NEAL, KUHN & HUFFSTEDER, INC NEAL, KUHN & HUFFSTEDER, INC. Safety / Risk Management Consulting...

NEAL, KUHN & HUFFSTEDER, INCNEAL, KUHN & HUFFSTEDER, INC.

Safety / Risk Management Consulting Group

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HHCranes and

DerricksOSHA 1926.453

Cranes and DerricksOSHA 1926.453

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HHCrane and Hoist SafetyCrane and Hoist Safety

1999 will see approximately 125,000 cranes in operation with an additional 100,000 in general industry.

Approximately 250,000 crane operators

– Averaging 1 death per thousand Averaging 1 death per thousand operatorsoperators

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Many cranes are located in populated areas and the risk to civilians is increasing.

Safe clearance on the site is essential although not always possible.

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OSHA programs– Last standard update was in the 70’s– Many advancements have been made, but not

addressed

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HHGENERAL REQUIREMENTSGENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The employer shall comply with the manufacturer’s specifications and limitations applicable to the operation of any and all cranes and derricks.

There is a very large percentage of There is a very large percentage of accidents caused by human error in accidents caused by human error in exceeding the recommended limits !!!!!!exceeding the recommended limits !!!!!!

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HHGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements

Modifications– No modifications or additions which affect the

capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall be made by the employer without the manufacturer's written approval and if changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly. In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.

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Modifications– Many failures result from personnel adding to

or modifying the crane in manners which it was not designed.

– Typical modifications Adding of a torque arm Adding a “Jib” Adding of a power pack

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Rated load capacities, and recommended operating speeds, special hazard warnings etc. SHALL be conspicuously posted on all equipment. They shall be visible to the operator when at the controls.

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Hand signals shall be those prescribed by the applicable ANSI for the type crane in use. An illustration of the signals shall be posted at the job site.

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The employer shall designate a

competent person who shall inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use as well as during use.

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Daily Inspections

Inspected ?? Yes or NoInspected ?? Yes or No

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Daily Inspections

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Daily inspections

Rusted and Bent

This needs to be replaced prior to use.

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HHCOMPETENT PERSONCOMPETENT PERSON

What constitutes a “Competent Person” ????

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HHCompetent PersonCompetent Person

A “ Competent Person” is one who is able to recognize and correct actual and/or potential hazards involved with crane operation; knows how to safely operate the crane AND who has the Authority to ensure a safe operation.

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A thorough, annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent person, or by a government or private agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor.

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HHWIRE ROPEWIRE ROPE

Terminology

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HHWIRE ROPEWIRE ROPE

Wire rope shall be taken out of service for a number of reasons and should be inspected daily.

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HHWire RopeWire Rope

Reasons for removal from service– In Running Ropes, Six randomly distributed

broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay.

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Reasons for removal from service– Wear of 1/3 the original diameter of outside

individual wires, Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure.

– Evidence of any heat damage from any cause.

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HHWire RopeWire Rope Reasons for removal from service

– Reductions from nominal diameter of:

Rope SizeRope Size ReductionReduction

Up to 5/16” < 1/64”

3/8” - 1/2” < 1/32”

9/16” - 3/4” <3/64”

7/8” - 1 1/8” < 1/16”

1 1/4” - 1 1/2” < 3/32”

Only a Only a competent competent person with the person with the proper calipers proper calipers can make this can make this determinationdetermination

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Reasons for removal from service– Reductions from nominal diameter of rope

– WHO REMEMBERS ALL WHO REMEMBERS ALL THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE LAST OVERHEAD ???THE LAST OVERHEAD ???

Cranes are the one piece of equipment Cranes are the one piece of equipment that really need the charts etc.that really need the charts etc.

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HHPROPER SET-UPPROPER SET-UP

Level Stable Clearance Reach

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HHBASIC RIGGINGBASIC RIGGING No matter what size crane or hoist, it still

is dependent on the rigging setup

8 TONS8 TONS 8 TONS8 TONSTen

sion = 8 TONS

Tensio

n = 8 TONS

303000 151500

Tension = 15.5 TONS

Tension = 15.5 TONS

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HHBASIC RIGGINGBASIC RIGGING Load charts

Chain sizeChain size SingleSingle 606000 > > 454500>> 303000>>

7/327/32 2,5002,500 4,3004,300 3,5503,550 2,5002,500

9/329/32 4,1004,100 7,1007,100 5,8005,800 4,1004,100

3//83//8 7,3007,300 12,60012,600 10,30010,300 7,3007,300

1/21/2 13,00013,000 22,50022,500 18,40018,400 13,00013,000

5//85//8 20,30020,300 35,00035,000 28,50028,500 20,30020,300

Load charts apply to all components of the lift:Load charts apply to all components of the lift:

Master links, Grab hooks, Chains, Web slings etc.Master links, Grab hooks, Chains, Web slings etc.

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HHBASIC RIGGINGBASIC RIGGING

Protecting the overall stability of the rig by using throat latches.– Must be in place and functional

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HHBASIC RIGGINGBASIC RIGGING

Rigging it properly

Load blocks etc. must be rigged properly.

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HHGuardingGuarding

All moving parts of the crane shall be properly guarded to prevent accidental contact with personnel– Belts Sprockets– Gears Drums– Shafts Fly wheels– Pulleys Chains– Other moving parts

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HHGuardingGuarding Swing radius protection

– Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear rotating part of the crane , either permanently or temporarily mounted, shall be barricaded to prevent employees being struck.

OSHA has made an interpretation on this issue that strikes down a lot of current ideas.

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HHGuardingGuarding

Swing radius protection

A very A very dangerous dangerous situation situation unless unless protected.protected.

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HHGuardingGuarding

All exhaust pipes etc. shall be protected from employee contact.

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HHGuardingGuarding

ALL windows in cabs shall be of safety glass, or equivalent that introduces no visible distortion to the operator.

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HHGuardingGuarding Where necessary for rigging or service, a

ladder or steps shall be provided for access to the cab roof.

Guardrails, handholds and steps shall be provided for easy access to the car and cab.

Platforms etc. shall have anti-skid walking surfaces.

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HHFire ProtectionFire Protection

At least a 5BC rated fire extinguisher shall be available at all operator stations or cabs of equipment.

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HHELECTRICAL SAFETYELECTRICAL SAFETY

Your primary means of protection is to have all exposed overhead electrical lines de-energized when working in the area.

Real life dictates that this is usually not the case.

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HHElectrical SafetyElectrical Safety

When lines cannot be de-energized, proper clearance must be maintained:

VOLTAGE MINIMUM CLEARANCE

50 kV or below 10 Feet

< 50 kV 10 Feet + 0.4” for each 1kV over50 kV up to and including 345 kV

> = 750 kV 16 Feet

These are These are MINIMUMS !!!!MINIMUMS !!!!

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Things to consider when deciding on the “Clearance”

– 1. Clearance from What ??1. Clearance from What ??– 2. Drift2. Drift– 3. Load swing (Tag Lines)3. Load swing (Tag Lines)– 4. Boom and Jib4. Boom and Jib

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A person SHALL be designated to observe clearance of the equipment and give timely warning for all operations where it is difficult for the operator to maintain the desired clearance by visual means.

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Monitor Person MUST have absolute authority to stop the operations and can only be overridden by the operator on the side of safety.– ie: Monitor says OK, Operator says STOP

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Overhead lines– Any overhead wire shall be considered to be

an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line and it has been visibly grounded;

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INDUCED ELECTRICAL CHARGES Prior to work near transmitter towers where an

electrical charge can be induced in the equipment or materials being handled, the transmitter shall be de-energized or tests shall be made to determine if electrical charge is induced on the crane. The following precautions shall be taken when necessary to dissipate induced voltages:

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INDUCED ELECTRICAL CHARGES The following precautions shall be taken

when necessary to dissipate induced voltages:– The equipment shall be provided with an

electrical ground directly to the upper rotating structure supporting the boom;

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INDUCED ELECTRICAL CHARGES– Ground jumper cables shall be attached to

materials being handled by boom equipment when electrical charge is induced while working near energized transmitters. Crews shall be provided with nonconductive poles having large alligator clips or other similar protection to attach the ground cable to the load.

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INDUCED ELECTRICAL CHARGES– Combustible and flammable materials shall be

removed from the immediate area prior to operations

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HHSuspended loads, picking the loadSuspended loads, picking the load

All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads.

This employee was killed because he was adjacent to an improperly lifted load. The hoist line was not vertical over the load causing it to swing and fall on the employee.

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HHACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

FAMOUS LAST FAMOUS LAST WORDS:WORDS:

I’TLL NEVER I’TLL NEVER HAPPEN HAPPEN HERE !!HERE !!

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HH

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

The operator was asked, by the project rigging superintendent, to The operator was asked, by the project rigging superintendent, to walk the above 4000 Manitowoc with 300 feet of boom off of the walk the above 4000 Manitowoc with 300 feet of boom off of the mats it was sitting on onto soft soil. The operator told the super, mats it was sitting on onto soft soil. The operator told the super, "I'll do what you want, but if I do, the crane will turn over." The "I'll do what you want, but if I do, the crane will turn over." The rigging superintendent replied, "That is not your problem, let me rigging superintendent replied, "That is not your problem, let me worry about that. You are to operate the crane and follow worry about that. You are to operate the crane and follow instructions from supervision." With that, the operator got back in instructions from supervision." With that, the operator got back in the seat, made sure the area was clear of other workers, knuckled the seat, made sure the area was clear of other workers, knuckled the crane into travel, set the throttle at a slow speed and climbed the crane into travel, set the throttle at a slow speed and climbed off of the crane. No, fatalities, no injuries. Believe it or not, neither off of the crane. No, fatalities, no injuries. Believe it or not, neither man was fired.man was fired.

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ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

The crane was left on a barge near the edge of a river The crane was left on a barge near the edge of a river over a week-end. Rain upstream caused the river to over a week-end. Rain upstream caused the river to rise and wash the sand from under one end of the rise and wash the sand from under one end of the barge. Out of four barges left on the bank, two went barge. Out of four barges left on the bank, two went into the river, one was lost and never found. An into the river, one was lost and never found. An expensive lesson for the contractor.expensive lesson for the contractor.

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ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

The above hydraulic crane was turned over by a young operator in The above hydraulic crane was turned over by a young operator in Puerto Ordez, Venezuela in 1979. He picked a load up (precast concrete Puerto Ordez, Venezuela in 1979. He picked a load up (precast concrete stadium seats) near the crane with his boom up at a high degree of angle. stadium seats) near the crane with his boom up at a high degree of angle. He proceeded to boom down and before he realized that he had more He proceeded to boom down and before he realized that he had more load than the crane could handle, at the radius the load had reached, it load than the crane could handle, at the radius the load had reached, it was too late. He tried to get down on the load, but since the crane was was too late. He tried to get down on the load, but since the crane was hydraulic, he couldn't let it down fast enough. Fortunately the operator hydraulic, he couldn't let it down fast enough. Fortunately the operator jumped clear before it crushed the cab.jumped clear before it crushed the cab.

Isn't it amazing how we all tend to learn faster after a Isn't it amazing how we all tend to learn faster after a "Been There - Done That" experience."Been There - Done That" experience.

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HHAC

CID

EN

TS

AC

CID

EN

TSBeen There, Done ThatBeen There, Done That

It is very embarrassing to publicize this, especially since that is me, Doyle It is very embarrassing to publicize this, especially since that is me, Doyle Peeks, trapped under that 580 Case loader/backhoe. I have put this here in Peeks, trapped under that 580 Case loader/backhoe. I have put this here in hopes it may keep someone else from repeating what I did. The accident hopes it may keep someone else from repeating what I did. The accident happened on October 6, 1988 near Dallas, Texas on Lake Ray Hubbard. I had happened on October 6, 1988 near Dallas, Texas on Lake Ray Hubbard. I had well over thirty-five years of operating experience. I just got too confident. I well over thirty-five years of operating experience. I just got too confident. I thought I could go running down a slopped embankment without rolling the thought I could go running down a slopped embankment without rolling the machine. I had always thought that if a machine ever started to roll that I machine. I had always thought that if a machine ever started to roll that I could hang on to something and not be thrown off of the machine. Boy, was I could hang on to something and not be thrown off of the machine. Boy, was I ever wrong. It happened so fast, I was on the ground before I knew what was ever wrong. It happened so fast, I was on the ground before I knew what was happening. I grabbed at everything I could and couldn't find a thing to hold on happening. I grabbed at everything I could and couldn't find a thing to hold on to.to.

The roll-over protection landed on my left knee and pinned me down. It took an hour and forty-five minutes to get another machine to the site to lift it off of me. Diesel was running under me, and I was losing blood fast. My left arm was broken in five places and all but mangled. I now have a steel plate in it holding the five breaks together. I lost about fifty percent use of the arm. Thank God, I can still pull control levers with it.

Am I now paranoid about seat belts? You bet. When I mount a piece of rubber tired equipment now, the first thing I do is fasten the seat belt. I pulled a stupid stunt, but I will not be fool enough to do it again.

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ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

This accident happened in St. Croix, U.S.V.I. in 1974. This accident happened in St. Croix, U.S.V.I. in 1974. The crane was climbing a grade into a tank farm and the The crane was climbing a grade into a tank farm and the operator decided he wanted to swing around to see where operator decided he wanted to swing around to see where they were going. Caution: Don't swing a machine when it they were going. Caution: Don't swing a machine when it is moving or in an unstable position.is moving or in an unstable position.

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ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

All cranes have limits.All cranes have limits.They will tip when those limits are exceeded.They will tip when those limits are exceeded.

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Inexperience usually results in the aboveInexperience usually results in the above

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

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Inexperience usually results in the aboveInexperience usually results in the above

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

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HHAccidents Leave Victims

My husband was killed in Louisville, Kentucky, My husband was killed in Louisville, Kentucky, on December 18, 1998. He was standing near on December 18, 1998. He was standing near an HTC-835 crane. The counterweight came an HTC-835 crane. The counterweight came around and struck him in the back. He was around and struck him in the back. He was

pinned between the counterweight and the bed pinned between the counterweight and the bed of the truck. He died at the hospital 1 hour of the truck. He died at the hospital 1 hour

later.later.

There was no warning tape around the crane.

Accidents Leave Victims

My husband was killed in Louisville, Kentucky, My husband was killed in Louisville, Kentucky, on December 18, 1998. He was standing near on December 18, 1998. He was standing near an HTC-835 crane. The counterweight came an HTC-835 crane. The counterweight came around and struck him in the back. He was around and struck him in the back. He was

pinned between the counterweight and the bed pinned between the counterweight and the bed of the truck. He died at the hospital 1 hour of the truck. He died at the hospital 1 hour

later.later.

There was no warning tape around the crane.

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HHTHE MOTHER OF ALL CRANE COLLAPSESTHE MOTHER OF ALL CRANE COLLAPSES

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HHTHE MOTHER OF ALL CRANE COLLAPSESTHE MOTHER OF ALL CRANE COLLAPSES

Civil Damages– VERDICT AT A GLANCEVERDICT AT A GLANCE

The $99.25 million jury award to the three widows of the ironworkers killed in the Miller Park crane collapse breaks down this way:

• $94 million in punitive damages against Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of America• $4.2 million, or $1.4 million to each widow, for the pain and suffering of the

ironworkers• $1.05 million, or $350,000 to each widow, for loss of companionship

The verdict went to appeal.

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HH

StatisticsStatisticsUS crane accidents claim 50 lives every year.US crane accidents claim 50 lives every year.

More than 500 US construction workers died in crane More than 500 US construction workers died in crane accidents between 1984 and 1994, according to a study of accidents between 1984 and 1994, according to a study of Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).

The International Union of Operating Engineers revealed The International Union of Operating Engineers revealed that 502 workers died in 480 separate accidents. Power that 502 workers died in 480 separate accidents. Power

line contact was by far the most common cause of line contact was by far the most common cause of accidents, accounting for 39 percent of all fatalities.accidents, accounting for 39 percent of all fatalities.

Other major causes included assembly/dismantling (12 Other major causes included assembly/dismantling (12 percent), boom buckling (8 percent), rigging failure (7 percent), boom buckling (8 percent), rigging failure (7

percent) and upset/overturn (7 percent).percent) and upset/overturn (7 percent).

StatisticsStatisticsUS crane accidents claim 50 lives every year.US crane accidents claim 50 lives every year.

More than 500 US construction workers died in crane More than 500 US construction workers died in crane accidents between 1984 and 1994, according to a study of accidents between 1984 and 1994, according to a study of Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).

The International Union of Operating Engineers revealed The International Union of Operating Engineers revealed that 502 workers died in 480 separate accidents. Power that 502 workers died in 480 separate accidents. Power

line contact was by far the most common cause of line contact was by far the most common cause of accidents, accounting for 39 percent of all fatalities.accidents, accounting for 39 percent of all fatalities.

Other major causes included assembly/dismantling (12 Other major causes included assembly/dismantling (12 percent), boom buckling (8 percent), rigging failure (7 percent), boom buckling (8 percent), rigging failure (7

percent) and upset/overturn (7 percent).percent) and upset/overturn (7 percent).

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS

STOP RIGHT HERE !!!! STOP RIGHT HERE !!!!

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS The use of a crane or derrick to hoist

employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS Hoisting of the personnel platform shall

be performed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements of the crane or derrick, or the platform.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS Load lines shall be capable of supporting,

without failure, at least seven times the maximum intended load, except that where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable of supporting without failure, at least ten times the maximum intended load.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing

brakes, and locking devices such as pawls or dogs shall be engaged when the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary position.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS The crane shall be uniformly level within

one percent of level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with outriggers shall have them all fully deployed following manufacturer's specifications, insofar as applicable, when hoisting employees.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS The total weight of the loaded personnel

platform and related rigging shall not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.

– BACK TO THE LOAD CHARTBACK TO THE LOAD CHART

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS The use of machines having live booms (booms

in which lowering is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.

The load line hoist drum shall have a system or device on the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which regulates the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism (controlled load lowering.) Free fall is prohibited.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS All operator controls, gauges etc. must be

visible and in working order when lifting personnel.

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HHSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMSSUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORMS A positive acting device shall be used

which prevents contact between the load block or overhaul ball and the boom tip (anti-two-blocking device), or a system shall be used which deactivates the hoisting action before damage occurs in the event of a two-blocking situation (two-block damage prevention feature).

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES

The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed by a qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural design.

The suspension system shall be designed to minimize tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES The personnel platform itself, except the

guardrail system and personnel fall arrest system anchorages, shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES Each personnel platform shall be

equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of Subpart M, and shall be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal having openings no greater than 1/2 inch (1.27 cm).

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES A grab rail shall be installed inside the

entire perimeter of the personnel platform.

Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, shall be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental opening and shall not swing outward.

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES Headroom shall be provided which allows

employees to stand upright in the platform.

In addition to the use of hard hats, employees shall be protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when employees are exposed to falling objects.

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HHPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURESPLATFORM DESIGN FEATURES The personnel platform shall be

conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight of the platform, and its rated load capacity or maximum intended load.

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HHPLATFORM LOADINGPLATFORM LOADING

Personnel platforms shall be used only for employees, their tools and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall not be used to hoist only materials or tools when not hoisting personnel.

Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be secured to prevent displacement.

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HHPLATFORM LOADINGPLATFORM LOADING

Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while the platform is suspended.

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HHRIGGING THE PLATFORMRIGGING THE PLATFORM

When a wire rope bridle is used to connect the personnel platform to the load line, each bridle leg shall be connected to a master link or shackle in such a manner to ensure that the load is evenly divided among the bridle legs.

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Hooks on overhaul ball assemblies, lower load blocks, or other attachment assemblies shall be of a type that can be closed and locked, eliminating the hook throat opening.

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All eyes in wire rope slings shall be fabricated with thimbles.

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HHTRIAL LIFTSTRIAL LIFTS

A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded at least to the anticipated lift weight shall be made from all locations of entry, hoisting and positioning

This trial lift shall be performed immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform.

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The operator shall determine that all systems, controls and safety devices are activated and functioning properly and that all configurations necessary to reach those work locations will allow the operator to remain under the 50 percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity.

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After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel, the platform shall be hoisted a few inches and inspected to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. Employees shall not be hoisted unless the following conditions are determined to exist

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A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial lift

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At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform and rigging shall be proof tested to 125 percent of the platform's rated capacity by holding it in a suspended position for five minutes

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HHWORK PRACTICESWORK PRACTICES

Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform shall use a body belt/harness system with lanyard appropriately attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball, or to a structural member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a fall impact for employees using the anchorage.

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Employees shall keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising lowering, and positioning

Tag lines shall be used unless their use creates an unsafe condition.

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The crane or derrick operator shall remain at the controls at all times when the crane engine is running and the platform is occupied.

Hoisting of employees shall be promptly discontinued upon indication of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending danger.

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Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person. In those situations where direct visual contact with the operator is not possible, and the use of a signal person would create a greater hazard for the person, direct communication alone such as by radio may be used.

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HHPRE-LIFT MEETINGSPRE-LIFT MEETINGS

A meeting attended by the crane or derrick operator, signal person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed shall be held to review the appropriate requirements of paragraph (g) of this section and the procedures to be followed.

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