Instructions for use
Title Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland management
Author(s) Hatano, Ryusuke
Citation International Symposium on "The Impact of Climate Change on Region Specific Systems". 6 November 2009. Sapporo,Japan.
Issue Date 2009-11-06
Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39883
Type conference presentation
File Information 04_Hatano.pdf
Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP
Necessity of research and education for tropical
peatland managementRyusuke Hatano
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
IFES-GCOE symposium on 6 November
Peat swamp forest degradation• Since 1985, tropical peat swamp forests in the world
have been cut for timber production and destroyed widely, along frequent forest fire.
• According to the estimation of Hooijer et al (2006), peat swamp forest in SEA is undergone deforestation in a 1.5% y-1, to lose 120,000 km2 (45%) due to clear cut and drainage.
• The peat swamp forest degradation in SEA becomes significant source of CO2 emission.
• Hooijer et al (2006) estimates current CO2 emission to be 170 Mt C y-1 from peat decomposition and 390 to 1180 Mt C y-1 from peat fire. Those are half and double compared to Japanese CO2 emission in 2005 of 351 Mt C y-1, respectively.
Nature of tropical peatlandTropical Peatland is characterized by Carbon stock, due to limitation of forest litter
decomposition by water logging, low pH, high CN ratio and hard plant materials in low land and seashore, controlling atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration.
Water reservoir, due to poor internal drainage and high near surface drainage, supporting high evapotranspiration of peat swamp forests and regulating of flooding.
Special bio-diversity, due to low pH, rich to poor nutrient conditions from alluvial to domes peats and, wet to dry soil surface conditions from near water to very permeable surface peat layer, offering special aquatic-swamp forest ecosystems and various kind of forest products.
Tropical peatland extent in SE Asia
•Area 33 to 49 Mha (8% of total peatland area)•Carbon content 70GtC (20% of total carbon in peatland)•Distribution 85% in Indonesia and 8% in Malaysia tropical peat (Immirzi and Maltby 1993)
.(Rieley, 2008)
Only 30% of non-forested cover recover to the cropland in the tropical peatland
Cropland 30%Wasteland 70%(Hoojier et al., 2006).
Among deforested area in tropical peatland, reclaimed land used for agricultural production is only 30%, and the others are abandoned area turned into wastelands.
Maludam National Park Peat Soil Cross Section
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 20Distance (km)
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
abo
ve M
SL
(m)
PEAT
MINERAL SUBSTRATUM
(Melling et al., 2005)
Peat dome
stream
stream stream
High hydraulic conductivity in woody peatPeat Site Hydraulic Cond.,
(m/day)References
Dun Moss, England 0.864 -0.0864 Rycroft et al., (1975)
Stor-Amyran, Sweden
9.50 -5.53 Waddington and Roulet, (1997)
Alberta, Canada 0.405-3.47 Sillins and Rothwell, (1998)
Minnesota, USA 4.285 Boelter (1969)
Kushiro, Japan 0.052 Takahashi and Yonetani (1995)
Pontian, Malaysia 0.0518-2.30 Salmah (1994)
Klang, Malaysia 0.475-4.90 Ayob and Mutalib (1997)
Pulau Bruit, Malaysia
2.39 -24.70 Zailon (1999)
Kalimantan, Indonesia
0.864 -0.0864 Takahashi and Yonetani (1995)
Mixed Peat Swamp 32.8 (99.6) Melling et al, 2006
Alan Forest 59.1 Melling et al, 2006
Padang Forest 33.8 Melling et al, 2006
Photo by Melling
Due to this high permeability, deforested tropical peat dome quickly loses subsurface water from the soil into drainage.
The peat soil which lost subsurface water starts to dry, does not allow vegetative recovery.
Boreal and temperate
Tropical
Peat subsidence
Total peat subsidence = Peat shrinkage + Peat decomposition
Subsidence by peat decomposition = CO2 emission / (Bulk density × Carbon content)
As an example, in the case of an oil palm plantation in peatland of Peninsula Malaysia where CO2 emission of 10 tC ha-1, annual total subsidence ranged from 1.55 -1.64 cm y-1, of which 52-66% was due to peat decomposition (Murayama et and Bakar, 1996)
Relationship between annual mean ground water table depth and peat decomposition.
05
101520253035404550
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
peat
dec
ompo
sitio
n(tC
ha-
1y-
1 )
Ground water table depth (cm)
Non-woody vegetation
Woody vegetation
P<0.01
P<0.01
Peat decomposition is significantly related to ground water table depth. Under the woody vegetation, the peat decomposition is low compared to non-woody vegetation.
Peatland lost subsurface water eventually begins to emit CO2 actively along the peat decomposition.
Modified from Hoojer et al. 2006
Location: Palangka Raya, Central kalimantan, Indonesia (2˚S、114˚E)
SitesCropland (KV) since 1970Re-growing Forest (RF) affected by 2002 fireNatural Forest (FT)
Study site and measurements
Palangka Raya City
KV
RF
FT
Kahayan river
Sebangau river
0 5 10 km
channel
MeasurementsMonthly CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes (Closed chamber method) from March 2002.Ground water table and peat subsidence (Perforated PVC pipes, 80mm diameter and 3m long) by several times in a year from July 2002)
Gas flux measurement in the RF site
Cumulative CO2 emission and subsidence in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in
PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)
020406080
100120140160180
2002
.1
2003
.1
2004
.1
2005
.1
2006
.1
2007
.1
2008
.1
CO
2em
issi
on (tC
ha-
1 )
KV
FT
RF
Mean Peat decomposition (tC ha-1 y-1)FT 9.76 RF 6.07 KV 25.49
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2002
.1
2003
.1
2004
.1
2005
.1
2006
.1
2007
.1
2008
.1
Sub
side
nce
(cm
)
KV
FT
RF
Average peat subsidence (cm y-1) FT 2.22 RF 0.90 KV 4.07.
Cumulative CH4 emission and ground water table in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan,
Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2002.1
2003.1
2004.1
2005.1
2006.1
2007.1
2008.1
CH
4em
issi
on (kg
C h
a-1) RF
KV
FT
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002.1
2003.1
2004.1
2005.1
2006.1
2007.1
2008.1
Gro
und
wat
er
tabl
e (
cm
)
FT
KV
RF
Average ground water table (cm) FT 47.2 RF 20.8 KV 103.7.
Mean CH4 emission (kgC ha-1y-1)FT 0.64 RF 5.01 KV 2.54
Cumulative N2O emission and relation to CO2 emission in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan,
Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)
Mean N2O emission (KgN ha-1 y-1)FT 3.01 RF 1.22 KV 28.77
020406080
100120140160180200
N2O
em
issi
on (
kgN
ha-
1 )
2002
.1
2003
.1
2004
.1
2005
.1
2006
.1
2007
.1
2008
.1
KV
FTRF
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50
y = 0.2565e0.0002x
r = 0.821**
Peat decomposition (tC ha-1 y-1)
N2O
em
issi
on (k
gN h
a-1
y-1 )
Non-woody vegetation
Woody vegetation
Hashidoko et al. (2008) found Janthinobacterium sp. as a N2O emitter from cropland peat.
Before Fire(25 June 2002)
During Fire(25 Aug. 2002)
Just after Fire(25 Aug. 2002)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
CO2
(mg
C m
-2h-
1 ), C
H4
(μg
C m
-2
h-1 )
and
N2O
(μg
N m
-2h-
1 ) CO2CH4N2O
Effect of 2002 peat fire on CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions
Peat decomposition in SEA (2005)
Peat fire in SEA (1997-
2006)
Japan (2005)
0200400600800
100012001400
CO
2em
issi
on (M
tC y
-1)
Comparison of CO2 emission from Peat decomposition and peat fire from SEA (Hooijer et al,, 2006)
Fire
Decomposition Japan
Necessity of research and education for peatland management to reduce emission from degraded
tropical peatland
• Creating better water management to reduce emission with tropical peatland degradation.
• Understanding tropical peat microbial communities in relation to peat decomposition and greenhouse gas emission.
• Monitoring of emissions and peat environmental factors to know the natural peat functions and to evaluate the magnitude of peat degradation and the effect of mitigation options.
Indonesian Liaison Office of IFES-GCOE
Bogor Agricultural University CIMTROP, PalangkaRaya University
Making scientific supports and evaluations for improvement of the peatland management practices through education and research
Thank you for your attention