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Instructions for use Title Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland management Author(s) Hatano, Ryusuke Citation International Symposium on "The Impact of Climate Change on Region Specific Systems". 6 November 2009. Sapporo, Japan. Issue Date 2009-11-06 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39883 Type conference presentation File Information 04_Hatano.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP
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Page 1: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Instructions for use

Title Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland management

Author(s) Hatano, Ryusuke

Citation International Symposium on "The Impact of Climate Change on Region Specific Systems". 6 November 2009. Sapporo,Japan.

Issue Date 2009-11-06

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39883

Type conference presentation

File Information 04_Hatano.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Necessity of research and education for tropical

peatland managementRyusuke Hatano

Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University

IFES-GCOE symposium on 6 November

Page 3: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Peat swamp forest degradation• Since 1985, tropical peat swamp forests in the world

have been cut for timber production and destroyed widely, along frequent forest fire.

• According to the estimation of Hooijer et al (2006), peat swamp forest in SEA is undergone deforestation in a 1.5% y-1, to lose 120,000 km2 (45%) due to clear cut and drainage.

• The peat swamp forest degradation in SEA becomes significant source of CO2 emission.

• Hooijer et al (2006) estimates current CO2 emission to be 170 Mt C y-1 from peat decomposition and 390 to 1180 Mt C y-1 from peat fire. Those are half and double compared to Japanese CO2 emission in 2005 of 351 Mt C y-1, respectively.

Page 4: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Nature of tropical peatlandTropical Peatland is characterized by Carbon stock, due to limitation of forest litter

decomposition by water logging, low pH, high CN ratio and hard plant materials in low land and seashore, controlling atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration.

Water reservoir, due to poor internal drainage and high near surface drainage, supporting high evapotranspiration of peat swamp forests and regulating of flooding.

Special bio-diversity, due to low pH, rich to poor nutrient conditions from alluvial to domes peats and, wet to dry soil surface conditions from near water to very permeable surface peat layer, offering special aquatic-swamp forest ecosystems and various kind of forest products.

Page 5: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Tropical peatland extent in SE Asia

•Area 33 to 49 Mha (8% of total peatland area)•Carbon content 70GtC (20% of total carbon in peatland)•Distribution 85% in Indonesia and 8% in Malaysia tropical peat (Immirzi and Maltby 1993)

.(Rieley, 2008)

Page 6: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Only 30% of non-forested cover recover to the cropland in the tropical peatland

Cropland 30%Wasteland 70%(Hoojier et al., 2006).

Among deforested area in tropical peatland, reclaimed land used for agricultural production is only 30%, and the others are abandoned area turned into wastelands.

Page 7: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...
Page 8: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...
Page 9: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Maludam National Park Peat Soil Cross Section

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 20Distance (km)

Rel

ativ

e he

ight

abo

ve M

SL

(m)

PEAT

MINERAL SUBSTRATUM

(Melling et al., 2005)

Peat dome

stream

stream stream

Page 10: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

High hydraulic conductivity in woody peatPeat Site Hydraulic Cond.,

(m/day)References

Dun Moss, England 0.864 -0.0864 Rycroft et al., (1975)

Stor-Amyran, Sweden

9.50 -5.53 Waddington and Roulet, (1997)

Alberta, Canada 0.405-3.47 Sillins and Rothwell, (1998)

Minnesota, USA 4.285 Boelter (1969)

Kushiro, Japan 0.052 Takahashi and Yonetani (1995)

Pontian, Malaysia 0.0518-2.30 Salmah (1994)

Klang, Malaysia 0.475-4.90 Ayob and Mutalib (1997)

Pulau Bruit, Malaysia

2.39 -24.70 Zailon (1999)

Kalimantan, Indonesia

0.864 -0.0864 Takahashi and Yonetani (1995)

Mixed Peat Swamp 32.8 (99.6) Melling et al, 2006

Alan Forest 59.1 Melling et al, 2006

Padang Forest 33.8 Melling et al, 2006

Photo by Melling

Due to this high permeability, deforested tropical peat dome quickly loses subsurface water from the soil into drainage.

The peat soil which lost subsurface water starts to dry, does not allow vegetative recovery.

Boreal and temperate

Tropical

Page 11: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Peat subsidence

Total peat subsidence = Peat shrinkage + Peat decomposition

Subsidence by peat decomposition = CO2 emission / (Bulk density × Carbon content)

As an example, in the case of an oil palm plantation in peatland of Peninsula Malaysia where CO2 emission of 10 tC ha-1, annual total subsidence ranged from 1.55 -1.64 cm y-1, of which 52-66% was due to peat decomposition (Murayama et and Bakar, 1996)

Page 12: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Relationship between annual mean ground water table depth and peat decomposition.

05

101520253035404550

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

peat

dec

ompo

sitio

n(tC

ha-

1y-

1 )

Ground water table depth (cm)

Non-woody vegetation

Woody vegetation

P<0.01

P<0.01

Peat decomposition is significantly related to ground water table depth. Under the woody vegetation, the peat decomposition is low compared to non-woody vegetation.

Peatland lost subsurface water eventually begins to emit CO2 actively along the peat decomposition.

Modified from Hoojer et al. 2006

Page 13: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Location: Palangka Raya, Central kalimantan, Indonesia (2˚S、114˚E)

SitesCropland (KV) since 1970Re-growing Forest (RF) affected by 2002 fireNatural Forest (FT)

Study site and measurements

Palangka Raya City

KV

RF

FT

Kahayan river

Sebangau river

0 5 10 km

channel

MeasurementsMonthly CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes (Closed chamber method) from March 2002.Ground water table and peat subsidence (Perforated PVC pipes, 80mm diameter and 3m long) by several times in a year from July 2002)

Gas flux measurement in the RF site

Page 14: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Cumulative CO2 emission and subsidence in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in

PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)

020406080

100120140160180

2002

.1

2003

.1

2004

.1

2005

.1

2006

.1

2007

.1

2008

.1

CO

2em

issi

on (tC

ha-

1 )

KV

FT

RF

Mean Peat decomposition (tC ha-1 y-1)FT 9.76 RF 6.07 KV 25.49

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2002

.1

2003

.1

2004

.1

2005

.1

2006

.1

2007

.1

2008

.1

Sub

side

nce

(cm

)

KV

FT

RF

Average peat subsidence (cm y-1) FT 2.22 RF 0.90 KV 4.07.

Page 15: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Cumulative CH4 emission and ground water table in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan,

Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2002.1

2003.1

2004.1

2005.1

2006.1

2007.1

2008.1

CH

4em

issi

on (kg

C h

a-1) RF

KV

FT

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002.1

2003.1

2004.1

2005.1

2006.1

2007.1

2008.1

Gro

und

wat

er

tabl

e (

cm

)

FT

KV

RF

Average ground water table (cm) FT 47.2 RF 20.8 KV 103.7.

Mean CH4 emission (kgC ha-1y-1)FT 0.64 RF 5.01 KV 2.54

Page 16: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Cumulative N2O emission and relation to CO2 emission in cropland (KV), natural forest (FT) and re-growing forest (RF) in PalangkaRaya peatland of Central Kalimantan,

Indonesia after April 2002 (excluding fire)

Mean N2O emission (KgN ha-1 y-1)FT 3.01 RF 1.22 KV 28.77

020406080

100120140160180200

N2O

em

issi

on (

kgN

ha-

1 )

2002

.1

2003

.1

2004

.1

2005

.1

2006

.1

2007

.1

2008

.1

KV

FTRF

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50

y = 0.2565e0.0002x

r = 0.821**

Peat decomposition (tC ha-1 y-1)

N2O

em

issi

on (k

gN h

a-1

y-1 )

Non-woody vegetation

Woody vegetation

Hashidoko et al. (2008) found Janthinobacterium sp. as a N2O emitter from cropland peat.

Page 17: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Before Fire(25 June 2002)

During Fire(25 Aug. 2002)

Just after Fire(25 Aug. 2002)

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

CO2

(mg

C m

-2h-

1 ), C

H4

(μg

C m

-2

h-1 )

and

N2O

(μg

N m

-2h-

1 ) CO2CH4N2O

Effect of 2002 peat fire on CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions

Peat decomposition in SEA (2005)

Peat fire in SEA (1997-

2006)

Japan (2005)

0200400600800

100012001400

CO

2em

issi

on (M

tC y

-1)

Comparison of CO2 emission from Peat decomposition and peat fire from SEA (Hooijer et al,, 2006)

Fire

Decomposition Japan

Page 18: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Necessity of research and education for peatland management to reduce emission from degraded

tropical peatland

• Creating better water management to reduce emission with tropical peatland degradation.

• Understanding tropical peat microbial communities in relation to peat decomposition and greenhouse gas emission.

• Monitoring of emissions and peat environmental factors to know the natural peat functions and to evaluate the magnitude of peat degradation and the effect of mitigation options.

Page 19: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Indonesian Liaison Office of IFES-GCOE

Bogor Agricultural University CIMTROP, PalangkaRaya University

Making scientific supports and evaluations for improvement of the peatland management practices through education and research

Page 20: Necessity of research and education for tropical peatland ...

Thank you for your attention


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