Ndt Explain.doc

7/23/2019 Ndt Explain.doc

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Visual Testing ( VT )

Penetrant Testing ( PT )

Magnetic Particle Testing ( MPT )

Ultrasonic Testing ( UT )

Radiography Testing ( RT )

Eddy Current Testing ( ECT )

Leak Testing ( LT )

Accoustic Emission Testing ( AET )

Thermal n!ra Red ( TR )

"eutran Radiographic Testing ( "RT )


2/25

RE#UREME"T$ %& "'T PER$%""EL#UAL&CAT%"

$"T TC A - Recommended Practice for Nondestructive

Testing Personnel Qualication anCertication.

A$"TCP *+ - ASNT Standard for Qualication anCertication

Of Non-destructive Testing Personnel.

A$"T - American Society For Non-destructive TestinPersonnel.

$"T - ndian Society For Non-destructive TestinPersonnel.

LEVEL %& #UAL&CAT%"

Le,el - O!erator

Le,el - ns!ector " nter!retor


3/25

L#U' PE"ETRA"T TE$T ( LPT )

-istory - Oil & '#iting (et#od For RailRoad

Principle - Ca!illary Action of Penetrant &

)lotting Action of %evelo!er

Application- To detect t#e discontinuities *e.g.c+s, Seams, a!s, amination & Porosity etc.n to t#e surface in non !orous materials.

E.uipment

.Cleaner - Solvent or 'ater

. Penetrant - Oil /ase $it# %ye

. %evelo!er - C#al+ !o$der

Addition of t#e a/ove inen clot#, Cotton $aste ora/sor/ent !a!er for cleaning !ur!ose.


4/25

/A$C $TEP$ "V%LVE' " LPT

.S0RFAC1 PR1PARATON " PR1-C1ANN2

.P1N1TRANT APPCATON

.13C1SS P1N1TRANT R1(O4A

.%141OP1R APPCATON

.%141OPN2 T(1

.13A(NATON & 14A0ATON

.R1COR%N2

.POST-C1ANN2

TEC-"#UE$*4isi/le or Fluorescent dye

I) 'ater 'as#a/le

II) Post 1mulsication

III) Solvent Removal


5/25

Properties o! 'e,eloper

0 /lotting Action

0 Contrast /ackground

Properties o! Penetrant

-1etting a2ility

-$ur!ace Tension

-Capillary

--igh 3uidity

-&lash point

-Temperature sta2ility

-Visi2ility

-Volatility

-Corrosi,e property

i) $ul!ur !ree 0 !or n 2ase alloy

ii) -alogen !ree 0 !or Austeniti$$ and Ti


6/25

TE$T"4 %& PE"ETRA"T$

.Chrome $ensiti,ity Panel

.Aluminum Comparator /lock

.&luorescence Comparison Test

.Visi2ility

.'rying Test

LMTAT%"$ %& 'PT

- Can not gi,e the indication !or depth5

- Poor repeata2ility o! test5

-Retest should 2e done 6ith same type o!

penetrant only5

- "ot suita2le !or porous material5

- "ot applica2le !or hidden de!ects5


7/25

L#U' PE"ETRA"T $TA"'AR'$

A$ME $EC0V (ARTCLE 0 77)

$E0890+

$tandard Practice !or Li.uid Penetrant nspectionhod5

$E07:+0+

&luorescent Penetrant E;amination using 6aterha2le process5

$E07+0+

$tandard Testing Method !or &luorescent

Penetrant E;amination using $ol,entremo,a2le Process

$E077:0+

$tandard Test Method !or ,isi2le PenetrantE;amination usingsol,ent remo,a2le


8/25

PR"CPLE

Uses Electro0Magnetic 1a,es o! ,ery short6a,e lengths (< 0 rays and 4amma Rays) topenetrate material and the transmittedenergy records the image o! discontinuity o!the material on the =lm5

APPLCAT%"$

Used on any material> metal ? 6eld todetect sur!ace o! internal detects5 &ilmpro,ides a permanent record5

LMTAT%"$

-igh nitial cost and potential sa!etyard to personnel.


9/25

$%URCE %& RA'AT%"

i5 Electrically energised e.uipment5 The

rays are called ;0rays5ii5 Radioacti,e material5 The emitted raysare called 4amma Rays5

n ;0raymachine the energy le,el and output can2e ,aried5

n 4amma E.uipment the energy le,el isconstant !or a particular type o! source andoutput is constant !or and indi,idual source5

-igher the energy le,el> greater is theetrating po6er5

-AL& L&E 0 $trength o! source reduces 6ith thee and 6hen it 2ecomes hal! o! theal strength> its

6n as hal! li!e5

sotopes -al! li!e

ridium +7 B days

Thulium : 7* days

Co2alt 8: 95 yrs5

Cesium yrs


10/25

$E"$TVTD

t is a measure o! the a2ility to detect thesmallest dimension o! discontinuity in theradiograph.

$ensiti,ity is a !unction o! 'e=nition andContrast5

'E&"T%" 'EPE"'$ %"

i5 4eometric Un0$harpness(Penum2ra EFect)

ii5 &ilm 4rain $i@e

C%"TRA$T 'EPE"'$ %"

i5 Energy Le,elii5 nherent Contrast o! &ilmiii5 &og Le,el o! &ilm

i,5 $catter Radiation5


11/25

'E"$TD

t is a measure o! degree o! darkness o! =lm5

t is e;pressed in : /ase Log $cale5

'E"$TD LMT$

;0rays 0 5* to B5:4amma Rays 0 75: to B5:

R%E"T4E"

t is the amount o! ionising radiation 6hich6ould produce one Electro static unit o!charge in a cu2ic centimetre o! air atstandard temperature (::c) and pressure

(8:mm -g)

CURE

t is a measure o! radioacti,ity or strengtho! source5 t is de=ned as 5 ; :: 'is0integrations per second5


12/25

RA'%4RAP-C TEC-"#UE

5 $"4LE 1ALL TEC-"#UE

i5 $ingle $hot Techni.ue5 ii5 Panoramic Techni.ue5

75 '%U/LE 1ALL TEC-"#UE

i5 'ou2le 1all $ingle mage ii5 'ou2le 1all 'ou2le mageiii5 'ou2le 1all $uperimposed

4E%METRC U"$-ARP"E$$ (Ug)

Ug G ! ; t d

6here>! G &ocal spot si@e o! source o!

adiation t G Thickness o! o2Hect5

' G 'istance 2et6een source o!radiation

and the o2Hect5


13/25

Ug Limits as per A$ME $ection V> Article 7

Thickness Range Ma;imum Ug

Upto7 Thickness:5:7:7 to I :5::

to B :5:B:

B and a2o,e :5::

PE"ETRAMETER

5 1RE TDPE

) A$TM $TA"'AR'

) '" $TA"'AR'

75 -%LE TDPE

"'U$TRAL &LM$

) $L%1 $PEE'

) ME'UM $PEE'

) -4- $PEE'


14/25

RA'%4RAP-C $TA"'AR'$

A$ME 0 $ECT%" 0 V (ARTCLE 0 77)

$E +B$tandard Practice !or Radiographic Testing5

$E *8$tandard Re!erence Radiographs !or -ea,y1alled (7 to B J7) $teel Castings5

$E 7*:$tandard Re!erence Radiographs !or -ea,y1alled (B J7 to 7) $teel Castings5

$E 0 BB8$tandard Re!erence Radiographs !or $teelCastings up to 7 Thickness

$E B$tandard Method o! Controlling #uality o!Radiographic Testing using 6ire penetrameter5

$E 0 :79

$tandard Practice !or -ole Type image .ualityindicators used !or Radiography5

$E :+$tandard Practice !or cali2ration !or

nsmission


15/25

Magnetism 0 A part is magneti@ed 6hen someor all o! the molecules 6ithin the parts arealigned5

"$

Random orientation Aligned moleculeso! molecules ( Magneti@ed)n0 Magneti@ed )

CLA$$&CAT%" %& MATERAL

.'iamagnetic 0 Very diKcult to magneti@ede5g5 -g> Au> n> /i

.Paramagnetic 0 Accept only slightmagnetism e5g5 Al> Cu>6ood> Pt > $ullphate

.&erromagnetism Can 2e magneti@edstrongly

e5g5 &e> Co> "i>


16/25

MA4"ETC PARTCLE"$PECT%"

PR"CPLE

Uses electrical current or permanentmagnet to create a magnetic =eld in aspecimen>and 3u; leakage occurred at

discontinuity5 Magnetic particlescumulate on 3u; leakage and indicate thediscontinuity5

APPLCAT%"$

Used on metal 6hich can 2e magnetised(&erromagnetic) to detect sur!ace or

su20sur!ace discontinuities5 $imple touse and porta2le !or =eld testing5

LMTAT%"$

Cannot 2e used on metals> 6hich cannot2e magnetised5


17/25

CLA$$&CAT%" %& M5P5 TE$T MET-%'$

A5 CRCULAR MA4"ETAT%"

5 'RECT "'UCT%"

i5 -EA' $-%T MET-%' /y passing current through the

material5

ii5 PR%' MA4"ETAT%"1here si@e and location does not permitto use -ead $hot or Central Conductormethod5

75 "'RECT "'UCT%"

/y placing a current carrying conductor intothis specimen5

/5 L%"4TU'"AL MA4"ETAT%"

5 C%L %R $%LE"%' MET-%'

1hen the length o! specimen is se,eraltimes its diameter or cross section 0 thismethod is used 2y placing it length6ise in the =eld5

75 D%E TDPE

t is a horse shoe magnet made 2yelectrically energising it or 2y the


18/25

D%E TEC-"#UE

i5 'irect Current Doke

ii5 Alternate Current Dokeiii5 Permanent Magnet Doke

MPT MET-%'$

5 /ased on Magnetic Particle type

a) Visi2le2) &luorescent

75 /ased on Magnetic Particle Application

a) 'ry

2) 1et

C-EC"4 %& D%EC-EC"4 %& D%E

L&T"4 P%1ER

i5 'C Type ? Permanent Min51eight

0 B: L2s5 ( At Ma;5 Pole $pacing )

ii5 AC type Min51eight0 : L2s5 (At Ma;5 Pole $pacing )


19/25

Eight lo6 car2on steel pie sections> &urnace 2ra@ed together

5 in. Non Ferrous #andle of any convenient lengt#

Arti=cial 3a6 (All segment inter!aces)

J 7 in5 ma;5 /ra@ed 6eld or mechanically attach

"on0!errous trunnions

Copper Plate :5:: in5 :5:: in5 thick

J * in.

A$TM Magnetic Particle &ield ndicator

MA4"ET PARTCLE $TA"'AR'$ A$ME $ECT%" V (ARTCLE 79)

$E0:+$tandard practice !or Magnetic Particle

E;amination


20/25

PR"CPLE

Uses ultrasound 6a,e to penetrate material>

indicating discontinuities on %scilloscope$creen5

APPLCAT%"$

Used on metals> ceramics> plastics> etc5 to

detect sur!ace and internal discontinuities5 1henautomated> indications are recorded on paper>it pro,ides a permanent record5 Also used !ormeasuring thickness5

LMTAT%"$

Moderately high initial cost5 nterpretation o!results re.uires highly trained personnel5


21/25

TDPE %& ULTRA$%"C 1AVE$

. L%"4TU'"AL (%R C%MPRE$$%") 1AVE$

7. TRA"$VER$E (%R $-EAR) 1AVE$

. $UR&ACE 1AVE

B. PLATE ( LAM / ) 1AVE$

PR%PERTE$ %& ULTRA$%"C /EAM

1. Tra,el in a straight line5

2. Re3ect and re!ract !rom the 2oundary o!

iFerent acoustic media5

3. .Attenuate 6hile passing through a media5

4. The e;tent o! attenuation depends on

0 A2sorption ( dependent on grain si@e )

0 'iFraction or spreading (dependent on 6

length and pro2e diameter )

95 Velocity in a media depends on the den

elastic constants5 The ,alues !or diFer mediaNs are gi,en in the !ollo6ing chart5


22/25

TEC-"#UE$

1. Contact Testing 2. mmersion testing

'ATA PRE$E"TAT%"

5 OAN $CA" MET-%'

This method is commonly kno6n as PulseEcho Method5 Time ,ersus Amplitudedisplay sho6n on Cathode Ray Tu2e5

75 O/N $CA" MET-%'

This method displays cross sectional,ie65

5 OCN $CA" MET-%'

This method displays plan ,ie6 and

compara2le to radiographic image5

"%TE0More than +: Q o! total Ultrasonic

minations are carried out 2y A $can Method5


23/25

MET-%'$

.PUL$E0EC-%

.T-R%U4- TRA"$M$$%"

.RE$%"A"CE

TDPE$ %& PR%/E$

I. $"4LE CRD$TAL "%RMAL /EAM

PR%/E5

II. $"4LE CRD$TAL A"4LE /EAM PR%/E5

5 T1" CRD$TAL PR%/E$5


24/25

'AC CURVE

$ame si@e o! de!ect or re!erence re3ector atdiFerent distanceJdepth gi,eNs diFerentsignal amplitude 2ecause o! attenuation o!ultrasonic 2eam in medium5 As such de!ectAmplitude correction Cur,e has to 2e dra6nas sho6n in =g5

TJ7

TJ7

SDH 2.4 mm


25/25

ULTRA$%"C $TA"'AR'

$A 0 **Recommended practice !or Ultrasonic testing andinspection o! hea,y steel !orging5

$A 0 B9$tandard speci=cation !or straight 2eam ultrasonice;amination o! steel plates5

$A 0 9$tandard speci=cation o! ultrasonic angle 2eam

e;amination o! steel plates5

$A 0 9*$tandards speci=cation !or straight 2eamultrasonic e;amination o! plain and clad steeplates o! special application5

$A 0 8:+$tandard speci=cation !or longitudinal ultrasonicinspection o! car2on and lo6 alloy steel casting5

$A 0 B9$tandard practice !or Ultrasonic e;amination o!austenitic steel !orging5

$E 0 7$tandard practice !or ultrasonic inspection o! metapipes and tu2es5

$E 0 +$tandard practice !or thickness measurement 2ymanual contact ultrasonic method

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