shallow to deep black soils with cultivation/vegetation

-do- nearly level with eroded/gravelly surface with patches of black soils

-do- light brown soils with grass cover of scattered cultivation

-do- with light brown soils with erosion patches

-do- with deep black soils with scattered cultivation/ vegetation

-do- with deep blacks soils with mounds

-do- with moderately deep to deep medium black to loam soils with cultivation/vegetation

Moderately to undulating land with hillocks with exposed rock

-do- with red brown or medium black eroded soils on side slopes / foot slopes

Dissected river valley with eroded surface medium black/loamy soils

-do- with dense vegetation/cultivation with medium black soils

-do- with moderately deep to deep medium black to brown loamy soils with cultivation/vegetation

Dissected hills and ridges with eroded gravelly soils on steep slopes

-do- with moderately dense vegetation

-do- excavated/mined area

Pediments with gravelly soils or sandy soils and exposed rock

Light greenish or brownish colour with whitish tinge

Whitish brownish colour with red spots

Whitish brownish colour near water bodies

Whitish colour/yellowish whitish colour

Brownish whitish colour

Light greenish colour

Brownish colour with moderately dense red spots

-do- with greenish spots/red spots.

Light greenish/light brown colour

Light grey with dense vegetation

Light grey with scattered red spots.

Light to dark grey and yellow patches with red spots.

Light to dark grey with red spots.

Light pink and red spots with scattered black colour

Light pink colour with whitish spots

Deep grey colour with red spots

Deep bluish grey colour

Yellowish greyish colour with red spots

Whitish bluish or greyish colour with ridge pattern

Brownish colour or greenish greyish colour

Whitish brownish or bluish colour

Deep red spots along river/stream

Yellowish greyish colour with red spots

Dark blue greenish colour with ridge pattern/ yellowish colour with red spots

Brownish colour with red spots

Whitish colour

Light blue/greyish blue colour

(Cont...)

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Image CharacteristicsDescriptionPhysiogra-phic unit

Map Unit

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

27a

28

29

30

30a

31

32

33

33a

34

34a

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

Pathar and Bundelkhand Plateau-pa

Cpa 11/12/13/

14

Cpa 2

Cpa 33

Cpa 31

Cpa 41

Cpa 5

-do-

Cpb 2

-do-

-do-

-do-

Cma1

-do-

Cma 2

Cma212

Cma 22

-do-

-do-

-do-

Cma 251

-do-

-do-

-do-

Cma 313

Cma 351

-do-

Hills with escarpment, elongated ridges and narrow valleys with exposed rock/eroded soils on hills/ side slopes with sparse to dense vegetation

Residual and Isolated hillocks with eroded side slopes, stony surface with moderately dense vegetation.

Undulating upland with eroded red brown soils/exposed rock

-do- with sparse to dense vegetation and exposed rock and shallow red brown soils or shallow black soils

Intervening basin/valley/narrow valley with medium black to black soils on steep slopes with dense vegetation

Gently sloping rocky plateau with eroded exposed rock outcrops

-do- with moderately dense vegetation

Gently to moderately sloping plain with moderately deep to deep black soils

-do- along streams

-do- with moderate shallow brown/red brown soils

-do- with eroded/gravelly soils on gently sloping plain

Hilly Terrain with escarpment, sparse to dense vegetation

-do-

Undulating Plateau with hillock with eroded/exposed rock

-do- with moderately deep to deep soils.

Moderately sloping plateau

-do- along streams

-do- with shallow to moderately shallow reddish brown gravelly soils with moderately dense vegetation

-do-

Gently sloping plateau with moderately deep to deep black soil

-do- with moderately shallow soils with surface erosion

-do- with red brown soils with dense vegetation

-do- along dissected stream banks with vegetative cover

Plateau plain with moderately deep to deep black soils with cultivation/vegetation and eroded at places

Dissected stream banks over plateau plain with dense cultivation

-do- with black soils, eroded at places

Whitish/yellowish whitish colour with dark grey/brown or red spots with ridge pattern

Bluish greenish colour/bluish whitish/whitish brownish/pinkish colour with red spots.

Greenish whitish colour/yellowish whitish colour/whitish bluish colour

Brownish green colour/Brownish yellow colour/dark brown colour/bluish greenish colour with red spots

Red colour with light to dark grey spots

Bluish greyish colour/yellowish bluish colour/ with scattered red spots

Reddish yellow colour/brownish colour

Bluish grey with pink spots

Pinkish elongated patches along streams

Light grey with pink spots/light yellow colour/light greenish colour/greenish yellow colour with red spots/whitish colour

Whitish brownish/whitish grey colour

Greenish brownish colour

Reddish tone with ridge pattern

Medium greenish./whitish greenish colour

Light to dark grey colour

Dark bluish grey with red patches.

Whitish elongated patches along streams/ whitish patches

Light greenish colour

Dark greenish colour

Dark grey colour

Light grey colour

Dark green colour with pink spots

Whitish pinkish tone

Light to dark grey with scattered red spots.

Greyish green colour along streams

Dark grey colour with light grey colour at places

Malwa Plateau-ma

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Soil TaxonomyDescription of soil associationSr.No.

Table-2.10.2. Soil-physiography relationship in Chittaurgarh district (45 L/9)

Description of physiographic unit

• Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy clay loam soils on moderately sloping upland with severe erosion; associated with

• Shallow, well drained, gravelly sandy clay loam soils on gently sloping upland soils with moderate erosion

• Shallow, well drained, gravelly sandy loam slightly calcareous soils on very gently sloping upland with moderate erosion; associated with

• Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam slightly calcareous soils on gently sloping uplands with severe erosion.

• Moderately shallow, well drained, calcareous clay loam soils on very gently sloping upland plains with moderate erosion; associated with

• Moderately shallow, well drained, calcareous clay loam soils on very gently sloping upland plains with moderate erosion.

• Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on moderately sloping upland soils with severe erosion; associated with

• Shallow, well drained, calcareous, gravelly sandy clay loam soils on very gently sloping upland plain with severe erosion.

• Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, clay soils on very gently sloping upland plain with moderate erosion with slight surface salinity; associated with

• Moderately shallow, moderately well drained, calcareous, gravelly clay soils on very gently sloping upland plain with moderate erosion.

• Shallow, well drained, well drained, calcareous, loamy soils on very gently sloping upland plain with moderate erosion; associated with

• Moderately deep, well drained, clay soils on very gently sloping upland plain with moderate erosion.

• Moderately deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, clay soils on nearly level upland plain with moderate erosion; associated with

• Shallow, moderately well drained, calcareous, clay loam soils on very gently sloping upland plain with very slight erosion.

• Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, clay soils on very gently sloping upland plain with moderate erosion

• Deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous, clay soils on nearly level upland with very slight erosion; associated with

• Moderately shallow, moderately well drained, calcareous, clay soils on nearly level upland with very slight erosion

• Moderately shallow, well drained, calcareous, clay soils on very gently sloping mounds with moderate erosion; associated with

• Moderately shallow, well drained, sandy clay soils on gently sloping mounds with moderate erosion.

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Haplustepts

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Haplustpets

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed (calc), hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents.

• Fine loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts

• Fine loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts.

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents


• Fine, smectitic (calc), hyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts

• Fine, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts.

• Loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Lithic Haplustepts.

• Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts.

• Fine, smectitic (calc), hyperthermic Vertic Haplustepts.

• Loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Lithic Haplustepts





• Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts

Soils of Eastern Rajasthan UplandGently to moderately sloping with monadnocks

-do-

-do- eroded pediments

-do- with eroded gravelly surface

-do- nearly level upland plain

-do- with eroded gravelly surface

-do- with light brown soils

-do- with erosion in patches

-do- with black soils

-do- with black soils on mounds

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

(Cont...)

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Soil TaxonomyDescription of soil associationSr.No.

Description of physiographic unit

Soils of Eastern Rajasthan Upland-Ced: Dissected hills and ridges

• Fine loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts

• Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts.

• Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents.

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents.

• Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents.


• Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents.


• Fine, smectitic (calc), hyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts.




• Fine, smectitic (calc), hyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts.

• Fine, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts.

• Loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents.

• Loamy, mixed (calc), hyperthermic Lithic Haplustepts.


• Loamy-skeletal, mixed (calc), hyperthermic, Lithic Haplustepts.

-do- with dense vegetation

-do- with eroded gravelly soils on steep slopes

-do- excavated and/or mined area

-do- with exposed rock/eroded soils on side slopes

Cpa 41: Intervening basin/valley/narrow valley.

Cpa 5: Gently sloping rocky plateau with eroded exposed rock out crops.

Cpb 2: Gently to moderately sloping plain

-do- with brown/red brown soils

-do- with eroded/gravelly soila

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

• Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, sandy clay loam soils on nearly level upland plain with moderate erosion; associated with

• Moderately deep, well drained, sandy loam soils on very gently sloping upland plain with severe erosion

• Very shallow, excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on escarpment of dissected hills with very severe erosion; associated with

• Extremely shallow, excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on escarpment of dissected hills with very severe erosion.

• Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on moderately sloping side slopes of dissected hills with severe erosion; associated with

• Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on moderately sloping side slopes of dissected hills with severe erosion

• Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy clay loam soils on gently sloping foot hill slopes with severe erosion; associated with

• Very shallow, well drained, gravelly sandy clay loam soils on gently sloping foot hill slopes with severe erosion.

• Moderately deep, well drained calcareous, clay soils on very gently sloping valley floor with moderate erosion; associated with

• Shallow, well drained, calcareous, clay loam soils on gently sloping valley floor with moderate erosion.

• Shallow, well drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on gently sloping rocky plateau with severe erosion; associated with

• Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly sandy loam soils on very steeply sloping side slopes of rocky plateau with severe erosion

• Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous clay soils on nearly level plain with moderate erosion and slight salinity; associated with

• Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, clay soils on nearly level plain with moderate erosion.

• Very shallow, well drained, calcareous, sandy loam soils on very gently sloping plain with moderate erosion; associated with

• Shallow, well drained, calcareous, clay loam soils on very gently sloping plain with moderate erosion

• Shallow, well drained, calcareous, gravelly clay loam soils on nearly level plain with moderate erosion; associated with

• Shallow, well drained, calcareous, gravelly clay loam soils on gently sloping plain with severe erosion.

Pathar and Bundelkhand Plateau- Cpa 11/12/13/14: Hills with escarpment, elongated ridges and narrow valleys

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2.10.b Development of district level land use plan for

Nagaur and Bundi district (Rajasthan) under

arid and semi arid ecosystem.

R.S. Singh, A.K. Singh and R.L. Shyampura

Natural resource base

Status of soil resources

o o oBundi district (24 59' to 25 23' N latitudes and 75 15' to o76 21' E Longitudes) with an area of 5.82 lakh has is

situated in the south eastern part of Rajasthan state. The natural resource base, socio-economic conditions and human resource attributes of the district were delineated and evaluated on 1:50,000 scale to develop the product-based decision support system and land use plan at district level. The census data at village level have been digitized to generate and analyse the spatial pattern of human profile and socio economic condition of the people. Soil resource map generated during district mapping project on 1:50,000 scale was used to generate soil quality index. Present day land use map was prepared with the help of remote sensing data in conjunction with survey of India toposheet and soil map to study the relationship between land use and soil attributes.

Data on soil, water and climatic resources have been collected from the state department and collated for the preparation of database in the GIS format. Soil data base of the Bundi district have been analysed and interpreted from the map generated during soil survey programme of the district on 1:50,000 scale.

Soils of the Bundi district have been prepared as association of dominant and subdominant soils with or without inclusion and mapped as 61 soil series association (map units). These mapping units have been described for major soil attributes such as depth, particle-size class, texture, slope, erosion and other phases. Thematic maps of different soil parameters have been generated using GIS.

A single soil quality index was also derived. For this each soil parameters was rated in a scale from 1 to 5 based on their quality and responsiveness to management. An area weighted soil quality index of each map unit was calculated by multiplying the rating of each parameter of a series by the area of the soil series within the unit followed by summing the weighted value and dividing by the total area of the map unit. Values of dominant, subdominant and inclusion were averaged to derive single index for a map unit and presented at physiography and tehsil level. This may help to plan and evolve strategies for

resource development of the district based on integrated analysis of natural resource base and socio-economic conditions.

Soil quality index of Bundi district in (Table 2.10.3), indicates that over 75 percent are of the district have high (2.25-3.75) and very high (>3.75) index rating. Soil quality index is low in 2.38 percent area of the district concentrated in northern part of Hindoli (3.71%) and Nainma (5.22%) and southern region of Bundi (1.28%) tehsil (Fig.2.10.1). The soil quality index is higher in Vindhyan region as compared to eastern plain. In Bundi and Keshoraipatan tehsil, quality rating is high to very high in more than 90 percent of the tehsil. Lowest rating is observed in Hindoli tehsil in which low to medium index cover 54.22 percent area of tehsil. Soil quality index rating is in order of Kehsoraipatan > Bundi > Indergarh > Hindoli > Nainwa tehsil.

The census demographic, land use and other variables were integrated with the village as a unit in GIS mode to evaluate and analyse the status of land and water resources with reference to natural characteristics and use pattern. As per the district census 2001, there are 841 villages in the district. Out of that 265, 174, 117, 108 and 177 villages are in Bundi, Hindoli, Indergarh, Keshoraipatan and Nainwa tehsil, respectively. In the district, forest covers 24.24 percent area whereas cultivated area consists of 45.96 percent of which 61.38% area is irrigated. About 13.3% area is culturable waste whereas 16.54% area is not available for cultivation. Forest cover is highest in Bundi and Hindoli tehsil whereas it is lowest in Kehsoraipatan tehsil. About 67 to 73 percent of the net sown area in Bundi, Hindoli and Kehsoraipatan is irrigated mainly from canals and wells. Village-wise land use is analysed and evaluated spatially according to the aerial extent and discussed in the following sections.

Socio-economic conditions of people primarily depends on the natural resource endowments, infrastructure development and amenities. The human resource profile such as distribution of population, literacy, operation holdings and workers engagement in different categories has been analyzed from the Census 2001 to understand spatial distribution. Out of these, only population distribution and literacy are considered as most significant index of humanization of land and realization of potentialities.

Status of land resources and socio-economic

status

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Present land use and its relationship with soil

parameters

The existing land use in the district has been delineated using remote sensing data (IRS-ID) and Survey of India (SOI) topo-sheets of the year 1967-1973 with sufficient ground truths (over 700 observations) collected during the soil resource mapping of the district on 1:50,000 scale.

Forest boundaries have been extracted from the toposheets as demarcated on sheets such as the reserved, protected and mixed open jungle. Other land use types have been separated with the help of imageries and toposheets.

In the district, 29.96 percent area is under forest. These are mainly confined in Bundi (12.73), Hindoli (7.2) and

Table 2.10.3. Soil Quality Index of Bundi district

Tehsil Soil quality index rating

Low Medium High Very High Habitation Water bodies Total

<1.25 1.25-2.25 2.25-3.75 >3.75

Bundi – Area in ha (3.48)* 2455 8418 87750 88113 1361 4131 192227

Percent of Tehsil 1.28 4.38 45.65 45.84 0.71 2.15 100.00

Percent of District 0.42 1.45 15.08 15.14 0.23 0.71 33.03

Keshoraipatan (4.04) 0 2047 3249 63038 476 1809 70618



Hindoli (2.67) 4413 60100 13737 38142 683 1918 118995



Nainwa (2.74) 6993 27890 23094 73563 526 1971 134038



Indergarh (3.20) 0 10673 13669 37905 825 2992 66065



Landform

Eastern Plain (2.79) 11253 57576 30466 109620 1602 5305 215821

Percent of landform 5.21 26.68 14.12 50.79 0.74 2.46 100.00


Vindhyan (3.36) 2608 51552 111034 191140 2270 7517 366122

Percent of landform 0.71 14.08 30.33 52.21 0.62 2.05 100.00


District 13861 109128 141500 300760 3872 12822 581943

2.38 18.75 24.32 51.68 0.67 2.20 100.00

* Figures in parentheses indicate average index.

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Nainwa (4.3%) tehsils while Kehoraipatan and Indergarh tehsils are almost devoid of any forest cover. Open scrub with ravines are concentrated in Indergarh (4.30%) and Keshoraipatan (3.09%) and open scrubs with agriculture in Bundi (3.26%), Hindoli (5.70%) and Nainwa (3.19%) tehsils. Area under agriculture is 46.61 percent. It is predominant in Nainwa and Keshoraipatan tehsils covering over 60 percent area of tehsil. Hindoli has comparably less area under this category (28.16% area of tehsil). Vindhyan landform has greater area under forest and agriculture as compared to the eastern plain. Forest occurs mainly in southern part of Bundi tehsil, western and south western part of Hindolitehsils and runs from south west to north east across the district

The data on the existing land use and soil parameters (soil depth, PSC and slope) have been spatially integrated in GIS mode to analyze the relationship between variables under the study at the tehsil level. Data indicate that forests are mainly associated with shallow (<50 cm deep), loamy skeletal and loamy soils occurring on slope of 3 to 8 percent and above and with rock outcrops. The open scrub with ravines are found to be related with deep, fine loamy to fine soils and slope less than 15 percent. Agriculture is predominantly associated with deep, fine loamy to fine soils on nearly level to very gentle slopes in Bundi, Keshoraipatan and Indergarh tehsils while in Hindoli and Nainwa tehsils crops are invariably grown on shallow, loamy-skeletal and loamy soils on higher slopes

in addition to the deep, fine loamy and fine soils. The open scrub with agriculture land use types are confined on moderate soils (moderately shallow to moderately deep, loamy skeletal and fine loamy soils on slope less than 15 percent).

Quality of ground water was monitored in 15-20 wellsin Navania, Vana and Changeri sites (Table 2.10.4). Wells have been grouped with respect to texture and depth of the soil. Due to rainfall the EC in sandy loam soils in Changeri site has increased, while in clay loam to clay it decreased in comparison to March sampling. A seasonal fluctuation in quality of ground water varies with the amount of recharge associated with the quantum of rainfall received in the monsoon period. Rainfall in rainy season has been effective in leaching of salts from irrigated fields to drain in lower elevation thus there has been significant decline in overall salinity and SAR of ground water with consequent increase in RSC. The SAR was lower in rainy season as compared to March sampling. Looking to the poor quality of water the farmers were advised to give 1-2 t/ha of Gypsum every year at the time of rainy season to lower salt load in their fields.

2.10.c Crop yield modeling under varying soil

moisture in different types of soils.

A.K. Singh, R.S. Singh and R.L. Shyampura

Ground water

Table 2.10.4. Ground water quality at different sites

-1 -1 1/2 -1Soil pH EC (dS m ) SAR (mmol l ) RSC (mmol l )c c

Mar. 08 Sept. 08 Mar. 08 Sept. 08 Mar. 08 Sept. 08 Mar. 08 Sept. 08

Changeri site

Shallow sl-scl 7.5 7.3 4.3 5.8 7.3 7.0 - -

Medium sl-scl 7.5 8.3 2.9 3.3 8.5 7.0 - -

Medium sl 8.4 8.3 1.5 2.3 6.8 6.0 2.0 3.4

Deep sl-scl 8.0 7.6 1.9 2.9 7.0 6.4 3.8 0.4

Vana site

Mod. Deep sl 8.5 8.58 1.96 1.91 9.81 10.15 9.6 15.0

Navania site

Mod. Deep to Deep cl 7.7 8.4 2.3 2.0 10 9.75 1.8 4.2

7.8 8.0 2.5 2.1 7 7.05 - -

7.6 7.5 3.5 2.4 7 7.58 - 13.4

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Monitoring of soil moisture and Rabi 2007-08 performance of various crops

Mustard

During Rabi season soil moisture was measured weekly under mustard crops at two sites (Table 2.10.5). At Changeri site in moderately shallow soils (50-65 cm) grown for mustard with one irrigation, soil moisture during vegetative growth stage in 15 to 30 and 30 to 50 cm depths of soil ranged from 10.1 to 11.8 percent which was closer to moisture tension held at 0.1MPa. However, during reproductive stage due to non availability of

moisture through irrigation, the water content was lowered below permanent wilting point and the crop was forced to maturity. In case of moderately deep sandy loam soil increasing irrigations to two though increased the availability (0.1 to 0.3 MPa) vegetative the water content decreased during reproductive stage and the crop was forced to maturity. However, for moderately deep sandy clay loam soil at Changeri and clay / clay loam soil at Navania and moderately shallow sandy clay loam soil at Vana throughout the cropping season availability of moisture in 30-50 cm depth hovered around 0.3 to 0.5 MPa, resulting in very good yield of crop.

Table 2.10.5. Soil moisture (%) data of mustard during Rabi of 2007-08

Soil Soil depth(cm) irrigations (Tension) (Tension)

Changeri

Moderately shallow 0-15 1 11.0 9.5 8.2 6.0 4.9 3.5 2.5sandy loam 15-30 11.8 10.5 10.1 9.2 8.4 6.4 7.9

30-50 12.6 11.6 10.8 9.3 8.8 8.0 7.550-65 13.8 12.7 11.5 9.0 8.8 8.8 6.7

Moderately deep sandy 0-15 2 18.6 14.5 17.5 14.0 17.8 12.0 10.4clay loam 15-30 19.7 18.3 19.6 16.1 18.1 11.9 12.7

30-50 19.8 19.9 20.1 15.8 18.1 13.9 13.050-80 20.8 20.6 21.4 18.9 18.4 16.5 14.9

Moderately deep 0-15 3 9.6 8.1 13.5 8.8 10.0 9.3 5.3sandy loam 15-30 10.7 9.3 14.1 9.1 11.1 10.4 6.4

30-50 11.7 12.1 14.5 10.5 13.7 12.0 7.350-80 13.7 13.9 15.2 13.3 14.1 13.9 10.0

Vana

Moderately shallow 0-15 3 11.3 16.7 15.6 19.3 13.7 11.6 10.5sandy clay loam 15-30 18.3 17.7 18.1 19.0 16.4 11.9 12.2

30-50 21.2 19.2 21.8 21.4 18.7 14.2 13.6

Navania

Moderately deep clay/ 0-15 3 23.7 20.5 18.6 22.6 19.1 17.8 14.2 clay loam 15-30 24.0 21.9 20.6 22.6 21.5 21.3 15.1

30-50 22.9 22.1 23.7 23.1 23.9 22.6 16.150-80 21.3 25.1 26.2 23.7 26.2 24.4 16.9

No. of Vegetative stage Reproductive stage Maturity

Observed yield (q/ha) Predicted yield (q/ha)

4.4 4.3

23.4 22.9

20.0 19.6

28.1 28.6

21.9 21.3

28.1 28.5

25.0 25.2

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Wheat

During rabi season wheat crop was taken in shallow soils with 3 irrigations (Table 2.10.6). During vegetative stage (for later part of tillering), the availability of moisture hover around 0.1 to 0.3 MPa. Whereas during reproductive stage towards maturity the soil moisture availability dipped as it was held at higher tension (0.5 to 1.0 MPa) due to shortage of 1/2 irrigations. In moderately

deep sand loam soils/ moderately shallow sandy clay loam soils also similar pattern of soil moisture was observed due to scanty rainfall leading to sufficient recharging of wells. However, in moderately deep clay soils, the farmers used sprinkler system of irrigation by which there was saving of about 25 to 30 percent water. Thus the soil moisture tensions during vegetative and reproductive stages remained in the range of 0.03 to 0.3 MPa in 0-30 cm depth.

Table 2.10.6. Soil moisture (%) data of wheat during Rabi of 2007-08

Soil Soil depth No. of Vegetative stage Reproductive stage Maturity(cm) irrigations

Changeri

Shallow sandy loam 0-15 3 10.1 9.1 6.4 14.7 7.3 11.0 4.115-30 12.1 11.5 9.6 12.9 7.7 6.7 4.2

Moderately deep 0-15 4 12.7 11.5 15.0 10.6 17.0 6.9 5.3sandy loam 15-30 12.9 11.4 12.6 10.5 16.1 11.0 5.9

30-50 15.8 14.1 14.3 12.2 16.1 11.9 8.050-80 16.3 16.7 16.7 14.8 16.3 14.1 8.0

Vana

Moderately shallow 0-15 4 14.7 12.6 14.5 23.3 15.0 12.4 10.9sandy clay loam 15-30 17.9 14.6 14.7 21.5 16.6 12.5 11.6

30-50 20.6 19.0 18.4 22.2 19.6 17.5 13.1

Navania

Moderately deep clay/ 0-15 4 26.8 24.1 21.1 24.1 27.6 22.0 17.3 clay loam 15-30 26.8 24.3 22.7 24.3 25.9 22.7 17.6

30-50 27.8 24.9 23.5 25.8 25.5 25.3 17.950-80 28.2 25.4 23.7 22.8 26.0 24.4 17.8

Table 2.10.7. Soil moisture (%) data of maize during Kharif of 2008

Soil Soil depth Vegetative stage Reproductive stage Maturity(cm)

Changeri

Shallow sandy loam 0-15 7.2 8.5 11.1 11.1 8.1 6.3 8.115-30 7.5 8.9 12.9 10.4 6.9 7.4 6.9

Moderately deep (sandy loam) 0-15 10.5 12.9 15.2 12.1 9.3 17.5 10.715-30 11.4 13.7 16.0 13.0 9.5 15.8 11.230-50 12.3 15.1 15.8 12.9 9.8 16.4 12.250-80 13.5 15.4 13.9 15.0 11.9 13.8 13.5

Vana

Moderately shallow sandy clay loam 0-15 13.5 15.6 16.9 13.6 11.5 10.3 8.315-30 14.7 17.1 18.4 14.7 15.5 11.2 12.830-50 15.5 18.0 18.7 15.3 15.9 12.3 15.1

Navania

Deep Clay/ clay loam 0-15 20.3 22.5 31.3 18.5 18.3 18.5 18.415-30 21.3 22.9 29.2 21.4 20.8 18.9 20.230-50 21.5 21.8 27.6 21.5 21.3 23.2 24.450-80 21.5 21.6 23.1 23.1 22.0 22.8 24.6

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Maize

Soybean

In shallow soils of Changeri site during vegetative phase the moisture availability was at a tension of 0.03 MPa but during reproductive phase under long dry spells, moisture availability was as low as that held at tension of 1.0 to 1.5 MPa (Table 2.10.7). But with increase in depth though the moisture availability in 0-15 cm as at tension of 0.5 to 1.0 MPa but at 25-30 cm and in deeper layers the moisture availability was much higher at tension of about 0.03 MPa. In moderately sandy loam as well as moderately clay loam/ clay soil one irrigation at the time of long dry spell during reproductive phase was given.

The water requirement of soybean crop is very high and hence this crop was taken only in moderately deep clay

loam /clay soil (Table 2.10.8). In kharif of 2008 during vegetative phase the rainfall was sufficient, but during reproductive phase due to long dry spell the crop faced water shortage. During reproductive stage (pod development) the availability of water was at tension of 0.5 to 1.0 MPa and the crop was forced to maturity.

Cotton crop was grown in the region on a large scale about ten years back. But due to occurrences of diseases and pests the crop was almost wiped out from the region. Presently with the introduction of Bt cotton varieties farmers have taken up the crop in a big way. Cotton crop is known for its deeper root penetration and hence cotton has been grown in moderately deep sandy loam, clay loam and clay soils of Changeri and Navaria (Table 2.10.9).

Cotton

Table 2.10.8. Soil moisture (%) data of soybean during of 2008


Navania

Moderately deep clay/ clay loam 0-15 22.0 24.1 20.2 19.0 24.1 18.3 15.3

15-30 23.2 23.9 19.6 19.6 23.4 19.8 16.3

30-50 23.4 22.2 20.3 19.1 21.2 18.1 16.1

50-80 23.4 20.1 19.6 18.4 20.2 19.4 15.9

Table 2.10.9. Soil moisture (%) data of cotton during Kharif of 2008


Changeri

Shallow sandy loam 0-15 11.1 11.1 9.6 8.1 12.9 11.7 4.7

15-30 12.9 10.4 8.3 6.9 13.9 11.0 5.8

Deep sandy loam 0-15 9.9 15.2 15.2 12.1 11.6 8.8 6.0

15-30 10.0 14.4 14.4 12.6 12.6 9.9 8.9

30-50 11.6 13.7 16.4 13.2 12.7 13.2 11.2

50-80 13.5 15.4 14.9 14.5 13.0 13.4 11.0

Navania

Deep clay/ clay loam 0-15 23.7 22.7 20.8 24.8 24.2 19.8 13.2

15-30 21.3 22.9 23.7 23.8 24.9 21.2 15.7

30-50 22.4 23.0 20.8 24.5 25.0 23.4 17.2

50-80 23.3 24.6 23.4 25.4 26.4 24.3 17.3

Deep clay/ clay loam 0-15 26.8 22.0 24.8 29.2 24.1 19.2 12.9

15-30 24.9 23.6 29.8 25.8 24.4 20.3 15.3

30-50 23.4 22.3 23.2 24.3 23.7 21.3 18.4

50-80 24.1 23.6 21.2 23.5 24.6 21.2 19.6

Kharif

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Performance of different crops:

Rabi crops

Mustard

Wheat

Factors which have significant correlation with mustard yield such as soil depth, texture, slope, AWC, irrigation, root penetration and management were chosen for regression model.

Mustard yield (q/ha) = -9.463- 8.099 (Soil depth, mm) + 4.277 (Soil texture) + 2.644 (slope %) +14.557 (AWC, mm) +28.034(no. of irrigations) +10.346 (Management). R2=0.99

With one irrigation, the water availability remained at 1.0 to 1.5 MPa suction in pod filling stage and during last five week before harvest, moisture content was at > 1.5 MPa level and this was the reason for low observed and predicted yields in these soils. In moderately deep sandy clay soil with increase in irrigation from two to three, the

-1yield increased from 20.0 to 28.1 q ha . Whereas in very deep clay loam-clay soils of Navania, yield varied from

-125.0 (with two irrigation) to 28.1 q ha with three irrigations (Sprinkler system). Hence, in these soils with higher water holding capacity, farmers were able to harvest higher yield.

Factors which have significant correlation with wheat yield such as soil depth, texture, AWC, irrigation, sowing time and field leveling were chosen for regression model.

Wheat yield (q/ha) = 13.73+0.099867 (Soil depth, mm) + 10.28 (Soil texture) + 12.83 (AWC) +19.92 (irrigation) +14.68 (Sowing time and management) + 1.06 (field

2leveling). R = 0.99

Wheat yield was mainly influenced by availability of water as its root penetrate only upto 25-30 cm. In shallow sandy loam soils poor yield of 38.5 q/ha was obtained as only 3 irrigations were given and the availability of moisture at crucial grain filling stage was reduced in the range of 0.5-1.0 MPa soil moisture tension (Table 2.10.10). Whereas in clay loam / clay soils 4 irrigations were required due to higher water holding capacity, the soil moisture availability was in the range of 0.1-0.5 MPa tension. In these deep clay soils when irrigations were applied by sprinkler system there was saving of 15-20 % water though whole soil horizon never attained field capacity but 15-50 cm horizon remained in between 0.1-0.5 MPa moisture tension for most of the time and produced the yield of 58.2 q/ha.

A multi linear regression model was developed for predicting maize yield. Factors which have significant correlation with maize yield such as soil depth, texture, AWC, irrigation, field leveling and management were chosen for regression model.

Maize yield (q/ha)

Y= 22.12574 - 174253 (Soil depth, mm) – 21.8661 (Soil texture) – 46.7682 (slope) + 64.34714 (AWC) + 12.20755 (irrigation) +12.35456 (drainage) + 18.12657 (management).

In shallow sandy loam soils during reproductive phase the availability of soil moisture dip to as low as 1.0-1.5 MPa suction resulted in poor yield of 10.6 q/ha (Table 2.10.11). Other wise with hybrid seed and one / two protective irrigations higher yield was observed. In deep clay loam/ clay soils with one irrigation at later stage the potential yield of 45-48 q/ha was observed.

Kharif crops

Maize

Table 2.10.10. Effect of site and edaphic factors on predicted and observed yield of wheat crop during rabi 2007-08

Site Soil depth (cm) Soil Slope % Irrigation Observed yield Predicted yield (q/ha) (q/ha)

Changeri <50 SL-SL 1-3 3 38.5 40.455-65 SL-SCL 1-3 3 43.7 45.1100 SL-SL 1-3 4 55.2 56.0

Vana 55-60 SCL 1-3 5 56.1 55.7Navania 100 CL-C 1-3 4 58.2 59.1

100 CL-C 1-3 4 55.2 56.1

Table 2.10.11. Effect of site and edaphic factors on the performance of the maize crop during kharif 2008

Site Soil depth (cm) Soil Slope % Irrigation Observed yield Predicted yield (q/ha) (q/ha)

Changeri <50 SL-SL 1-3 0 10.6 10.955-65 SL-SCL 1-3 1 37.5 38.1100 SL-SL 1-3 1 40.6 40.0

Vana 55-60 SCL 1-3 0 25.0 25.7Navania 100 CL-C 1-3 0 43.0 43.7

100 CL-C 1-3 0 45.0 45.5

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Soybean

Cotton

A multi linear regression model was developed for predicting soybean yield. Factors which have significant correlation with soybean yield such as soil depth, texture, AWC, irrigation, field leveling and management were chosen for regression model.

Soybean yield (q/ha)

Y= -18.9611-28.2587 (Soil depth, mm) + 23.63523 (Soil texture) + 25.18136 (AWC) +9.932669 (irrigation) +8.412177 (field leveling) + 18.29615 (management).

This year though the rainfall was low rainfall, but its distribution was equal hence under rainfed condition of clay loam/ clay soil 18.75q/ha was observed. The predicted yield values were having even distribution of difference from observed crop yield.

Cotton crop was grown in the region about ten years back on large scale in the region. But due to occurrence of diseases and pest incidence the crop was almost wiped out from the region. But now with the development of

Bt.cotton varieties farmers have taken up the crop in big way. Basically cotton crops root penetration is very good and roots penetrate as deep as 60-65 cm under favourable condition and hence for growing of cotton very deep sandy loam to clay loam/clay soils are suitable. Moreover due to its well developed root system it requires very less number of irrigations. However, the soils with depth less then 70 cm are not suitable for cotton as its roots penetrate more then 60 cm vertically (Table 2.10.12).

Soil series identified during the soil resource mapping of Bhilwara (40 series), Ajmer (35) and Bundi (32) districts on 1:50,000 scale, have been correlated for the finalization of soil series description at the national level. Out of 107 identified and mapped series, description of ten soil series have been finalized for listing in the national Soil Series Register. Finalized series mainly belong to Typic Haplustepts, Typic Haplusterts and Sodic Haplusterts. These are predominantly fine loamy to fine and moderately shallow to deep and occur on nearly level to very gentle slopes (Table 2.10.13).

2.10.e Correlation of soil series in western region (Gujarat & Rajasthan)

Table 2.10.12. Effect of soil and site on the performance of the cotton crop during 2008

Site Soil depth (cm) Soil Slope % Irrigations Yield (q/ha)

Changeri <50 Sandy loam 2-3 1 9.4

>100 Sandy loam 2-3 2 18.0

Navania >100 Clay loam/ Clay 1-3 3 21.6

>100 Clay loam/ Clay 1-3 3 25.0

Table 2.10.13. Soil site characteristics of soil series of Rajasthan

Soil series Area (ha) Landform Depth PSC Reaction Slope Erosion Taxonomy

Ganglas 304836 Eastern Rajasthan 50-75 Fl NIL <1/1-3 Slight/moderate T. Haplustepts upland (Ce)

Dabla Chanda 142409 Ce 50-75 Fl Cal <1/1-3 Slight/modeate T. Haplustepts

Rajyas 33056.5 Ce 75-100 Fl NIL <1/1-3 Slight/moderate T. Haplustepts

Baland 66537 Ce 75-100 Fl Cal <1/1-3 Slight/moderate T. Haplustepts

Kajlodiya 75140 Ce >100 Fl NIL 1-3 Slight T. Haplustepts

Motipura 112701 Ce >100 Fl Cal 1-3 Slight T. Haplustepts

Sawanata 32677 Ce >100 F Cal <1 Slight T. Haplusterts

Atoli 28578 Ce >100 F Cal <1 Slight S. Haplusterts

Nayagaon 62704 Vindhyan >100 F Cal 1-3 Slight T. Haplusterts

Jaitpura 31301 Aravalli 50-75 Fl NIL 1-3 Slight/moderate T. Haplustepts

Education and Training









































3.1 POST GRADUATE EDUCATION IN LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (LRM)

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur has been recognized as a “Centre of Excellence” for Post Graduate Education and Research in “Land Resource Management” (LRM). The programme is being run in collaboration with Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Dr. PDKV), Akola since 1987. Subsequently, this activity was introduced at Regional Centre, Kolkata in collaboration with BCKV, Mohanpur in 1999, at Regional Centre, Bangalore with UAS, Bangalore in 2002 and at Udaipur with RAU, Udaipur in 2004. Besides, the scientists of Regional Centre, Jorhat are participating as visiting faculty of Department of Soil Science, AAU, Jorhat.

This programme is coordinated by the Division of Land Use Planning, Nagpur.

The programme has two major components

Post Graduate Teaching

Research

Achievements NagpurM.Sc. Ph.D.

Degree awarded up to 2006 94 12

Degree awarded during 2007-08 05 03

On Roll 7 3

The courses offered for M.Sc. classes : The following courses are offered at NBSS& LUP, Nagpur.

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3.1a. HQrs. Nagpur

3.1a (i) Post Graduate Teaching

Course No. Title Credit Course Leader & Associates

SSAC-517 Introduction to Land Resource Management (2+0) Course Leader :Associates : Dr. Jagdish Prasad

Dr. B.P. BhaskarDr. N.G. PatilDr. T.N. HajareDr. P. Chandran

SSAC-518 Land Evaluation (2+1) Course Leader : Dr. A.K. MajiAssociates : Dr. Jagdish Prasad

Dr. D.K. MandalDr. S. ChatterjiDr. S.N. Goswami

SSAC-519 Techniques in Land Resource Management (1+1) Course Leader : Dr. Jagdish PrasadAssociates : Dr. R. Srivastava

Dr. D.K. MandalDr. S.K. RayDr. N.G. Patil

Dr. T.K. Sen

(Cont...)

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Course No. Title Credit Course Leader & Associates

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SSAC-505 Seminar (0+1) Course Leader : Dr. T. Bhattacharyya& Seminar Dr. S. Chatterji

Evaluation Committee Dr. S.K. Ray

Courses offered to Ph.D. classes

SSAC -802 Advanced Soil Genesis (2+0) Course Leader : Dr. D.K. PalAssociate : Dr. Sohan Lal

Dr. T. BhattacharyyaDr. S.K. RayDr. P. Chandran

SSAC -805 Visual and digital interpretation Techniques in (2+1) Course Leader : Dr. A.K. MajiSoil Mapping Associates : Dr. R. Srivastava

Dr. M.S.S. Nagaraju

SSAC -806 Geo-information and Land Information Technique (2+1) Course Leader : Dr. A.K. MajiAssociates : Dr. A. Chaturvedi

Dr. (Mrs.) C. Mandal

SSAC-810 Advance Soil Mineralogy (2+1) Course Leader : Dr. D.K. PalAssociates : Dr. T. Bhattacharyya

Dr. P. ChandranDr. S.K. Ray

SSAC -890 Seminar (0+1) Course Leader : Dr. T. Bhattacharyya& Seminar Dr. S. Chatterjee

Evaluation Committee Dr. S.K. Ray

The following M.Sc. (LRM) students were admitted in 2006 at Dr. PDKV, Akola and later joined NBSS&LUP in Sept. 2007. They completed their research programmes, submitted their theses and were subsequently awarded degrees.

S. No. Name of student Name of Guide Thesis Title

1. Mr. Chavan Kumar Dayaram Dr. O. Challa Evaluation of Benchmark Soils (Vertisols and Inceptisols) ofNagpur District, Maharashtra for major crops and their yieldgap analysis

2. Ku. Priyadarshini A. Khambalkar Dr. T.K. Sen Land use changes and their impact on properties ofsome identified soil series of Nagpur district

3. Mr. Shrikant P. Chivhane Dr. T. Bhattacharyya Sub-fractionation of oxidizable organic carbon in a few selectedsoils of Vidarbha

4. Ku. M. Sujatha Dr. D.K. Mandal Influence of agro-edaphic environment on Turmeric yield inshrink-swell soils of eastern Vidarbha

5. Ku. Vaishali C. Zalte Dr. P. Chandran Characterization of associated benchmark ferruginous and blacksoil of Kolhapur district

6. Mr. Pratod V. Thakare Dr. S.K. Ray Layer charge of clay smectites in relation to soil properties ofsome benchmark vertisols of Maharashtra

7. Ku. Shilpa S. Patil Dr. M.S.S. Nagaraju Characterization and evaluation of land resources in Longadgawatershed of Chandrapur district for land use planning using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The following M.Sc. (LRM) students were admitted in 2007 at Dr. PDKV, Akola who later joined NBSS&LUP in Sept. 2008 for their specialized courses in LRM. They have completed their course work and are, at present, engaged in research work for their theses. Names of the students and their guides are mentioned below along with the thesis title.

3.1a (ii) Research

M.Sc. Programme

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1. Mr. Amol A. Gaikwad Dr. T.K. Sen Soil-landscape relationship in Bhandara district,Maharashtra

2. Ku. Dipalee V. Balbuddhe Dr. T. Bhattacharyya Som paddy growing soils of the eastern Vidarbha : theirgenesis, mineralogy and classification

3. Mr. Nitin R. Varhade Dr. S. Chatterji Yield gap analysis of rice in some selected soils ofBhandara district

4. Ku. Chetna K. Likhar Dr. Jagdish Prasad Characterization and productivity assessment of someorange-growing soils developed on different parentmaterials in Nagpur distsrict, Maharashtra

5. Ku. Vrushali V. Deshmukh Dr. S.K. Ray Determination of layer charge after removal of Hydroxyinter layers in some shrink-swell soil clays of Maharashtra

6. Ms. P.A. Khambalkar Dr. T.K. Sen Impact of land use changes on properties of someidentified soil series of Nagpur district

Mr. P.R. Damre submitted his thesis to Dr.P.D.K.V., Akola in 2008. The following students are on roll.


1. Ms. Preeti C. Solanke Dr. Rajeev Srivastava Spectral reflectance characteristics of Vertisols andassociated soils in Nagpur district of Maharashtra

2. Mr. B.S. Bhople Dr. D.K. Pal Layer charge characteristics of some Vertisols clays ofMaharashtra and its relationship with soil properties andmanagement

3. Mr. R.A. Nasre Dr. A.K. Maji Characterization and Land evaluation of Karanjiwatershed of Yavatmal district, Maharashtra usingRemote Sensing and GIS techniques

Ph.D. Programme

New admission

Four students registered for M.Sc. (LRM) course during the 2007-08 academic session. They are currently pursuing coursework at Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola.

The salient findings of the research work carried out by the M.Sc. (LRM) students of 2006 batch are given below.

Student : Chavan Kumar DayaramChairman : Dr. O. Challa

The yield gap analysis provides quantified gaps of yields in the farmer’s field. The biophysical and socio-economic parameters are mainly responsible factors influencing yield. The study is an attempt to evaluate selected benchmark series (Vertisols and Inceptisols) for major crops and undertake their yield gap analysis.

Evaluation of benchmark soils (Vertisols and Inceptisols) of Nagpur district, Maharashtra for major crops and their yield gap analysis

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Five Benchmark soils series of Nagpur district, Maharashtra were evaluated for major crops, namely cotton, sorghum and soybean. The socio-economic conditions and their yield gap analysis was also undertaken.

The soils were deep to very deep, dominantly clayey, neutral to alkaline and non-saline in nature. Organic carbon ranged from 0.21 to 0.27%, available N

-1from 175.26 to 251.96 kg ha , available P from 8.62 -1to 30.24 kg ha and available K from 188.1 to 634.3

-1kg ha .

The potential yield gap (determined using WOFOST) -1was high for cotton (3276 kg ha ), sorghum (3761 kg

-1 -1ha ) and intermediate for soybean (2440 kg ha ) and the WOFOST simulated water limited yield of cotton, sorghum and soybean ranged from 40-50% of their potential yield.

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Land use changes and their impact on properties of some identified soil series of Nagpur district

Sub-fractionation of oxidizable organic carbon in a few selected soils of Vidarbha

Influence of Agro-edaphic environment on Turmeric yield in shrink-swell soils of eastern Vidarbha

Student : Ms. Priyadarshini A. KhambalkarChairman : Dr. T.K. Sen

The land use change in Takli series were due to increased popularity of soybean owing to assured market.

Low income and damage due to wild-pig in sorghum as well as introduction of canal irrigation water through Pench project have influenced land use change of Palora series.

In Hatodi series, availability of canal water and adoption of short duration varieties of rice facilitated triple cropping of rice-wheat-rice or rice-rice-rice without fallow.

In Bahadura series, availability of irrigation and growing market demand for vegetables due to rapid urbanization facilitated the land use changes.

Student : Mr. Shrikant P. ChivhaneChairman : Dr. T. Bhattacharyya

The study shows that very labile fraction of carbon (CVL) is not found in seven selected district of the Vidarbha region. It might be because of high atmospheric temperature and relatively less rainfall in the study area.

Active pool of SOC decreases with decrease in rainfall in those soils which are used for cotton cultivation. This leads to corresponding increase in level of passive pool. This shows the importance of rainfall to conserve the active pool of total SOC.

The paddy soils representing sub-humid moist bio-climate shows uniform distribution of active pools, passive pools, and Lability Index of carbon.

There is a negative correlation of BD, COLE, CEC and SIC with active pool and positive correlation with passive pool of SOC.

Student : Ms. Mada SujathaChairman : Dr. D.K. Mandal

Turmeric yield in Typic Haplusterts (earlier Vidarbha) -1varies from 1.5 – 7.0 t ha under rainfed condition.

The yield attributes like weight, length, width of mother rhizomes and finger rhizomes were studied and were found maximum in Bhiwapur (Nagpur) but

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low in curcumin content followed by Khapa, Samudrapur and Saoner.

The step-wise regression analysis of yield with soil properties and agro-climatic indices revealed that per cent clay, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, CEC, base saturation, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and AWC shows positive correlation. The soil properties like pH, Cu, Mn shows negative correlation with yield.

Highest correlation coefficient was obtained with rainfall (0.93), CEC (0.78), AWC (0.55), Fe (0.50).

Correlation with curcumin content gives positive correlation only with the clay.

Student : Mr. Pratod V. ThakareChairman : Dr. S.K. Ray

The layer charge of fine clays of Paral soil series (Akola, Maharashtra) is slightly lower than Boripani soil series (Nagpur, Maharashtra). In spite of the fact that Paral soils are sodic, it did not lead to hydroxy-interlayering and thus did not increase the layer charge.

The layer charge densities determined for Paral and Boripani are the lowest values reported till date for soils of India. Paral and Boripani soils have low charged fine clay smectities nearer to the layer charge of bentonite (Wyoming) having 0.26 mol (-)/(Si, Al) 4

O (OH) . 10 2

2+Decrease in moisture retention, exchangeable Mg , +Na and pH of the soils and increase in the fine clay

2+CEC, exchangeable Ca , HC/ESP ratio and Vermiculite + chlorite (V + Ch) content resulted in the increase in the layer charge. These relation showed further improvement when contribution of V + Ch towards layer charge was deducted and sole smectite layer charge was considered. The increase in V + Ch

+charge resulted in the increase in exchangeable K . This fact assures importance in terms of K management in these soils.

Student : Ms. Vaishli C. ZalteChairman : Dr. P. Chandran

The formation of associated red and black soils has been influenced by the geomorphic position in the landscape. Differences in their properties thus have been reflected in their morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics.

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Layer charge of clay smectites in relation to soil proper ties of some benchmark Ver tisols of Maharashtra.

Characterization of associated benchmark ferruginous and black soil of Kolhapur district

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The drainage of the ferruginous soil has been influenced by the presence of kaolin mineral and

2+dominance of Ca ion in the exchange complex, amidst considerable amount of exchangeable

2+Mg . In contrast, in black soils, the drainage is impaired not only due to high amount of smectite

2+but also dominating amount of exchangeable Mg 2+over Ca .

The contrasting chemical environment of black soils has been initiated by the precipitation of CaCO in 3

the present semi-arid climatic condition. If this semi-arid condition continues, the drainage may be further impaired with the prevalence of not only by

2+exchangeable Mg but also with the development of ESP at the expense of rapid formation of calcium carbonate.

Student : Ms. Shilpa S. Patil

Chairman : Dr. M.S.S. Nagaraju

Visual interpretation of IRS-1D LISS-III (1:50,000 scale) supported by field checks in the area showed major five land use/land cover classes i.e. cultivated land, scrubland with partly cultivation, scrub-land, waterbody and habitation.

Two slopes viz. nearly level to level slope (0-1%) and very gently slope (1-3%) were identified based on the contour information available on the toposheet and ground truth.

Based on physiography-soil relationship, the soils were mapped as soil series and their association.

The soil pH is found slightly alkaline to extremely alkaline (pH 7.3 to 9.1) in different horizons of soil series.

The organic carbon content of soils ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 per cent in different horizons of soil series. CEC of soil ranged from 36.2 to 66 cmol (p+)

-1kg . Base saturation of soils ranges from 84.2 to 112.2%.

Visual interpretation of false colour composite of IRS-1D LISS-III data supported by adequate field data is found to be most effective and useful for mapping physiography, soils and land use/land cover and the information generated from remote sensing data is integrated with GIS for generation of various thematic maps in the watershed which helps in agricultural planning of the watershed.

Characterization and evaluation of land resources in Longadga watershed of Chandrapur district for land use planning using remote sensing and GIS techniques

3.1.b Regional Centre, Kolkata LRM programme

The course is continuing with BCKV since 1999 and following courses offered to M.Sc. (Ag.) students.

a) Title of the course : Soil Genesis and Classification

Course No. : ACSS-508

Course Leader : Prof. P.K. Mukhopadhyay, BCKV

Instructor : Dr. D.C. Nayak, NBSS and LUP

Associates : Dr. Dipak Dutta, NBSS and LUP

Name of the students : 1. Ms. Rhikrita Ghoshal

2. Ms. Prasila Pal

3. Ms. Lalita

4. Sh. Susmit Saha

5. Sh. Suvo Kumar Das

6. Sh. Sourav Barman

7. Ms. Pooja Ghosh

8. Sh. Subhashis Soren

9. Ms. Jayeeta Chakraborty

10. Sh. Niloy Chatterjee

11. Sh. Sourav Das

12. Sh. Sampriute Biswas

b) Title of the course : Remote Sensing and its Application

Course No : ACSS-754

Course Leader : Prof. S. Mallick, BCKV

Instructor : Dr. S.K. Gangopadhyay, NBSS andLUP

Associates : Prof. S.S. Sahu, BCKV

: Dr. D. S. Singh, NBSS and LUP

: Dr. D. C. Nayak, NBSS and LUP

: Shri S. Mukhopadhyay, NBSS andLUP

Name of the students : 1. Sh. Meghdoot Sarkar

: 2. Sh. Nihar Ranjan Roy

c) Title of the course : Land Evaluation

Course No. : ACSS-803

Course Leader : Prof. P. K. Mukhopadhyay, BCKV

Instructor : Dr. D.C. Nayak, NBSS and LUP

Associates : Dr. Dipak Sarkar, NBSS and LUP

: Dr. K. Das, NBSS and LUP

: Dr. S. K. Gangopadhyay, NBSS andLUP

Name of the students : 1. Sh. Meghdoot Sarkar

2. Sh. Nihar Ranjan Roy

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3.1c Regional Centre, Bangalore - PG education

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3.2 TRAINING IMPARTED

3.2a. Hqrs., Nagpur

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Four M.Sc and one Ph.D students from Dept. of Soil Science, UAS Bangalore, are working for their research work under the guidance of NBSS Scientists.

Mr. Mohammed Feizian, a Ph.D. research scholar working under Dr. K.M. Nair for his research work on Soil Salinity and Alkalinity in parts of Tumkur and Chitradurga districts, Karnataka

Mr. Rajan, a Ph.D. research scholar working under Dr.A.Natarajan got degree in August 2008.

Mr Sreenivasan, a Post-graduate student from Department of Soil Science, GKVK is carrying out research work in NBSS lab. under Dr.A.Natarajan supervision.

A 15 days training was conducted on “Soil Survey and Mapping” at Land Use Planning Division during

th st6 – 21 February, 2008.

A training programme on “Techniques of Soil and st thWater Analysis” was organized from 21 June to 14

July, 2008 for trainee officers (11 Nos.) from various state agencies.

A Training programme on “Techniques of Soil and thWater Analysis” was organized during 12 August to

st1 September, 2008.

ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture”

th sthas been organized during the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009. In the training 24 officers from different ICAR institutes and SAU’s were participated. The brief note on the activities covered in the training programme are given below.

3.2b Regional Centre, Bangalore

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3.2.c Regional Centre, Jorhat

Winter school on “Recent Techniques in Planning and Management of Land Resources” sponsored by

th thICAR was organized during Jan 15 – Feb 4 , 2009. 22 candidates from SAU/ICAR/State Departments/ Central Govt. Institutes attended.

21 days Training program on “Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural Resource Management”. (NNRMS) (Dept. of space)

thsponsored) organized during 4 - 24 March, 2009. 17 candidates from SAU/ICAR/State Departments/ Central Govt. Institutes attended.

Three months Field orientation training program on soil survey and land use planning organized by Dr Natarajan for the newly recruited ARS scientists and Technical officers from various regional centres of the Bureau from 20.02.09 to 2.03.09 at the Regional Centre Bangalore and later at Kolkata (5.3.09 to 14.03.09) and Jorhat (16.03.09 to 26.03.09). During this period, they were exposed to the techniques of soil survey, methodology to be followed and study of soils in the field. To maintain uniformity in the description of soil-site characteristics, a copy of the Field Guide prepared for the survey in Tamil Nadu, was given to all the trainee officers. In all the three centres, soils were studied in typical landform areas and the existing soil-landform relationships were explained to them.

Field orientation training programme w.e.f. 17.3.09 to 26.3.09 have been organized to 11 newly joined scientists as well as technical officers to give an exposure in soil survey and mapping of North Eastern Region at hill and mountain eco-system of Nagaland, low land of Kohra, char area of Majuli island and upland tea growing soils of Sibsagar.

S. No. Name of the topics Date Type of audience

1. Land use system and soil health” Maharashtra Bank training August 12, 2008 Trainee officials from State Centre, Nagpur and some Farmers

2. Soil health care and cropping System at Central institute for August 26, 2008 Farmers from Vidarbhacotton Research, Nagpur

3. Soil health and Land use management” Central Integrated Pest September 22,2008 Trainee officials from Statemanagement Institute, Nagpur

4. Land use planning for watershed management at Ecumenical 13 &15 Oct 2008 Staff and Participants ofSangam Oraganisation

5. Soil formation and Land use management at RAMETI, Nagpur Dec 2008 State agril. Gazetted officers

6. Weathering of rocks and soil formation at Regional agriculture Jan 2,2009 Supervisors and agric. assistantsextension and management training institute, Nagpur from (state) Nagpur Divn.

7. Land capability classification and land use planning for rainfed Jan 3,2009 Supervisors and agric. assistantscrops (Two lecture) at Regional agriculture extension and from (state) Nagpur Divn.management training institute, Nagpur

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3.3 TRAINING RECEIVED

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Dr. S.N. Goswami, Senior Scientist attended a training programme on “Decision Support System for Geospatial Knowledge Management for Sustainable Livelihood security” from June 4-13, 2008 at NAARM, Hyderabad.

Dr. S. Chatterji, Principal Scientist, Dr. S.C. Ramesh Kumar, Senior Scientist , and Dr.(Mrs.) T. Banerjee, Scientist (SS) attended a training programme on ‘‘IT-based DSS for Geographical information systems for agriculture and rural livelihood assessment’ at NIRD, Hyderabad during Feb 2-11, 2009.

Dr. Rajeev Srivastava participated in the NNRMS-ISRO sponsored training programme entitled “Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and object oriented Image Analysis (Hyperspecanalysis 2008)” organized by Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University during 17-29 December, 2008.

Dr. S. Srinivas, Senior Scientist and Sri. K.V. Niranjana, Technical Officer were trained on use of Remote Sensing and GIS software Geomatica from 9-6-08 to 21-6-08.

Dr.V.Ramamurthy, Dr.S.Srinivas, Dr.K.V.Niranjana and D.H.Venkatesh attended one day training at Regional Remote sensing Centre, Bangalore on Applications of Geomatica soft ware.

Dr. S.K. Reza, Scientist and Mr. R.S. Meena, Scientist have undergone training programme on “RS and GIS technology and application” organized by NRSC,

th thHyderabad during 19 Nov. 2008 to 6 February, 2009.

Mr. Ashok Kumar, Scientist has undergone training programme on “Recent Techniques in Planning and Management of Land Resources” organized by

thNBSS&LUP, Regional Centre Bangalore during 15 thJanuary 2009 to February 4 , 2009.

Dr. S.K. Reza, Scientist and Dr. Ram Swaroop Meena, Scientist has undergone training programme on

th th“Field orientation” during 20 Feb. to 6 May, 2009 organised at different Regional Centres.

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Sh. R.K. Sharma, AAO participated in the training on Good Governance at ISTM, New Delhi from 21.10.08 to 24.10.08.

Dr. S.K. Reza, Scientist and Sh. D.R. Gogoi, T-4 undertook training on advanced training course in RS

th stand GIS using PCI Geomatical 10.1 from 9 -21 June 2008 at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur.

Dr.Manoj Kumar Mahla, Tech. Officer (T-7) attended the training on Advance course in RS & GIS using PCI Geomatica10.1 ver., organized by NBSS & LUP, & PCI at Nagpur from 09.06.08 to 21.06.08.

Dr.Manoj Kumar Mahla, Tech. Officer (T-7) attended the training programme on Remote sensing & GIS Technology & Applications organized by National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad from 14.11.08 to 10.02.09.

Dr. D. S. Singh, Dr. D. C. Nayak, Dr. A. K. Sahoo, Dr. S. K. Gangopadhyay, Principal Scientists, Dr. D. Dutta, Dr. K. Das and Dr. K. D. Sah, Senior Scientists, Sh. S. Mukhopadhyay, Scientist (SG), Dr (Mrs.) T. Banerjee, Scientist (SS), Dr (Mrs.) J. Mukhopadhyay, Technical Officer (T-5) and Sh. P. S. Butte, Tech.Asstt. (T-5) attended Demonstration cum training programme on “Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA)” organized by Unit of Simulation and Informatics, IARI, New Delhi at NBSS & LUP

th(ICAR), Regional Centre, Kolkata on 17 March, 2009.

Dr (Mrs.) T. Banerjee, Scientist (SS), Mrs. Soma Saha, Draftsman (T-2) and Sh. P. Mondal, Draftsman (T-2) obtained training on “Advanced Course in Remote Sensing and GIS using PCI Geometica 10.1” at GIS Lab., NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur from June 9-21, 2008.

Mrs Sunita Das, Technical Officer (T-5), Sh. B. C. Naskar, Technical Officer (T-5), Mrs. Shikha Majumdar, Assistant and Sh. A. K. Gupta, UDC have completed 72 hours training programme on IT and MS-Office Course conducted by CMC Academy, Salt Lake, Kolkata from 06.01.2009 to 25.03.2009.

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Technology Assessed and Transferred

























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Research carried on shrink-swell soils, soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), sodic and ferruginous soils has formed the basis to manage the soils for multiuses through different agro-interventions.

The district and theme based atlases and district soil resource reports may provide guidelines (baseline data) to meet the challenges of natural resource management, soil and water conservation programme, watershed management and crop planning.

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Evaluation of soil-site suitability criteria for specific crop will benefit in choosing on scientific footing and economically viable crops and cropping systems in a given area to ensure sustainability.

Agro-ecological zoning helps in crop planning based on growing period concept to overcome the adverse effects of drought, manifested through intermittent dry spell and early withdrawal of rains or delayed monsoon. This has been validated by daily/weakly rainfall and other climatic data of few sites.

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5.1 Technical Cell

5.1a. The following jobs were undertaken and accomplished

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Monitoring day-to-day Technical/Scientific Work and Achievements of the Bureau

Collection, Storing and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information on Soils to the various Institutes as per demand

Maintenance of Scientific/Technical files, Consultancy projects and QRT files

Necessary action on various technical papers/letters received from Director

Preparation of Bureau’s reports for DARE and ICAR Annual Report

Preparation of Quarterly Target and Progress Report

Monitoring of progress of research project of each scientists (six monthly) i.e. from Jan-June 2008 and July-Dec. 2008

Preparation of scientific papers and computerized slides for presentation of the Director at National/ International Seminars and Workshops organized by the different Scientific Societies/ Institutions

Preparation of material for Directors’ Conference held at Council

Providing Audio Visual support during Seminars/ Workshops

Preparation of tables, charts and other display materials about the activities of the Institute

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Library Resources Development

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Compilation and finalization of Annual Report of the Institute

Compilation and finalization of publication of NBSS At a Glance – 2008

Technical inputs for finalization of publications of the research bulletins, technical reports etc.

On goojects (Institutional) : 71DST sponsored : 02Externally aided consultancy projects : 05NAIP Projects– As Consortium Lead Institute : 02– As Consoing prrtium Partner : 02

The library procured 120 documents including 45 books and 75 annual reports. The total collection of the library as on 31.3.2009 is 14793 including bound journals.

The library subscribes 27 foreign and 23 Indian journals for Hqrs., besides 16 journals for Regional Centre libraries. This year 99 volumes of journals were bound raising the total collection of bound journals to 2927, as on 31.3.2009.

During reporting period, 1497 readers visited the library. Total documents issued were 3488, documents returned were 3748 and 5432 documents were consulted.

Monitoring of Bureau’s research projects as mentioned below.

5.2 Library & Documentation Unit

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Documentation Services

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Current Titles Announcement Service (CTAS)

Library Automation Software

Marketing of Information Services

CD-ROM Service

ISBN to NBSSLUP Publications

It is a fortnightly in-house publication based on receipt of current journals in the library. The photocopy of the content pages of journal issues are taken arranged in order and distributed to all Centres, Divisions and Sections of the Bureau. This helps to keep scientific and technical staff abreast of latest information received in the library. Twenty four issues were brought out during 2008.

Library Automation Software, “SOUL” (Software for University Libraries) developed by UGC is being used for library automation work. Data input of each book in the software has been completed. Generation of Barcode labels for each book has also been completed. Computerised issue – return service is in operation.

We are marketing our in-house information product, viz. Current Title Announcement Service (CTAS) as an effort to consolidate, promote and distribute information and its products to perspective customers.

International bibliographic database viz CABI, AGRIS, and AGRICOLA in CD-ROM have been added during the year under report. Tulsient CD Mirror Server has been installed under LAN. The CD-ROM databases are accessed through 10 nodes spread over two buildings in the Hqrs. of Bureau.

Following CD-ROM databases are available

CABI (1972 to present) - CABI, U.K.

AGRIS (1975 to present) - FAO, Rome

AGRICOLA (1970 to present) - USDA, USA

SOIL CD (1973 to present) - CABI, U.K.

These databases have been extensively used by research staff, M.Sc., Ph.D. students and researchers from other institutions in and around Nagpur City. The user agencies in the country have been informed about availability of these databases. Search and retrieval services have been provided with nominal charges both hard and soft copy format.

NBSSLUP publishes wide variety of publications in the form of annual report; research/technical bulletins, maps of various scales of India, different states, districts, watersheds, villages, farms, etc.

The ISBN/ISSN numbers are allocated to 143 NBSS publications till date and copies of each publication are sent to concerned agencies for inclusion in their database. The publications are sent to prominent journals, abstracting/indexing services for the purpose of review in order to achieve wider dissemination of information.

The library is receiving 7 newspapers and two periodicals. The relevant cuttings pertaining to topical interest are brought to the notice of staff of the Bureau.

The Unit provides centralised services like photocopying comb / the rma l b ind ing and l am ina t i on o f documents/maps sheets, etc. Photocopying Services were extended to library visitors also on charge basis.

Five computer nodes connected to the Local Area Network (LAN) of the Bureau have been provided for access to library information system from where bibliographic search through query mode is available. E-mail and internet facility have also been provided to two computers.

Browsing of international libraries through internet is in full operation. Internet is used to browse subscribed online electronic journals and download desired information for use. It is planned to go into subscription of more number of electronic journals in the coming years.

CD-ROM reading and writing facility has been installed in the library for downloading electronic journals, articles, access to publisher’s catalogues, etc.

Online agricultural statistics database “Indiastat.com” was subscribed during the period. The readers have made extensive use of this database.

CeRA (Consortium of e-Resources in Agriculture) is a consortium of e-journals (full text), a project under NAIP, ICAR which provides access to 123 libraries of National Agriculture Research System (NARS) for the years 2008-10. NBSS&LUP is one of the beneficiaries of this initiative. Presently a total of 1342 on-line full text journals are available on CeRA of the following publishers:

i. Springer link: it is a platform of Springer and provides on-line access to 1314 journals on different subjects published by Springer.

News Paper Clipping Service

Centralised Services

Library Services through LAN

On-line Portals/ Journals through CeRA (NAIP)

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ii. Annual Reviews: Annual Reviews are authoritative and analytical reviews on 34 focuses disciplines within the major fields of biomedical sciences, life sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences are available. Users can access the full text of articles from 1990 onwards.

iii. CSIRO (Australia): Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO) provides access to full text of articles.

The above e-resources can be accessed by visiting URL: http://www.cera.jccc.in through NBSS&LUP’s LAN.

1. Soil Series of Maharashtra (New Edition)Publ. No. 79Print Order – 200 copiesVolume of work – XVI + 429 pages of text + 11 colorplates

2. Soil Erosion of Maharashtra (New Edition)Publ. No. 82Print Order – 200 copiesVolume of work – XII + 51 pages of text and 15 pagesof color maps/plates

3. Mineralogy of Benchmark Soils of West BengalPubl. No. 139Print Order – 250 copiesVolume of work – XVI + 171 pages of text + 7 pages of color plates

5.3 Printing Section

Technical and Scientific Publications

4. Perspective Land Use Plan – Union Territory ofPuducherryPubl. No. 142Print Order – 150 copiesVolume of work – XVIII + 196 pages of text with 15color plates

NBSS&LUP 2007-2008Print Order – 350 copiesVolume of work XVI + 195 pages of text in 4colour

1. Soil Erosion Map of Kerala

2. Soil Erosion Map of Karnataka

3. Soil Erosion Map of Tamil Nadu

4. Soil Erosion Map of Maharashtra (New Edition)

5. Soil Erosion Map of West Bengal (New Edition)

NBSS&LUP July-Dec. 2007 Print Order – 500

NBSS&LUP Jan-June 2008 Print Order – 350

T.R. Books

Contingent Register

Notesheet

Annual Report

Map

Newsletter

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Stationery

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5.4 Publications Sale Unit

Sale of maps

Sr. No. Name of SRM Map+ Sale of SRM-Map No. of Bulletin Revenue Received

1. West Bengal 2sets 2 9,000.00

2. Pondicherry & Karaikal 1sets 1 2,000.00

3. Gujarat 3 sets 3 13,500.00Gujarati version - - -

4. Haryana 2sets 2 5,000.00

5. Punjab 2sets 2 5,000.00

6. Tamil Nadu 1sets 1 4,500.00

7. Karnataka 2sets 2 9,000.00

8. Kerala 4sets 4 10,000.00

9. Orissa 4sets 4 18,000.00

10. Bihar 4sets 4 18,000.00

(Cont...)

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Sr. No. Name of SRM Map+ Sale of SRM-Map No. of Bulletin Revenue Received

11. Rajasthan 2sets 2 13,000.00

12. Meghalaya 3 sets 3 4,500.00

13. Maharashtra 8sets - 48,000.00Marathi version - 48 4,800.00

14. Arunachal Pradesh 1sets 1 2,500.00

15. Manipur 1sets 1 1,500.00

16. Himachal Pradesh 1sets 1 2,500.00

17. Madhya Pradesh 6sets 6 57,000.00Hindi version - 1 100.00

18. Sikkim - - -

19. Andaman & Nicobar - - -

20. Jammu & Kashmir 2sets 2 9,000.00

21. Tripura - - -

22. Assam 1sets 1 2,500.00

23. Nagaland 1sets 1 1,500.00

24. Uttar Pradesh 5sets 5 32,500.00

25. Andhra Pradesh 3sets 3 19,500.00

26. Lakshwadeep - 1 500.00

27. Delhi 1sets 1 1,500.00

28. Goa 3sets 3 7,500.00

29. Mizoram - - -

30. Soil Map of India 3sets 3 36,000.00

A. Total Sale 66sets 108 3,38, 400.00

Sr.No Name of Research Tech. Bulletin No. of Bulletin Revenue Received

1. Significance of minerals 10 1250.00

2. AESR-No.35 11sets 22,000.00

3. Soil Series Criteria and Norms-No.36 7 175.00

4. Soil Climatic Database No.53 9 5400.00

5. Soil Climatic Envi. in India-No.58 5 500.00

6. Soil Based Land Use Planning Series-63 - -

7. Soil Monoliths-64 3 300.00

8. Soils of Madhubani-76 1 150.00

9. Bhopal Atlas-77 4 1200.00

10. Soil Series of M.P- 78 7 1400.00

11. Soil Series of M.S-79 13 1900.00

12. Guna Atlas-80 1 200.00

13. Agro-eco. assessment of Rajasthan-81 5 250.00

14. Soil Ero.M.S.-82( E.V.) - -Soil Ero.M.S.-82( M.V.) 44 4400.00

15. Climatic change & polygenesis verto.-83 3 150.00

16. Soil Series of Chhattisgarh-85 2 300.00

17. Betul Atlas-86 1 250.00

Other Publications

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Sr.No Name of Research Tech. Bulletin No. of Bulletin Revenue Received

18. Sukli No.87 4 300.0019. Soils of Hugli-No.88 3 360.0020. Soil Series of WB-89 2 240.0021. Dhar Atlas-90 2 500.0022. Soil Series of Goa-92 1 125.0023. Ratlam Atlas-93 3 1050.0024. Bilaspur Atlas-No.95 2 700.0025. Soil Series of Rajasthan-No.96 3 675.0026. Soil Ero.Map Tripura-97 - -27. Soil Series of Bihar-98 5 750.0028. Soils of Ajmer dist.-No.99 - -29. Chhindwara Atlas-No.100 2 700.0030. Soil Series of Assam-101 1 200.0031. Soil Ero.Rajasthan-No.102 2 800.0032. Soil Erosion of Chhattisgarh-103 1 200.0033. Jagdalpur Atlas-104 1 350.0034. Soil Series of Sikkim-No.105 - -35. Soil Erosion in M.P.-106 4 1000.0036. Jorhat Atlas-107 - -37. Salt affected soils of Etah dist.(UP)-108 3 600.0038. Soil Series of Nagaland-109 - -39. Soil Series of Tripura-111 - -40. Soil Series of Delhi State-112 - -41. Land use planning of Udaipur dist.-113 3 600.0042. Soil Erosion in Andhra Pradesh-114 7 2800.0043. Wardha Atlas-116 5 1750.0044. Soil Erosion of West Bengal-117 - -45. Soil Erosion in Assam-118 - -46. Soil Series of Orissa-119 8 1200.0047. Soil Series of Gujarat-120 7 1400.0048. Soil Series of Meghalaya-121 3 450.0049. Soil Resources-Jalana dist,no.122 8 2000.0050. Soil Erosion of Bihar-125 - -51. Soil Erosion of Orissa-126 - -52. Soil Series of Medak dist.P.)-127 4 400.0053. Benchmark soils of A.P.-128 13 1300.0054. Manual soil-site suitability-criteria for Major crops-129 75 15000.0055. Land use planning of Cherrapunji-131 3 300.0056. Soil Series of Manipur-134 2 200.0057. Land Resources of Medak dist.-791 - -58. Soil Reso.for land use planning Balaghat dist.M.P.-827 8 800.0059. Gujarat erosion map - -60. Karnataka erosion map - -61. Soil of Bhilwara no-135 8 2000.0062. Soil Series of Kerala, no.136 12 1800.0063 Management of Acid Soil NEH 8 600.00

B. Total 339 80,975.00

C. - Payment received for Head, Regional Centre, Jorhat, Kolkata, NewDehli, 1, 36,524.00 Udaipur and Bangalore.

D. Soil Analysis Charges 76,860.00

Grand Total (A+B+C+D) 6,32,759.00

(Rupees Six lakes thirty two thousand and seven hundred fifty nine only)

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List of New Publication received during the year 1.1.2008 to 31.12.2008

Sr. No. Name of the Publication Publication No.

1. Soil Erosion of Manipur 138

2. Optimizing Land Use of Birbhum District 130

3. Land Resource Mangment 133

4. Soil Loss of Kerala -

5. Soil Loss of Tamil Nadu -

6. Soil Loss of Karnataka -

7. Perspective Land Use Plan Puducherry 142

8. Soil Loss of West Bengal -

During the period from 1.1.2008 to 31.12.2008 organized a Sales and Publication Committee meeting and fixed the prices of New Publication.

The main activities of ARIS Cell are maintenance and providing the e-mail, Internet facility, supervision of institute website and videoconferencing systems functioning and other computer related work including systems management in the institute. The periodical updated information on ‘Personnel Management Information System Network (PERMISnet)’ and ‘Monitoring of Research Progress of the Scientist’ is being done in ARIS Cell.

The staff of GIS section are involved in design of institute website page, compilation and updation of information provided by the different division, sections and regional centres. About 90 pages information is uploaded in the institute web site, which shows the entire research activities of the Bureau.

Maintenance of the video conferencing facility, whenever the meeting occurring on the video conferences. The IP based video conferencing system was installed in the institute. Under this system signal receiver at ARIS cell, Video codec and plasma panel were installed at committee room. Under this system two locations can connect to see and hear the other end of the communication site. This installed system helps in end-to-end interaction during the important meetings/conferences.

E-mail server using latest technology of Red Hat Linux ES release 4 (Nahant) Kernel 2.6.9-5. Squirrelmail and Sqwebmail webmail 1.4.6 of the fast

5.5 Aris Cell

Updation of Institute website

Video conferencing system

E-mail Services

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e-mail service with having high 30 MB capacity of sending the attachment. Institute having own personal domain nbsslup.ernet.in for fast communication of e-mail, providing web browsing mode. Configured 50 e-mail individual accounts of scientists, technical officers and administrative officers of different divisions and sections, which are connected to the E-mail server.

Increased the Bandwidth of Internet from 256 kbps to 512 kbps, checking the server end, communication of Ernet India, Bangalore and New Delhi. Attained and discuss in the meeting for increasing the Internet bandwidth. Installation of Cyberoam [Unified Threat Management] and Symantec-11.0 antivirus for the server and 47 users. Cyberoam provided support for three aspect i.e. Antivirus and Antispam, Web and Application filter and Intrusion detection and Prevention (IDP). Symantec-11.0 support the virus protection for the endpoint users. Configuration of Server and 47 users for the cyberoam support for the access of internet through the cyberoam and create users of cyberoam in the server for accessing the internet services, modification of users account in the server, creating the internet access policies in the server. Monitoring the server and end users.

Institute having network of VSAT Remote Antenna 1.8 meter, 512 KB Broadband VSAT connection to connect with ERNET India from ERNET SATWAN Hub, located at Bangalore. Internet set on Red Hat Linux Server and using the SQUID proxy through Linux platforms to connect the 50 users. A proxy server that sits between a client application, such as Web browser, and a real server. Required 8 mbps bandwidth connection for the Internet & E-mail service and out sources may be provided.

Software firewalls operate on a system and run in the background monitoring of the LAN connection. Firewall software installation of Symantec-11.0 antivirus with 47 user license, online patches upgradation on server as well as on the client machine through the server all client connect through the server for scanning and removing the viruses.

All type of information used to enter online information about the staff of institute in the ICAR format, ‘Personnel Management Information System Network (PERMISnet)’, which is the regular and frequent requirement of ICAR and online upgradation of all the staff of the Institute.

Internet Service

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PERMIS net Service

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Infrastructure

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In the reporting year major improvements were made in infrastructure development.

Five nodes were connected to LAN in the reporting year.

8-port D-Link switches have been installed for the improvement the Network.

Increased the capacity from 1 MB to 50 MB of e-mail sending attachment.

Installed latest version of Red Hat Linux.

Change designed of web page of e-mail to have more facilities for users and fast communication.

Replaced old LAN cables with new LAN cables for getting proper signal.

Secretarial Services

IRS, ICAR

ARIS Cell provides solution for the seminar/symposium/ meeting held at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur such as arrangement of Laptop, LCD projector, slide preparation and design, correction and printout, certificate, banner, poster preparation and design, read/write facilities of CD, e-mail communication for the participants, presentation of slide shows, and scanning, Secretarial Services provided for the following meetings in the reporting year:

Successful installation of IRS software for the administrative and audit data transfer to ICAR. Created four users 1- A.P.Nagar, as a Nodal Officer for the data uploading authority and all permission, 2- Director, for data transfer approval authority, 3-Rakesh Kumar, for the data entry for the Administrative and 4- P.N.Singh, for the data entry for Account and audit.

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Awards

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Drs. T. Bhattacharyya, D.K. Pal, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, C. Mandal , S.P. Wani and M.V. Venugopalan received ICAR received the award for Outstanding Interdisciplinary Team Research in Agriculture and

thAllied Sciences for the Biennium 2005-2006 on 16 July, 2008.

Dr. Arun Chaturvedi, Principal Scientist & Head, LUP has been invited as Chief Guest in connection with “Geography Day” held on 14.01.2008 by Vasantrao Naik Arts College, Nagpur and on 18.01.2008 by Dhanwate National College, Nagpur. He was also invited as Floor Moderator for panel discussion on 9.1.2088 by the Organizer of National Conference on “Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainable Development” (NACBCSD-08), Department of Botany, RTM, Nagpur University.

Second best poster paper award by the ‘Indian Society of Agrometeorology’ for the paper- Hajare T.N., Patil N. G., Mandal D. K., Nagaraju M.S.S., Chaturvedi A., and Sohan Lal. (2008). Sensitivity to moisture stress and yields of soybean (Glycine max) in shrink swell soils. International Symposium on ‘Agrometeorology and Food Security’, Hyderabad, Feb. 18-21, 2008.

Dr. S. K. Gangopadhyay, Principal Scientist received Fellowship of Institution of Chemists (India) (FIC) on

th14 March, 2009.

Dr. T. N. Hajare as the Key speaker in the Regional level workshop organized by Joint Director of

Agriculture on “Soil Health Card” spoke on “Soil thhealth and land use in Vidarbha” on 28 May, 2008

held at VANAMATI Hall, Nagpur . He also spoke on “Importance of soil survey and watershed

thManagement” on 17 Nov. 2008 held at Agronomy Hall, Nagpur Agriculture College, Nagpur.

Mrs. Pushpanjali, Dr S. S. Sahu,, Dr. A. K. Sahoo and Dr. Dipak Sarkar were awarded with “Second Best Poster Presentation” for the Poster Paper entitled “A Rational Land Use Plan of Jumar Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS” presented in the National Seminar on “Land Resource Management and Livelihood Security” of Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur held at NBSS& LUP (ICAR), Nagpur during 10 to 12 September,2008.

Second Best poster paper by the ‘Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning’ for the paper- Patil N. G., Singh S.R., and Sohan Lal. (2008). Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Impounded Clay Soils from Physical Properties. National seminar on ‘Land Resources Management and Livelihood Security,’ Nagpur, Sept. 10-12, 2008.

Elvis A. Shukla, Jagdish Prasad, M.S.S. Nagaraju, Rajeev Srivastava and D.L. Kauraw awarded first best poster presentation award for the poster paper entitled “Use of remote sensing in characterization and management of Dhamni micro-watershed of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra” under the theme ‘Land Resource Inventory, Soil Database and Decision Support System’ in National Seminar on

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“Land Resource Management for Livelihood Security” organized by Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ISSLUP) held at Nagpur from September 10-12, 2008.

Mrs. C. Mandal, Dr. D.K. Mandal and Mr. S. ndGharami received 2 best poster presentation for

poster “In Search of Suitable Rehabilitation of Tribals in the Forest – A case Sudy on TribalArea of Madhya Pradesh”- Poster presented under the theme “Land use Planning for Sustainable Livelihood Security in the Changing Global Scenario” Organized by Indian

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Society of Soil Survey an Land Use Planning held at Nagpur 10-12, September, 2008.

Dr. Jagdish Prasad has been nominated as member in State Project Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee by Chhatisgarh Government.

Mr. Ashokkumar H.P. (LRM student) awarded Zonal (West Zone) award of Indian Society of Soil Science for best presentation of his M.Sc. dissertation on “Characteristics and classification of sugarcane growing soils of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra”.

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Research Papers (Referred)

Bhaskar, B.P., Baruah, Utpal, Sen, T.K., Raja, P., Vadivelu, S., Sarkar, D., Butte, P.S. and Dutta, D.P. (2008). Categorization and mapping of potassium forms in hill land soils of Narang-Kongripara watershed, Meghalaya, India. Gondwana Geological Magazine 23:127-134.

Bhaskar, B.P., Baruah, Utpal, Vadivelu, S. and Sarkar, D. (2007). Characterization of depositional soils in dynamic fluvial landforms of Majuli island for land use related issues. Agropedology 18:33-43.

Bhaskar, B.P., Saxena, R.K., Vadivelu, S., Baruah, Utpal, Sarkar, D., Raja, P. and Butte. P.S. (2009). Intricacy in classification of Pine growing soils in Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya, India. Soil Survey Horizons. Spring issue, 11-16.

Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D.K., Chandran, P., Ray, S.K., Mandal, C., and Telpande, B. (2008). Soil carbon storage capacity as a tool to prioritize areas for carbon sequestration. Current Science 95:482-494.

Bhise, P.M., Challa, O. and Venugopalan, M.V. (2008). Effect of waste water irrigation on soil properties under different land use systems. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 55: 254- 258.

Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Prasand S. Thenkabail, Praveen Noojipady, Yuanjie Li, Venkateswarlu Dheeravath, Hugh Turral, Manohar Velpuri, Murali K Gumma, Obi Reddy P. Gangalakunta, Xurliang L. Cai, Xiangming Xiao, Mitchell A. Schull, Ranjith D Alankara, Sarath Gunasingh, Sadir Mohideen (2009). A global map of rainfed cropland areas

(GMRCA) at the end of last millennium using remote sensing, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 11:114-129.

Dhale, S.A. and Jagdish Prasad (2009). Characterization and classification of sweet orange growing soils of Jalna district, Maharashtra. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 57:11-17.

Gangopadhyay, S.K., Bhattacharyya, T. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Nature of soil acidity in some soils of South Tripura. Agropedology 18: 12-20.

Gangopadhyay, S.K., Bhattacharyya, T. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Soil resource information for land evaluation – A case study with selected soils from South Tripura distrct of North Eastern India. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56: 14-22.

Giri, J.D., Singh, S.K., Singh, R.S. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Carbon stock and its distribution in soils of Ajmer district and management strategies for carbon sequestration. Agropedology 18:21-32.

Goswami, S.N., Chatterji, S., Venugopalan, M.V., Sen, T.K. and Challa, O. (2008). Relevance of socio-economic factors in the context of Indian land use planning – An overview. Agricultural Situation in India 65:175-182.

Hajare, T.N., Patil, N.G., Verma, K.S. (2008). On spectral indices as a function of soil variability in safflower crop. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 36:267–272.

Hajare, T.N., Patil, N.G. and Verma, K.S. (2008). On spectral indices as a function of soil variability in safflower crop. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 36:267-272.

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Hajare, T.N., Jadhav, A.D., Jagdish Prasad, Patil, N.G. and Sohan Lal. (2008). Performance of silkworm breeds (Bombyx morri.L.) in Vidarbha region during summer. Indian Journal of Sericulture 47:111-114.

Hegde, Rajendra, Anilkumar K.S., Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Devara ju , M. and Rudregouda (2008) . Characteristics & Classification of Soils of Amani Shivpurkere Watershed (Linganahalli village) Doddaballapur Taluk, Bangalore Rural District, Karnataka. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 21:373-378.

Hegde, Rajendra, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Anil Kumar, K.S, and Ramamurthy, V. (2008). Soil site suitability and economics of cultivation of Davana (Artemesia pallens). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 21:565-567.

Hegde, Rajendra, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Anilkumar, K.S, Srinivas, S. and Ramamurthy, V. (2008). Sand extraction from agricultural fields around Bangalore: ecological disaster or an economic boon. Current Science 95: 243-248.

Jaya Niranjana, Surya, Gajbhiye, K.S. Gaikwad, S.T., Thayalan, S. and Gowande, S.N. (2008). Evaluation of land quality indicator for soybean cultivation in eastern part of Maharshtra. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56: 313-316.

Lingade, S.R., Srivastava, Rajeev, Jagdish Prasad and Saxena, R.K. (2008). Occurrence of sodic Vertisols in Nagpur district, Maharashtra. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56:231-232.

Mandal, D.K., Mandal, C. and Sujatha, M. (2008). Agro-environment for Waigaon Haldi of Vidarbha, Spice India 21:18-20.

Naidu L.G.K., Ramamurthy, V., Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Sidhu, G.S. and Raj Kumar (2008). Soil based fertilizer recommendation – A Rational approach. Indian Journal of Fertilisers 4:47-56.

Niranjana, K.V., Chandrakantha, G., Srinivas, S., Basavaraju, N.G. and Ankegowda, K.G. (2008). Alternate Land Use Planning of Chennammanagathihalli Sub-watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 42:283-292.

Patil, N.G., Rajput, G.S., Nema, R.K., and Singh, R.B. (2008). Indirect estimation of soil hydrolimits from physical properties. Agropedology 18:66-70.

Patil, N.G. and Rajput, G.S.(2009). Evaluation of water retention functions and computer program ‘Rosetta’

in predicting soil water characteristics of seasonally impounded shrink-swell soils. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (ASCE). Published online ahead of print. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE) IR.1943-4774.0000007).

Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Naidu, L.G.K., Vadivelu, S. and Munireddy, M. (2007). Land quality requirements for forest development- a review. My Forest 43: 493-499.

Ramamurthy, V., Patil, N.G., Venugopalan, M.V. and Challa, O. (2009). Effect of drip irrigation on productivity and water use efficiency of hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Typic Haplusterts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79:118-121.

Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Vadivelu, S., Hegde, Rajendra and Munireddy, M. (2008). Enhancing agro-bio diversity through watershed development program in Karnataka My Forest 43:381-385.

Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Vadivelu, S., Ramamurthy, V., Naidu, L.G.K., Reddy, R.S., Srinivas, S. and Maji, A.K. (2007). Monitoring soil quality changes in relation to land use and management in a watershed, Karnataka. Agropedology 18:50-57.

Roy, Ratna P., Jagdish Prasad and Joshi, A.P. (2008). Charges in soil properties due to irrigation with paper industry waste water. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 50:277-282.

Sarade, S.D. and Jagdish Prasad (2008). Characterization and classification of guava-growing soils of Bhandara district, Maharashtra. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56:300-304.

Shukla, Elvis, A., Jagdish Prasad, Nagaraju, M.S.S., Srivastava, Rajeev and Kaurav, D.L. (2009). Use of remote sensing in characterization and management of Dhamni micro-watershed of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 37:129-137.

Singandhupe, R.B., Bankar, M.C., Anand, P.S.B., Patil, N.G. (2008). Management of drip irrigated sugarcane in western India. Archieves of Agronomy and Soil Science 54:629-649.

Singh, A.K., Singh, R.S. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Soil and water resources of Changeri watershed-Udaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56:106-108.

Singh, A.K., Singh, R.S., Singh, S.K. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Inter-annual variation in area and productivity of crops as influenced by rainfall, soil

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and land holding in Changeri micro-watershed of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone 47: 19-23.

Singh, A.K.; Singh, R.S. and Singh, D. (2008). Production potential prediction of maize (Zea mays) based on edaphic characters in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of the Agricultral Sciences 78: 76-780.

Singh, R.S., Dubey, P.N., Singh, S.K. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Distribution of chemical fractions of micronutrient cations in some Vertisols under the agro-eco-sub region 4.2 of Eastern Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 56:192-197.

Taywade, S.S. and Jagdish Prasad (2008). Characteriza-tion of sewage-water-irrigated and non-irrigated soils in Nag River Ecosystem of Nagpur, Maharashtra. Journal of Indian Society of the Soil Science 56:247-253.

Wankhede, S.R. and Jagdish Prasad (2008). Characteriza-tion of soils in teak forests, grassland and agricultural lands of basaltic origin in central India. The Indian Foresters 134:487-499.

Baruah, U. and Das, T.H. (2008). Detailed soil survey of research farm, Regional Rainfed Low Land Rice Research Station, Gerua, Kamrup district, Assam. Report No.1024.

Bhattacharyya, T., Chandran, P., Ray, S.K., (Mrs) Mandal, C., Pal, D.K., Venugopalan, M.V., Durge, S.L., Srivastava, P., Dubey, P.N., Kamble, G.K. Sharma, R.P. Wani, S.P., Rego, T.J., Ramesh, V., and Manna, M.C.(2008). Characterization of Benchmark Spots of Selected Red and Black Soils in Semi-Arid Tropics, India for identifying systems foe Carbon Sequestration and Increased Productivity in Semi-Arid Tropical Environments Global Theme on Agro ecosystems Report No.42. Working Report of “Identifying Systems for Carbon Sequestration and Increased productivity in Semi-arid Tropical Environments (RNPS-25), National Agricultural Technology Project( (NATP), Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) , New Delhi, India. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); and New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). 388pp.

Budihal, S.L. (2008). Soil of Bellary district. – Their distribution and Land use applications NBSS Report No. 1015.

Reports/Bulletins

Das, T.H., Baruah, Utpal and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Soils for optimizing land use, Kamrup district, Assam. Report No. 604.

Gangopadhyay, S.K., Baruah, U. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Pedogenic investigation in some forest and tea growing soils of Assam, Report No.1027.

Gangopadhyay, S.K., Singh, D.S., Das, K., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Soils of Aurangabad district, Bihar for Land Use Planning, NBSS Publ. No. 1021, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 72p.

Hajare, Trilok, Patil, Nitin, Chaturvedi, Arun and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Mati Jeevandati.

Naidu, L.G.K., Hegde, Rajendra, Ramamurthy, V., Thayalan, S., Srinivas, S. and Niranjana, K.V. (2008). Soil resources of Ananthapur district(Andra Pradesh). NBSS report no. 1017.

Naidu, L.G.K., Nair, K.M., Srinivas, S.and Vadivelu, S. (2008). District-wise thematic maps for Rubber production. NBSS Publ.

NBSS&LUP (2008). Soils of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal for Optimising Land Use, NBSS Publ. No. 1019, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 70p.

NBSS&LUP (2008). Soils of Sambalpur district, Orissa for Optimising Land Use NBSS Publ. No. 1018, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 59p.

NBSS&LUP (2008). Soils of South Sikkim district, Sikkim for Optimising Land Use, NBSS Publ. No. 1022, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 70p. (2008).

Obi Reddy, G.P., Maji, A.K., Nagaraju, M.S.S., Thayalan, S. and Ramamurthy, V. (2008). Ecological evaluation of land resources and land use systems for sustainable development at watershed level in different agro-ecological zones of Vidarbha region, Maharashtra using remote sensing and GIS techniques, NBSS Publ. NBSS&LUP, Nagpur. pp.270.

Ray, S.K., Chandran, P., Bhattacharya, T., Pal, D.K. and Durge, S.L. (2008). Determination of layer charge of 2:1 layer silicate minerals in soils of India. Final Project Report, NBSS& LUP, Nagpur. p.111.

Reddy, R.S., Naidu, L.G.K., Ramamurthy, V., Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Thayalan, S. (2008). Soil Resources of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh NBSS Publ. No. 1016.

Sahoo, A.K., Singh, D.S., Sah, K.D. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Soils of Ranchi district, Jharkhand for Optimising Land Use, NBSS Publ. No. 1023, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 86p.

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Sarkar, Dipak and Sahoo, A.K. (2008). “Detailed Soil Survey of Shankarpur and Masipiri Farms of Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (ICAR), Hazaribagh, Jharkhand” NBSS Publ. No. 1026, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 71 p.

Sarkar, Dipak, Chattopadhyay, T., Singh, D.S. and Sah K.D. (2002). Soils of Puri district, Orissa for Optimising Land Use, NBSS Publ. No. 602, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 58p.

Sarkar, Dipak, Nayak, D.C., Maurya, U.K. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (2008). Mineralogy of Benchmark soils of West Bengal. NBSS Publ. No. 139, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, 171p.

Singh, M.V., Nayyar, V.K. and Maji, A.K. (2008). Zinc fertility status in soils of Punjab. Micronutrient Fertility Mapping for Indian Soils. Tech. Bulletin AICRP, Micronutrients, IISS, Bhopal 7, p.1-60.

Maji, A.K., Singh, R.S. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Soil quality and land degradation in the Western India. Natural Resources management for Sustainable Development in Western India. (Ed. Prasad et al) Allied Publishers Private Limited New Delhi. P 30-33.

Naidu, L.G.K., Anil Kumar, K.S., Srinivas, S., Nair, K.M., Krishnan, P. (2009). Appraisal of Land Reousrces of Kerala for horticulture development. In: Short course notes on Application of GIS in plant Bio Diversity and Horticulture, IISR, Calicut.

Obi Reddy, G.P. Maji A.K. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (2008). Role of Geoinformatics in Micro-level Planning for Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Geoinformatics for Decentralized Planning and Governance (Edited by M.S. Nathawat and A.C. Pandey). 1st ed. Jaipur, Rawat Publications, 2008. xiv, 448 p. ills. maps. 22 cm, ISBN: 813160117X KK-66051.

Pal, D.K., Bhattacharyya, T., Chandran, P. and Ray, S.K. (2009). Tectonics – climate linked natural soil degradation and its impact in rainfed agriculture : Indian experience. In: Rainfed Agriculture : Unlocking the potential , (Eds. Suhas P. Wani , Johan Rockstrom and Theib Oweis), CABI International, Oxfordshire, UK, pp.54-72.

Walia, C.S. and Kachhwaha, T.S. (2008). Soil Resource Codification. In book: Standards for Biogeodatabase version –I, (Eds. Mendiratta et al.) TERI (The Energy and Resource Institute) New Delhi.

Book Chapters/Books

Popular Articles

Das, K. (2008). Organic Chai ka Ek Pyala Ho Jaye, Mrida Darpan, Pg. 26-28.

Das, K. (2008). Waxing of fruits and vegetables, Environnews, Published by National Environmental Science Academy, West Bengal Chapter, Vol-II, Issue 3, Pg. 3 (Oct.-Dec., 2008)

Hajare, T.N., Venugopalan, M.V., Jagdish Prasad, and Patil, N.G. (2008). Jaminichi Aarogya Patrika-Mati Parikshan. Publisher, Regional Associate director, Agriculture, Maharashtra.

Hajare, Trilok, Venugopalan, M.V., Patil, Nitin and Maji, A.K. (2008) Mati Parikshan- Jaminichi Aarogya Patrika, Nagpur Region, Nagpur.

Jadhav, A.D., Kalantri, L.B., Hajare, T.N., Patil, N.G. and Sathe, T.V. (2009). Reshim Kitak Sangopan Unahalyatil Vyavasthapan. Annadata.

Jagdish Prasad and Bhaskar, B.P. (2008). Kheti : Badalte Aayam. Mruda Darpan. Vol III pp.9-10.

Jagdish Prasad, Srivastava, Rajeev and Saxena, R.K. (2008). Success Story: Cotton-Mungbean Intercropping Shows the Way. Indian Farmers Digest 41(9): 23-25.

Mahla, Manoj and Singh, R.S. (2006 & 2007). Jaiv urvarak : mahatva evam upayog. Mrida Darpan, 11-14.

Mandal, D.K. and Mandal, C. (2008). Towards Increasing Rice Production. Green Hope Mach, 32-35.

Mandal, D.K. and Mandal, C. (2008). Towards increasing rice production – Green Hope, March, 2008, 32-55 pp.

Mandal, D.K. et al. (2008). Agro-environmental for Waigaon Haldi of Vidarbha. Spice India. 21:18-20.

Rajendra Hegde (2008). Hardy and profitable crop: Maize for Central and Eastern dry zones of Karnataka (Kannada). Prajavani dated 25-9-08.

Ramamurthy, V. and Ramesh Kumar, S.C. (2008). Mannina samiksheyeya agethathe mathu upayoga (Kannada). Krishi Mitra, 6:34-37.

Singh, A.K., Singh, R.S. and Shyampura, R.S. (2006). Gaon star par Udaipur, Rajasthan main fasal utpadan main kami ke karan unaka nivaran. Mrida Darpan, 15-21.

Singh, Rameshwar and Oad, Devilal (2006 & 2007). Bharat main awara janavaron ke roktham ke liye jaivik prabandhan. Mrida Darpan, 54-55.

Singh, S.J., Jagdish Prasad and Dhale, S.A. (2009). Where Farmer’s Skill Pays. Spice India 22:23.

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Interview and Radio Talks

Soil Survey Reports

Agricultural Technology Exhibition Kadim Bagh, Nagpur on May 3 to 5, 2008. About 10000 urbanites, students, officials visited the exhibition and aware about the knowledge of soil that is the “mother earth”.

Deeksha Bhoomi Nagpur- “State Agriculture Fair” On 9 thto 11 , October 2008, about 50,000 farmers, student

and concerned persons visited and guided for soil and land use information.

Dr Rajendra Hegde gave a radio- interview on “Cultivation of Groundnut in eastern and central dry zones of Karnataka “ AIR, Bangalore: Farm and Home section.

Dr Rajendra Hegde gave a radio interview on” Cultivation of Maize and popcorn in Bangalore region” on 28-8-08. AIR Farm House, Bangalore

Dr Rajendra Hegde gave a TV interview to ETV (Kannada) Annadata program at the field on the cultivation of beetroot and Davana in the watershed area.

Dr Rajendra Hegde gave an interview on Ecological and economic consequences of sand extraction from agricultural fields to Ms. Deepa , correspondent CSE publication : Down to Earth and arranged for field visit.

Dr Rajendra Hegde gave an interview on ecological and economic consequences of sand extraction from agricultural fields to Ms. Divya Gandhi, environmental correspondent The Hindu. Article /matter published on 18-8-2008 on front page of the Hindu and Mr Kollegal Sharma, environmental correspondent: Kannda Prabha, Article published on 10-8-2008.

Dr V. Ramamurthy gave a radio interview on” Cultivation of Hybrid sorghum in Bangalore region” on 3-9-08. AIR Farm House, Bangalore

Radio programme recorded on “National Bureau of Soil Survey and farmers in Vidharbha” (Vidharbha che Setkari ani Rastriya Mruda Sarvekshan) on 26.3.2008 and broad caste on 27.3.2008 by Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist.

Sharma, J.P., Raja, P., Nair, K.M., Bhaskar, B.P. and Sarkar, D. (2008). Reconnaissance Soil Survey, mapping, correlation and classification of Wardha District, Maharashtra. Technical Bulletin, NBSS & LUP Publ.no.595.

Soils for optimizing land use in Kamrup district of Assam. NBSS Technical Report No. 604. NBSS&LUP, 2008, Nagpur.

Dr Rajendra Hegde delivered a lecture on Status of land resources and our role in resource conservation to the trainees undergoing summer course on ecological awareness at Ashoka Tree trust Bangalore

Dr Srinivas delivered a guest lecture at IISR, Calicut on ‘Application of GIS for Natural Resource Management’ for the short term training programme on ‘Application of GIS in plant Bio-diversity and Horticulture’.

Dr Srinivas delivered a guest lecture at NBSS& LUP, Nagpur on ‘Role of Database Management for GIS’ for the 21 day training programme on Remote sensing and GIS application in soil, land and agriculture’ on 23-2-09 and conducted practical on database management.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture on “ GIS Applications in Natural Resource Management” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has been organized during the

th stperiod from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture on “Computerized land evaluation” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has

th stbeen organized during the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture on “Introduction to GIS Applications” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture”

th sthas been organized during the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture on “Overview of the training programme” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture”

th sthas been organized during the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture on “Predictive Modeling in GIS” in ICAR sponsored winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has

th stbeen organized during the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Guest Lectures Delivered

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Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section delivered lecture-on “GIS in Natural Resource Management” in NNRMS Sponsored training programme (March

th4-24 , 2009) held at NBSS&LUP (RC), Bangalore.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section was invited to delivered lecture on GIS in agriculture in state level seminar on ‘Soil Management for Food Security” held on 27-28 Jan’09 at MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra.

Dr. A.K. Maji, Head, RSA & GIS Section was invited to delivered lecture on “Role of GPS and GIS based soil resource mapping for fertilizer recommendation” in ICAR Winter school on “Farmers Resource based Site Specific Integrated Nutrient Management and on-line Fertilizer Recommendation using GIS and

rd rdGPS tools” held on 3 –23 Jan’09 at IISS, Bhopal.

Dr. C.S. Walia, Principal Scientist, delivered a lecture on Soil Resource Data for assessing the crop suitability and sustainability of cropping systems. Training course under Centre of Advance Studies “Modern Techniques for analysis of soil, plant, fertilizers and irrigation water at PAU, Ludhiana on 01.10.2008.

Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture on “ Principles and Concept of GIS” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has been organized during the period

th stfrom 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture on “Concepts in Digital Image Analysis” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has been organized during the


Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture on “Application of RS and GIS in Watershed Management” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has been organized

th stduring the period from 9 Feb-1 March, 2009.

Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture on “RS applications in Groundwater Prospecting” in ICAR sponsored Winter school on “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Soil, Land and Agriculture” has been organized during the


Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture “Concepts on Digital Image Processing” in NNRMS Sponsored training programme (March

th4-24 , 2009) held at NBSS&LUP (RC), Bangalore.

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Seminar/Symposium/Conference Papers

Dr. G.P. Obi Reddy, Sr. Scientist, GIS Section delivered lecture “Remote sensing applications in Groundwater Prospecting” in NNRMS Sponsored

thtraining programme (March 4-24 2009) held at NBSS&LUP (RC), Bangalore.

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra, Senior Scientist, delivered a lecture on Soil resource based land use planning for sustainable agricultural production in Indian Science Congress, 2009, held at North Eastern Hill University, Shilong, January 3-7, 2009.

Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist delivered a lecture at RAMETI, Nagpur to state officials on Soil formation and land use management .

Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist delivered a lecture on th th13 and 15 Oct. 2008 at Ecumenical Sangam on

Watershed Management.

Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist delivered a lecture on Land Use System and Soil Health at Maharashtra Bank Training Centre on 12.8.2009.

Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist delivered a lecture on Soil health care and cropping system to the farmers at Central Institute for Cotton Research on 26.8.2008.

Dr. T.N. Hajare, Sr. Scientist delivered a lecture to the farmers on Soil Testing and Soil Health Management at Katol on 20.4.2008

3rd Global Workshop on Digital Soil Mapping (DSM 2008 USA) “Digital Soil Mapping: Bridging Research, Production, and Environmental Application.” from 30 September to 3 October 2008 at Utah State University, Logan, UT.

Martin, D., Sharma, J.P., Lal Tarsem and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Soil Mapping by Integrating Remote Sensing, Geostatistics and GIS. Symposium abstracts, Session-6, DSM products for environmental applications. p- 69.

State Level Seminar on “Soil Management for Food Security” organized by Rahuri Chapter, ISSS, Department of SSAC, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Feb.26-27, 2009.

Maji, A.K. (2009). GIS application in agriculture.

Surya, J.N., Sidhu, G.S., Lal, T. and Sharma, J.P. (2008). Macro and micro level Soil Resource Mapping for Soil Erosion Assessment and Conservation in Shiwalik Region of Himalya, India. pp. 1-8.

th15 International Congress of ISCO-Proceedings

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nd2 Indian Science Congress

th4 World Congress on Conservation Agriculture

th96 Session of Indian National Congress (under Agricultural and Forestry Section) at North East Hill University (NEHU), Shillong during January 3-7, 2009

rd73 Annual of the Indian Society of Soil Science held at GBKV, Bangalore during November 27-30, 2008

17th William T. Pecora Memorial Remote Sensing Symposium, November 18-20, 2008, Sheraton, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Mahapatra, S.K. (2009). Soil resource based land use planning for sustainable agricultural production. Abstract, p.19.

Mukerjee, P., Singh, R.V, Mahapatra, S.K., Chakravarty, N.V.K., Ram Bahal, Tyagi, S.K. and Datta, P.S. (2009). Enhancing on-farm water availability in a semiarid region through system approach. Abstract, p.108.

Mahapatra, S.K., Martin, D. and Sharma, J.P. (2009). Assessment of erosion status of the soil of Almora district of Uttrakhand for their conservation. Abstract, p.464.

Das, K. (2009). “Soils of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal – their problems and potentials for crop planning”.

Anil Kumar K.S, Naidu. L.G.K., Hegde, Rajendra, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Srinivas, S. and Dhanorkar, B.A. (2008). Detailed assessment of Land and Soil resources of Kuppam mandal, A.P. for land use planning.

Das, K., Nayak, D.C. and Singh, D.S. (2008). Soil resources of Baripada Sub-Division, Orissa- their interpretative gropings and suitability groupings for different crops.

Kapse, K.V., Ray, S.K., Chandran, P., Bhattacharyya, T. and Pal, D.K. (2008). Seat of charge in smectite layers of Vertisols of central India.

Mandal, D.K., Khandare, N.C., Mandal, C. and Sujatha, M. (2008). Soil properties Influencing Turmeric Yield in shrink-swell soils of Eastern Vidarbha.

Obi Reddy, G.P., Maji, A.K., Nagaraju, M.S.S., Thayalan, S., Ramteke, I.K., Meshram, S. and Bante, R.R.

(2008). Morphological evolution of landforms and their processes with reference to soils in semi-arid tract of central India-A case study.

Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C.M., Noojipady, P., Dheeravath, V., Gumma, M., Li, Y.J., Velpuri, M.,

Reddy, G.P.O., Cai, X.L. and Turral, H. (2008). Sub-Pixel Area (SPA) Computation Methods.

Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C.M., Noojipady, P., Dheeravath, V., Gumma, M., Li, Y.J., Velpuri, M., Reddy, G.P.O. Cai, X. L., Turral, H. 2008. Global Irrigated Area Map (GIAM) and Global Map of Rainfed Cropland Areas (GMRCA) at the end of last Millennium Using Time-series Remote Sensing.

Venkateswarlu, Dheeravath, Thenkabail, P.S., Chandrakantha, G., Noojipady, P., Biradar, C.M., Turral, H., Gumma, M., Reddy, G.P.O. and Velpuri, M. (2008). Irrigated Areas of India Derived using MODIS 500m Data for Years 2001-2003.

Chandran, P., Ray, S.K., Bhattacharyya, T. and Pal, D.K. (2008). Imprints of Climate Change in Ferruginous soils of Karnataka.

Chatterji, S., Sen, T.K., Venugoplana, M.V., Patil, N.G., Dubey, P.N. (2008). Changing paradigms in land evaluation – use of a soil suitability determination technique in integration with its performance evaluation tools.

Satyavathi, P.L.A. and Raja, P. (2008). Mineralogical investigations of different soil size fractions of two Vertisols of Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Paper presented in the poster session of the

Sen, T.K., Chatterjee, S. Dubey, P.N., Patil, V.P. and Chaturvedi, A. (2008). Impact of land use types on microbial biomass of some black soils of Nagpur.

Thakare, P.V., Ray, S.K., Chandran, P., Bhattacharyya, T. and Pal, D.K. (2009). Layer charge of some benchmark Vertisols from central India. pp. 89-90.

Hajare, T.N., Patil, N.G., Mandal, D.K., Nagaraju, M.S.S., Chaturvedi, A. and Sohan Lal (2008). Sensitivity to moisture stress and yields of soybean (Glycine max) in shrink swell soils.

Patil, N.G., Hajare, T.N., Singh, S.R., Sohan Lal, and Maji, A.K. (2008). Water Retention Functions to Describe Soil Water Characteristics of Seasonally Waterlogged Clay Soils.

National Seminar on “Developments in Soil Science – 2008”, organized by the Indian Society of Soil Science at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, from 27-30 November, 2008.

th96 Indian Science Congress, Shillong, Meghalaya, January 3-7, 2009, Part II.

International Symposium on ‘Agrometeorology and Food Security’, Hyderabad, Feb. 18-21, 2008.

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Publications

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National Seminar on “Land Resource Management and Livelihood Security” organized by the Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ISSLUP) at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur from 10-12 September, 2008.

Anil Kumar, K.S, Naidu, L.G.K, Nair, K.M., Srinivas, S. and Hegde, Rajendra (2008). Land resources database of Kerala for effective Land Use Planning. Abstract: p-19.

Anil Kumar, K.S., Hegde, Rajendra, Maske, S.P., Natarajan, A., Ramesh Kumar, S.C., Srinivas, S., Niranjana, Koyal, Arti and Naidu, L.G.K. (2008). Land resources planning of Kumaranahalli cluster, Harapanahalli taluk, Davanagere district, Karnataka for livelihood security. Abstracts of research papers. P. 66.

Bhaskar, B.P., Gaikwad, M.S., Bobde, S.V., Gaikwad, S.S., Anantwar, S.G., Patil, S.V. and Singh, S.R. (2008). Land use suitability and Fertility characteristics of soils in Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh. Abstract No.T-II-P06. pp43.

Dhale, S.A. and Jagdish Prasad (2008). Characterization of two sweet orange-growing shrink-swell soils of Jalna district, Maharashtra.

Dhankar, R.P., Walia, C.S., Katiyar, D.K., Martin, D. and Sharma, J.P. (2008). Use of remote sensing data for soil resource mapping in part of south-west Uttar Pradesh. pp.16.

Patil, Girish B., Nagaraju, M.S.S., Srivastava, Rajeev, Jagdish Prasad, Venugopalan, M.V. and Maji, A.K. (2008) Characterization and evaluation of land resources in Lendi watershed of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra using remote sensing and GIS techniques. p. 43.

Goswami, S.N., Venugopalan, M.V., Ramamurthy, V., Challa, O., Mandal, D.K., Chaturvedi, A., Hajare, T.N., Gawande, R.S. and Patil, V.P. (2008). Participation of rural women in land use decision working process – A study in Kaniyadol village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra.

Hegde, Rajendra, Anil Kumar, K.S., Ramesh Kumar S.C., Srinivas S. and Naidu. L.G.K. (2008). Land use planning to address soil related constraints- a case of coconut mite management in eastern dry zone in Karnataka. Abstracts: p.17.

Mandal, C., Mandal, D.K. and Gharami, S. (2008) In search of suitable rehabilitation of Tribals in the forest – A case study on tribal area of M.P.

Mandal, D.K., Jagdish Prasad, Mandal, C., Chaturvedi, A., Roy, R. and Khandare, N.C. (2008). Depletion of micronutrient cations under different land uses in shrink-swell soils of Central India – a new index based approach. Abstract p.8.

Obi Reddy, G.P., Ramteke, I.K., Maji,A.K., Ramamurthy, V. and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). GIS applications in characterization of land use systems and analysis of their spatio-temporal patterns - A case study.

Obi Reddy, G.P., Maji., A.K., Nagaraju, M.S.S., Thayalan, S. Ramteke, K. and Rashmi R. Bante. (2008) Morphological evolution of landforms and their processes with reference to soils in semi-arid tract of Central India- a case study. p. 15.

Patil, N.G, Ramamurthy, V. and Jagdish Prasad (2008). Optimum Irrigation Schedule for Cotton in Fine textures. National seminar on ‘Rashtriya Paripekshyame Jal Sanrakshanki Stithi Evam Eska Mahatva’, Ranchi, Sept. 19-20, 2008.

Patil, N.G., Singh, S.R. and Sohan Lal (2008). Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Impounded Clay Soils from Physical Properties.

Raja, P., Bhaskar, B.P., Goswami, S.N. and Sharma, J.P. (2008). Evaluation of carrying capacity for sustainable food security in Hingni village, Wardha District, Maharashtra, India.- a case study.2008.. ISSALUP, Nagpur. Abstract No.T-II-P010.pp.46.

Ramesh Kumar S.C, Naidu. L.G.K, Nair, K.M., Srinivas, S., Ramamurthy, V., Anil Kumar, K.S, Hegde, Rajendra, Chaturvedi, Arun and Sarkar, Dipak (2008). Stake holder priorities for District level land use planning. p-66-68.

Rao, S.S., Krishna Murthy, Y.V.N., Prakash Rao, D.S., Rajashekar, S.S., Srivastava, Rajeev, Nagaraju, M.S.S., Bhaskar, K.S. and Kamal Nayan (2008). Surface soil moisture estimation using microwave data. p. 35.

Roy, Ratna P., Jagdish Prasad and Joshi, A.P. (2008). Effect of irrigation with wastewaters on some of the properties of swelling clay soils in Nagpur district, Maharashtra. p.30.

Satyavathi, P.L.A., Ray, S.K., Chandran, P., Durge, S.L., Raja, P. and Pal, D.K. (2008). Depthwise distribution of smectite in Vertisols.

Shukla, Elvis A., Jagdish Prasad, Nagaraju, M.S.S., Srivastava, Rajeev and Kauraw, D.L. (2008). Use and remote sensing in characterization and management of Dhamni micro-watershed of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. Abstract p. 8. Best Poster Presentation Award for this paper.

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Singh, A.K., Singh, R.S. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Suitability of soils for various field crops in AESR 4.2 of Rajasthan.

Singh, R.S., Giri, J.D., Tailor, B.L., Ola, N.R., Singh, Rameshwar, Sharma, S.S. and Shyampura, R.L. (2008). Soil resource based land use planning of Bhilwara district.

Verma, T.P., Singh, S.P., Dhankar, R.P. and Singh, K, Saxena, R.K and Verma, K.S. (2008). Land use potential in Sub humid climate of Solani-Ganga Doab of Uttaranchal. pp. 50-51.

Walia, C.S., Bobade, S.V. and Ram, J. (2008). Evaluation of soil-site conditions for suitability of apple plantation-A case study of Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh. pp.47.

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Participation of Scientists in Conferences, Meetings, Workshops, Symposia, etc. in India and Abroad








Workshops/Seminar/Symposia Attended

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3 days workshop from 29-9-08 to 1-10-08 at IIT, Kharagpur on Geographic Markup Language (GML) for serving maps, features and coverages on the web.

Dr. S. Srinivas

Workshop and environmental status report release “Ecological and economic consequences of mining in

th thIndia on 4 to 8 August. Organized by CSE, New Delhi at Bangalore.

Dr Rajendra Hegde

Developmental workshop at Zilla Panchayath Davanagere district to review the various developmental works undertaken in three villages of Harapanhalli taluk surveyed by NBSSLUP.

Dr Rajendra Hegde

One day workshop on “Communication of Agricultural technologies” at Institution of Agricultural Technologists on 21-2-2009.

Dr Rajendra Hegde

thISSS convention from 27-30 November, 2008 at UAS, GKVK, Bangalore.

Dr. L.G.K.Naidu,

Dr. S. Thayalan,

Dr. A. Natrajan,

Dr. S. L.Budihal,

Dr. K. M. Nair,

Dr. V.Ramamurthy,


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Dr. K. Anil Kumar,

Dr. B. Dhanorkar

Dr. K.V.Niranjan

National Seminar on Status of organic farming in India st(30 and 31 January 2009) at Bangalore University.

Dr Rajendra Hegde

National Seminar on Land resource management and thlivelihood security. 10-12 September, 2008, NBSSLUP,

Nagpur.

Dr. S.C. Ramesh Kumar

Dr. K.S. Anil Kumar

National Seminar on Soil Health held at Chidambaram, Annamalai University on 26.02.09.

Dr Natarajan

National Brain Storming Session on Land Use Planning on Policy Issues at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur on 25-26 July 2008 under the chairmanship of Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary DARE& DG, ICAR.

Dr. Dipak Sarkar

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. Utpal Baruah

Dr. D.S. Singh

Dr. R.L. Shyampura

Dr. (Mrs.) C. Mandal

Dr. T. Bhattacharya

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Dr. T.K. Sen

Dr. P Chandran

Dr. S. Chatterjee

Workshop of Senior Officers on Common Guidelines for Watershed Development, organized by NRAA&DOLR, August 5, 2008, New Delhi.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

National Seminar on Land Resource Management and Livelihood Security and National Convention of the Indian Society of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning organized by the ISSLUP, September 10 -12, 2008.

Dr. Dipak Sarkar

Dr. D.K. Mandal

Dr. A.K. Maji

Dr. Arun Chaturvedi

Dr. C.S. Walia

Dr. G.S. Sidhu

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. M.S.S. Nagaraju

Dr. R.P. Dhankar

Dr. Rajeev Srivastava

Dr. T.P. Verma

Dr. N.C. Khandare

Dr. N.G. Patil

Dr. P.N. Dubey

Sh. R.S. Gawande

Dr. Ratna P. Roy

Dr. S. Chatterji

Dr. S.N. Goswami

Dr. T.K. Sen

Dr. T.N. Hajare

Sh. V.P. Patil

Dr. Jagdish Prasad

Dr. Utpal Baruah

Dr. T.H. Das

Global working group meetings on Digital Soil Mapping and Pedometrics of Commission 1.5 of International Union of Soil Science (IUSS) and participated in the group discussions held from 1-3 October 2008 at Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.

Dr. D. Martin

National Seminar on Developments in Soil Science and rd73 Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science

held at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, November 27-30, 2008.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. C.B. Sachdev

Dr. G.S. Sidhu

Dr. C.S. Walia

Dr. Tarsem Lal

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

Dr. T.P. Verma

Dr. K. Das

Dr. T.K. Sen

Dr. S. Chatterjee

Dr. N.C. Khandare

Workshop on “Natural Resource Information System in Himachal Pradesh organized by the IHBT, Palampur and Centre for Geoinformatics, CSK, HPKVV Palampur on December 4, 2008 at IHBT Palampur.

Dr. C.S. Walia

th4 World Congress on Conservation Agriculture at NASC Complex, New Delhi, February 4-7, 2009.

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

Farmers’ workshop on Recent Advances in Mithun husbandry and its scope as a viable component for hilly livestock production system” at National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, Medziphema,

nd rdNagaland on 2 and 3 Dec. 2008.

Dr. T.H. Das,

Dr. Utpal Baruah

Indian Science Congress Association held at Shillong, Jan. 3-7, 2009.

Dr. Dipak Sarkar

Dr. Utpal Baruah

Dr. T.H. Das

Dr. N.K. Das

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

One day workshop on “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of West Bengal” organized by NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Kolkata, Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal and BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia at NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Kolkata on 25.02.2009.

Dr. Dipak Sarkar

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Dr. D. S. SinghDr. D. C. NayakDr. A. K. SahooDr. S. K. GangopadhyayDr. K. DasDr. K. D. SahDr. T. Chattopadhyay Dr. D. DuttaDr.(Mrs.) T. BanerjeeShri. S. Mukhopadhyay

Workshop on “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the Murshidabad district, West Bengal” organized by Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal at Principal

thAgricultural Office, Baharampur, Murshidabad on 26 September, 2008.

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Dr. A. K. Sahoo

Workshop on Use of microwave data for geology, forestry and soil moisture studies held at Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre (Department of Space, Govt. of India), Nagpur held on 16-4-08.

Dr. Rajeev Srivastava

Dr. M.S.S. Nagaraju

One day workshop on land resource management of Medak district for Agricultural Officers, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh on 23-9-08 at Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh.

Dr. L.G.K.Naidu

Dr. K.S. Anil Kumar

Dr.S.C.Ramesh Kumar

Dr.V.Ramamurthy

th8 Meeting of Research Advisory Committee (RAC) on nd2 February, 2008 at Hqrs., Nagpur

Dr.D.S. Singh

Meeting on “Concept, Methodology and Formulation of of Land Use Plan” organized by NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur at NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur on April 4-5, 2008.

Dr. D. S. Singh

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Dr. A. K. Sahoo

Meeting on “Finalisation of Soil Survey Manual”

organized by NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur at NBSS & thLUP (ICAR), Nagpur on 16 May, 2008.

Dr. A. K. Sahoo

XIXth meeting of the ICAR Regional Committee No.II on th th26 - 27 September, 2008 at Orissa University of

Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar.

Dr. D.S. Singh

th th39 Institute Management Committee meeting on 20 November, 2008 at NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur.

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

Dr. A.K. Sahoo

Meeting on the project “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of West Bengal” with reference to Bankura and Puruliya district organized by Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal at Principal Agricultural Office, Bankura and Puruliya on April 9-10, 2008.

Dr. D.S.Singh

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Meeting on the project “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of West Bengal” with reference to Malda district organized by Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal at Principal Agricultural Office, Malda on 12.11.2008.

Dr. D.S.Singh

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Meeting on the project “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of West Bengal” with reference to Uttar and Dakhin Dinajpur district organized by Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal at Principal Agricultural Office, Raiganj on 20.01.2009.

Dr. D.S.Singh

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Meeting on the project “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of West Bengal” with reference to Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar district organized by Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal at Principal Agricultural Office, Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar on 12.02.2009 and 13.02.2009 respectively.

Dr. D.S.Singh

Dr. D. C. Nayak

Charchasatra organised by SAKAL- AGRO-1 Katol of Nagpur district and interacted with user agencies (farmers and students) on 20/4/2008.

Dr. T.N. Hajare

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Charchasatra organised by Sub-Divisional soil conservation officer at Massod Taluka Kondhali . Guided the farmers for soil health and its management. About 200 farmers from Masood, Pardi, Dhotiwada, Hatla and

thChikali were benefited on 4 March, 2008

Dr. T.N. Hajare

One day work shop and report release of Perspective Land Use Plan for Union Territory of Puducherry was held on

th25 November, 2008 at Puducherry.

Dr. Dipak Sarkar

Dr. LGK Naidu

Dr. S. Vadivelu (Rtd.)

Dr. A. Natarajan

Dr. S. Thayalan

Dr. S.C. Ramesh Kumar

Report release function of Land Resource Inventory and GIS database for Farm Planning in Tamil Nadu,

thSivagangai block at Sivagangai on 16 July, 2008.

Dr. A. Natarajan

Dr. K.S. Anil Kumar

Dr.V.Ramamurthy

Discussions with Joint Director of Agriculture, Kadapa, Assistant Director of Agriculture (ADA) of Pulivendla, Horticulture Officer of Pulivendala and Assistant Director of Horticulture, Kadapa, Scientists of KVK and Head research station (Utkur) during their visit to Pulivendala Division of Kadapa district from 25-30th August 2008.

Dr.L.G.K.Naidu

Dr.S.C.Ramesh Kumar

Dr.V.Ramamurthy

European Union seminar on 14-7-2008 on Collaborative research opportunities, organized by EU and DST at Bangalore

Dr. K.M. Nair,

Dr. Rameshkumar

Dr. Rajendra Hegde

Secretary Agriculture, GoK, on the National project on soil fertility and soil health management being implemented by Dept. Agriculture.

Dr Natarajan

Dr Rajendra Hegde

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Invited as member of Tea Research Evaluation committee thmeeting at Valporai, Coimbatore on 19 December, 2008

to evaluate ongoing research projects.

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

thE.C. meeting of KSRSAC on 19 February, 2009.

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

stCIMAP meeting on 21 January, 2009

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

Group meeting on Land Use Planning at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur on 4 April 2008 under the chairmanship of Dr. A.K. Singh, DDG (NRM), ICAR.

Dr. J.P. Sharma,

Dr. G. S. Sidhu,

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

Dr. D. Martin

Meeting at National Spatial Database Infrastructure (NSDI) office on 19-04-2008 under the chairmanship of Dr. R. Shiv Kumar, CEO, NSDI for Preparation of a Detailed Project Report (DPR) on “Land Information System for Local Area Development” sponsored by DST.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. D. Martin

Meeting at IIM, Ahmedabad on 22 April 2008 for development of a Detailed Project Report (DPR) on the “Village Knowledge Management System” to address the issues to Mitigate Extreme Socio-Economic Stress Causing Suicide among Farmers. The meeting was chaired by Prof. Anil Gupta, Professor, IIM, Ahmedabad and attended by the members of the committee constituted by DST.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. D. Martin

Meeting on Land Use Planning and Policy Issues at IRRI-India Office, NASC Complex, New Delhi on 2 June 2008.

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

Meeting with Dr. J.S. Rawat, Director, Centre of Excellence, NRDMS Centre, Kumaon Hill University, JSS Campus, Almora from July 6 – 11, 2008 in connection with Data Integration and Field Visit of Khulgad Watershed.

Dr. C.S. Walia

Meeting at IIM, Ahmedabad on 10 July 2008 to look into

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the existing aspects of Land use Pattern and other necessary details related to soil issues for developing a Detailed Project Report (DPR) on the “Village Knowledge Management System” to address the issues to Mitigate Extreme Socio-Economic Stress Causing Suicide among Farmers. The meeting was chaired by Prof. Anil Gupta, Professor, IIM, Ahmedabad and attended by the members of different sub committees.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. D. Martin

Council Meeting of the Indian Society of Soil Science on 28.06.2008, 21.10.2008 and 14.03.2009 at Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, New Delhi.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

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ICAR, Regional Committee - V Meeting at NASC Complex, New Delhi during December 19-20, 2008.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Meeting with the Additional Secretary/Scientific Officer, NRDMS Division, DST and presented the annual report of project on 5.03.09.

Dr. C.S. Walia

Soil correlation meeting on 17.03.2009 at Krishi Bhavan, Lucknow under the chairmanship of Dr. R.R. Verma, Director, Department of Agriculture, Government of U.P.

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. G.S. Sidhu

Dr. S.K. Mahapatra

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Approved On-going Projects









1. Land Resource Inventory and GIS Database for Farm Planning in Tamil Nadu – Sivaganga, Cuddalore and Nagapatthnam districts

A. Natarajan, R.S. Reddy, L.G.K. Naidu, S.L. Budihal, S.C. Rameshkumar, R. Hegde, K.M. Nair, S. Srinivas, M. Ramesh, P. Krishnan, S. Vadivelu, Anil Kumar, K.S., S.K. Maske, B.A. Dhanorkar, Bhoora Prasad and Arti Koyal

2. Assessment of land resources for growing horticultural crops in selected districts for Tamil Nadu under the National Horticultural Mission project

A. Natarajan, V. Ramamurthy, S. Thayalan, S. Srinivas, K.V. Niranjana, M. Ramesh, D.H. Venkatesh and S. Vadivelu

3. Planning optimum land use based on bio-physical and economic resources in Pulivendala Agricultural Division, Kadapa district, A.P.

L.G.K. Naidu, K.V. Niranjana, S. Thayalan, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, V. Ramamurthy, Rajendra Hegde, S. Srinivasa, S. Maske, A. Natarajan, S. Vaidvelu

4. Agro-ecological units of Kerala

K.M. Nair, Champa Mandal, A. Chaturvedi, S. Thayalan, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, V. Ramamurthy, K.S. Anil Kumar, S. Srinivas, L.G.K. Naidu, Dipak Sarkar

5. Development of alternate laboratory techniques for speedier routine soil analysis for soil survey laboratories

S.L. Budihal

























6. Land use planning for North Goa District, Goa

Rajendra Hegde, Anil Kumar, S. Srinivas, A. Natarajan, Ramesh Kumar, K.M. Nair, L.G.K. Naidu, K.V. Niranjana

7. Development of socio-economic database and its analysis for district level land use planning in Medak, Chittoor, and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh

S.C. Ramesh Kumar, R.S. Reddy, L.G.K. Naidu, K.M. Nair, S. Srinivas

8. Detailed assessment of land and soil resources of a Kuppam Mandal in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh

S.C. Ramesh Kumar/B.A. Dhanorkar (K.S. Anil Kumar)

9. Optimisation of soil and water resources for the sustainable land use planning in the Kuttankere watershed

S.P. Maske, L.G.K. Naidu, A. Natarajan, S.L. Budihal, K.M. Nair, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, R. Hegde, K.S. Anil Kumar, S. Srinivas

10. Development of software for disseminating land resource information in electronic form

S. Srinivas, K.M. Nair, D.H. Venkatesh

11. Preparation of Mandal wise Land Resource Atlases for Medak district and preparation of power point presentation material for agricultural division and district atlases of Andhra Pradesh

S. Srinivas, L.G.K. Naidu, S.C. Ramesh Kumar

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12. Development of software modules for land evaluation and agro-climatic analysis

S. Srinivas, K.M. Nair, L.G.K. Naidu, R. Hegde, V. Ramamurthy, D.S. Venkatesh

13. Identification and characterisation of Benchmark soils of eastern India for agro-technology transfer : Identification and characterisation of Benchmark soils of Bihar and Orissa for agro-technology transfer

Dipak Sarkar, T. Chattopadhyay, D.C. Nayak, A.K. Sahoo, K.D. Sah, U.K. Maurya

14. Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Aurangabad district, Bihar (1:50,000 scale) for land use planning

S.K. Gangopadhyay, D.S. Singh, K. Das, S. Mukhopadhyay, U.K. Maurya, Dipak Sarkar

15. Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Rohtas district, Bihar (1:50,000 scale) for land use planning

T. Chattopadhyay, A.K. Sahoo, S. Mukhopadhyay, M. Swaminathan, Dipak Sarkar

16. Soil based approach towards rational land use plan using remote sensing and GIS

S. Mukhopadhyay, Tapti Banerjee, Dipak Sarkar

17. Soil Resource appraisal of Silai basin, Rarh region, West Bengal for optimum land utilization

Tapati Banerjee, Dipak Sarkar, S. Mukhopadhyay

18. Land use planning at micro level in different agro-ecological subregions of West Bengal

D.C. Nayak, D. Dutta, Dipak Sarkar

19. Characterisation of Simana Sub-Watershed under Subarnarekha Catchment, West Bengal for Land Use Planning using IRS data

S.K. Gangopadhyay, K. Das, D.C. Nayak, M.K. Tripathi, Dipak Sarkar

20. Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Baripada subdivision of Mayurbhanj district, Orissa on 1:50,000 scale for land use planning

K. Das, D.S. Singh, S.K. Gangopadhyay,D.C. Nayak, S. Mukhopadhyay, Dipak Sarkar

21. Soil resource inventory (1:50,000) of Lohardaga district, Jharkhand for land use

A.K. Sahoo, T. Chattopadhyay, D.S. Singh, D.C. Nayak, S. Mukhopadhyay, M. Swaminathan, Dipak Sarkar

22. Detailed soil survey of Shankarpur and Missipirhi farms of Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (ICAR), Hazaribagh, Jharkhand

Dipak Sarkar, A.K. Sahoo, D.C. Nayak, S. Mukhopadhyay

23. Effect of land use changes on total soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active pools in humid to per humid ecoregion of West Bengal

D. Dutta, D.C. Nayak, Dipak Sarkar

24. Nature and distribution of organic matter in soils of Sikkim under different land utilisation type

T.H. Das, Dipak Sarkar, D. Dutta

25. Soil resource mapping of Sultanpur district (U.P.) for perspective land use planning

Jagat Ram , S.P. Singh, B.K. Kandpal, R.P. Dhankar, Ram Gopal

26. Soil resource mapping of district Etawah (Uttar Pradesh) for perspective land use planning (1:50,000 scale)

T.P. Verma, R.V.S. Rao, S.P. Singh, Jagat Ram, Ram Gopal, Tarsem Lal, R.P. Dhankar

27. Soil resource mapping of Tehri Garhwal district of Uttaranchal on 1:50,000 scale for perspective land use planning

C.B. Sachdev, D. Martin, Jagat Ram, Tarsem Lal, S.P. Singh

28. Soil resource mapping of Almora district of Uttaranchal on 1:50,000 scale for perspective land use planning

S.K. Mahapatra, D. Martin, Jagat Ram, R.P. Dhankar, S.P. Singh, B.D. Sharma

29. Soil resource mapping of Pauri Garhwal district of Uttaranchal on 1:50,000 scale for perspective land use planning

S.K. Mahapatra, D. Martin, Jagat Ram, R.P. Dhankar, S.P. Singh, B.D. Sharma

30. Soil resource mapping of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh on 1:50,000 scale for perspective land use planning

S.K. Mahapatra, Tarsem Lal, G.S. sidhu, Jaya N. Surya, R.D. Sharma, J.P. Sharma

31. Dynamics of land use plan and its impact on soil development in Nawan Shahr district, Punjab state

G.S. Sidhu, Tarsem Lal, Jaya N. Surya, J.P. Sharma

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32. Dynamics of land use plan and its impact on soil development in Jalandhar district, Punjab state

G.S. Sidhu, Tarsem Lal, Jaya N. Surya, J.P. Sharma

33. Preparation of soil resource Atlas of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh

Tarsem Lal, G.S. Sidhu, Jaya N. Surya, Kalpana Kamble, J.P. Sharma

34. Soil resource mapping of Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh on 1:50,000 scale for perspective land use planning

D. Martin, Tarsem Lal, G.S. Sidhu, J.P. Sharma

35. Soil Resource data of Patiala district of Punjab for perspective land use planning (UNDP-TIFAC)

C.S. Walia

36. Generation of soil database for watershed development and ecological restoration in lesser Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh (DST)

C.S. Walia

37. Soil resource data of Amritsar district of Punjab for perspective land use planning (UNDP-TIFAC)

S.P. Singh

38. Studies on infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and moisture storage of some soils of Jorhat district, Assam

Jijimon T., S. Vadivelu, U. Baruah, J.P. Mishra, B.P. Bhaskar

39. Detailed soil survey of ICAR Complex Research Farm at Longol Hill, Imphal and at Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani

Dipak Sarkar, Utpal Baruah, A.K. Sahoo, S. Vadivelu

40. Soil resource mapping of Kamrup district (1:50,000 scale) of Assam for land use planning

T.H. Das, U. Baruah

41. Land use and land use policy application in context of upliftment of the rural poor – case study of Bhandara district

S.R. Singh and T.N. Hajare

42. Agro-ecological units map of Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh state (on 1:1 m scale) SRM data base

D.B. Tamgadge, K.S. Gajbhiye, C. Mandal, W.V. Bankar

43. Reconnaissance soil survey, mapping and classification of soils of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh

J. Prasad and S.R. Singh

44. Progressive reconnaissance, soil survey, mapping, soil-correlation and classification of a hot-moist and semi-arid subregion of Yavatmal district, Maharashtra

B.P. Bhaskar, S.R. Singh

45. Characterization and evaluation of carbon (SOC) & sulphur status in soybean growing areas of Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh to suggest an alternative cropping pattern

K. Karthikeyan, J. Prasad, Pushpanjali, S.R. Singh, Dipak Sarkar

46. Refinement of agro-ecological region and sub-regions delineation based on recent soil and climatic data base for resource planning and development

D.K. Mandal, C. Mandal, O. Challa, S.N. Goswami

47. Land suitability evaluation for Mulberry cultivation for sericulture in black soils of Vidarbha

T.N. Hajare, D.K. Mondal, Jagdish Prasad, S.N. Goswami, O. Challa

48. Evaluation of different pedotransfer functions for estimation of water retention in soils of basaltic terrain

N.G. Patil, J. Prasad

49. Estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density of the Vertisols and Vertic Inter-grades from Published Research and Soil Survey Data

N.G. Patil, C. Mandal, D.K. Mandal, D.K. Pal

50. Crop yield modelling under varying soil moisture in different types of soils

A.K. Singh, R.S. Singh, R.L. Shyampura

51. Soil resource inventory and land evaluation of Chittaurgarh district for land use planning

J.D. Giri, R.L. Shyampura

52. Development of district land use plan for Nagaur and Bundi districts (Rajasthan) under arid and semi-arid ecosystem

R.S. Singh, A.K. Singh, R.L. Shyampura

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53. Soils, land use and perspective land use planning of Nagpur district

A. Chaturvedi, C. Mandal, Rajeev Srivastava, D.K. Mandal, T.N. Hajare, S.N. Goswami, N.C. Khandare, R.S. Gawande

54. Evaluation of Soil Properties Influencing Productivity Potential of Citrus reticulate Blanco (Nagpur Mandarin) Orchards of Nagpur District, Maharashtra

S. Chatterji, T.K. Sen, T.N. Hajare, V.P. Patil, O. Challa

55. Impact of land use types and management practices on microbial biomass of some black soils – A biochemical approach to study soil quality

T.K. Sen, M.V. Venugopalan, Mrs. R.P. Roy, V.P. Patil, O. Challa

56. Development of a soil water balance model for shrink-swell soils of central India

Pramod Tiwary, D.K. Mandal, M. Vemnugopalan, T.N. Hajare

57. Development of soil reflectance libraries for characterization of soil properties in Nagpur district, Maharashtra

Rajeev Srivastava, A.K. Maji, M.S.S. Nagaraju, A.K. Barthwal

58. Land use/land cover dynamics in different geomorpho-logical settings of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra for sustainable land resource management

S. Thayalan, A. Chaturvedi

59. Pedogenic thresholds in Benchmark Soils under Rice-Wheat Cropping system in a Climosequence of the Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains

D.K. Pal, Sohan Lal, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P.L.A. Satyavathi

60. Interfluve stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochemistry of the central and southern Ganga Plains (DST-ESS Project)

D.K. Pal, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P.L.A. Satyavathi, P. Raja, U.K. Maurya, S.L. Durge

61. Predicting soil carbon changes under different cropping systems in soils of selected Benchmark spots in different bioclimatic systems in India (DST sponsored project)

T. Bhattacharyya, S.K. Ray, P. Chandran, D.K. Pal, Mrs. C. Mandal

62. Assessment of Quality and Resilience of soils in Diverse agro-ecosystems (NAIP)

T. Bhattacharyya, D. Sarkar, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, Mrs. C. Mandal, D.K. Pal, Research Associates

63. Genesis and classification of Benchmark ferruginous soils of India

P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, T. Bhattacharyya, D.K. Pal, Pankaj Srivastava, P.N. Dubey, K.S. Gajbhiye, P. Krishnan, Dipak Sarkar

64. Detailed soil resource survey of Hayatnagar farm of CRIDA, Hyderabad

P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, P. Raja, U.K. Maurya, S.L. Durge, A.M. Nimkar, D.K. Pal, T. Bhattacharyya, C. Mandal, M.S.S. Nagaraju, Dipak Sarkar

65. Development of protocols for digestion, standards and methods to determine elements in soil and sediments using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

S.K. Ray, U.K. Maurya, P. Raja, P. Chandran, T. Bhattacharyya, P.L.A. Satyavathi, D.K. Pal

66. Preparation of soil resource atlas for Tobacco in India (collaborative Proj. with CTRI, Rajahmundry)

Sohan Lal, K.S. Gajbhiye, A.K. Maji, C. Mondal

67. Land resources and LUP of Uttar Pradesh – delineation of agro-ecological zones to analyse the production constraints and suggesting appropriate strategies for U.P. (Collaboration with UPCAR, Lucknow)

Sohan Lal, K.S. Gajbhiye, C. Mandal, D.K. Mandal

68. Ascertaining the pedogenetic processes for the clay enriched Bss horizons of Vertisols

P.L.A. Satyavathi, S.K. Ray, P. Chandran, P. Raja, S.L. Durge, D.K. Pal

69. Human resource development in remote sensing and GIS in natural resource management – NNRMS (ISRO) & NBSSLUP collaborative project

A.K. Maji, A. Chaturvedi, G.P. Obi Reddy

70. Multi criteria based decision making for land evaluation and land use planning at district level

A.K. Maji, N.D.R. Krishna

71. Digital maps of derived soil quality maps of states and of India

A.K. Maji, G.P. Obi Reddy, Head, RCs

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72. Spatial assessment of soil erosion of different states of India using grid point data in GIS

A.K. Maji, C.V. Srinivas, G.P. Obi Reddy

73. Soil resources data and their interpretation for implementation of river link projects in India: Soil resource based thematic maps of Ken-Betwa river link project

A.K. Maji, G.P. Obi Reddy, S. Thayalan, M.S.S. Nagaraju, A.K. Barthwal

74. Generation of digital soil thematic maps and preparation of soil atlas at national level

C. Mandal

75. Documentation and storing maps and photographs – concept of digital map library

C. Mandal, Pushpanjali, D.K. Mandal, J. Prasad, R. Srivastava, T. Bhattacharyya, Dipak Sarkar

76. Development of district level land use plan for Nadia district in west Bengal under Irrigated Ecosystem

A.K. Sahoo, T. Banjeree, K. Das, S.K. Gangopadhyay

77. Development of district level land use plan for Puruliya district in West Bengal under rainfed aecosystem

D.C. Nayak, D.S. Singh, D. Dutta

78. Correlation of Soil Series of India

D.K. Pal, Dipak Sarkar, S.R. Singh, T. Bhattacharyya,

J. Prasad, P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, B.P. Bhaskar, L.G.K. Naidu, A. Natarajan, K.M. Nair, J.P. Sharma, G.S. Sidhu, S.K. Mahapatra, U. Baruah, T.H. Das, S.K. Reza, D.S. Singh, D.C. Nayak, K. Das, R.L. Shyampura, R.S. Singh

79. Correlation of soil series of Eastern States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal)

A.K. Sahoo, D.C. Nayak, K. Das, S.K. Gangopadhyay, K.D. Sah, D. Dutta, T. Chattopadhyay, S. Mukhopadhyay, T. Banerjee

80. Assessment and mapping of some important soil parameters including macro and micro-nutrients for the state of West Bengal (1:50,000 scale) towards optimum land use planning

Dipak Sarkar, D.C. Nayak, A.K. Sahoo, D.S. Singh, S. Mukhopadhyay, K. Das, K.D. Sah, S.K. Gangopadhyay, T. Chattopadhyay, D. Dutta, M. Swaminathan

81. Assessment and mapping of some important soil parameters including macro and micro-nutrients for the state of Tripura (1:50,000 scale) towards optimum land use planning

Dipak Sarkar, Utpal Baruah, T.H. Das

82. Assessment and mapping of some important soil parameters including macro and micro-nutrients for the state of Assam (1:50,000 scale) towards optimum land use planning

Utpal Baruah, T.H. Das, Ashok Kumar, S.K. Reza, R.S. Meena, Dipak Sarkar

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• Assessment and Mapping of Some Important Parameters Including Macro and Micro Nutrients for the State of West Bengal (1:50,000 scale) Towards Optimum Land Use Plan.


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S.No. Name of meeting No. of meeting Date Venue

th1. Institute Management Committee 1 20 November, 2008 Nagpur

2. Staff Research Council (SRC) 1 18-20, August, 2008 Nagpurth3. Institute Joint Council 2 28 July, 2008 Bangalore

12, January 2009 Nagpur

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Workshops, Seminars and Farmers’ Day

























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Regional Centre Kolkata participated in “Netaji Subhas Mela - 2009” organized by Taldi Netaji Sangha, Taldi, Canning, Dist. 24-Parganas(S), West

rd thBengal during 23 to 30 January, 2008. A stall of NBSS and LUP (ICAR) displayed maps, photographs, publication, soil monolith and posters highlighting various activities of Bureau.

Regional Centre Kolkata participated in “Indian Fisheries Forum” organized by Asian Fisheries Society of India, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpur, at Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Salt Lake, Kolkata from November 22-26, 2008. A stall of NBSS and LUP (ICAR) displayed maps, photographs, publication, soil monolith and posters highlighting various activities of Bureau.

ndRegional Centre Kolkata participated in “2 Green Revolution Summit and Expo, 2008” organized by Govt. of West Bengal, Indian Chamber of Commerce, at Science City, Kolkata from September, 24-26, 2008. A stall of NBSS and LUP (ICAR) displayed maps, photographs, publication, soil monolith and posters highlighting various activities of Bureau.

Regional Centre Kolkata organized one day workshop on “Soil Nutrient Mapping of the State of

West Bengal” with Deptt. of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal and BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia at NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Kolkata on 25.02.2009.

Regional Centre Kolkata in collaboration with Unit of Simulation and Informatics, IARI, New Delhi organized a demonstration cum training programme on “Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA)” at NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Regional Centre,

thKolkata on 17 March, 2009.

First Hindi Karyashala on “Hindi Bhasha Karyanvayan avum Hindi me Tippan aur Praroop Lekhan” was organized at Regional Centre, Delhi on 23-04-2008 for staff of the administrative section.

Second Hindi Karyashala on “Sarkari Karyalaya me Anuvad” was organized at Regional Centre, Delhi on 23-12-2008 for Technical Officers.

Third Hindi Karyashala on “Hindi me Vigyan Lekhan-Samasyain avum Samadhan’’ was organized at Regional Centre, Delhi on 24-12-2008 for Scientists.

Fourth Hindi Karyashala on ‘’Hindi me Takniki Lekhan-Samasyain avum Samadhan” was organized at Regional Centre, Delhi on 24-12-2008 for Technical and Field Assistants.

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HQrs. Nagpur

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Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary DARE and Director thGeneral, ICAR, New Delhi on 25 July, 2008.

Dr. A.K. Singh, Dy. Director General (NRM), ICAR, th thNew Delhi on 4 April and 25 July, 2008.

Dr. N.K. Tyagi, Member, Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board, ICAR, New Delhi on

th24 October, 2008.thHon’ble Shri Sharad Joshi, M.P. on 25 July, 2008.

Dr. N.N. Goswami, Ex-Vice Chancellor, thC.S.A.A.U.& T., Kanpur on 25 July, 2008.

Dr. P.K. Agarwal, National Professor, IARI, New thDelhi on 25 July, 2008.

thDr. D.M. Mohabey, G.S.I., Nagpur on 28 February, 2009.

Dr. H.P. Singh, Deputy Director General (Hort.), Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan II, IARI, PUSA, New Delhi 110 012.

Dr. V.V. Sadamate, Advisor (Agriculture), Planning Commission, Yojana Bhawan, New Delhi – 110 001.

Dr. K.M. Bujarbaruah, Deputy Director General (AS), ICAR, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi – 110 001.

Dr. P.D. Sharma, Asstt. Director General (Soils), I.C.A.R., Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan –II, PUSA, New Delhi – 110 012.

Dr. K.P.R. Vittal, Director, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, 498, Defence Colony, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Jodhpur – 342 003.

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Dr. B. Venkateswaralu, Director, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad – 500059.

Dr. P.K. Aggarwal, Head, Environmental Sciences Division, IARI, Pusa, NEW DELHI-110 012.

Dr. K.K.Dutta, Director, National Centre for Agril. Economics & Policy Research, Library Avenue, Pusa, NEW DELHI- 110 012.

Dr. G. Subba Reddy, Project Coordinator, AICRPDA, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, HYDERABAD-500 030.

Dr. Amit Mitra, Secretary General, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI), Federation House, Tansen Marg, NEW DELHI-110 001.

Shri Mahadevrao Shivankar, Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha), Amgaon, Dist. Gondia, Maharashtra.

Shri Sudhir Bhargava, Agroman Systems Pvt. Ltd., 25/2, Tardeo AC Market, Tardeo, Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Dr. Naveen Kalra, Head, Centre for Agri-Solutions and Technologies, C/o Tata Chemicals Ltd., K2 Somdatt Tower, 3rd Floor, Sector 18, NOIDA -201 301.

Dr. P.K. Sharma, Director, Punjab Remote Sensing Application Centre, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, Punjab.

Mrs. Mridula Singh, Additional Director, State Land Use Board, Planning Department, Government of U.P., Yojana Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

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Shri P.D. Sharma, Executive Director, Land and Amenities, Ministry of Railway, Rail Bhavan, New Delhi-110 001.

Shri Atul Kumar, Chief General Manager, IT, Project Monitoring and Planning, National Highway Authority of India, G 5&6, Sector 10, New Delhi-110 075.

Mr. D.C. Garg, Chairman & Managing Director, Western Coalfields Limited, Coal Estate, Civil Lines, Nagpur .

Dr. P.K. Singh, Assoc. Prof, University of Dhanbad visited along the 13 M.Tech (Environ. Engineering)

thstudents on 15 May, 2008.

Staff along the students from Department of Geoinformatics, Shivaji Science College, Akola

thvisited on 28 August, 2008.

Library Science students (Post Graduate) of Department of Library & Information Science, Nagpur University, Nagpur visited to the library for their project work.

Dr. M. Velayutham, former Director of NBSS & LUP and Dr. Narayan Swamy, retired Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi, visited Regional Center Bangalore to Know the Latest on going work of the Centre.

Dr. Usha Nair, Joint Director and Team of Scientists thfrom, RRII, Kottayam visited on 26 November,

2008 and discussed on Soil Management Units demarcated by the centre for developing production technologies for Rubber.

Dr. Jagvir Singh, Principal Scientist (Soil Sci.), CICR, thNagpur visited laboratory of the centre on 29

November, 2008.

70 Students from Agriculture college, TNAU, Trichy campus and 40 students from Agricultural college Mandya, UAS Bangalore visited the Regional Centre in the month of September.

Dr. Gururaj Hunsagi, Director, KIAAR, Smeerwadi, Bagalkote district, Karnataka visited regional centre Bangalore on 16-10-08 for discussions on soil based fertilizer recommendation for Sugar Cane crop.

Dr. Y.V.N. Krishnamurthy, Director, RRSC’s visited thon 4 December, 2008.

Trainee Officers (6) from CSWCRTI, Bellary visited Regional Centre, Bangalore for knowing the Bureau’s activities and achievements .

Pesticides dealers undergoing Agriculture diploma course at Agricultural college, Shimoga (UAS Bangalore) visited the regional centre.


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Dr. A. K. Singh, Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR, New Delhi.

Dr. H. S. Sen, Director, CRIJAFT, ICAR, Barrackpore.

Prof. S. K. Sanyal, Director of Research, BCKV, West Bengal.

Dr. A. K. Singh, Zonal Co-ordinator, ZCU-II, Kolkata.

Prof. A. K. Das, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, BCKV, West Bengal.

Dr. Pradip Sen, Joint Director of Agriculture (Chemistry), Govt. of West Bengal.

Prof. Biswapati Mondal, BCKV, West Bengal.

Prof. S.K. Gupta, Former Head, Deptt. of Agril. Chem. and Soil Science, University of Calcutta.

Dr. R.K. Samanta, Vice-Chancellor, BCKV, Mohanpur, West Bengal.

Dr. A.M. Mukhopadhyay, Ex-Vice Chancellor, Assam Agriculture University, Jorhat.

Dr. P.K. Sharma, Director, Punjab Remote Sensing Application Centre, Ludhiana visited the Regional Centre, Delhi on 31-05-2008.

Dr. A.K. Tiwari, Principal Scientist & Head, CSWCRTI, Regional Station, Chandigarh visited the Regional Centre, Delhi on 19-11-2008.

Dr. R.K. Singh, Associate Professor, Agro-meteorology, GBPUA&T, Hill campus, Rani Chauri, Tehri Gahwal, Uttrakhand visited the Regional Centre, Delhi on 1-12-2008.

Dr. S.S. Khanna, Ex. Vice-Chancellor of HAU, Hssar and Ex. Member of Planning Commission visited the Regional Centre, Delhi on 09-02-2009.

Dr. D.L.N. Rao, Project Coordinator, AINP on Biofertilizer and Dr. N.S. Pasricha, former Director, Potash Research Institute of India on 29.4.08.

Dr. D.N. Saikia, Head, Agronomy Department, Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Researh Association, Jorhat.

Dr. R.M. Karmakar, Chief Scientist, AICRPDA, AAU, Jorhat.

Dr. C. Rajkhowa, Director, NRC, Mithun, ICAR, Jharnapani, Nagaland.

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Dr. B.S.Chundwat, Ex V.C. Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agriculture University, Gujrat, visited.

Dr. S.L.Mehta, ExV.C. MPUA&T, Udaipur.

Dr. S.S. Tomar, Professor and incharge KVK, MPUA&T, Kota.

Dr. R.K. Ratan, Principal Scientist and Secretary, Indian Soc. of Soil Sci., IARI, New Delhi.

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Dr. A.S.Rathor, Zonal Director Research, Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner.

Dr. P.M. Jain, Director Extension, MPUA&T, Udaipur.

Dr. S.C. Bhandari, Dean PGS, MPUA&T, Udaipur.

Dr. P.C. Kanthalia, Head, Soil Science and Ag. Chemistry, MPUA&T, Udaipur.

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Personnel (Managerial Position)

































DR. DIPAK SARKARDirector

:

: Division of Land Use PlanningPrincipal Scientist (Geography) and Head

: Division of Remote Sensing Applications Principal Scientist (Pedology) and Head and GIS

: Regional Centre, BangalorePrincipal Scientist (Pedology) and Head

: Regional Centre, DelhiPrincipal Scientist (Pedology) and Head

: Regional Centre, JorhatPrincipal Scientist (Geography) and Head

: Regional Centre, Kolkata from 8.1.2008Principal Scientist (Geography) and Head (Acting)

: Regional Centre, UdaipurPrincipal Scientist (Pedology) and Head

: CartographyPrincipal Scientist (Geography) and Incharge

: Technical Cell Principal Scientist (Pedology) and Incharge

: Library and Documentation UnitTechnical Officer(T-7) and Incharge

: Sale and Publication UnitTechnical Officer (T-9) and Incharge

: Printing Section Printing Officer (T-8) and Incharge

: AdministrationSenior Administrative Officer

: Finance and AccountsSr. Finance and Accounts Officer

: AdministrationAdmin. Office

Dr. D.K. Pal

Dr. Arun Chaturvedi

Dr. A.K. Maji

Dr. L.G.K. Naidu

Dr. J.P. Sharma

Dr. Utpal Baruah

Dr. D.S. Singh

Dr. R.L. Shyampura

Dr. (Mrs) C. Mandal

Dr. Sohan Lal

Sh. G.R. Deshmukh

Dr. N.C. Khandare

Sh. S.K. Arora

Sh. Rakesh Kumar

Sh. P.N. Singh

Sh. Sachin Agnihotri

Division of Soil Resource StudiesPrincipal Scientist (Pedology) and Head

Notes

Notes

Published by Dr. Dipak Sarkar, Director, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur-440 010 and Printed by Sh. S.K. Arora, In-charge Printing

at National Printers, New Delhi-110 028

NBSS&LUP PUBLICATIONS

SOIL RESOURCE MAPS

• *Soil Map of India, scale 1:7 million, 1985.

• Soil Resource Maps of:

– +West Bengal, Bull.27 (Bull. in Bengali Version)– +Pondicherry & Karaikal, Bull.28– +Gujarat, Bull.29– +Haryana, Bull.44– +Punjab, Bull.45– +Tamil Nadu, Bull.46– +Karnataka, Bull.47– +Kerala, Bull.48– +Orissa, Bull.49– +Bihar, Bull.50– +Rajasthan, Bull.51– +Meghalaya, Bull.52– +Maharashtra, Bull.54 (Bull. in Marathi Version)– +Arunachal Pradesh, Bull.55– +Manipur, Bull.56– +Himachal Pradesh, Bull.57– +Madhya Pradesh, Bull.59(Bull.in Hindi Version)– +Sikkim, Bull.60– #Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bull.61+– +Jammu & Kashmir, Bull.62– +Tripura, Bull.65– +Assam, Bull.66– +Nagaland, Bull.67– +Uttar Pradesh, Bull.68– +Andhra Pradesh, Bull.69– +Lakshadweep, Bull.70– +Delhi, Bull. 72– +Goa, Bull. 74– +Mizoram, Bull.75

RESEARCH BULLETINS

• *Glossary of Geomorphological Terms, Bull. No.1, 1980.• *Soils of North Eastern Region, Bull.No.2, 1981.• *Land Use Plan for Development of Bundelkhand Region based on

Land and Soil Resources Survey, Bull.No.3, 1981.• *Soils and Suggested Land Use of Maharashtra, Bull.No.4, 1980.• *Soil–Physiographic Relationship in India, Bull. No. 5, 1982.• *Soil–based Agrotechnology Transfer under Lab–to–Land

Programme, Bull.No.6, 1982.• *Bioclimatic Analysis of India, Bull.No.7, 1982.• *Soil Survey of ICRISAT Farm and Type Area around Patancheru,

Andhra Pradesh, Bull.No.8 (rev.ed.) 1993.• *Geomorphology, Soils and Land Use of Haryana, Bull.No.9, 1983. • +Memorandum of Soil Correlation, Bull.No.10, 1984.• *The Soils of Mondha Village (Nagpur) for Agrotechnology Transfer,

Bull.No.11, 1986.• +The Soils of Hassan District (Karnataka) for Land Use Planning,

Bull.No.12, 1987.• *Field Manual, Rev. ed. Bull.No.13, 1989.• *Laboratory Methods, Bull.No.14, 1987.• *Benchmark Soils of India: Mondha Series, Bull.No.15, 1987.• *Benchmark Soils of India: Pali Series, Bull.No.16, 1987.

• +Agroclimatic Environments and Moisture Regimes in North–West India – their application in soils and crop growth, Bull.No.17, 1987.

• +NBSS&LUP Publications: 1976–1988, Bull.No.18, 1988.• +NBSS&LUP Publications: 1988–1999, Bull.No.18 (Supplement),

2000.• *Benchmark Swell–Shrink Soils of India–their Morphology,

Characteristics and Classification, Bull.No.19, 1988.• *The Soils of Kolar District (Karnataka) for Land Use Planning,

Bull.No.20, 1988.• +Agro–ecological Zones of India – 5th Approx. (scale 1:6000,000),

NBSS Publ.21, 1989.• *Land Resource Atlas of Nagpur District, Bull.No.22, 1994.• +Soil Resource Mapping of Different States of India – Why and How?,

Bull.No.23, Reprint, 1994.• *Agro–ecological Regions of India, 2nd ed. Bull.No.24, 1992. • *Proceedings, 3rd National Workshop on Soil Resource Mapping of

Different States of India, Bull.No.25, 1990.• +The Soils of Anantnag and Part of Pulwama Districts (Jammu &

Kashmir) for Land Use Planning, Bull.No.26, 1991.• *The Suitability of Vertisols and Associated Soils for Improved

Cropping Systems in Central India, Bull.No.30, 1991. • +Soils of Punjab, Bull.No.31, 1992.• *Soil Resource Mapping of Different States for Sustainable

Agricultural Production: Proceedings, 4th National Meet, Nov.1–2, 1991, Bull. No.32, 1991.

• +The Soils of Bankura District (West Bengal) for Land Use Planning, Bull.No.33, 1992.

• +Micromorphology of Soils of India. Bull.No.34, 1992.• +Agro–Ecological Subregions of India, Bull.No.35.• +Soil Series – Criteria and Norms, Bull.No.36, 1992. • *Red and Lateritic Soils of India: Resource appraisal and

Management, Bull.No.37, 1993.• $Soil Degradation in India: Status and impact, Bull.No.38, 1994.• +Growing Period for Crop Planning, Bull.No.39, 1993.• *Soil Series of India, Bull.No.40, 1994.• *Soil Temperature Regimes in India, Bull.No.41, 1994.• *Land Evaluation for Land Use Planning (Papers of Indo-UK

Workshop), Bull.No.42, 1993.• *Soil Moisture Regimes of India, Bull. No.43, 1994.• +Soil Climatic Database for Crop Planning in India, Bull.No.53, 1999.• +Soil Climatic Environments in India, Bull.No.58, 1995.• +Soil Based Land Use Planning Series: Udaipur dist. Rajasthan,

Bull.No.63, 1995.• +Soil Monoliths: Their Collection, Preparation and Display.

Bull.No.64, 1995.• +Soil Resources of Goa for Perspective Land Use Planning, NBSS

Publ. 71, 1997.• +Land Resource Management: A Decade of Post-Graduate Research,

NBSS Publ.73, 1998.• +Soils of Madhubani district for optimising land use, NBSS Publ. 76,

1999.• +Soil Resource Atlas of Bhopal District (M.P.), NBSS Publ.77, 1999. • +Soil Series of Madhya Pradesh, NBSS Publ.78, 1999.• +Soil Series of Maharashtra, NBSS Publ.79, 1999.• +Soil Resource Atlas – Guna District (M.P.), NBSS Publ.80, 2000.

(continued on inside back cover)

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NBSS & LUP - Annual Report 2008-09

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