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    An Introduction to Chemical, Biological,

    and Radiological Threat AgentsPrepared for

    National Cooperative Highway Research ProgramTransportation Research Board, National Research Council

    Prepared byScience Applications International Corporation

    McLean, VA, tel. (703) 676-4559

    As part of20-59(19)Transportation Response Options: Scenarios of Infectious

    Diseases, Biological Agents, Radiological, Chemical andOther Hazardous Materials: A Guide to Transportations

    Role in Public Health Disasters

    Revised: September, 2005

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    ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SPONSORSHIP

    This work was sponsored by the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials, in cooperation with the FederalHighway Administration, and was conducted in the NationalCooperative Highway Research Program, which is administered by theTransportation Research Board of the National Research Council.

    DISCLAIMERThis is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the research agency. Theopinions and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are thoseof the research agency. They are not necessarily those of theTransportation Research Board, The National Research Council, theFederal Highway Administration, the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials, or the individual states

    participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program.

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    An Introduction toChemical, Biological, and

    Radiological ThreatAgents

    Revised: September 2005

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

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    The question is, what levels of insanitydo we have to prepare for?

    -- Joshua Lederberg, Nobel laureate

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    Descriptions, effects, detection,

    and general responses to:

    Chemical threats (Slides 7-14) Biological threats (Slides 15-24)

    Radiological threats (Slides 25-32)

    Contents

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

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    AGENTS SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS

    Time To EffectsPotentialImpact

    Availability

    BIO Days toWeeks Local toGlobal Low

    RAD Minutes toHours

    City toRegion

    Medium

    CHEM Seconds toHours

    CityBlocks

    High

    Summary Comparison

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    CHEMICAL THREATAGENT FUNDAMENTALS

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

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    Chem-Agent Effectsand Treatment

    MITIGATION

    Minimize exposure: Avoid chemical cloud Cover face to filter

    breathingGet medical attention:

    Skin decontamination Antidote

    HEALTH EFFECTS

    DisorientationDizzinessNauseaBlindnessSerious InjuryImmobilizationDeath

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

    Some have no antidote!

    Chem-agents may be solid, liquid, or gas.

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    Types of Chem-Agents

    Persistent chemicals

    remain on surfaces without evaporatingor breaking down for more than 24hours

    can remain for days to weeksNon-persistent chemicals

    quickly evaporate and break down

    carried in bulk on commercial carriers

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

    Some chem-agents are persistent,many are not persistent

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    Types of Chem-Agents

    1. Nerve Agents disrupt nervous system,causes paralysis, fatal quickly

    2. Blister Agents destroy skin and tissues,cause blindness, may be fatal

    3. Choking Agents lung fills with fluid,cause choking, quick or delayed

    fatality7. Blood Agents interferes with oxygen at

    the cellular level, fatalquickly

    9. Riot-Control Agents skin and breathing

    irritations, rarely fatal

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

    Chem-agents are commonly classifiedby the type of harm they cause.

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    Exposure Pathways

    Chemical Agent Pathway

    Inhalation Ingestion Skin or EyeContact

    Nerve ++ + ++Blister + -- ++

    Choking ++ -- +Blood ++ -- --Riot-Control ++ -- ++

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

    ++Typical path +Possible path -- Unlikely pathTypical exposure path varies with chemical type

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    Chem-Agent Dose

    Chemical Agent100% Lethal Air Dose Quantity

    Domed Stadium Movie Theater Boeing 747-400

    Nerve 13 Gallons 2 Cups 1.3 ounces

    Blister 338 Gallons 4 Gallons 1 Quart

    Choking 780 Gallons 9 Gallons 2.3 Quarts

    Blood 520 Gallons 6 Gallons 1.5 Quarts

    Riot-Control 1820 Gallons 21 Gallons 5.3 Quarts

    Note: A barrel holds 44 gallons; tanker trucks carry 1,000 to 12,000 gallons;

    rail cars carry in excess of 20,000 gallons.

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

    Lethal doses vary among different Chem-agents

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    Chem-Agent Detection

    Some can be seen

    Some can be smelled

    Some can be tasted Mostcan be felt (e.g. burning

    sensation, choking)

    All can be detected by appropriateinstruments

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

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    Chem-Agent Response

    Call in hazmat team

    Identify chemical agent

    Isolate and contain affected area

    Evacuate and shelter-in-place public

    Provide needed medical treatment

    Cleanup contaminated area

    DANGERTOXIC

    CHEMICALS

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    BIOLOGICAL THREATAGENT

    FUNDAMENTALS

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    The Bio-Agent Threat

    Some agents have NOvaccine

    Some survive dormant in theenvironment for weeks to years

    Many multiply in the body

    Symptoms may be delayed

    Causes disease and death byinhalation, ingestion, or skin contact

    Some are Contagious! (transferred

    from person-to-person)

    http://www06.quillcorp.com/Catalog/Browse/sku_image.asp?PageType=1&SKU=033096&ImageTypeName=Enlarged&js=n
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    1.BACTERIASingle-celled organismsCan reproduceAntibiotic treatment

    2.VIRUSESLive inside cellsNeed host to reproduceVaccine and antiviral

    treatments

    3.BIOTOXINSNon-living (cant reproduce)Produced by organismsAntidote treatment

    Anthrax(Bacteria)

    Ebola(Virus)

    Ricin(Toxin)

    Types of Bio-Agents

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    Bio-Agent Delivery

    Overt -- Provides notice, creates panicaircraft, bombs, missiles

    Covert --NO notice; spread may be unchecked for days!

    Spray fine mist (e.g., into HVAC)

    Spread on food, water, surfaces (e.g., mail, vehicles)

    Contagious people and animals

    Attacks can be overt or covert method of delivery is important!

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    Bio-Agent Dose

    A tiny amount of Bio-Agent can be very potent!

    Inhalation of 1 to 500 bacteria or viruses cancause sickness and death.

    100,000 bacteria fit on a pin head

    400 million virus fit on a pin head

    Inhalation of 0.000002 to 4.8 micro grams of a

    biotoxin can cause sickness A sand grain weighs 170 to 13,000

    micrograms

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    Felt

    Detected quickly

    byinstruments

    Bio-Agent Detection

    Bio-Agents are identified through symptoms orthrough time-consuming tests, because theycannot be:

    Seen

    Heard

    Smelled

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    Bio-Agent Indicators

    Many patients with sameillness at the same time

    Symptoms unusual for age

    Type of infection rare to region

    Dead animals before humans

    Since bio-agents are difficult to detect, itis critical to note indicators!

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    Bio-Agent Response

    Identify: Bio-Agent(s), source, areaaffected, population exposed

    Notify local medical facilities

    Isolate and contain affected areasand population Treat -- provide vaccine or

    medications to the affectedpopulation

    Decontaminate affected areas andpopulation Follow-on Treatment -- continue

    medical treatment as appropriate

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    Bio-AgentDecontamination

    Physical removal-HEPAvacuum

    Liquid decontaminationFoam decontamination

    Emulsions

    Fumigants

    Different approaches for different situations, and multiple approaches for most situations.

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    RADIOLOGICAL THREATAGENT FUNDAMENTALS

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    Artificial Sources ofRadiation

    Medical Equipment

    Radiopharmaceuticals Industrial instruments Food irradiation facilities Nuclear research laboratories

    University research reactors Nuclear weapons Nuclear power plants

    Only artificial sources pose a significant threat.

    http://www.ansto.gov.au/images/00images/hifar1_m.jpg
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    Measuring Radiation

    Curie

    Amount ofmaterial

    Rem

    Absorbeddose

    Half-LifeTime for decay to the original amount

    Curie

    s

    Time

    16

    84

    2

    Radiation has unique measurement units.

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    Shielding fromRadiation

    n

    Skin, paper, 1 to 4 inches of air

    Less than inch metal, glass,concrete, 1 to 18 feet air

    2 to 12 inches lead, 3 to 18inches steel, 1 to 6 feet ofconcrete

    [Alpha]

    [Beta]

    [Gamma orNeutron]

    Radiation radiates in all directions andbounces of surfaces. Protective shieldingvaries with the type of radiation.

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    Protection from Radiation

    1. Minimize Time

    2. Maximize Distance

    3. Maximize Shielding

    Three rules for protection from radiation:

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    Indications of aRadiological Event

    Explosive release of fine powder or solid material

    Skin reddening Headaches

    Nausea & vomiting Hair loss Weakened immune system

    Explosions and symptoms of high radiationdoses indicate a radiological attack.

    http://www.brandymd.com/gallery/men5.cfm
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    Response to aRadiological Event

    Identifypresence of radiationbeyond normal

    background Isolate and contain affected area --

    mitigate spread of contamination

    Shelter-in-place orevacuate

    depending on dose rates Provideneeded immediate medical

    treatment

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    An emergency system thats dustedoff and used only during a rare eventisnt going to work.

    -- Tara OToole, Johns Hopkins


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