NEGARA MAJU BERPENDAPATAN TINGGI: PERSEDIAAN DAN CABARAN

Asan Ali Golam Hassan

Program Bina negara Bangsa (PEMBINA). Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi.

Negara Maju Berpendapatan Tinggi: Persediaan Dan Cabaran

Dewan Bunga Raya DPP MAS. UUM. 5 Julai 2011

Transformasi Falsafah Pembangunan Negara – 1 Malaysia

(1) Accelerating maximum growth

(2) Growth with equity +

“building upon the target group”

(3) Growth with equity +

“building upon the best group”

(4) Growth with equity +

“membangun bersama saya”

(5) Growth with equity +

“1Malaysia”

1957-1970(13)

1970-1976(6) 1976-1981

(5) 1981-2003(22)

2003-2009(6)

2009-kini

3

“Among the forms that the good management has taken is the use of regional and urban plans as building blocks for construction

of national economic development plans, from The Third Malaysia Plan onwards. Malaysia may have the most completely

integrated regional and national plans in the world” (Higgins & Savoie 1997. Regional Development Theories and Their

Application. New Brunswick: Transaction Publication , pg. 347).

Economic Planning

a. Long term (10 years)

b. Intermediate (5 years)

c. Budget (yearly)

Physical (Spatial) Planning

a. National

b. State

c. District

44

Peninsular Malaysia: History of Progress Development

“As in most underdevelopment countries, we should not be surprised that the inegalitariansocial and economic stratification from colonial times is preserved and that development moves in the direction of greater inequality “

…. Myrdal, G. 1971. The Challenge of World Poverty, Penguin Books. p.89.

1895 1911 1955 1969

Philosophy of development Planning

Long-term Development

Plan/ National Policy

Years Five year Development Plan

“Building upon the best

location”

(under British colonial)

1786-1950

1951-1955 Draft Development Plan,

Malaya

“Accelerating maximum

growth”

(1950s and 1960s)

1956-1960

1961-1965

1966-1970

First Malaya Plan

Second Malaya Plan

First Malaysia Plan

“Growth with equal

distribution”

(1971 until now)

First Outline Perspective Plan

New Economic Policy

(1971-1990)

1971-1975

1976-1980

1981-1985

1986-1990

Second Malaysia Plan

Third Malaysia Plan

Fourth Malaysia Plan

Fifth Malaysia Plan

Second Outline Perspective Plan

National Development Policy

(1991-2000)

1991-1995

1996-2000

Sixth Malaysia Plan

Seventh Malaysia Plan

Third Outline Perspective Plan

National Vision Policy

(2001-2010)

2001-2005

2006-2010

Eighth Malaysia Plan

Ninth Malaysia Plan

New Economic Model

(2011-2020)2011-2015

2016-2020

10th Malaysia Plan

11th Malaysia Plan

5

6

The Spatial Malaysian Context

1. Geographic Regions

in Peninsular Malaysia

2. Location of States by Level of

Development in Peninsular Malaysia

7

Composite development index comprises 10 indicators;

•GDP per capita, •unemployment rate, •urbanisation rate, •registration of car and motorcycle per 1,000 of population, •poverty rate, •population provided with piped water, •population provided with electricity, •infant mortality rate and •number of doctors per 10,000 of population.

8

Koridor pertumbuhan wilayah

Iskandar Malaysia

Wilayah

Ekonomi

Koridor Utara

Wilayah Ekonomi

Pantai Timur

Koridor Pembangunan

Sabah

Koridor Tenaga

Diperbaharu Sarawak

9

10

1111

Sub-regional cooperation was one of the regional policies at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) level. Three growth triangles involved Malaysia

•Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), 1994. Consists of the state of Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, and Perak in Peninsula Malaysia; Special Territory of Aceh, the Provinces of North Sumatra and West Sumatra in Indonesia; and the provinces of Satun, Narathiwat, Pattani, Yala, and Songkhla in Thailand.

•Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT), 1996. Consists of the states of Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang in Peninsula Malaysia; the Provinces of Riau and West Sumatra in Indonesia; and Singapore.

•Brunei Darulssalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippine East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), 1995. Consists of the State of Sarawak, Sabah and Federal Territory of Labuan in East Malaysia; Brunei Darussalam; and the provinces of East and West Kalimantan and North Sulawesi in Indonesia; and Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines.

12

Join

Development

Strategies (JDS)

Malaysia &

Thailand

13

JDS SCOPE OF COOPERATION• Four borders and adjacent states of Malaysia; Kedah, Perlis, Perak & Kelantan

• Five borders and adjacent provinces of Thailand; Satun, Shongkhala, Patani, Yala & Naratiwat

Satun

Shongkhala

Patani

Yala

NaratiwatWang Pracan

Wang Kelian

Ban Buketa

Bukit Bunga

Padang Bezar (Sadao)

Padang Besar

Ban Prakob

Durian Burung

Betong

Pengkalan Hulu

Sg Kolok

Rantau panjang

Takbai

Pengkalan Kubur

Sadao

Bukit Kayu Hitam

NCER Border Town Snapshots

14

Wang Pracah

Wang Kelian

Satun

Padang Besar

Ban Prakob

Durian Burung

Betong

Pengkalan Hulu

Sadao

Bukit Kayu Hitam

• A combination of economic activities: agriculture, manufacturing, trading/commerce, and education

• Second Border Town in Kedah

• Industrial Development, focusing on agriculture based economy

• Main activities: tourism and trading/commerce

• Small border town

• Main economic activities: petty trading

• To be developed as an Industrial Area and Free Zone

15

52.4

20.7

16.5

8.9

6.17.5

5.1 5.73.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1985 1990 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007

15.4

10.6

7.0

6.3

4.0

Poverty Rate, (% of households ,1970-2007)

Distribution of Poverty, 2007 (% of households per state)

More develop states

Less develop states

16

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Average Monthly Wage per worker (RM) in the More Developed and the Less Developed States

More developed states

Less developed states

• two groups of industries distributed in the regions also creates a lower technological industrial environment in the less developed states; lower labour product ability but also lower wages.

42.7

33

28.4

19.117.7

25.2

30.5

40.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1970 1980 1990 2000

Percentage Contribution to GDP by Sector

agricultural and mineral based Industrial & services based

Agriculture

Manufacturing

18

0

50

100

150

200

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

RM

Mill

ions

The Convergence

the second convergence will take place when the gap between the

more developed states and the less developed states decline

(standard deviation of the distribution of the manufacturing output

across regions decline).

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Bumi

Cina

India

Lain2

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Bumi

Cina

India

Lain2

1995 2007

T20%T20%

M40% M40%

B40% B40%

20

Poverty

Regional

disparities

Income

distribution

Poverty

Income

distribution

Income

distribution

Regional

disparities

Regional

disparities

primary sector based 2nd & 3rd sector based

Intra-region

Inter-region

[3] High out-migration

[4]Lower Technologicalindustries

[2]Less educated and

skilled workers

[1] Resources based industries (Labour intensive)

[5] Domestic market,Less trading relationship (export)

Low FDI

Less HRD and R&D

Low productivity (TFP)

Less output elasticity (labour and capital)

Less value added

[6] Low growth rate of manufacturing output (convergence)

Less convergence

[12] Low per capita income

[11]Low wage rate

[8] Less saving rate

[9] Less investment rate (DI), Capital scarcity

[7] Increase the imbalanced distribution of manufacturing output ( convergence)

[10] Less industrial activities

“Disadvantage Cycle” in the Less Developed States

Income Inequality

22

Transformasi Falsafah Pembangunan Negara –1 Malaysia

Perancangan Ekonomi

Isu-Isu Semasa

RMKe-10

Perbincangan & penutup

Transformation Package: 6 Strategic Directions

Outcome–based Approach (OBA) for 10th MP

Strategic Directions for 10th MP

Economic Transformation Agenda

24

Accelerate transformation to K-economy

Strong push for private sector as engine of growth

Focus on and specialise in sectors with strong growth potential

Anchor growth on entrepreneurial-driven economy*

Undertake wage and labour market reform

Bridge development and social gaps

High Income Advanced Economy

25

Balanced Scorecard

(1) Final Goal

(2) Strategic

direction

(3) Key

result

Areas

(KRA)

(5) Strategic

action

(4) Outcome

Project Project Project Project

(6) Key

Performance

Indicator (KPI)

Output

Output

Output

Output

Program Program

Outcome-based Approach

(1) Final Goal

(2) Strategic

direction

(3) Key

result

areas

(5) Strategic

action

(4) Outcome

Project Project Project Project

(6) Key

Performance

Indicator

Output

Output

Output

Output

Program Program

THE OUTCOME-BASED APPROACH (OBA)

Rangka Kerja Dasar dan Strategi bagi Kajian Separuh Panggal RMK-9

MISI NASIONAL, 2006-2020

TERAS 1

Meningkatkan

ekonomi dalam

rantaian nilai

lebih tinggi

TERAS 2

Meningkatkan keupayaan

pengetahuan dan inovasi

negara serta memupuk

minda kelas pertama

TERAS 3

Menangani

ketidaksamaan

sosioekonomi

yang berterusan

TERAS 4

Meningkatkan tahap dan

kemampanan kualiti hidup

TERAS 5

Mengukuhkan

keupayaan

institusi dan

pelaksanaan

WAWASAN 2020

•Meningkatkan

produktiviti dan

daya saing

• Menjana

sember

pertumbuhan

baru

• Meningkatkan kualiti dan

akses pendidikan

• Menjadikan sekolah

kebangsaan sebagai

sekolah pilihan

• Menyediakan pendidikan

tertiar bertaraf

antarabangsa

• Memupuk keupayaan

R&D dan inovasi

• Menyemai nalai murni

dalam masyarakat

• Mengurangkan

kadar

kemiskinan.

• Memperbaiki

pengagihan

pendapatan

• Mengurangkan

jurang

perbezaan

antara wilayah

• Menyusun

semula pola

tenaga

•

Membangunkan

MPPB

•Meningkatkan akses

kepada dan kualiti

penjagaan kesihatan

• Menyediakan

perumahan mampu milik

dan bekalan air serta

elektrik kepada golongan

miskin.

• Menambah baik jaringan

pengangkutan

• Meningkatkan

keselamatan awam

• Menambah baik alam

sekitar

• Menangani isu berkaitan

kanak-kanak, golongan

belia dan wanita

•Mengintegrasi

perkhidmatan

merentasi

agensi.

•Meningkatkan

keyakinan

terhadap

perkhidmatan

berasaskan

elektronik

•Melaksanakan

perancangan,

pemantauan

dan penilaian

berdasarkan

pencapaian

INISIATIF DASAR/STRATEGI

PRINSIP ASAS

PERPADUAN NEGARA RUKUNEGARA ISLAM HADHARI

Strategi KPI

Misi Nasional2006-2020

KRA RMKe-10

KRA RMKe-10Peringkat Kementerian

Strategi KPI Strategi KPI

Strategy KPI Strategy KPI Strategy KPI

Teras 1

Wawasan 2020

Teras 2 Teras 3 Teras 4 Teras 5

2

8

Rangka kerja

bersepadu RMKe-10

Strategy KPI

10th MP: Mapping the OBA

29

4

3

2

5

6

1

Vision 2020

Transformation Agenda

10th MP-KRA

Ministry-Level KRA

30

Kementerian

▪KRA

▪Outcome

Outcome

RMKe-10

Program

Nasional

Projek

Kementerian

Teras 3 Menangani Ketidaksamaan Sosioekonomi yang Berterusan

KRA 1

RMKe-10

Pembasmian Kemiskinan dan Peningkatan Pendapatan bagi Isi Rumah

Berpendapatan 30% Terendah

Bahagian Pendapatan bagi Isi Rumah Berpendapatan 30% Terendah Meningkat

Program

Bantuan Pelajar

Miskin

KPM

Program Pembasmian Kemiskinan

KPWKMKKLW KWPKB

Program

Bantuan

Rumah (PBR)

Luar Bandar

Projek

Membina/

Baik Pulih

Rumah Miskin

Program

Kementerian

Skim Perlindungan

Sosial bagi Golongan

Miskin dan OKU

Program

Bantuan

Perumahan

Bandar

Program

Peningkatan

Kapasiti &

Pembangunan

Minda

Keluarga

Miskin Bandar

Projek

Membina/

Baik Pulih

Rumah

Panjang

Program

Bersepadu

Ekonomi

Miskin Bandar

Bantuan

Orang Tua

Bantuan

Kanak-kanak

Bantuan Orang

Kurang Upaya

Bantuan Kos

dan Elaun

Latihan

Program

Motivasi

Bantuan

Sewa

Rumah

Skim

Baucer

Tuisyen

Biasiswa

Makanan

Tambahan

Program

Pembangunan

Bersepadu

Projek

Agropolitan

Projek

Pembangunan

Masyarakat

Sejahtera

Penjodohan

Pekerjaan

Bantuan

Peniaga Kecil

Miskin Bandar

31

32

“Building upon the

best location”

(under British

colonial)

colonial export economy

+ Laissez- faire

tin mines, rubber,port, road network, maritime trade ,

- marked segregation based

“Accelerating

maximum growth”

(1950s and 1960s)

economic dualism inherited from

colonialism+ Laissez- faire

tin mines, rubberurbanisation , public utilities concentrated in the developed location

- Ketidakseimbangantara etnik meningkat, 13 may

“Growth with equity”

(1971 - ??)

growth with equity+ building upon the

target group

FELDA, RISDA, FELCRA, RDA, IADP, in-situ RDP, MARA, SEDC, koperasi, etc

- Ketidakseimbangan antara etnik berkurangan

growth with equity + building upon the best

group

Pengkopratan, MPPB, IMP, mega projek, globalization, trade libralization, VisiNasional - Wawasan2020 etc

-Ketidakseimbanganantara etnikberkurangan;

- ketidakseimbangandlm etnik, lokasi, aktiviti ekonomimeningkat

Dualism;Peluang?- ICT- bahasa- lokasi- politik

growth with equity + membangun bersama

saya

Hadhari, Corridor, Koperasi, Pertanian(makanan), MisiNasional

growth with equity + 1Malaysia

RMKe-10NEMGTPETP 34