Central Philippine UniversitySchool of Graduate Studies

Lopez Jaena St. Jaro, Iloilo City

MAN 606 A:NURSING EDUCATION and ADMINISTRATION

(LECTURE)

UNIT I. The Historical Foundations of Nursing Education

Reported and Prepared by:

Junah Marie Rubinos R.N.John Maynard Sardina R.N.

Ana Mae Alejandria R.N Wilmar Aniversario R.N.

Clint Bryan Suarnaba R.N. Athena Marie Serofia R.N.

Submitted to:

PROF. Maria Ruby F. Fullon R.N, M.N

History of Nursing and Nursing

Education

(Global)Events That Influenced the Practice of Nursing:

Women’s Role

Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter and sister have always included the care and nurturing of other family members.From the beginning of time, women have cared for infants and children; thus, nursing could be said to have its roots in the home.The traditional nursing role has always entailed humanistic caring, nurturing, comforting and supporting.

Religion

Early religious values such as self-denial, spiritual calling and devotion to duty and hard work, have dominated nursing throughout its history.Nurses committed to these values often resulted in exploitation and few monetary rewards.The deaconess groups which had their origin in the Roman Empire of the third and fourth centuries were suppressed during the middle ages by the Western Churches.However, these groups of nursing providers resurfaced occasionally throughout the centuries, most notably in 1836, when Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Order of Deaconesses and opened a small hospital and training school in Kaiserswerth, Germany.Florence Nightingale received her training at Kaiserswerth School.

War

Throughout history, wars have accentuated the need for nurses.During the Crimean war, the Inadequacy of care given to soldiers led to a public outcry in Great Britain.The role of Florence Nightingale in addressing this problem is well known.Nightingale and her nurses transformed the military hospitals by setting up sanitation practices and washing clothing regularly.Mortality rate in Barrack Hospital in Turkey, for example, was reduced from 42 to 2 percent.

Different Periods of Nursing

Period of Intuitive Nursing

Practiced since prehistoric times among primitive tribes and lasted through the early Christian era.Nursing was untaught and instinctive.It was performed out of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others.During this period, men believed hat illness are caused by the invasion of the victim’s body by the evil spirit through the use of black magic or voodoo.They believed that a medicine man called”shaman” or a witch doctor had the power to heal by using the white magic.Shaman also practiced “trephining” (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without the benefit of anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted.These healers used herbs, incantations, massage and dances as means of driving illness from the m the victim.Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters or mothers.The care of the sick was still closely related d to religion, superstition and magic.The period saw the birth of three great religious ideologies, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.Code of Hammurabi-provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including medical practice.Egyptians introduced the art of embalming which enhanced their knowledge in human anatomy.Egyptians left a record of 250 recognized diseases.In Israel, Moses is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”.In China, they gave the world knowledge of material medica (pharmacology) which prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections, and muscular afflictions.In India, Sushurutu, made a list of functions and qualifications of nurses. These nurses were described as combination of physical therapist and cook.In Greece, caduceus, the insignia of medical profession. Hippocrates, given the title “Father of Scientific Medicine.”In Rome, Fabiola, beautiful woman matron who was converted to Christianity by her friends, she made her home the first hospital in the Christian world.

Period of Apprentice Nursing

This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the Crusades, which began in the 11 th

century and ended in 1836, when Pastor Fleidner and his wife established Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses in Germany.It is also called the period of “on the job training”.Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by the people who were directed by more experienced nurses.Religious orders of the Christian Church were responsible for this development.

Military Religious Orders and Their Works.o Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, (Italian)- devoted to religious life and nursing.

o Teutonic Knights (German)- established tent hospitals for wounded.o Knights of St. Lazarus-was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem after the

Christians had conquered the city.o Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing-the largest school of nursing under Christian Order.

Closed in 1969.St. Clare-founder of the Second Order of St. Francis of Assisi, gave nursing care to the sick and the afflicted.St. Elizabeth of Hungary-known as the “Patroness of Nurses” built hospitals for the sick and the needy.

St. Catherine of Sienna, the” Lady with a lamp.”She was a hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher, and a reformer of society and the church.In the 16th century, hospitals were established for the care of the sick.There was a little employment and education was only for the rich and titled.St. Vincent de Paul, organized group called “Le Charite” and the community od the Sisters of Charity.Louise de Gras (nee Marillac) was the first superior and co-founder of this order.

Dark Period

Extends from the 17th to the 19th century from the period of reformation until th U.S Civil war. The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther destroyed the unity of the Christian faith.The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages and hospitals.Nurses fled for their lives and in England, hundreds of hospitals were closed.There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick.Nursing became the work of the least desirable women-women who took bribes from patients.They worked seven days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and ate scraps of food when they could find them.These women were personified in a Charles Dickens novel as Sairey Gamp and Betsy Preg.Several leaders sought to bring about reforms. Among them were,

1. John Howard. A prison reformer, helped improve the living conditions in prisons and gave prisoners renewed hope.

2. Mother Mary Aikenhand. Established the Irish Sisters of Charity to bring back into nursing the dedication of the early Christian Era.

3. Pastor Theodore Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner. Established the Institute for the Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserworth, Germany in 1836, the first organized training school for nurses. Requirements for entering the school were,

a. Character reference from clergyman.b. A certificate of health from the physician.c. Permission from their nearest relative.d.

Nursing in America.-People began to settle in the North American continent, to seek for new adventure, new quests and new trade routes.

-Mdme. Jeanne Mance, was the first laywoman who worked as a nurse in North America. She founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospital.

1. Pre-civil War Nursing-in the USA and Canada, religious orders, both Catholic and Protestant carried out nursing.-Mrs. Elizabeth Seton, an American, founded the Sisters of Charity of Emmetsburg, Maryland in 1809.

2. American reforms in Nursing-The Nurse’s Society in Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839. Nurses were trained on the job and attended some preparatory courses.-Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia, established a six month course to increase the nurse’s knowledge while they worked. They were taught a minimum amount of medical and surgical nursing, material medica and diatetics.

3. Nursing During the Civil War-The American Medical Association during the Civil War created the Committee on Training of Nurses.-It was designated to study and make recommendations with regards to the training of nurses.-Doctors realized the need for qualified nurses.

Some of the important personages at this time were,a. Dorothea Lynde Dix-she established the Nurse Corps of the United States Army. She directed the

nursing of the injured.b. Clara Barton- Founded the American Red Cross.

Period of Educated Nursing

This period began in June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas hospital in London.The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced by trends resulting from wars, from an arousal of social consciousness from the emancipation of women and from the increased educational opportunities offered to women.Florence Nightingale,

o “Mother of Modern Nursing”o “Lady with a lamp.”o Noted the need for preventive medicine and good nursing.o An Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases caused by lack of hygienic practices.o Upgraded practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable profession for gentle women.o Led the nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean War.o Put down her ideas in two published books, Notes on Nursing, and Notes on Hospitals.

Linda Richards-first graduate of nurse in the U.S.Dr. William Halstead-designed the first rubber gloves.Caroline Hampton Robb-first nurse to wear rubber gloves.Isabel Hampton Robb-first principal of John Hopkins Hospital.

Clara Louise Maas-engaged in medical research in yellow fever.Age of specialization began in the first decade of the 20th century.Preparation of standard curriculum based on educational objectives for schools of nursing. (1913-1937).Edith Cavell-served the wounded soldiers during the World War 1. Also known as “Mata Hari”.

Period of Contemporary Nursing

This covers the period after the World War II to the present. Scientific and Technological developments as well as social changes mark this period.

Events and Trends

1. Establishment of World Health Organization by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by providing health information and improving nutrition, living standards, and environmental conditions of all people.

2. Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment.3. Utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, establishing diagnosis, maintaining inventory,

making payrolls, record keeping and billing.4. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.5. The advent of space medicine also brought about the development aerospace nursing. Colonel Pearl

Tucker developed comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape Kennedy.

6. Health is perceived as a fundamental human right. Laws were legislated to provide such right.7. Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified.8. Technological advances, such as the development of disposable supplies and equipment have relieved

the nurse from numerous tedious tasks.9. Development of the expanded role of the nurse. Nursing became a dynamic profession because the

scope of nursing practice is expanding in the light of the modern developments in the constantly changing world.

HISTORY OF NURSING AND NURSING EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

Disease and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and superstitions.The care of the sick and promotion of health in the past were intermingled with superstitious.It was believed that the person afflicted with disease which could not be traced was under the spell of a witch.People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons.Many superstitious beliefs, which have undoubtedly been handed down from remote ancestors still persist in some rural areas.

EARLY CARE OF THE SICK

Herbmen were called ‘’HERBICHEROS’’, meaning one who practiced witchcraft.Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed to be bewitched by the ‘’MANGKUKULAM’’ or ‘’MANGAGAWAY’’.Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called ‘’PAMAO’’) were attributed to ‘’NONOS’’.Midwife assisted in childbirth. During labor, the ‘’MABUTING HILOT’’ (Good Midwife) was called in. If the birth became difficult, witches were supposed to cause.To disperse their influence, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.

EARLY HOSPITALS

Existed in the fifteenth century by Religious and Spanish Administrator. The Franciscans Order, more than any other religious group is responsible in establishing hospitals in the Phillipines.The religious men called HOSPITALLIERS, did the nursing care of the sick.The work of the nurse and doctor were not clearly defined.Hospitals were established for missionary purpose.

EARLIEST HOSPITALS ESTABLISHED

1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577). It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.

2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578). Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy.

3. Hospital de Indio (1586). Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.

4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590). Established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.

5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596). Founded by the brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; support was derived from alms and rents; rendered general health services to the public.

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

The prominent persons involved in nursing works were:1. Josephine Bracken- Wife of Jose Rizal. Instilled a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros: provided

nursing care to the wounded nigth and day.2. Rose Sevilla de Alvaro – Converted their house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Phil-

American War that broke out in 1899.3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red Cross.4. Dona Maria de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. Provided nursing care for the Filipino

soldier during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. 5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – Nurse the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.

6. Captain Salome – A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.

7. Agueda Kahabagan – Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troop8. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded

soldier.

HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS OF NURSING

1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City 1906)It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America. Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts was the first superintendent for nurses. It moved from its present location to Jaro Road, Iloilo City in 1929. Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942. In April 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.Produced 1st batch of Nursing Graduates in 1909 – 22 nurses.1st Trained Nurses:- Nicasia Cada- Felipa Dela Pena- Dorote Caldito

2. Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. It provided general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers as Principal.

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)PGH began in 1901 as a small dispensary for civil officers and Employees in the City of Manila and later grew as a Civil Hospital. In 1906,Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for the idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing with the approval of Government Officials, She first opened a dormitory for Girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall at the University of the Philippines.In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others, she opened classes in nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau of Education. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American physician also served as lecturers.In 1910, the Act No. 1976 modified the organization of the school placing it under the supervision of the Department of Health. The Civil Hospital was abolished and the Philippine General Hospital was established.

4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted.These three girls had their first year in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of the hospital.

5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. The nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary as their first students.

6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903)7. San Juan de Dios School of Nursing (1913) – Was opened in June 1, 1913 under the auspice of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul.8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (1913) – The American Baptist Foriegn Mission Society of New York sent an order in Capiz. Assisted Miss Rose Nicolet and Dr. J.H Stienmets, the school was found.9. Southern Islands Hospitals (Cebu, 1918) – The School opened in 1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as Organizer. Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal.10. Other School of Nursing Established was as Follows:

Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)Manila Sanitarium and Hospital Schools of Nursing (1930)St. Paul’s School of Nursing in Iloilo City(1946)North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)

The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)The college began as the UST School of Nursing Education on February 11, 1941. The School was unique since it operated as a separate entity from the Santo Tomas University Hospital. The Courses of instruction were designed to conform to the latest and most modern advances in nursing science and education. In its first year of existence, its enrollees consisted of students from different schools of nursing whose studied were interupted by war.From 1948 to the present, the college has offered excellent education to baccalaureate degree (BSN).

2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)The MCU Hospital was first offered the BSN course in 1947. It served as the clinical field for practice. Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal.

3. University of the Philippines College of NursingThe idea of opening the college began in conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and then U.P. President Gonzales. In April 1948, the University Council approved the curriculum, and the Board of Regents recognized the profession as having equal standing as medicine, law, and engineering.Miss Sotejo was the first Dean.

NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Anastacia Giron – Tupas

The first Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; Founder of the Philippine Nurses Association.

2. Ceasaria TanFirst Filipino to receive a Master’s Degree in nursing abroad.

3. Socorro SirilanPioneered in hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was a Chief Nurse.

4. Rosa MilitarA pioneer in school health education.

5. Sor Ricarda MendozaA pioneer in nursing education.

6. Socorro Diaz First Editor of the PNA magazine called ‘’ The Message’’

7. Conchita RuizFirst full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine ‘’The Filipino Nurse ’’

8. Loreto Tupaz‘’Dean of the Philippine Nursing’’; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.

NURSING ORGANIZATIONS

1. PHILIPPINE NURSES ASSOCIATIONThis is the National Organization of the Filipino Nurses.Founded on September 2, 1922 as Filipino Nurses Association (FNA) in a meeting of 150 nurses presided by then Anastacia Giron Tupas, the FNA was incorporated in 1924. The International Council of Nurses accepted the FNA as one of the member organizations during the Congress held in Montreal, Canada on July 8-13, 1929. The FNA became the PNA (Philippine Nurses Association) in 1966, which was the same year that the office at 1663 F.T. Benitez Street, Malate, Manila was inaugurated.The PNA was awarded the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization by the Professional Regulation Commission in 2003 besting 40 other professional associations and was five-time nominee for the same award.

NURSING SPECIALTY ORGANIZATIONS1. Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing, Inc. (ADPCN, Inc.)2. Association of Diabetes Nurse Educators of the Philippines, Inc. (ADNEP) 3. Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines (ANSAP)4. Association of Private Duty Nurse Practitioners Philippines, Inc. (APDNP)5. Critical Care Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc. (CCNAPI)6. Enterostomal Therapy Nursing Association of the Philippines (ETNAP), Inc.7. Gerontology Nurses Association of the Phils. (GNAP)8. Military Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc. (MNAP)9. Mother and Child Nurses Association of the Philippines (MCNAP)10. Nagkakaisang Narses sa Adhikaing Reporma sa Kalusugan ng Sambayanan (NARS ng Bayan)11. Occupational Health Nurses Association of the Philippines (OHNAP), Inc.12. Operating Room Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc. (ORNAP)13. Philippine Hospital Infection Control Nurses Association, Inc. (PHICNA)

14. Philippine Nursing Informatics Association (PNIA)15. Philippine Nursing Research Society, Inc. (PNRS)16. Philippine Oncology Nurses Association (PONA)17. Philippine Society of Emergency Care Nurses, Inc. (PSECN) 18. Renal Nurses Association of the Philippines (RENAP)19. Society of Cardiovascular Nurse Practitioners of the Phils., Inc. (SCNPP)

2. NATIONAL LEAGUE OF NURSES.The association of Nurses employed in Department of Healh.

3. Catholic Nurses Guide of the Philippines.

History of Nursing and Nursing

Education

(Local)

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (1906)

In 1906, the Union Mission Hospital (now Iloilo Mission Hospital), Iloilo City, Philippines, set the stage for nursing as a profession in this country. Nursing education in the Philippines was pioneered by Dr. and Mrs. Andrew Hall, Presbyterian missionaries.Like other professions, nursing in the Philippines evolved from the apprenticeship system.This system laid the foundation upon which the Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (then Central Philippine College, College of Nursing and now Central Philippine University College of Nursing) was built and after which other schools of nursing were later patterned.The operations of the school stopped during the Japanese occupation, 1941-1945.When the war ended, Miss Loreto D. Tupaz initiated the reopening of the school.

Miss Rose Nicolet , a graduate of New England Hospital for Women and children in boston, Massachusetts was the first superintendent for nurses.

Miss Flora Ernst , an American nurse took charge of the school in 1942.In March 1944, 22 nurses graduated. In April 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.It moved to its present location in Jaro, Iloilo city in 1929.

First trained nurses in the country in 1909:

Dorotea CalditoFelipa De la Pena (Gumabong)Nicasia Cada

The school grew under the able leadership of the following American and Filipino principals/deans:

Miss Elizabeth Brinton, 1906–1916;Miss Teodora Sumbalon 1916; Miss Rose Nicolet, 1916–1923; Miss Hazel Mann, 1923–1931; Miss Flora G. Ernst, 1931–1932; Miss Dorothy Stevens; 1932–1934; Miss Flora G. Ernst, 1934–1942. Dr. Henry S. Waters, acting dean, 1947–1948Dr. Teofilo Marte, executive secretary, 1948–1949Miss Esther Salzman, 1950–1961Miss Lily Plagata, MSN, 1961–1963Miss Carmen Centeno, MS, 1963Miss Loreto D. Tupaz, acting dean (1949–1950) dean (1963–1973)Mrs. Natividad C. Caipang, 1973–1989Dr. Betty T. Polido, 1990–2000Prof. Lily Lyn V. Somo, MAN, 2000–2009Prof. Faith Leila Querol, MAN, Officer-in-Charge 2009–2011Prof. Lily Lyn V. Somo, MAN, 2011- present

Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. PH Lerrigo to Capiz for the purpose of opening a hospital. Miss Rose Nicolet assisted him. The school offered a 3 year training course for an annual fee of Php 100.00. Miss Clara Pedrosa was the first principal.Dean Robyniel Alba is the present dean.

St. Paul University Iloilo (1946)

Impelled by the love of CHRIST, and on the invitation and support of His Eminence Denis Cardinal Dougherty, Bishop of Jaro, The Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres began their apostolic activities in Iloilo by establishing St. Paul’s Hospital in 1911.The Sisters under the leadership of Mother Josephine de Jesus opened the School of Nursing in June, 1946.Seventy (70) students were admitted into the first Graduate Nurse Training Program, sixty-eight (68) females and two (2) males, and early sign of the openness and the universality which is a mark of St. Paul. Sr. Marie Louise Limbaga, SPC became the first Deanof college of nursing from 1946-1947.Sr. Carolina Agravante, SPC is the dean of college of nursing at present.

University of Iloilo (1947)The University of Iloilo started as the Iloilo City Colleges (ICC). It was established in June 1947 by the Hon. Fernando H. Lopez, then mayor of Iloilo City, who was imbued with the spirit of unselfish service to the youth.

Dr. Gabino Tabuñar served as the first President of the Iloilo City Colleges. Upon his resignation in 1954, Hon. Fernando H. Lopez, then Vice President of the Philippines, assumed the Presidency with Miss Loreto J. Ledesma as Administrative Officer.In 1972, the University Administration purchased the Philippine Women’s College in Jaro. This was converted into the Don Benito Lopez Hospital. In the main campus two buildings were later constructed to accommodate the initial enrollment for the College of Nursing.In June 1989, a three-story building was constructed behind the mini-park, connecting the Don Eugenio Lopez Building to the Don Benito Lopez Building. This was designed to facilitate the transfer of the College of Nursing to the main campus.Dr. Cenon present is the present dean of college of nursing.

The St. Anthony College of Roxas City (1958)The St. Anthony College of Roxas city is one with St. Anthony Hospital in terms of purposes, policies and practices. The hospital was founded in 1956 by Mr. and Mrs. Pio Bernas .Two years later, in 1958 the school was established. This institution of learning was initiated by Sr. Alicia Ongsuco, D.C. and Sr. Paula Vargas., D.C. together with a group of doctors, nurses, midwives and other educators.Due to the consistent increase in enrolment and new demands for future health professionals, a three-year Graduate Nurse (G.N) Program was opened in June 1963 through the initiative of Sr. Ricarda Mendoza, D.C.Sr. Norma Ysaac, D.C. moved to phase out the three-year G.N. program to introduce the Bachelor of Science in Nursing.The dean of the college of nursing at present is Sr. Editha Bagayaua.

Saint Gabriel College (1970)

Formerly Saint Gabriel School of Nursing.Saint Gabriel College is the pioneer school to offer nursing course in Kalibo, Aklan.It was established in 1970.It is private Non-Sectarian school with Dr. Ramon Gabriel S. Legaspi, Jr. as the first President.Mrs. Thelma Rico was the first principal.Mrs. Didiosa Saraspi was the first appointed dean of college of nursing.Dean Ideal Francisco is the present dean of college of nursing.

Iloilo Doctors’ Hospital School of Nursing and Midwifery (1972)The ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE was established on February 13, 1972 as the Iloilo Doctors’ Hospital School of Nursing and Midwifery. It opened its doors to the first Nursing and Midwifery students in June 1972 with Dr. Angel de Leon as Administrator and Mrs. Margana M. Uy as Principal of the School of Nursing. The first Midwifery students were graduated in March 1974 followed by the graduation of the first Nursing students on March 15, 1975.At its inception, the school functioned as the educational arm of the ILOILO DOCTORS’ HOSPITAL (IDH) which was founded the year before.On March 15, 1975, the college graduated its first Nursing graduates numbering 49 who have passed the Board Examination the same year with 100% passing percentage. Succeeding 3 graduating classes made also 100% passing.

Succeeding Deans of the College of Nursing include:Mrs. Renee Martirez (1979-1986); Mrs. Nanete G. De Leon (1986-1992); Dr. Fe Mercedes F. Pison Dr. Lerina Alabado is the present dean.

University of San Agustin - College of Nursing (1974)Augustinian friars from Spain belonging to the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines founded the University of San Agustin on July 15, 1904. It was the First University in Western Visayas.In 1969 the USA Clinical Laboratory was opened.1970 - Consortium between the University and St. Paul's Hospital begun with the opening of the U.S.A.- St. Paul's College of Nursing.1974 - Opening of the University of San Agustin College of Nursing, and termination of the consortium between the University and St. Paul's HospitalOn January 11 2010, the first of its kind in the island of Panay, the Virtual Laboratory in the College of Nursing commenced its operations.The initiative to construct a Virtual Laboratory was brought about by the college’s adoption of a new B.S. in Nursing curriculum embodied under Memorandum Order #14 of the Commission on Higher Education. Article VI, Section 13.5 .Sr. Teresita D. Ongkingko was the first dean.(1974- 1975)College Dean Sofia Cosette Monteblanco at present.

West Visayas State University – College of Nursing (1977)West Visayas State University (WVSU) was founded on June 16, 1902, forming part of the early Philippine school system under the American regime. Known as the Iloilo Normal Institute and later the Iloilo Normal School, WVSU was one of the five tributary schools created to address the need to train Filipino teachers under the tutelage of the Thomasites.The College of Nursing (CON), which is one of the flagship programs of the university, offers the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) and Master of Arts in Nursing (MAN) programs. The College was established in April 21, 1977 to provide quality nursing education at very reasonable cost. CON has consistently been among the top 5 performing nursing schools in the Nurse Licensure Examination (NLE) of the Philippines since 1980 and again garnered 100% passing in the June 2007 NLEOn March 6, 1978, the Board of Nursing favorably recommended the continuance of the BSN program. This was concurred by the Professional Regulation Commission on March 21, 1978. The first batch graduated on April 7, 1980.The College started to offer in summer of 2006 the Master of Arts in Nursing with specialization in either Nursing Education or Nursing Administration (as approved by Board of Regents Resolution No. 31 series of 2006).Dean Daisy Villarosa is the present dean.

College of St. John-Roxas City (1999)Is private College run under the supervision of the De La Salle Brothers, located in Roxas City, Philippines. It is formerly known as University of St. La Salle – Affiliate College and La Salle Affiliate College.In June 1999, it was a dream made into reality when the University of St. La Salle – Affiliate College (USLS-AC) under the supervision of the University of St. La Salle in Bacolod City opened its doors to the youth of Capiz and the neighboring provinces in Panay Island. The first school head and dean of the college was Dr. Teresita Atotubo, formerly the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at USLS- Bacolod. Br. Rolando Dizon FSC became its first President while Mrs. Judy Roxas was chosen as the first Chair of the Board of Trustees (BoT).SY 2001-2002 USLS-AC started its application for the BS Nursing program. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) granted Government Permit to LSAC to operate the first year level of BS Nursing effective SY 2003-2004.The BS Nursing Program was opened and Mrs. Ma. Ruby Fullon was the first appointed Dean. In June 2004, Dr. Allyn Ricafuente was appointed Dean of the College of Nursing. For the school year 2006-2007, the College of Nursing had a new Dean in the person of Mr. Gilmore Solidum. The first batch of BS Nursing graduated in April 2007. Mrs. Cora Diaz was appointed Dean of the College of Nursing by Dr. Encarnacion effective July 2007. The BSN pioneer batch took the December 2007 Nursing Licensure Exam garnering 68.75% against the national passing percentage of 43.3%.Nefertiti Bayona is the present dean of college of nursing.

Aklan State University (2001)

Formerly known as the Aklan State College of Agriculture (ASCA) and the Aklan Agricultural College (AAC) in 1918.the institution gained university status on April 4, 2001 with the signing of Republic Act 9055 by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.Shiela Mercurio was the first OIC dean of college of nursing.President at present is Dr. Benny A. Palma.

Capiz State University (2004)

formerly known as Panay State Polytechnic CollegeMarch 21, 2004 - Conversion of Panay State Polytechnic College to Capiz State University by virtue of RA 9273. President Gloria Macapagal -Arroyo signed the conversion at the Provincial Capitol and was witnessed by the Capizeños.Dr. Rochiller D. Dadivas was the the first president of Capiz State University has died last Feb 25, 2012 in Roxas City Capiz. The incumbent president of CAPSU is Dr. Editha Magallanes.College of nursing is located in Pontevedra campus.Cora Diaz was the first dean of college of nursing.

St. Therese MTC College (2005)

ATTY. ARTURO A. SEBASTIAN   (founder/president)Mrs. Marilyn Medez Frio was the first OIC Dean of college of nursing.

Aklan Polytechnic College (2007)Formely known as Aklan Polytechnic Institute (1987-2007)is a private educational institution in Kalibo, Aklan, Philippines. It was established primarily as a maritime school but at present it already offers nursing, business, and other courses.Edna Tayco is the present dean of college of nursing.

St. Anthony’s College of Antique (2008)Fr. Simon Baars, then superior of the Mill Hill Fathers in the Philippines, Rev. Fr. Luis Zots and Rev. Fr. John Daly, consultors of the Fr. Superior all Mill Hill Missionaries pioneered its foundation in 1959.St. Anthony’s College got its name from the “godfathers”, both named Anthony, who, though not officially connected with the College, had financially helped in its foundation. They were Rev. Fr. Anthony Verheyen and Rev. Fr. Anthony Oomen.In its first year of operation, 1958-1959, Father Henry Heinkins was appointed Director/President of the College.In 2008 the college of nursing was established.Mrs. Gina Mae Basco was the first dean.Rachel Marie Yasay is the present dean.

EVOLUTION OF NURSING CURRICULUM(Global)

Curriculum

Refers to a course of study at a school, university; the subjects making up a course Derived from the Latin word currere which means to run

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALEInstitute of Protestant Deaconesses – Florence Nightingale trained to be a nurse. Two years later she was appointed resident lady superintendent of a hospital for invalid women in Harley Street, London.

1860 - By the help of wealthy friends, Nightingale used the money to fund the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital.o Ursuline Sisters of Quebec first attempt to train nurses in America who taught the Indian women

to care for their sick.o Dr. Valentine Seaman introduced the first regular school for nurses.o The educational endeavour of Florence Nightingale and the Civil War had focused attention in

the necessity for the nurses and importance of an educational system.1869 - Nursing education was placed under the control of medical profession. They proposed a school for training nurses in every large hospital. o In both England and America, the need for trained nurses was so great that schools of nursing

relatively grew.o Adelaide Nutting – had been a catalytic agent in the separation of schools of nursing from

hospital control.o Dr. Washburn and Burlingham – advocated raising the whole standard of nursing profession in

the requirements of admission and stressed the cultural values.1894 - Nursing leaders stressed the importance of planning the entire educational program for the student rather than for the convenience of hospital services.1895 - Miss Mary Agnes Snively of Toronto presented a paper that emphasized the need for uniformity of education for nursing through a uniform matriculation examination for admission, a uniform length of program nursing through a uniform length of program of nursing education.o Miss Nutting presented an electrifying report at the 1896 convention which revealed that work

hours per day could total 15hrs with 105hrs weekly; one lecture per week is given.o Miss Lucy Walker, who was a Superintendent of Nurses, gave a progress report on the acceptance

of lengthening the program with shortening of the workday.The first preliminary courses varied from a few classes to a planned program of six months. It included biological and social sciences and practical work in a mannequin called Mrs. Chase.

1908 – The board had outlined specific requirements for schools of nursing. They were required to prove two years of study in medical nursing, surgical nursing (including gynecology), obstetrical nursing, pediatrics, nutrition and cookery, drugs and solution, dietetics, instruction in contagious nursing, ethics, emergencies, mental nursing, personal hygiene, and provide clinical experience in a hospital setting.o Schools that wished to continue this practice were required to extend their course of training to

three years. Training schools had to be connected to a hospital or Sanitarium having no fewer than 25 beds, with the number of beds two to four times greater than the number of students.

1909 – Plan for a university school of nursing was presented.A change in title from pupil nurse to student of nursing. Central Schools – had been successful in Europe; students received class instruction at one place at a university

1915 – Only 10 schools had fulltime instructors. Superintendent of nurses did the most teaching and doctors taught anatomy.1923 – Yale University of Nursing and Western Reserve University of Nursing were established. o Public health was incorporated into the curriculum.o The degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing was given to graduates from 1926 – 1936, the

degree of Masters in Nursing was awarded until it closed in 1958.1925 – A committee sponsored by American Nurses’ Association undertook a five-year study of nursing and nurse training.

1949 – The state board pool for nurses provided examination for practical nurses.o The first examination for Registered Nurses was given in 1904, with a battery of test questions

designed to be a ‘severe’ test of practical and theoretical knowledge. o The Board minutes that the test involved the ‘care of febrile cases, of patients before and after

operation, of the mother and new-born baby in normal and abnormal obstetrical cases, of treatment of emergencies, and knowledge of drugs with regard to toxicological symptoms, and treatment after poisonous doses. Male nurses will be examined on genitor-urinary work as a substitute for obstetrical cases’.

Today, the State Board for Nursing has 23 members, consisting of 17 RNs, two LPNs, and four public members. The Board functions as an advisory group to the Board of Regents. Its stated mission is ‘to protect the public by fostering high standards of professional licensure, practice and discipline.

THEORY – BASED NURSING CURRICULUM

Betty Neuman - developed the Neuman Systems Model in 1970 at the University of California, Los Angeles. It is a model developed as a way to teach introductory nursing courses to nursing students. The goal of the Neuman Systems Model is to provide a holistic overview of the psychological, physiological, developmental and sociocultural development aspects of human beings.

Jean Watson - developed the Theory of Human Caring between 1975 and 1979. This theory brings meaning and focus to nursing as an emerging discipline and a distinct health profession with its own unique values, knowledge and practices.

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care deficit Nursing Theory - comes from her belief that individuals have the capacity to care for themselves and their dependents. Her theory explains that nurses have to supply the care patients need when they cannot care for themselves.

Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier) - developed her theory in the late 1950s from her observations she documented between nurses and patients. She formulated the Deliberative Nursing Process, which helps nurses find out the nature of a patient’s distress by using their perception, thoughts about the perception and the nurse meaning of a patient’s behaviour.

Nursing First Lady: Florence Nightingale - Florence Nightingale is considered to be the first nursing theorist. Her nursing notes in 1860 became the true basis of nursing research and practice. Florence Nightingale’s beliefs about nursing have influenced the profession of nursing for over 150 years. She was the first to view the nurse as more than a simple “yes-ma’am” carrying out the orders of the doctor but instead a caregiver who has influence over the environment to affect the patient’s overall well-being.

EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING CURRICULUM

It involves identifying solid research findings and implementing them in nursing practices, in order to increase the quality of patient care. The goal of EBN is to provide the highest quality and most cost-efficient nursing care possible.EBN is a process founded on the collection, interpretation, and integration of valid, important, and applicable research.

In order to practice evidence based nursing, practitioners must understand the concept of research and know how to accurately evaluate this research. These skills are taught in modern nursing education and also as part of professional training.

Evolution of Nursing Curriculum

(National and Local)PRE-WAR to 1945

Hospital is for the sick and the dying.Organizational structure and facilities.Nursing service - task-oriented.Nursing education – 3 yrs. GN program.o 1947 BSN program was implemented.

Professionalization Period of Nursing (1946-70s)

Hospital - curative and rehabilitative function.Nursing service – Chief Nurses has no voice in Operational Planning.o 70s Standard for Nursing Practice were formulated.

Nursing education - GN and BSN program.Health Care Delivery System (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary).Technology - computerization and faster communication system.

IMH - first training school for nurses (1906).o Nicasia Cada, Felipa Gumabong and Dorothea Caldito.

UP College of Nursing - offered MN and MAN.o Ph.D. (1979-1980) - approved in 1979.

GN and BSN

1800s - 3 yrs. GN program.o hospital - based educational programs.1879 - UST College of Nursing (Escuela de Particantes).1939 - school of Home Nursing.February 1946 - first BSN program offered.UPCN - “A University School of Nursing in the UP”.o Dr. Bienvinido M. Gonzales.

(1948) BSN program was offered. (1968) MN - MS, MCN, PN and CHN were added. NA and SHN were added.

Ph.D. was instituted on September 27, 1979.(1955) Institute of Nursing offered GN.Advanced Professional Program was offered under the directress of Lucrecia Llanera.(1960) Felicidad D. Elegado was appointed of both programs. GN was converted to 5 yrs. BSN program.Lydia A. Palaypay - 5 yrs. BSN was converted to 4 yrs.Prof. Norma M. Dumadag - Level II PAASCU standards of CMO No. 27 series 1998 were attained. Students undergo two yrs. of AHSE.

Associate in Health Science Education

RA No. 7722 - Higher Education Act of 1994 rationalizing the Health Profession Education following the Common 2 yrs. AHSE leading to Health Science Profession.o Complies with CHED Order No. 59, s. 1996.o Health Aide or Community Health Aide.

Objectives of the AHSE:

Prepare students for entry into any health profession courses.Develop enough competence to function as science-oriented professionals.

Competency-based Curriculum

Competency – focuses on an individual’s ability to perform activities related to work, life skills, or learning.