NEED

What are GHG’sIPCCUCS

CO2 graph - paleoTemp graph - paleo

Pfaff plan.

OUTLINE

• To show the direct relationship between engine emissions and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere---- and global warming.

• To relate the science to the society• To provide courses of action.

The Planet

The Engine

winter winter

summer summer

CO2 Level

Season

HappyPlanet !

REGULAR BREATHING

The real planet we live on

CO2, ppm(parts per million)

Year1958 2004

315

375

Where does the CO2 come from?

GASOLINE OR COAL OR NATURAL GAS ALWAYS PRODUCES

CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER WHEN BURNED IN AIR

Other products too, in very small amounts.

Burning hydrocarbon fuels MUST produce CO2 and water

In different units:

1 gallon of gas produces 18 lbs (8kg) of carbon dioxide

RULE OF THUMB: 1 MILE ~ 1/2 POUND OF CO2.

CO2 stays in the atmosphere for about 100 years, so it adds up.

Let’s calculate:

1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide

IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY

How many kg of CO2 are produced per year?

Let’s calculate:

1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide

IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY

= 800 x 106 x 2 x 8 x 365= 4672000 x 106 ≈ 5 x 1012 kg

Total kg of CO2

Let’s calculate:

1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide

So 5 x 1012 kg (5 billion tons) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, just from cars and trucks.

IS THAT A BIG NUMBER?

Our Atmosphere is very Thin

The Atmosphere • The atmosphere of the earth is mainly

Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume.• Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only

around 0.038%

Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?

The Atmosphere • The atmosphere of the earth is mainly

Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume.• Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only

around 0.038%

Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm

The Atmosphere Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only

around 0.038%

Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm

CO2, ppm

Year1958 2004

315

375

Mass of the Atmosphere is 5.2 thousand trillion tons

F ma

5.2 1018 Kg

5.2 1018Kg

5.2 1018Kg

5.2 1018Kg

5.2 1018 Kg

So pA = matm gSo matm = pA/g = p (4πR2)/g = 5.2 x1018 kg

Let’s calculate:

1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide

Vehicles add 5 x 1012 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere each year.

IS THAT A BIG NUMBER?

Mass of atmosphere = 5.2 x1018 kg

i.e. One part of CO2 per million parts of atmospheric mass per year.(in volume units it is nearly 0.7 ppmv/yr)

This is for vehicles only (add power plants etc. and it comes to around 2 ppmv/yr)

mass of co2 entering atmospheremass of atmosphere

51012

5.21018 10 6

CO2

YEAR

CO2 and Temperature

temperature

Carbon dioxide

Easy to understandMuch harder to understand

The State of Our Global TemperatureThe 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1994

GreenhouseGases

The State of Our Atmosphere

Data from IPCC1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Year

750

1750

260

360

250

310

CH4 (ppb)

CO2

(ppm)

N2O(ppb)

2000

Figure SPM.1

CO2 and Temperature

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX VS. ENERGY USE

From A Pasternack LLNL Rep. No. UCLR-ID 140773 (Oct. 2000)

Carbon dioxide Information center CDIAC.ORNL.GOV

INDIA CO2 EMISSIONS

INDIA CO2/capita

US CO2/capita

Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov

US CO2 emissions

Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov

• Carbon emissions are related to:

• Population (N)• amount of carbon to make a unit of

energy (C/E)• energy usage per unit of GDP (E/GDP)• GDP/capita (GDP/N)

Kaya Identity

C N GDPN

EGDP

CE

N = populationGDP = Gross Domestic Product E = energy usageC=carbon into the atmosphere

N

GDP/N

E/GDP

C/E

Kaya Identity:

Hoffert et al“Nature” V.39529 Oct. 1998

C

x

x

x

=

CO2 and global warming are due to:

Population increase (demography, geography,economics,sociology,psychology,history….)

Increase in standard of living (development,sociology,economics,business,engineering

,government………… )

The amount of carbon we use to produce the energy(engineering,

chemistry,physics,materials science…….)

The energy usage per unit of GDP(business, economics,engineering,operations

research……..)

MORE INFO: Google

1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

2. UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists)

3. Tom Pfaff’s Sustainability Calculus Page

4. State of the Planet course, Cornell

5. Institute for the Environment, Berkeley

ACTION

1.Internalization

2.Education/Research

3.Outreach

4.Involvement with policy

5. Examine Tradition

IPCC2007