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NC Animal Waste as a Potential NC Animal Waste as a Potential Resource for Reducing CO2 and Resource for Reducing CO2 and
Methane EmissionsMethane Emissions Kurt Creamer, P.E.Kurt Creamer, P.E.
Animal and Poultry Waste Animal and Poultry Waste Management CenterManagement Center
North Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State University
Development of Environmentally Development of Environmentally
Superior TechnologiesSuperior Technologies NC Attorney General AgreementsNC Attorney General Agreements with with
Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, and Frontline Farmersand Frontline Farmers
Performance Standards• “Eliminate the discharge of animal waste to surface
waters and groundwater through direct discharge, seepage, or runoff;
• Substantially eliminate atmospheric emissions of ammonia;
• Substantially eliminate the emission of odor that is detectable beyond the boundaries of the parcel of land on which the swine farm is located;
• Substantially eliminate the release of disease-transmitting vectors and airborne pathogens;
• Substantially eliminate nutrient and heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater”
Economic Feasibility Determination
• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system
• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts
• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources
• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry
• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology
EKOKANUpflow-BiofilterBladenboro, NC
Sequencing Batch ReactorBailey, NC
Thermophillic ADRocky Mount, NC
Ambient ADClayton, NC
Constructed WetlandRichlands, NC
BEST / RECIPFB CombustionRose Hill, NC
Mesophilic AD / MicroturbineMagnolia, NC (Site 1)Kenansville, NC (Site 2)Warsaw, NC (Site 3)
Super Soil SystemsClinton, NC (Site 1)Warsaw, NC (Site 2)
•Gasification / Belt SystemNCSU Grinnells Labs
•Black Soldier Fly Larvae•Belt System•Ultrasonic Plasma Resonator•Desalinization SystemNC State UniversityLake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory
LOCATION MAPEnvironmentally Superior Technology Demonstration Projects
LEGEND Project Location First Round Technology Second Round Technology• On-Campus Project
Note: Projects are listed by name(s), then by location to nearest city.
Mesophilic AD.Greenville, NC
High solids Thermophilic ADClinton, NC
North Carolina producesapproximately 650 million chickens, 50 million turkeys, and 19 million hogs per year.
Energy Potential from Animal Waste (Barker, NCCES Publication No. EBAE 071-80)
Species Animal weight (lbs) Biogas* (cu ft/head/d) Energy Gross (BTU**/head/d)Dairy cow 1400 46.4 27,800Beef feeder 800 27.6 16,600Market hog 135 3.9 2,300Poultry layer 4 0.29 180*60% methane**1 gallon gasoline = 120,000 BTUs
Ambient Anaerobic Digestion Swine Waste Treatment SystemJulian Barham Farm, Zebulon, North Carolina
July 3, 2002
Eulerian- Lagrangianmodel to simulate odor dispersion
y = 33.546 ex x = odor intensity (0-8)
Results reported (July 2003): In-ground ambient temperature digester / energy recovery / greenhouse vegetable production system
• Carbon loading reduced by 90%
• 560 – 990 kWh electricity/d
• Tomato yield of 711 kg/d
Super Soil Systems, USA Swine Waste Treatment SystemGoshen Ridge Farms, Warsaw, North Carolina
July 3, 2002
High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester
Results reported (January 2004): High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester system
• 12 decatherms of methane per ton of feedstock
• Post processed material met Class A biosolids requirement for fecal coliform bacteria
Superheatedsteam
Gas cleanup & Ash recovery
Downdraft burnerfueled
with unreacted gas
CatalystH2and CO are reacted
to form liquid fuel
Organicwaste
Flue
Superheatedsteam
Gas cleanup & Ash recovery
Downdraft burnerfueled
with unreacted gas
CatalystH2and CO are reacted
to form liquid fuel
Organicwaste
Flue
Figure 3. Schematic of the BK Technologies steam-reforming gasifier. Indirect heating and steam reforming combine to maximize the energy content of the product gas.
Results reported (July 2003): Belt system (Van Kempen / Koger proj.)
• DM of belt collected manure fraction app. 50%
• NH3 emissions of app. 1.0 kg/pig space/yr
Smithfield truck running on BioDiesel
Manure is flushed into a buffer basin, then pumped to concentrators at central plant – showing 3 of 23 farms.
BioDiesel Plantrendering oil/fat, vegetable oil or used cooking is reacted with methanol to synthesize Biodiesel
Buffer Basin
Filling station
BioMethanol trucked from biomethanol plant to biodiesel plant
BioDiesel delivery to Filling station
Schematic by Prince Dugba 01-08-03
BioDiesel/Diesel20/80 Blend
Sewage Lines
Oil/Fat from rendering or soybean orused cooking oil
Glycerine
Storage Cell
Hog Farm
Treated WaterRaw Manure
Heat to digester
Heated Mixed Methane Digesters (4)
Biogas toMethanol plant
BioMethanol Plant
Manure
Digester effluent and concentrator supernatant to lagoons
Concentrators (4)
Supernatant
Treated Water
DigesterEffluent
6.0% TS slurry to digester
Centralized Biogas Production in North Carolina?
Economic Feasibility Determination
• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system
• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts
• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources
• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry
• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology
APWMC Web Address
• www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/
• (follow prompts that reference NC Attorney General Agreements - progress reports, descriptions, presentations, etc.)