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NEGATION IN KANNADA

Raghavacha r i A m r i t a v a l l i

M . A . , Banga lo re U n i v e r s i t y

A THESIS SUB?!ITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

bIASTER OF ARTS

i n t h e Department

~f

Modern Languages

RAGHAVACHARI AMRI TAVAL LI 19 7 7 .- - SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

November 1977

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T h i s t h e s i s may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n whole o r i n p a r t , by photocopy o r o t h e r means , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r ,

APPROVAL

Name : Raghavacha r i A m r i t a v a l l i

Degree : M a s t e r o f A r t s

T i t l e o f T h e s i s : N e g a t i o n i n Kannada

Examining Commit tee:

Chairman : C h a r l e s P. Eouton

N e v i l l e J . L i n c o l n

-

R i c h a r d C . DeArmond

H . F . Sch i f fman 1 '

E x t e r n a l Examiner A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r

U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington , S e a t t l e , Washington

PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I hereby g r a n t t o Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y t h e r i g h t t o lend

my t h e s i s o r d i s s e r t a t i o n ( t h e t i t l e of which i s shown below) t o u s e r s

of t h e Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , and t o make p a r t i a l o r s i n g l e

c o p i e s o n l y f o r s u c h u s e r s o r i n r e s p o n s e t o a r e q u e s t from t h e l i b r a r y

of any o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n , on i t s own

b e h a l f o r f o r one of i t s u s e r s . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t pe rmiss ion f o r

m u l t i p l e copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be g r a n t e d

b y me o r t h e Dean of Graduate S t u d i e s . It is unders tood t h a t copying

o r p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l lowed

w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n pe rmiss ion .

T i t l e of T h e s i s / ~ i s s e r t a t i o n :

( s i g n a t u r e )

(name )

( d a t e )

ABSTRACT

NEGATION IN KANNADA

I n t h i s t h e s i s , an e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e s y n t a x and s e m a n t i c s

o f n e g a t i o n (and r e l a t e d a s p e c t s ) i n Kannada, a D r a v i d i a n

l anguage spoken ma in ly i n K a r n a t a k a , I n d i a , i s u n d e r t a k e n . The

t h e o r e t i c a l framework i s p r o v i d e d by t h e t h e o r y o f

T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l - G e n e r a t i v e grammar a s expounded by Chomsky i n

S y n t a c t i c S t r u c t u r e s (1957) and Aspec t s o f t h e Theory of S y n t a x

( 1 9 6 5 ) , w i t h s u b s e q u e n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s and e l a b o r a t i o n s (Chomsky

1970 , 1 9 7 1 , 1975 ; Emonds 1976; J a c k e n d o f f 1 9 7 2 ) . The model ,

t h e r e f o r e , i n c o r p o r a t e s a g e n e r a t i v e s y n t a c t i c component and an

i n t e r p r e t i v e s e m a n t i c component .

C h a p t e r I i n t r o d u c e s t h e v a r i e t y o f forms which a r e f e l t

t o be ' i n t u i t i v e l y n e g a t i v e ' i n Kannada, and b r i e f l y r ev i ews

work on Kannada n e g a t i o n t o d a t e . I n C h a p t e r 1 1 , a t e s t f o r

neg i s p r o p o s e d , where neg i s d e f i n e d as a s e m a n t i c f e a t u r e

t o be r e c o g n i s e d by t h e s y n t a c t i c and s e m a n t i c consequences o f

i t s p r e s e n c e i n t h e s e n t e n c e . The ' i n t u i t i v e l y n e g a t i v e ' forms

a r e t h u s r e d e f i n e d i n te rms of w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y c a r r y t h e

f e a t u r e neg, and t h e s cope of i n q u i r y i s c o n s e q u e n t l y d e l i m i t e d .

The p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t he forms which have b e e n

d e f i n e d a s neg a r e n o t e d : Kannada i s shown t o have d i f f e r e n t

forms o f n e g a t i o n depend ing on w h e t h e r t h e n e g a t i o n o c c u r s i n

c o p u l a t i v e , v e r b l e s s s e n t e n c e s , t e n s e d s e n t e n c e s , non- t e n s e d

s e n t e n c e s , and s e n t e n c e s w i t h moda l s , i n c o n t r a s t t o n e g a t i o n

i n E n g l i s h , where - n o t a p p e a r s i n a l l t h e above t y p e s o f s e n t e n c e s .

C h a p t e r s I 1 1 and I V examine t h e s y n t a x o f t h e v a r i o u s neg

f o r m s , and C h a p t e r V p r o p o s e s r u l e s o f s e m a n t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

f o r t h e s e fo rms .

I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s t h e s i s w i l l s e r v e a s a s t i m u l u s

f o r r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e s y n t a x and s e m a n t i c s o f Kannada, s i n c e

v e r y few d e s c r i p t i o n s o f a s p e c t s o f Kannada w i t h i n t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l framework assumed h e r e a r e a v a i l a b l e . On a

d i f f e r e n t l e v e l , by a t t e m p t i n g t o d e s c r i b e a D r a v i d i a n l anguage

w i t h t h e t o o l s e v o l v e d ma in ly t h r o u g h a s y s t e m a t i c e x p l o r a t i o n

o f Indo-European l a n g u a g e s , i t i s hoped t o q u e s t i o n o r v a l i d a t e

t h e model i t s e l f . T h i s i s , t h e r e f o r e , an i n i t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n

towards t h e s e a r c h f o r l i n g u i s t i c u n i v e r s a l s and an e x p l a n a t o r y

model o f l i n g u i s t i c s .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I s i n c e r e l y t h a n k t h e Canadian Commonwealth S c h o l a r s h i p

a n d F e l l o w s h i p Committee f o r g i v i n g me t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o

t r a v e l t o Canada and s t u d y a t t h i s u n i v e r s i t y , and t h e C e n t r a l

I n s t i t u t e of E n g l i s h and F o r e i g n Languages (Hyderabad , I n d i a ) ,

f o r g r a n t i n g me l e a v e o f a b s e n c e from my work f o r t h e d u r a t i o n

o f my s t u d i e s .

To t h e members o f my S u p e r v i s o r y Commit tee , P r o f e s s o r s

N . J . L i n c o l n and R . C . DeArmond, I am g r a t e f u l f o r t h e i r comments

and encouragement and t h e p a t i e n c e w i t h which t h e y have g u i d e d

me t h r o u g h o u t . P r o f e s s o r H . F . S c h i f f m a n has been o f i n v a l u a b l e

h e l p , n o t o n l y i n s u g g e s t i n g a f r u i t f u l a r e a f o r r e s e a r c h , b u t

a l s o i n s e c u r i n g f o r me r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s which were u n a v a i l a b l e

a t t h i s U n i v e r s i t y .

Among t h e members of t h e f a c u l t y a t t h i s U n i v e r s i t y who have

c o n t r i b u t e d i n v a r i o u s wa!.s t o my a p p r e n t i c e s h i p i n L i n g u i s t i c s ,

ment ion must be made of P r o f e s s o r A . E . H u r t a d o , who w i t h h i s

e n t h u s i a s m and uncompromising s t a n d a r d s s t i m u l a t e d my i n t e r e s t

i n t h e s u b j e c t ; and of P r o f e s s o r B . E . Nelqton, whom I have

u n h e s i t a t i n g l y app roached f o r h e l p w i t h problems i n S e m a n t i c s .

F i n a l l y , I wish t o t hank W Y L B U R , t h e computer who w r o t e

o u t t h i s t h e s i s f o r me s o n e a t l y .

TABLE CONTENTS

Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii A b s t r a c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i D e d i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i

L i s t of T a b l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i i

P r e f a c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x

Kannada Phonemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i i i

C h a p t e r I . I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chap te r I 1 - Neg i n Kannada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chap te r I 1 1 . The Yyntax of A l l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2

Chap te r I V . I l l a and t h e N e g a t i v e V e r b a l P a r t i c i p l e ... 76

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

C h a p t e r V . On t h e s e m a n t i c s of n e g a t i o n i n Kannada .... 9 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes 106

C h a p t e r V I . Conc lus ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

B i b l i o g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

v i i

L I S T OF TABLES

Table I - Kannada Phonemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i i i

Table I 1 - Negat ive forms with i l l a ..................... 9 0

PREFACE

Kannada ( a l s o known a s Kanarese) i s a m a j o r D r a v i d i a n

l anguage spoken ma in ly i n K a r n a t a k a , I n d i a . V a r i e t i e s of

Kannada e x i s t a l o n g t h e r e g i o n a l , s o c i a l a n d l i t e r a r y -

c o l l o q u i a l c l i n e s , t h e ma jo r r e g i o n a l d i a l e c t a l d i f f e r e n c e

b e i n g be tween t h e ' n c r t h e r n ' v a r i e t i e s ( c e n t e r i n g a r o u n d

Dharwar) and t h e ' s o u t h e r n ' v a r i e t i e s ( c e n t e r i n g a round

B a n g a l o r e ) .

I n t h i s t h e s i s , we u n d e r t a k e an e x a m i n a t i o n o f n e g a t i o n

and r e l a t e d a s p e c t s o f t h e s t a n d a r d e d u c a t e d s p e e c h o f t h e

Brahmin d i a l e c t i n B a n g a l o r e . The s y n t a x o f t h i s v a r i e t y o f

Kannada shows no ma jo r d e v i a t i o n s f rom t h a t o f t h e ( s o u t h e r n )

l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e ; however , o u r d a t a may be s a i d t o be s p e e c h -

b a s e d , i n s o f a r a s a r c h a i c forms which may b e p r e s e r v e d i n

some s t y l e s o f t h e l i t e r a r y l anguage ( e . g . , t h e c o n j u g a t i o n o f

v e r b s i n t h e ' n e g a t i v e ' mood) a r e n o t t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n

h e r e .

The s y s t e m of t r a n s c r i p t i o n a d o p t e d h e r e , however , does

n o t f o l l o w t h e spoken forms i n t h e l a n g u a g e , which show

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e l i s i o n s , a s s i m i l a t i o n s and s o o n , a s such a

p h o n e t i c o r n e a r - p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n would t e n d t o o b s c u r e

m o r p h o l o g i c a l b o u n d a r i e s and r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Our c h o i c e o f

m o r p h o l o g i c a l c l a r i t y i n t r a n s c r i p t i o n , r a t h e r t h a n p h o n e t i c

f a i t h f u l n e s s , h a s been d e t e r m i n e d by t h e main c o n c e r n s o f t h i s

t h e s i s , which a r e s y n t a c t i c and s e m a n t i c r a t h e r t h a n p h o n o l o g i c a l

o r p h o n e t i c . The t r a n s c r i p t i o n c l o s e l y f o l l o w s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e

o r t h o g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n t h e l i t e r a r y l anguage . Where

c l a r i t y o f e x p o s i t i o n demands a d e v i a t i o n from even t h e

o r t h o g r a p h y , s u c h a d e v i a t i o n i s e n c l o s e d w i t h i n p a r e n t h e s e s ;

and morpheme b o u n d a r i e s n o t i n d i c a t e d i n t h e o r t h o g r a p h y a r e

i n d i c a t e d , where n e c e s s a r y , w i t h a ( - ) . Thus t h e form f o r

' d i d n o t come' , pronounced [ b a r l i l l a ] and w r i t t e n b a r a l i l l a ,

i s t r a n s c r i b e d a s b a r a l ( u ) - i l l a , a s t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s form

i s composed o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e b a r a l u of t h e v e r b b a r - , ' t o come' , - p l u s t h e n e g a t i v e morpheme i l l a , i s c r u c i a l t o t h e a n a l y s i s .

A phoneme c h a r t f o r Kannada i s p r o v i d e d below, i n Tab le I .

The s e r i e s o f r e t r o f l e x consonan t s i s t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h c a p i t a l

l e t t e r s , i n t h e examples ; e l s e w h e r e , i f t h e s e consonan t s o c c u r

i n names o r terms f o r which a s t a n d a r d , a c c e p t e d E n g l i s h

s p e l l i n g i s a v a i l a b l e , t h i s s t a n d a r d s p e l l i n g i s u s e d . Thus

t h e name Kannada i s t r a n s c r i b e d a s kanna3a ( w i t h a r e t r o f l e x

[Dl) i n t h e examples , b u t c i t e d as Kannada e l s e w h e r e .

P h o n e t i c a l l y p r e d i c t a b l e w o r d - i n i t i a l g l i d e s a r e o m i t t e d from

t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n , i n s o f a r as t h e o r t h o g r a p h y a l s o omi t s them;

t h u s ' good' ( a t t r i b u t i v e ) , pronounced [voLLe] and w r i t t e n

oLLeya, i s t r a n s c r i b e d oLLeya. Long vowels a r e i n d i c a t e d by

d o u b l i n g a l e t t e r , e . g . , b e e r e [ b e : r e ] , ' d i f f e r e n t ' ; s o a l s o

geminate c o n s o n a n t s : e . , i l l ' h e r e ' , ili 'mouse ' . The

a c c u s a t i v e c a s e end ing i s o f t e n dropped i n spoken , and some

w r i t t e n , v a r i e t i e s o f Kannada; we e n c l o s e t h i s end ing w i t h i n

p a r e n t h e s e s , e . g . k e l a s a ( v a n n u ) , 'work ( a c c . ) ' .

The model o f a n a l y s i s we f o l l o w i s t h e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l -

G e n e r a t i v e model a s i n t r o d u c e d by Chomsky i n S y n t a c t i c

S t r u c t u r e s (1957) , and Aspects o f t h e Theory o f S y n t a x (1965) ,

w i t h i t s s u b s e q u e n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s and e l a b o r a t i o n s (Chomsky

1970 , 1971, 1975; Emonds 1976) . We t h e r e f o r e a c c e p t an

i n t e r p r e t i v i s t view of s e m a n t i c s and o u r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e

s e m a n t i c s of n e g a t i o n i n Kannada w i l l f o l l o w t h e model o f

J a c k e n d o f f (1972) , t h e s t a n d a r d e x p o s i t i o n of s e m a n t i c i n t e r -

p r e t a t i o n w i t h i n t h i s framework. While we do n o t assume t h a t

t a d e s c r i p t i o n o f Kannada s h o u l d be p o s s r b l e a s a m a t t e r o f

c o u r s e , w i t h t h e d e s c r i p t i v e a p p a r a t u s p r o v i d e d by t h i s model

- a model v a l i d a t e d , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g i t s g o a l s and i t s c l a i m s

of u n i v e r s a l i t y , p r i m a r i l y by a s y s t e m a t i c e x p l o r a t i o n o f

non-Drav id ian ( and l a r g e l y Indo-European) languages - we do

r e c o g n i s e t h e n e c e s s i t y o f working w i t h i n a paradigm and a

model t h a t has been p o w e r f u l l y a rgued f o r and i s now g e n e r a l l y

a c c e p t e d w i t h i n l i n g u i s t i c s , i f on ly t o s y s t e m a t i c a l l y r e f u t e

o r modify i ts de t a i 1 s .

Very l i t t l e work on Kannada s y n t a x i s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n

t h e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l - G e n e r a t i v e framework, a n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n

b e i n g Nadkarni ( 1 9 7 0 ) . Although t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of D r a v i d i a n L i n g u i s t i c s has s e r v e d a s

a u s e f u l s t i m u l u s t o r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a s i n c e 1972, t h e

problem o f v a r i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s a c c e p t i n g v a r i o u s t h e o r i e s and

models , t h u s making i x a n i n g f u l d i a l o g u e be tween them i m p o s s i b l e ,

remains a c u t e . Nega t ion i n Kannada s e r v e s a s a c a s e i n p o i n t :

t h e r e e x i s t ' t r a d i t i o n a l ' d e s c r i p t i o n s (Andronov, 1969 ;

S p e n c e r , l g l 4 ) , taxonomic d e s c r i p t i o n s (Gowda, 1 9 7 0 ) , and

g e n e r a t i v e - s e m a n t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s (Rangan, 1972) o f t h i s a r e a .

One aim of t h i s t h e s i s , t h e r e f o r e , i s t o p r o v i d e a

d e t a i l e d though p r e l i m i n a r y d e s c r i p t i o n of n e g a t i o n i n Kannada

w i t h i n a s t a n d a r d t h e o r e t i c a l framework, i n t h e hope of

s t i m u l a t i n g argument and f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h w i t h i n t h i s model ,

i n t o t h e Kannada l anguage . I t goes w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t much

t h a t a p p e a r s ad hoc o r i n s o l v a b l e h e r e , may be b e t t e r d e a l t

w i t h i n a d e e p e r o r w i d e r a n a l y s i s . On a d i f f e r e n t l e v e l , by

a n a l y s i n g a s p e c t s o f a language whose d a t a have n o t been

a v a i l a b l e t o l i n g u i s t s i n t h e c o u r s e o f model c o n s t r u c t i o n , we

hope t o v a l i d a t e o r q u e s t i o n t h e model i t s e l f . T h i s i s

t h e r e f o r e a s m a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n towards t h e s e a r c h f o r l i n g u i s t i c

u n i v e r s a l s and a n e x p l a n a t o r y model c f l i n g u i s t i c s .

xiii

CHAPTER I

INTFODUCTION

1.0 T r a d i t i c n a l G r a m m a r i a n s h a v e o f t e n c l a s s e d a s

' n s g a t i v e ' a v a r i e t y o f w o r d s i n ths l a n g u a g s w h i c h were

i n t u i t i v e l y f e l t t o h a v e soEe c e g a t i v o m e a n i n g . T h u s pr?-

T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l G e n e r a t i v e g r a m m a r s of E n g l i s h h a v e

i ~ c l u d ~ d h a r d l y a n d c e v e r w i t h a s ' a d v ~ r b s of i a o d a l i t y

~ x p r e s s i n g n e g a t i o n 1 , c h a r a c t e r i s e d feu a s * d i s t i n c t l y

n e g a t i v e 1 , a n d n o n e a s t h e ' n e g a t i v e f o r @ o f o o f l ; a n d

s t a t e d t h a t ' n e g a t i o n is a l s o i m p l i e d i n e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h

too ( ' s h e is t o o poor t o g i v e US a n y t h i n g , i , e , s h e c a n n o t * ) ' .

Many of t h e s e ' n e g a t i v e ' e x p r e s s i o n s h a v e b e e n s a i d t o b e

1 ' i n c o m p l e t e l y * or ' s p e c i a l 1 y * o r ' i n h e r e n t l y 1 n e g a t i v e ,

T h e t a s k t h a t K l i m a u n d e r t o o k i n t h e f i r s t

s y s t e m a t i c e x a m i n a t i o n of n e g a t i o n within a T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l

G e n e r a t i v e f r a m e w o r k (Klisa: 1 9 6 4 ) was t o e x a m i n e w h e t h e r

there was $*any r e a s o n t o c o n s i d e r t h e i n t u i t e d s h a r e d

r e g a t i v e n e s s a s i n g l e f e a t u r e frcm a f o r m a l p o f c t of v i ewt t

( o p - c i t . , p . 2 5 0 ) . I t i s n o t e n o u g h f o r a g rammar t o

p r o v i d e a list o f e x p r e s s i o n s wh5ch a r e ' i n t u i t i v e l y

c z g a t i v e q ; c s ~ o f ths g c a l s of t ~ a n s f o r m a t i o r ~ a l g rammr is

t o p r c v i d e a systematic f c r m a l l s a t i o n or t h e facts of the

l a c g u a g e w h i c h f o r i s t h ~ b a s i s f c r t h ~ n a t i v e s p ~ a k e r ' s

i n t u i t i o n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s between l i n g u i s t i c f o ras . G i v e n

the n a t l v e s p e a k e r q s i c t u i t i v e k ~ o w l e d g e , h o w e v e r , t h e r e is

n o way o f i n t u i t i n g how e x a c t l y t h i s k n o w l e d g e s h o u l d be

e x p r e s s e d ic a g r a m t a r ; t h i s is a n e m p i r i c a l m a t t e r .

G r a m m a t 5 c a l a n a l y s e s h a v e t o be m o t i v a t e d , a ~ d t h e y a r e

s u b j e c t +o t h e c o n s t r a i n t s a n d e v a l u a t i o n m e a s u r e s of the

linguistic t h e o r y w h i c h h a s p r o v i d e d a n o d e 1 f o r t h e

a n a l y s e s . T h e c o n c e p t o f t h e s i m p l i c i t y of a g rammar

( l a r g e l y e q u a t e d w i t h Etconorrtg i ~ . t h e u s e o f s y m b o l s ) h a s ,

sif ce t h e i n c e p t i o c of T r a c s f o r m a t i o n a l G e n e r a t i v e grammar ,

s e r v e d a s a c r u c i a l e v a l u a t i o r R e a s u r G ; a n d th3 p o s s i b i l i t y

of s i m p l i f y i n g t h e s y n t a x by s h o w l n g t h a t a f f i r m a t i v e a n 2

f i e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s r e g u l a r l y d i f f e r i n a s i n g l e f e a t u r e , a n d

therefcre do n o t requi re s e p a r a t e a n d u n r e l a t e d r u l e s f c r

t h e i r g e L e r a t i o n , is t h u s a n a t t r a c t i v e o n e . T h e q u e s t i o n

Kliiaa a s k s is,", . . ir, t h e s t r u c t u r a l d e s c r i p t i c n of t h e

s e n t e n c e s of t h e l a c g u a g e a s p r o v i d e d b y t h e g r a m m a r r u l e s

t h a t genera te t h e m , Is i t t h e c a s e t h a t a s i n g l e s y m b o l

a c c o u n t s f o r c e r t a i n l i n g u i s t i c f a c t s a t t h e v e r y p l a c e s

w h e r e n o g a t i v e n e s s is i ~ t u i t e d ? ~ ' (0p .c i . t . , p .250 .)

K l i m a t h e r e f o r e s c u g h t t c c h a r a c t o r i s e i n

g r a m m a t i c a l terms, an a p p r o a c h which e n t a i l e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s

c h a ~ g i n g t h e s h a p e 05 l e x i c a l i t ems ( e , g . , Meg-

i n c c r p c r a t i o n i ~ t o I n d e f i r i i t s s . ) L a t e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n

tke ~ ~ F C T Y , - a s2t of c o c s t r a i n t s kncwn a s t h e Extended

L ~ x i c a l H y p o t h e s i s , - p r o p o s e d t c oxcfuae s u c h p r o c e s s e s

frcm t h e power of t r a n s f o r m a t i o e s . Moreover , some p r o b l e m s

o f s e ~ a n t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , i n v o l v i n g t h e sccpe cf n e g a t i o n

a n d q u a r t i f i e r s , r o a a i n e d . J a c k e n d o f f (1972) t h e r e f o r e

p r e f e r r e d t o c h a r a c t e r i s e res s e m a n t i c a l l y , a s a s o d a 1

o p e r a t o r , T h e w o r d s which h a d beea shown t o b e h a v e a s ceg

by Klima and r e q u i r e d N e g - i n c o r p o r a t i o n

neg + a n y --> co ( o b l i g a t o r y )

neg + e v e r --> n e v e r ( o b l i g a t o r y ) 1

would be g e n e r a t e d b y t h e gramBar l i k e o t h e r l e x i c a l

iteats, s y n t a c t i c a l l y b e l o n g i n g t o v a r i o u s c l a s s e s : *'The

o n l y s y c t a c t i c f a c t o r i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of these l e x i c a l

items will b e l e x i c a l c a t e g o r y ; t h e o t h e r aspects of

d i s t r i b u t i o n o b s e r v e d by Kl ima will be a c c o u n t e d f o r by

z e m a c t i c rul~." ( J a c k e n d o f f , o p - c i t , , p, 3 4 8 . ) This a p p r o a c h

c r s u r e s t h a t n e g a t i v e s will r 'ot be s z p a r a t = l y t r e a t e d by the

s y n t a x , t h e r e b y a v o i d i n g c o m p l i c a t i o n i n t h e s y n t a x a n d , a s

n e g a t i v e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o s h a r e a s e m a n t i c m a r k e r , t h e modal

o p e r a t o r m, t h e grammar w i l l f o r m a l i s e , i n t h e s e m a n t i c

c o f f p ~ n @ r t , t h e ~ a t i v e s p e a k e r ' s i n t u i t i o n s c c n c e r c i c g

r e g a t i v i t y.

I n f o r m a l l y c a p t u r i n g t h s n o t i o n o f c e g a t i v i t y i n a

d i f f e r e n t c o B p o n e n t t h a n Kl ima , h o u e v 2 r , J a c k e n d ~ f f d o e s n o t

r e l i n q u i s h t h e f o r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n of PI! s u g g e s t e d b y

P l i m a ; c o t i n g t h a t w o r d s w i t h t h e raodal o p e r a t o r nes behav?

d i f f e r z n t l y from f i x h e r ~ n t l y n e g a t i v e f w o r d s l i k e * d o u b t t 31

' d i s l i k e * , which d o n o t p a s s K l i m a g s t e s t s f o r s e n t e n c e

c e g a t i c n , h e c a u t i o c s a g a i n s t a d o p t i n g t h e i dea cf t h ~ 2

s e m a n t i c m a r k e r "tot g l i f t l y w ( c p - c l t . , p . 3 4 2 ) , T h e n e e d t o

f o r m a l l y c h a r a c t e r i s e nes t h u s r e ~ a i n s , w h e t h e r n e g is tc b e

t r e a t e d a s a g r a ~ m a t i c a l f e a t u r e o r a s a moda l c p e r a t o r .

1.1 I n K a ~ c a d a , a number o f l e x i c a l i t ems b e h a v e a s

n s (where ~ , e a Is a f o r m a l o b j e c t t o b e d e f i c e d b e l o w ) ,

b u t a n y a t t e m p t t o t r e a t nea a s a g r a m a a t i c a l featnre which

is tc b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o these l e x i c a l items by a

t r a s s f c r m a t i o n b e c o a e s v e r y p r c b l e m a t i c , Re w i l l t h e r e f o r e

a d o p t J a c k e n d o f f I s s t a n c e it t r e a t i n g neq a s a modal

c p e r a t c r , w h i l e p r c p o s i n g a f o r m a l t e s t fcr tea on t h e

l i n e s o f K l i m a l s a n a l y s i s . S u c h a c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f

will s E r v e t o d e l i m i t t h e r a n q e o f d a t a t h a t m u s t b e t a k e n

i n t o a c c o u n t i r . a n e x a ~ i n a t i o n o f n e g a t i o n i n K a m a d a .

B e f o r e we p r o c e e d w i t h t h i s d e l i m i t a t i o n , we may

c i t e t h e v a r i e t y of p h r a s e s a n d s e n t e n c e s w h i c h E a v s been

r - o t e d b y g r a m m a r i a n s a s h a v i n g a * n e g a t i v e 8 mean ing , I n t h e

l ist of s u c h phrases a c d s e n t e n c e s be low, the e l e m e n t s

c a n t r i b u t i n g t o * n e g a t i v i t y t h a v e b ~ e n u n d e r l i n e d :

1, a v a n u oLLeyavanu a11a. he good man n o t

H e i s n o t a good Ran,

2. a v a n u illi i l l a . h e here is n o t

He is n o t h ~ r e ,

3a. a v a c u b a r u v u d ( u ) -ills. h e come ( p a r t i c i p i a 1) cot

He d o e s n c t ccme/ will n o t come.

3 b , a v a n u b a r a l f u ) -ills, be come ( i ~ f i n i t i v e ) not

He d i d n o t cme.

3 c . a v a n u b a r u t t fa ) -ills. he c0mir .g ria t

He is n o t c o m i n g ,

3d. a v a n u b a r u t t (a) - i r a l l u ) -ills. h e c o m i n g b e (in•’ i ~ i t i v e ) not

He was n o t c o a i n g / H e d i d tot u s e to come.

3e. a v a n u band (n) -ills. b e h a v i n g coiite n o t

Re h a s n o t come,

3 3 f . a v a o u b a n d ( u ) - i r a l ( u ) - i l l a . h e h a v i n g come b~ (in•’ i n i t i v e ) n o t

He had n o t come.

4. a v a n u k e l a s a ( v a n n u ) a a - b a n d a n u . he work (acc.) d o i ~ g w i t h o u t cams

H e came w i t h o u t d o i n g t h e work.

5 , a v a c u a a a D - a k e l a s a h e done n o t work

The work t h a t h~ d i d R o t / dces n o t do

6a. k e l a s a ( v a ~ n u ) maaD-ad la) - a v a n u work ( a c c . ) d o n e n o t h e

He who d i d n o t / does cot do ths work

6 k , k e l a s a ( v a c n u ) n~aaD-a2 [a) -&vaLu wcrk (acc.) dens n o t s h e

s h e who d i d r a t / d o e s c o t d o t h o w c r k

7 a . ii k ~ l a s a ( v a c n u ) maaDa - kuuDadu. t h i s work (acc.) d o s h o u l d n o t / m u s t n o t

(You) m u s t not/ s h o u l r l n c t d o t h i s work.

7b. li k e l a s a ( v a r , n u ) maaDa - B a a r a d u , + h i s work ( a c c . ) d c s h ~ u l d not/ m u s t nct

(you) m u s t not/ should n o t d o t h i s work.

7c, ii k e l a s a ( v a n n u ) ~ a a D a - W. t h i s work (acc.) do d o n o t

Do not d o t h i s work ,

8. ii k e l a s a 2 - s a a h h a v a / a ~ , - n y a a y a . t k i s work i m p o s s i b l e u n j u s t

T h i s work is impossible / u n j u s t ,

9 a . a v a c u h a a D i d a n ( u ) -ee h o r a t u kul r l iya l (u) -ills. fie s a c g c o ~ j u n c t i v e p a r t . a a n c e ( i n f i n i t i v e ) n o t

H e sacg, b u t d i d n o t d a n c e .

9 b , a v a n u h a a D i d a n u , a s h T e e h o r a t u a v a n u k u M i y a l (u) - i l l a . h e s a n g c o n j n n c t Z v e p a r t , h e dance ( i n • ’ .) n o t

He s a n g , b u t h e d i d n o t d a n c e ,

Most t r a d i t i o n a l , a n d soiae r e c e n t , a n l l y s e s o f

c e g a t i o n i n Kannada men t io r , t h e forms i n I - ) , (e.q,,

S p e n c e r ( 1 9 1 4 ) . Andronov ( l 9 6 9 ) , a n d Gowda ( 1 9 7 0 ) ) a n d some

( S p e n c e r a n d Andronov , o p . c i t , ) m e n t i o n f o r m s r-ct c i t e d i n

( 1 - 9 ) - ~ l t h ~ u g t AnZronov a n d Gouda a t t e m p t f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s

o f these f o r m s , t h q n a t u r r cf t h i s a n a l y s i s is p r i m a r i l y

t a x o n o ~ i c , t h u s l e a d i n g i c t o precissly t h e s i t u a t i o n t h a t

S c h i f f mar! (1 974: 9) , d i s c u s s i n g n e g a t i v e f crms i n noc-Brahmin

T a ~ i l , werns a g a i c s t : "ghat i s cct c e e d ~ C . . . is a

p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f p a r a d i g m s , & l a c l a s s i c a f g rammar , l i s t i n g

a l l t h e k i n d s of n e g a t i v e s t h a t a r e p o s s i b l e . P a r a d i g m s d o

r.ot e x p l a i n a n y t h i ~ g . . ." From t h e p o i n t of v i e w o f the

l e v e l s of a d e q u a c y ef a grammar , p a r a d i g a s m e r e l y r e a c h ths

l e v e l o f o b s e r v a t i o n a l a d e q u a c y ,

1.2 However, o b s e r v a t i o n a l a d e q u a c y i s zi p r e - r e q u i s i t e

f c r a d e s c r i ~ t i v r l y a d e q u a t e accoufit. A f a i l u r e t o c o n s i d e r

the f u l l r a n g e of d a t a , a n d aE iriccrrect i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

cf t h f bcdy o f d a t a t h a t is t a k e r , i n t o a c c o u n t , r e s u l t s i n

a wcrse s i t u a t i o n t h a n a were list o f n e g a t i v e s :

a c o n f u s i o n a b o u t w h i c h s e n t e n c e s a r e t o be r e l a t e d a s

a f f i r m a t i v e - n e g a t i v e ' p a i r s * . T h u s a recent a r t i c l e

(Rangan: 1972) , t h o u g h on1 y indirectly c o n c e r n e d w i t h Kacnada ,

c i t e s o n l y s e n t e n c e s (3a,b) i n c u r list a b o v e ; ( 3 b ) is

m i s t a k e n l y t r a n s l a t e d a s * h e d i d / d o e s n o t c o a e * a n d , i n a

f c o t n o t e t o w a r d s t h e e c d cf t h e d i s c u s s i o n , ( 3 e ) is m e n t i o n e d ,

a g a i r t e n t a t i v e l y t r a n s l a t e d a s ( h e d i d n o t comet .

It is t h i s k i n d o f e r r c r w h i c h r n a k ~ s r e l e v a n t S c h i f f r n a c 9 s

c a l l f o r '"af, e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r ~ t o h e l p a s c e r t a i n wher. two

sf n t e n c e s a r e e q u i v a l e n t e x c e p t f o r o n e b e i n g p o s i t i v e , t h e

o t h e r ~ e g a t l v e t ' ( o p . c i t . , p . 9 ) ,

S c h i f f m a n goes o n t c s u g g e s t t h a t t h e a b i l i t y t o

r e l a t e two s e n t e n c e s i n t h i s way is " p e r h a p s a n a r t i f a c t of

W e s t e r n e d u c a t i o n a n d p e r h a p s A r i s t o t e l i a n l o g i c . " To say t h a t

l i n g u i s t s a n d t h e i r n a t i v e - s p e a k e r c o n s u l t a n t s h a v e so f a r

krer unable t o make r e g u l a r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s b e t w e e n a f f i r m a t i v e

a r d n e g a t i v e s e n t e c c e s i n D r a v i d i a c l a n g u a g e s i s n o t , h o w e v e r ,

t o d f n y t h a t s u c h c o r r s s p o n d o n c e s e x i s t i r t h e l anguage ! It

mus t be r e ~ e m b e r e d t h a t the k i n d of i n t u i t i v ~ k n c w l e d g ~ t h a t a

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l g raBmar a i ~ s t o c a p t u r e , is t h a t cf t h r i d e a l

c a t i v e s p e a k e r . The l i n g u i s t , t h e r e f o r e , m u s t a b s t r a c t f rom

errors of p e r f o r m a n c e , l o g i c , or e v e n t r a n s l a t i o c , c o n s i d e r i n g

t b a t much r e c e n t work i n D r a v i d i a n l i n g u i s t i c s , b e i n g v r i t t e c

fn Engf i s h , r e q u i r e s t h e t r a n s l a t i c n o f e x a m p l e s . One way tc

a v c i d the l a s t k i n d of e r r o r is t o s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a n a l y s e t h e

c c c s t i + u e n t s of t h e s e n t ~ n c e i n t c a b s t r a c t s y m b o l s a n d l o o k

for c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s a n d r e g u l a r i t i e s i n terms o f t h e s e s y m b o l s

r a t h e r t h a n i n t e r n s o f E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s , which c a n a t b e s t

he a p p r c x i m a t i o n s t c t h e f o r m s cf t h o l a c g u a g e i~ q u e s t i o n .

the s i t u a t i o n i n Kanaada, a t least i n t h e d i a l e c t u n d e r

c o n s i d e r a t i o n , is n o t u n r e s o l v a b l e , and t h a t a f f i r m a t i v e a n d

n e g a t i v e s e n t e c c ~ s c a E be r e g u l a r l y r e l a t e d i n t h e s y n t a x . We

c l a i m t h a t , a p a r t from Errors af d a t a a n d t r a c s l z t i c c , a

f a i l u r e t o c h a r a c t e r i s e P I ~ x p l i c i t l y and a c o c f u s i o n cf

p a r a p h r a s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h syntactic r e l a t i o n s h i p s , h a s

l e d t o a c a p p a r e n t l y u c r e s o l v a b l e s i t u a t i o n . I n C h a p t e r 111

we d i s c u s s the f o u r s e n t e n c e s (10-13) b e l o u :

1 0 , a v a n u aaauSHyanu. he an

Re is a man.

11 . a v a n u nanuSHyanu a l l a . he man n o t

Ee is n o t a man.

12. a v a n u manuSHyac (u ) - a a g i i d d a a n e , he man pred.N/ a d v . m a r k e r be 3 r d p.m.sg.

fle is a man.

13. Eivapu mar,uSHyac ( u ) - a a g i i l l a . he &an pred.N/ adv. m a r k e r n o t

H e is n o t a aan.

We show t h a t w h i l e t h e s e m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p between

(10 ,12) and ( l l , l 3 ) h a s l e d t o s o a e c o n f u s i o n a b o u t how

s e n t e n c e s (10-73) are t o be r e l a t e d , t h e a t t e m p t t o

f o r m u l a t e e x p l i c i t r u l e s f o r t h e g e n e r a t i o n cf s e n t e n c e s

r e v e a l s t h a t o n l y the p a i r s ( 1 0 , 1 1 ) a n d ( 1 2 , 1 3 ) a r e t o b e

related s y n t a c t i c a l l y , a n d t k a t n o s y n t a c t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p

h o l d s bctwefr? t h e p a i r s (10.13) a n d (17.12) , a l t h o u g h s u c h

a r e l a t i o n s h i p may be i f f e r r f d from p r e v i o u s a n a l y s e s .

We w i l l a l s o show t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e

l e x i c a l items we w i l l d e f i n e a s is c o c d i t i o n e d by t h e

s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r e of t h e s ~ n t e ~ c e i n w h i c h t h e neq o c c u r s .

T h u s t $ ~ form a f l a a p p p a r s ic c o p u l a t i v s s e c t e n c f s w h i c h a r e

o b l i g a t o r i l y v e r b l e s s , i l l a a p p e a r s i n t h e Verb P h r a s e vEan

TENSE is p r e s e n t , and a fcrla s u c h a s i n (4) fnaaD-adee

a p p e a r s i n a d v e r b i a l s a n d i n t e n s e l e s s ( i n f i n i t i v a l a n d

g e r u n d i a l ) s e n t e n c e s . Before we e n t e r i n t o t h i s a n a l y s i s ,

h o w e v e r , a b r i e f r e v i e w o f w h a t Kannada g r a m m a r s h a v e

s a i d a b c u t t h e forms i n (1-9) w i l l s e r v e t o p r o v i d e

t h e n e c e s s a r y b a c k g r c u r d f o r o u r a n a l y s i s ,

1 . 3 T r a d i t i o c a i n& t i v t y r a ~ m a r i a r ~ s of Kannada

h a v e c l a s s e d ilk a n d a f l a (cf. (1-3) a b o v e ) a s

5 k r i y a a t m a k a - a v y a y a , o r ' v e r b - l i k e i n d e c l i n a b l e s * ; n o

m e n t i o n i s wade of t h e i r n e g a t i v f t y . I n a b r i e f b u t f a i r l y

c o r n p r e k ~ ~ slve g r a r e a a r o f Kafizada, B E ~ ? ~ L C V (1969) d e v o t ~ s

a c h a p t e r t c ' N e g a t i v e F o r a s ' , w h i c h h e s u b c l a s s e s i n t o

' a n a l y t i c f o r m s ' acd ' s y n t h e t i c f o r m s ' . A s a n example o f

a n a n a l y t i c a l n e g a t i v e , h e d i s c u s s e s i l l a b u t d o e s o o t

m e n t i o r . a l l a . S p e n c e r (1914) a n d Gowda (1970) m e n t i o n

b o t h a l l a a n d i l i , a n d S p e n c e r d e v o t e s a s e c t i o n t o

a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n . Ve h a v e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e

t h a t the a p p e a r a n c e cf d i f f e r e c t c e g a t i v e s is c o n d i t i o n e d

b y t h e s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s a n t e n c e . I n C h a p t e r 111,

we w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e e x p l a c a t i o ~ s o f S p ~ n c e r a n d Gowda

f o r t h e b e h a v i o u r o f i 1 1 a a n d a l l 8 i n s o m e d e t a i l .

Andronov m e n t i o n s t h e f o r m s i n (4-6) a b c v e a s

' s y n t h e t i c * c e g a t i v e s . He d o e s n o t d i s c u s s t h e m , m e r e l y

s t a t i n g t h a t t h e y "are u s e d i n t h e saBe way a s a f f i r m a t i v e

p a r t i c i p l e s H ( o p . c i t . , p. 62) . S p e n c e r a n d t r a d i t i o n a l

n a t i v e g r a i a m a r i a n s of Kannada h a v e a l s o n o t e d t h e s e f o r m s ,

a r d u s e d s imi l a r n o m e n c l a t u r e s f o r them. T h u s maaD-adee

i n ( 4 ) is c a l l e d a ' n e g a t i v e v e r k a l p a r t i c i p l e * by Andronov

a n d S p c c c e r . N a t i v e g r a a a a t i c a l t r a d i t i o n h a s c h a r a c t e r i s e d

tkesc f c r m s a s k r i v a a n y a u ~ a , b u t mad^ nc d i s t i n c t i a r i b e t w e n

a f f i r m a t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e k r i Y a d n y u u n a The fo rm &aaD-ada

i n 15) is a ' n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e 9 a c c o r d i c g t o Andronov, a

n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e a c c o r d i n g t o S p a c c e r ; a g a i n ,

native g r a w t n a t i c a l t r a d i t i o ~ makes no d i s t i n c t i c n betwoan

a f f i r a a t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e k r i d v a a c h i (i. e . r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e s ) ,

The forms ir? ( 6 ) -- ntaaD-adia l -avanu, etc. -- h a v e

beer, c a l l e d l r r i n a a s a , o r p a r t i c i p i a l n o u n s , I n h i s a r t i c l e ,

Gowda d o e s n o t m e n t i o n t h e s e f o r m s a p a r t f rom t h o s e i n ( 5 ) ;

quite j u s t i f i a b l y , i t s e e a s , since t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e between

t h e forms i n 15) a n d ( 6 ) (maall-ada k e l a s a , maaD-ad faJ a v a n u )

' t h e n o t - d o n e work ' , ' t h e n o t - d o n e h e * , is t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

a pror.cur. ava: ' h e ' ir! ( 6 ) , a s a g a i c s t t h e n o u n k e l a s a 'wcrkf

6 in (5) . Thus , S p e n c e r n o t e s t h a t n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p i a l n o u n s

a r e f c r m e d f r o s n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e s ,

The f o r m s ir i (7) a r e n o t m e n t i o n e d b y Andronov; we

w i l l c a l l t h e m ' n e g a t i v e m o d a l s g , f o r e a s e of r e f e r e n c e ,

Gcwda m e r t i c n s t h e s e a s # f r e e 1 c f g a t i v e e l e m e n t s , b u t d o e s

n o t d i s c u s s them, e x c e p t t o s t a t e t h a t t h e y a r e u s e d w i t h

t h e i c f i n i t i v e s of v e r b s , a n d t h a t "kuuDadu is more e a p h a t i c

t h a r , b a a r a d u w ( o p , c i t . , p , 2) . C o c c e r n i n g beeDa, h e n o t e s t h a t

w h i l e "ills a n d a l l & m a y ba s a i d t o n e g a t e i r d i c a t i v e s e n t e n c e s ,

1:eeDa regates i m p e r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s . BeeD8 i s t h e exact

o p p c s i t e of b e e k u , war.t . . (i t) c a n a l s o b e u s e d w i t h

i a f i n i t i v e s t o p r o h i b i t a n y a c t i o n ' ' ( l o c . c i t , ) ,

A l t h o u g h n o n e o f t h e t h r e e g r a ~ m a r i a n s ue a re

d i s c u s s i r g m e n t i o n t h e w o r d s i n 8 ) a b a v e a s ' ~ e g a t i v e * ,

we p r o v i d e t h e & h e r e b ~ c a u s e ( a ) t h e y a r e i n t u i t Z v e l y n e g a t i v e

{b) we h a v e a s y e t n o c r i t e r i a f o r wha t is ' r . e g a t i v e 8 , w h i c h

w i l l e n a b l e u s t o e x c l u d e t h e s e words . T h u s t h e morpheme

a> - may be s a i d t o b e a b o u n d negative f orrmt, i n Gouda's

f r a m e w o r k . t

T h e c o c j u n c t i o n t o r a t u a n d t h ~ c o n j u n c t i v e p h r a s s

ashTe h o r a t u o f t e n t r a n s l a t e a s ' e x c e p t , u n l e s s * , a n d

S p e n c e r s t a t e s t h a t ' * f ~ u n s h i s ( i , e . n a t i v e s c h o l a r s , R A ) a p p e a r

t o r e g a r d h o r a t u a s a negative word. , f o p 4 c i t O , p . l 4 1 ) .

Though S p e c c e r does n o t c a l l t h i s word o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p h r a s e ' n e g a t i v e * , he does ~ a k e thfir p r e s e n c e dependent on

t h e p r e s e n c e of a n e g a t i v e i n t h e s e n t e n c e : " h o r a t u BUS? a l w a y s

b e f o l l o w e d by a n e g a t i v e p r i n c i p a l v e r b , o r a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e

w h i c h is e q u i v a l e n t i n lnean ing t o a n e g a t i v e " ( p . 1 0 2 ) ;

"if ' i n a d d i t i o n t o * o r ' b e s i d e s * (i.e. h o r a t u , RA) is

c c r i n e c t e d w i t h a p c s i t i v e v e r b , h o r a t u mus t n o t be employed:

a ' l a d o e ~ u s t b e uszd, . . " (F . 11 9) ; l l a l l a d e e rnedcs ' besides, i n

a d d i t i c n t o ' , a n d is f o i l o w e d by an a f f i r m a t i v e verh. . , 11 (p .155) . Y e w i l l , however , show t h a t s u c h I s c o t t h e c a s e ,

a ~ d t h a t h o r a t u is a c o n j u n c t i o n which w o r k s l i k e t h e

E n g l i s h * b u t i , this b e i n g l o g i c a l l y ~ q u i v a l ~ ~ t t c ' a n d ' ,

i ts u s € b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y by p r a g m a t i c s .

The q u o t e from S p e n c e r c o n c e r n i n g h o r a t u , however ,

b r i n g s u p a n o t h e r i s s u e . He now h a v e a new term ' n e g a t i v e

p r i n c i p a l v e r b * , S p e n c e r a l s o e q u i v a l e n t l y uses t h e term

' p r i n c i p a l v e r b i n a n e g a t i v e f o r m s . From t h e e x a m p l e s h e

p r o v i d e s , i t is e v i d e n t t h a t he is r e f e r r i n g h e r e t o forms

s u c h a s i n (3a-f) a b o v e , where non-finite forms cf a v e r b

a r e f o l l o w e d by i l l a . These f o r n s h a v e t o b e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

from v e r b s i n t h e ' n e g a t i v e moodg { S p e n c e r , o p . c i t . ) o r t h e

' n e g a t i v e f i n i t e f o r m s o f t h e verbs (Andronov, o p . c i t . ) ,

I c t e r e s t i n g l y e n o u g h , t h e l a t t e r a r e t h e o n l y f o r m s w h i c h

c a t i v e g r a m m a t i c a l t r a d i t i o c h a s r e c o g n i s e d a s n e g a t i v e : 7

t h e c o n j u g a t i o n is c a l l e d r i S H e e d h a - r u u ~ a ( c e g a t i v e farm),

T h e s e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b a r e r a r e l y t o be f o u c d i o t h e

c u r r e c t l a n g u a g e , a n d a r e t h e r r f o r ~ n o t m e n t i o n e d i n o u r

l ist a b o v e . W r i t i n g i n 1914, S p e n c e r n o t e s that " t h e n e g a t i v e

mcod, e x c e p t ic SOW s p e c i a l c a s e s , is c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e l y

usedn ( o p . c i t . , p . 4 2 ) . Gowdats a r t i c l e , wri t tef , I n 1970,

d z e s r o t m e n t i o n t t e s z forms, c o c f i r i ~ g i t s e l f t o "the! most

ccmator,l y u s e d ( n e g a t i v e f e x p r e s s i o n s i11 w r i t t e n Kannadav

{ c p . c i t , , p . 3 ) . S i n c e t h e s a f o r m s a r s r a r e l y mot w i t h o u t s i d e

t h e a l d e r g r a m m a r s of Kazrnada, ar.d s i n c e t h e y are n o t w i t h i n

the s c c p e of PI^ ' c o a p e t c ~ c e ' , W E w i l l not d i s c u s s the@ here,

It i s n o t a t a l l c l e a r , h o w e v e r , i n w h a t s e n s e a

n o c - f i n i t e v e r b plus i l l a is a ' ~ e g a t i v e p r i n c i p a l v e r b ' ;

more s o a s t h e s t a t u s of i l l a h a s b e e n l e f t u c c l e a r , T h u s

S p e n c e r s t a t e s t h a t i l l a i t s e l f (and so a l s o a l l a ) is a f o r m

cf t h e n e g a t i v e mood o f a n o b s o l e t e v e r b : "ills is an

a b b r e v i a t e d f c r a of t h e n e g a t i v e mood, t h i r d p e r s o n s i c g u l a r ,

o f a v ~ r b il, n e a n i n g ' t o e x i s t * , w h i c h h a s p a s s e d o u t cf u s e

E X C E ~ ~ i~ a few n e g a t i v e f o r m s . , . a l l a i s a n a b b r e v i a t e d

form of t h e n e g a t i v e ~ o o d , t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l 3 r , of a n obso le t e

v e r b al, m e a n i n g 'to be f i t , p r c p e r , ' e tc , . f i ( o p o c i t * ,

pp .153-54) . We h a v e n c t e d t h a t t h e c o n j u g a t i o n cf v e r b s i n t h e

n e g a t i v e ~ o o d is n o l o n g e r a f e a t u r e o f t h e l a n g u a g e , What tken

is t h e s y n c h r o r i i c s t a t u s of i l l a a ~ d a l l a , a c d how mus t we

a c c c u r t f o r their d i s t r i b u t i o n ?

1 . 4 Ic t h e a b s e c c ~ cf c l e a r t h ~ ~ r ~ t i c a i c r i t s r i a , w h ~ t h e r

syntactic o r s e m a n t i c , d e f i t i n g w h a t is ' n e g 8 t i v ~ * , it b e c o a e s

d i f f i c u l t t o g o i n t c s u c h q u e s t i o n s i n a n y d e p t h , We w i l l , i n

C h a p t e r T I , o x a ~ i n e t h e g e n e r a t i v e g r a m a a r i a n s ' a p p r o a c h t o

n e g a t i v i t y , a n d define nes i n K a ~ r - a d a i n t ~ r ~ s e E t h e s y n t a c t i c

a n d s e m a c t i c c o n s e q u e n c e s o f i ts p r e s e n c e i n t h ~ s e n t e n c e , The

s y n t a c t i c c o c s e q u e n c e we w i l l d i s c u s s i s i l l u s t r a t e d h y the

f o l l c w i e g s e n t e n c e s , a n d c o n c e r n s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f neg with a

Noun P h r a s e c o n t a i n i n g a n i n d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r , a n d q u a l i f i e d

by -JIJ , a n e m p h a t i c m o r p h e ~ ~ wh ich t r a n s l a t e s a s ' e v e n , t o o * :

74 . n a a n u a v a n u h e e L i d a o n d u m a a t - a n n u k e e l a l (u) -ills, I h e s a i d o n e word a c c , h e a r ( i a f i n i t i v e ) n o t

1 d i d n o t h o a r o n e o f t h ~ w o r d s t h a t b e s p o k e ,

15, n a a n u a v a n u h e e L i d i l o c d u m a a t - a n n (u) -uu k e e l a l (u) -illa. I h e s a i d o n e word acc, eve^ h e a r ( i n f . ) n c t

1 d i d n o t h e a r ever. a ( s i ~ g l e ) v c r d t h a t h e s p o k e .

16 , * n a a n u a v a n u h e e l i d a o n d u m a a t - a n n (u) -uu k e e l i d e , f h e s a i d one word acc. evec h e a r d

*I h e a r d e v e n a s i n g l e u o r d t h a t h e s p o k e ,

T h e p r e s e n c e of a n i c d z f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r i11 t h e NP q u a l i f i e d by

- u u - is u n g r a m m a t i c a l i f there i s n o n e g a t i v e i n the s e n t e n c e .

T h u s (16 ) a b c v e is g r a i u m a t i c a l i f o n d u ' o n e ' i s i n t e r p r e t e d

a s a d ~ f i n i t ~ a r t i c le , e.g., i n a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e o n l y one

werd w a s s p o k e n , a n d t h a t one vcrd was h e a r d , a s i r . (17) below:

17. xaanu a v a E u k 2 L i d a ( a c d ~ e ) ondu mad t - a n n (u) - u u kceLide. T he s a i d c ~ e - o r l y o n e word a c e . e v e n t eard

I h e a r d e v e n t h e o c l y word t h a t h e s p o k s ,

Example (15) a b o v e is f r o m S p e n c e r , whc s t a t e s :

" + b e termination uu a d d s ~ m p h a s i s t o t h o worE t o w h i c h i t

is a t t a c h e d , o r t o some word n e a r l y c o c n e c t e d w i t h i t , It is

freyuectly ~ m p l o y e d to g i v e e m p h a s i s t o a n u m e r a l . . .n

( o p . c i t . , p . 5 1 ) , What S p e n c e r d o e s n o t m e n t i o ~ is t h a t t h e

" e m p h a t i c a f f i x uuw a n d an i n d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r fc a n NP

c a a n o t c c - o c c u r u n l e s s t h e r e is a n e g a t i v e i n t h e s e n t e n c e .

we w i l l t h e r e f o r e make use o f s u c h e x a m p l e s t o p r c p o s e a

t e s t f a r n e q i n Kancada . By this t ~ s t , w h i l e i l l a . a l l a , t h e ' n e g a t i v e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e t e n d i n g i n - a d e e , acd the * ~ e g a t i v e m o d a l s * q u a l i f y a s n s , t h e ' n f g a t i v ~ p a r t i c i p l e i

3r.d t h e 'negative worda 1-ads acd afn)-f do n o t , He w i l l

t h e n p r o p c s e t h e rules for t h e g e n e r a t i o n of nes i n Kannada ,

and f o r its seaant i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,

hrc t e s

1. For t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s o u r c e s a n d f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n , see K f ima (1964:250) ,

2. F o r a d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n , s ~ t i J a c k e n d o f f (7972: 336-52) . 3 , T h e c i t a t i o n o f f o r m s w i t h i l l a i n t h e compound t e n s e s

hero i s r o t c o m p l e t e ; a f u l l t a b l e a p p e a r s i r C h a p t e r IV, pp.90-91.

4 . P e da n o t r u l e o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t some d i a l e c t s o f ~ r a v i d i a n l a n g u a g e s dc i n f a c t a i s p l a y a n e x t r e m e l y * s k e w e d 9 s y s t e m : e , g. , t h e d i a l e c t o f non-Brahmin T a m i l that S c h i f f r n a n c o n s i d e r s . (The f a c t s a r e d i f f e r e n t f o r my d i a l e c t of T a m i l , ) We a r e o n l y n a k i n g a p l e a a g a i n s t t h e i n v a l i d e x t r a p c l a t i o n of a n a l y s e s a c r o s s d i a l e c t s .

5 , Cf. K e s i r a j a g s Shabda rnan ida rpana tn , s u t r a 316:

so l loL k r i p a a t m a k a a v y a y a v i l l a v e m b u d u . . .

' i l l a is a v e r b - l i k e i n d e c l i n a b l e i n t h e s e n t e n c e . . , *

c f . a l s o B a s t i V e n k a t ~ s a I y ~ r g a r , Nama Nudi ( 1 9 6 0 3 7 6 ) :

" l i n g s v a c h a n a v i b h a k t i p r a t y a y a g a l a n ~ u paDoyada s h a b d a g a L a n n u vyaaka raWa a v y a y a g a L e n d u k a r e y u t t a d e . i v u g a ~ a l l i h a l a v u r i i t i ivs, a l l a i l l a m u c t a a d a v u k r i y a y a o t e v a r t i s u t t a v e .

' T h o s e w o r d s wh ich d o n o t t a k e g e n d e r , number a n d casi? a f f i x e s a r e c a l l e d i c d e c f i n a b l e s b y t h o grammar . T h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t . k i n d s of i n d e c l i n a b f e s . Alla, i l l a etc. b e h a v e a s v e r b s , '

6 , A l t h o u g h maaDadz k e l a s a t r a n s l a t e s a s * t h e u c r k wh ich was n o t d o n e t a n d m a a D a d ( a 1 a v a n u a s ' h e who d i d n o t d o th? w o r k * , t h i s is t c b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a m b i g u i t y of t h i s c c n s t r u c t i o n i n Kannada , c o u p l e d w i t h s e l e c t l o n a l r e s t r i c t i o n s , r a t h e r t h a n t c t h e i r b e i n g d i f f e r e n t c o ~ s t r u c t i o n s . T h u s w h i l e

o o d u e a p u s t a k a ' r e a d i n g b o o k t

i s u a d e r s t o c d a s l a bcok t o be r e a d g ( # * a book wh ich r e a d s ' ) ,

o c d u v a huDugi *rzadicg girl *

is understood a s I t h e girl who reads8 ( # ' a girl t o b e r e a d 1 ) .

7 . The conjugation is a s f o l f o u s :

verb

sg

1st pers, maaDFnu

2nd pers, maaD~

3 r d pers. masc. ~aaDanu

fe P. ~aaDaLu

naut. raaaDadu

I do~'t d c , maaDevu etc.

ataaDari

C B A P T E E I I

N E G I N K A N N A D A

2.0 The a t t e m p t t o d e f i n e f o r i r t a l l y , w h e t h e r i t o c c u r s

a s a s y n t a c t i c o r a s e m a n t i c feature whose p r e s e n c e h a s c e r t a i n

c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r t h e s e n t e n c e , stems f r o m a d i f f e r e n t

t h o e r e t i c a l a p ~ r c a c h t c c e g a t i c c thac t h a t o f t r a d i t i o n a l

grammar . He h a v e s e e n t h a t g r a m m a r i a n s h a v e s o f a r p r o v i d e d

lists o f ' n e g a t i v e s ' , q u o t i n g e a c h ' n e g a t i v e ' f o r m i n t h s

a p p r o p r i a t e p a r a d i g m ( a s a ' p a r t i c i p l e * , or a ' p a r t i c i p i a l

count, a n d s o o n ) w i t h o u t a t t e m p t i n g t o d e f i n e ' c e g a t i v e * .

We w i l l see when we d i s c u s s t h e t r e a t m e n t o f alla a n d i U b y

S p e n c e r (1914) a n d Gowda ( f 97O) , t h a t t h o s s who do a t t e m p t a

d e f i n i t i o n o f n f ~ mere1 y p r o v i d e p a r a p h r a s e s of t h e ' n ~ g a t i v ~ '

w c r d s , o r of t h e i r s e m a n t i c r o l e ( e - g . , i l l 3 is s a i d t o n e g a t e

e x l s t e r . c e , a n d alla, e q u i v a l e n c e ) a n d t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h

l e a d s t o i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s .

G e n e r a t i v e g r a m ~ a r i a n s h a v e worked w i t h t h e n o t i o n o f

a s a g r a m m a t i c a l f e a t u r e ( ~ l i m a , 1964) o r a s a m o d a l

o p e r a t o r ( J a c k e n d o f f , 1 9 7 2 ) . F o r K l i m a , sea is a g r a m ~ a t i c 3 l

f e a t u r e , t h e p r e s e n c e o f w h i c h h a s c e r t a i n s y n t a c t i c

c c n s e q u e n c e s f o r t h e s e n t e n c e . A s i d e f rcm t h e s e s y n t a c t i c

c o n s G q u e n c e s , t h e r e is no way c f k n o w i n g , i n h i s f r a m e w o r k ,

1 i f a s c c t e c c e is n s g a t i v e . Thg s y z t a c t i c c c n s e q u m c e s of t h e

p r e s e n c e o f r&a that K l i m a n o t e s f o r E n g l i s h , a n d w h i c h t h u s

f u n c t i c r . a s t e s t s f o r n s , a r e t h e o c c u r r e f c e o f ( 2 ) t h e

e i t h e r - c l a u s e , ( i i ) t h e n e g a t i v e a p p o s i t i v e t a g , a n d ( i i i ) t h e

q n e s t i on t a g wi t h o n t not. IF a d d i t i o n , x i e i t h e r - c o n j o i a i n q

p r o v i d e s a test f o r ' s t r c c g * s e c t o n c e n e g a t i o n . We w i l l b r i e f l y

e l a b o r a t e o n e a c h of t h e s e t e s t s 8 a s f o r i n u l a t e d by Klima.

w E i t h e r - c o n j o i n i n g . . . o c c u r s o n l y when the

s e n t e n c ~ t o b e a p p e n d e d i f i and . . . e i t h e r c o n t a i n s

a o r one o f t h e n e g a t i v e p r e - v e r b a l a d v e r b s . . . :: p. g., ( q u o t a t i o n s a n d e x a ~ t p l e s frcm Kliaa , o p . c i t . ,pp.261-65) ,

183. P u b l i s h e r s w i l l { u s u a l l y ) reject s u g g e s t i o n s , { a l w a y s ) E n o t 1

ar,d writers w i l l f n o t ) a c c e p t t h e m , e i t h e r , { s c a r c e l y ) f h a r d l y ) f n e v e r ) { s e l d o m ) [ r a r e l y 3

18h. * P u b l i s h e r s w i l l { u s u a l l y ) re jec t s u g g e s t i o n s , { a l w a y s ) f ~ 0 - t )

a n d writers w i l l [ u s u a l l y ) a c c e p t t h ~ m , e i t h e r . { a l w a y s )

S e n t e c c e (18b) s h o w s t h a t the p r e s e n c e of e i t h 3 ~ is

i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h p r e - v e r b a l a d v e r b s wh ich d o n o t h a v e t h e

g r a a m a t i c a l f e a t u r e neq. With s u c h a d v e r b s , too o c c u r s :

18c. P u b l i s h e r s w i l l ( u s u a l l y ] reject s u y g z s t i o n s , ( a l w a y s 1 { F O ~ 1

a n d writers w i l l f u s u a l l y ) a c c e p t t h e m , t o o .

T h e p r e s e R c e of the ~ s g a t i v e 3 p p o s i t i v e t a g ,

mL ~ z n , d e p e n d s on t h e p r e s e n c e o f i n t h e main s e n t e n c e :

1 9 a . n r i t ~ r s w i l l r o t a c c e p t s u g g e s t i o n s , { n o t e v e n j { * e v e n 3

r e a s o n a b l e o n e s ,

19b . Writers w i l l a c c e p t s u g g e s t i o n s , [ Even 3 ( * n o t e v e n )

r e a s o n a b l e o n e s .

K l i w a ' s t h i r d c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f is

i l l u s t r a t e d i n (20a -b ) :

20a. Writers will n o t a c c e p t s u g g e s t i o n s ,

( w i l l t h e y 1 { * u o n 8 t t h e y 3 ? ( e x c e p t w i t h i n t o n a t i o n m a r k i n g ( * w i l l t h e y n o t ) l r c r e d u f o u s n e s s o r sarcasm )

T h e q u e s t i o n t a g w i t h o u t & o c c u r s o n l y i f t h e main s e n t e n c e

c o n t a i n s w. T h u s (20b) is u n g r a m n i a t i c a l :

20b , *writers w i l l a c c e p t s u g g e s t i o n s , w i l l t h e y ? ( e x c e p t w i t h i n t o n a t i o n m a r k i n g i n c r e d u l o u s l n e s s o r sarcasm)

F o r n e i t h s y - c o r i j c i n l r i g t o occur, " t h s b a s e s e n t e n c e ,

r a t h e r t h a c j u s t t h e a p p e n d e d s e c t e n c e a s i n e i t h e y -

c o c j o f ~ i n g , mus t c o r t a i c a n e g a t i v e p r e - v e r b n :

21a . Writers w o n s t h e a c c e p t l c g s u g g e s t i o n s , a n d n e i t h e r w i l l p u b l i s h e r s .

27b. *Writers w i l l be a c c e p t i n g s u g g e s t i o n s , a n d n e i t h e r w i l l p u b l i s h e r s ,

We are n o t c o n c e r n e d h e r e with t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y of

K f i @ a t s a c a l y s i s w i t h i f i t h e E x t e n d e d L e x i c a l A y p o t h e s i s .

W G m e r ~ l y q u o t e him t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h t o

n e g a t i o n d i f f e r s f r o m t h e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e , a n d u i ight be

w o r t h a d o p t i n g f o r a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s o f n e g a t i o n

i n Kannada, T h u s R l i m a S s t e s t s for the p r e s e n c e ef neg

show u p a g r a m m a t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a a n d t h e n e g a t i v e

p r e - v e r b a l a d v e r b s en t h e one hand , a n d t h e a d v e r b s w i t h

s o - c a l l e d ' c o g a t i v e * p r e f i x e s , s u c h a s u n f o r t u n a t e l y ,

u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y , etc., en t h e o t h e r , F o r , . . t h e

o c c u r r e n c e o f u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y , u c f o r t u n a t e l y o r u n f a i t h f u l

d c e s n o t r e s u l t i n s t r u c t u r e s t h a t a r e i n s t a n c e s o f s e n t e n c e

n e g a t i c n . The f o l l o w i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e n o t g r a m m a t i c a l

s e n t e n c e s :

22, * P u b l i s h e r s w i l l u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y r e j ec t s u g g e s t i o n s , a n d writers w i l l u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y re jec t them, e i t he r ,

23, *writers a r e u n r e c e p t i v e t o s u g g z s t i o n s , n o t e v e n good o n e s .

A n d a s a s i m ~ l f t a g - q u e s t i o ~ , without i n c r e d u i o u s o r

s a r c a s t i c o v e r t o n e , t h e f o l l o w i n a d o ~ s n o t occur:

24, *Writers u n f o r t u n a t e l y reject s u g g e s t i o n s , d o t h e y ? " ( o p . c i t . ,pp.270-71)

2.1 J a c k e n d o f f ' s d ~ f i n i t i c n o f s e n t e n c e p e g a t i o n (1972)

i s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a s e m a n t i c t h e o r y . H e

p r o p o s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g a s a " r o u g h i n t u i t i v e t o s t for s e n t e n c e

n e g a t i o n N ( o p . c i t . , p , 3 2 1 ) :

A s e n t e n c e f' X -- n e g -- Y 'J is a n i n s t a n c e o f s ~ n t ~ n c e S

n e g a t i o n i f t h e r e e x i s t s a p a r a p h r a s e { d i s r e g a r d i n g

p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s ) It is n o t s o t h a t [ X -- Y 1, S

~ c c o r d i n g t o a l a t e r s t a t e a e n t (cp.cit, , p. 352) ,

I n t u i t i v e l y , a s e n t e n c e is ar, i n s t a n c e o f s e n t e n c e

n e g a t i o n i f e v e r y t h i n g t h a t i t is p o s s i b l e t o d e n y is

i n fac t d e n i e d . "

It is i a p o r t a n t t o n c t e t h a t J a c k & n d o f f s s d e f i n i t i o n o f

s e n t e n c e n e g a t i o n is n o t c o - e x t e c s i v e w i t h K l i a a ' s . T h u s t h e

s e n t e n c e

2 5 a . Y a x w s l l d i d pot kill th2 j u d q z w i t 2 a s i l v z r haminx; n e i t h e r d i d h + d o s o w i t h a b r a s s acz; h s k i l l e d h i m w i t h 3 w o o d e n hammer.

is n o t a n i n s t a n c e of s e n t l n c e n a g a t i o n f o r J a c k e n d o f f , b e i n g

a n i n s t a n c e o f f o c u s s a d n e g a t i o n , b u t i t is a n i n s t a n c e o f

s t r ~ n g s c n t ? n c e n e g a t i o n f o r Klima, a s e v i d e n c z d b y t h e

3f t h e

J a k e n d o f f ' s d e f i n i t i o n o f s e n t s n c 3 n e g a t i o n is t o b s

i n t s r p r s t s d w i t h i n h i s t h s o r y of m o d a l s t r u c t u r e : is a

m o d a l D p 2 r a t c r w h i c h i m p o s e s c o n d i t i o n s o n t h z i d e n t i f i a b i l i t y

o f r e f e r e n t s arid t h - r 5 a l i s a b i i i t y o f evec ts . F o r a s s n t - n c t

S 1 t o b~ sent9nce n e g a t i o n , i t m u s t p a r a p h r a s e IL i s n o t s o

t h a t S 2 ; i t s m o d a l s t r u c t u r e m u s t c o n t a i n a n e g a t i o c o n

w h i c h a l l i n d e t e r m i n a t ~ s i n S1, a n d S 1 itself, a re d e p e ~ d e n t .

S + n t e n c + n e g a t i o n i n J a c k e n d o f f I s terms c o n t r a s t s r i t h

f o c u s s e d ~ e g a t i c n : " O f t e n n e g a t i o n d o z s n o t seem t o a p p l y

t o a n e n t i r e s s a t e n c e , b u t o n l y t o p a r t o f i trt ( o p . c i t . , p . 2 5 ' 1 ) .

T h u s t h e s e n t 2 n c e

2 5 b . M a x w e l l d i d n o t k i l l t h e j u d g e w i t h a s i f v c r hamm2r.

is a m b i g u o u s b e t w e e n s e n t 5 n c e n e g a t i o n and f o c u s s z d n e g a t i o n

( f o r instants, o n t h s i n s t r u m e n t ) , ' s p o s s i b i y d i f f e r a n t i a t e d

by d e g r e e o f e m p h a s i s o n h a m m e r f ( J a c k e n d o f f , o p . c i t . , p. 254 ) .

T h 3 t is, ~ C E s ~ c t e ~ c e may bs p a r a p t r a s e d e i t h s r b y

(a) 1 t ' s n o t the case that R a x w e l l killed t h e judge w i t h a si l v z r h a m a e r Isex t e n c e n e g a t i o n )

(h) T+ w a s fiot w i t h a s i l v e r hammer t h a t M a x w e l l k i l l e d t h e j u d g e ( f o c u s s e d ~ ~ g a t i c n )

Ir. ( b ) , we are cot d e n y i n g t h a t & a x w e l l k i l l e d t h e j u d g e , b u t

what h e k i l l e d t h e j u d g e with, T b u s " e v e r y t h i n g t h a t

i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e n y m is i n f a c t n o t d e n i e d , ar,d fb) is n o t

ac i c s t a n c e o f s e n t e n c ~ n e g a t i o n ,

T h e n o t i o n o f f o c u s s e d c e g a t i o n w i l l prove u s e f u l

i~ d e a l i n g with o u r t o p i c . Hence , a s i n d i c a t e d i n f o o t n o t e { I ) ,

we w i l l u s e t h e terms ' s e n t e n c e c e g a t i o n y a n d ' f o c u s s e d

c e g a t i c c * i n t h e s e n s e i n w h i c h Jackendoff u s e s them.

2.2 However , i n view o f t h e v a r i e t y o f * n e g a t i v e 9

~ x p r e s s l o n s i n Kannada , a t e s t f o r nea o n t h e l i n e s of

Klirnaqs a n a l y s i s may serve t o d e l i m i t the f i e l d o f

i ~ q u i r y . We h a v e b r i e f l y m e n t i o c ~ d i~ C h a p t e r I , t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y of u s i n g a n NP w h i c h c o n t a i c s a n i n d e f i n i t e

q u a n t i f i ~ r a s s u c h a t e s t , by e x a m i n i n g w h e t h e r or n o t i ts

q u a l i f i c a t i o n with a n -uu morpheme ( a n raph ha tic w h i c h o f t e n

t r a p s l a t e s a s ' e v e n , t o o ' ) l e a d s t o u n g r a m m a t i c a l i t y .

K E c i t e d t h s r e t h e s e n t e r c e s :

15, c a a n u a v a n u h e e L i d a ocdu maat-anrr (u) -uu k e e l a l (u) - I l l a . I h e s a i d o n e wcrd a c c . e v e n h e a r ( i n f . ) n o t

I d i d n o t h e a r e v e n a s i n g l e word t h a t he s p o k e .

16. * r a a ~ u a v a n u h e ~ L i d a ondu maat-anc ( u ) -uu k e e l i d e . I h e s a i d o n e word acc, e v e n k e a r d

*I h ~ a r d e v e c a s i c g l e word t h a t h e s p o k e .

We r o t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a * n e g a t i v e s i n ( 1 5 ) r e n d e r s i t

g r a m m a t i c a l , a s a g a i n s t ( 1 6 ) .

Be see f r o m (15) a b c v e t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f -uu,

ac i n d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r , a c d a c e g a t i v e b r i n g s a b o u t a n

i n t e r e s t i n g s e m a n t i c c h a n g e a s well: t h e q u a ~ t i f i e r is now

i c c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e s c c p e o f n e g a t i o n . The s e m a c t i c s o f s u c h

s t r u c t u r e s i s c o n p a r a b l e , i n E n g l l s h , t o the e f f e c t o f

M e g - i n c o r p o r a t i o n i c t o i n d e f i n i t e s ( c f , K l i m a , o p . c i t , ) o r

t o t h e wel l -known i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n q u a n t i f i e r s a n d wr

when is t o t h e l e f t of t h e q u a n t i f i e r i n s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

and t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e s t h e q u a n t i f i e r w i t h i n i ts s c o p e

(cf. J a c k e n d o f f , o p . c i t . ) . This is the d i f f e r e n c ~ be tween

26a . Not many a r r o w s h i t t h e t a r g e t

and

26b, Many a r r o w s d i d c i t h i t t ke t a r g e t .

Iri ( 2 6 a ) , t h e q u a n t i f i e r is i n c l u d e d i n t h e s c o p e c?f t h e

n e g a t i o n , w h e r e a s i n (26h), i t is n o t , T h u s ( 2 7 a ) ,

b u t n c t (27b) , is a c o n t r a d i c t i o r :

2 7 a . No t many a r r o w s hit the t a r g e t , b u t many d i d .

27b. Many a r r o w s d i d n ' t hit t h e t a r g e t , b u t many d i d ,

The i n t e r a c t i o n o f q u a n t i f i e r s acd n e g a t i o n , a n d t h e

q u e s t i o n a s t o w h e t h e r t h i s i r t e r a c t i o n is t o b e c a p t u r e d

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l l y ( a s i n Klimaqs a n a l y s i s ) or b y a n

i n t e r p r e t i v e s e m a n t i c r u l e ( a s i r , J a c k e n d o f f ' s a n a l y s i s ) is a

s e p a r a t e i s s u e . T h e i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t s f o r u s a r e (i) t h e

n o n - o c c u r r e ~ c e a • ’ -m f o l l o w i n g i n d e f i n i t e l y q u a ~ t i f i e d WP's

i r , n o n - c ~ g a t i v c s e c t e n c e s a n d ( i i ) t h e c h a n g e i n t h e s e m a n t i c

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of n e g a t i o n when -m is p r e s e n t . B e may c i t e

these two f a c t s a s a tes t f o r r i e g a t i o n i n K a n n a d a , wh ich u e

2 will c a l l t h e -u t e s t , f o r c o n v e r i e c c e ,

We h a v e seen i r , (15-16) a b o v e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f

a r d t h e i n d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r o n d u 'ai. C c n s i d e r n o u

s o c t e c c e s (28a-d) . The s u b j e c t WP i n t h e s e s ~ n t e c c e s i s

a n i n d e f i n i t e l y q u a n t i f i e d p r o n o u n w h i c h h a p p e n s t o be a

l e x i c a l itea: o b b a n u '0r.e-mac* o r ' a ( s i n g l e ) rnao'. I n

sec te rLces ( 2 8 c - d ) , this NP i s follou~d b y -m ; a n d

s e n t e n c e s ( 2 8 b - c ) c o n t a i f , i l l a :

2 8 a . o b b a n u b a n d a n u , ane-man came

P, mar! came.

28b. o b b a n u b a r 2 1 (u ) - i l l a s cno-man come (icf ,) riot

A man d i d co t come,

2 8 c . o b b a n ( u ) - u u b a r a l ( u ) - i l l a . one-man e v e n c o ~ e ( i n f .) n o t

Not a s i n g l e Ban came.

28d. * o b b a n (u ) - u u b a n d a n u , one-man e v e n came

*Even a ( s i n g l e ) mar came.

S e n t e n c e ( 2 8 c ) i l l u s t r a t e s t h e case where t h c q u a c t i f i e r

i s i n t s r p r e t o d a s b e i n g w i t h i n t h e s c o p e of t h e n e g a t i o c ,

a n d ( 2 8 d ) , c o n t a i n i n g -uu a n d a n i c d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r b u t

n o n e g a t i v e e l e m e n t , is u n g r a m m a t i c a l , a s p r e d i c t e d .

S e n t e n c e s (29a -d ) below i l l u s t r a t e the i n t e r a c t i o n o f -- A a n d w i t h the i n d e f i n i t e p roRoun y a a r - o o , ' s o m e o n e ,

29a . a v a n u yaa r - i g -00 haNa-va fnu koTTanu. h e who d a t . o n e money acc. g a v e ,

H e g a v e someone the money.

29b . a v a n u y a a r -ig -00 haNa-vannu k o D a l ( u ) - i l l a . h e whc d a t , o n e money acc, g i v e ( i n f . ) n o t

H E d i d n o t u i v e someone the money.

2 9 c . a v a c u yaar - I g - u u h a W a - v a n c u k o D a l [ u ) -ills. h e who d a t e e v e n mcEey a c c . g i v e ( i r _ f . ) n c t

He d i d n o t g i v e a n y o n e t h e money.

29d. + a v a n u y a a r - i g -uu ha t l a -vannu koTTanu. h e who d a t . e v e n raoney a c c . g a v e

*He g a v e a c y o n e the money.

2 . 3 Y e h a v e t h u s e x a m i c e d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of i l l a w i t h

-m a n d t h e i n d e f i n i t e s o n d u ' o n e s , obba lone -mans a n d

y a a r - c c ' someone ' . I n e v e r y c a s e , t h e p r s s e n c e of i l l a h a s l e d

t o g r a m m a t i c a l i t y , a n d a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f n e g a t i o n w i t h t h o

q u a ~ t i f i e r i n c l u d e d w i t h i n i t s scope. T ~ P a b s e n c e o f i l l a

h a s l e d t o u n g r a m m a t i c a l i t y , t h u s s h o w i n g t h a t ills c a r r i e s the

f e a t u r e c_eq, by o u r d e f i ~ i t i o n .

I f we now e x a m i c e t h e b e h a v i o u r of &la, we f i n d

t h a t i t y i e l d s s i m i l a r p a r a d i g m s w i t h o n d u * o n e 8 ( 3 0 a - d ) , obba

' one -wan* (31a -d ) a n d y a a r - o o ' s o m e o n e * ( 3 2 a - d ) :

30a . i d a r a l l i o n d u k a a g a d a v u n a ~ m a d u . i n t h i s o n e l e t t e r o u r s

One l e t te r among these is o u r s .

30b. i d a r a l l i o n d u k a a g a d a v u cammadu a l l a . i n t h i s o n e l e t t e r o u r s n o t

One l e t t e r among t h e s e is n o t o u r s .

30c. i d a r a l l i ondu k a a g a d a v (u) - uu naminadu a l l a . i n this c n e l e t t e r e v e n c u r s not

Not e v e n o n e l e t t e r among t h e s e is o u r s .

30d . * i d a r a l l i ondu k a a g a d a v (u) - uu nammadu. i n t h i s o n e f e t t e r e v e n o u r s

*Ever a s i n g l e l ~ t t e r zmccg t h e s e is c u r s ,

3 1 a , o b b a n u cLLeyavanu. one-man good man

One man is good ,

3 1 b. o b b a c u oLLeyavanu a l l a . one- an good man n o t

One map is n o t good.

31c. c b b a o ( u ) - uu o l l e y a v a ~ u a l l a , one-man e v e n good man n o t

Mot e v e n o n e mac i s good / Not a s i n g l e mar is good.

31d. * o b b a n ( n ) - u u oLLeyavacu. one-man e v e E g c o d man

*Even a s i n g l e man is qood.

328. y a a r - o o oLLeyavaru . who o n e good p e o p l e

S o a e c n e is good,

32b. y a a r - o c c L L e y a v a r u a l l a . who o n e good p e o p l e n o t

Soaeoae is n o t good ,

32c. y a a r - u u o L L e y a v a r u a f l a . who e v e n good p e o p l e n o t

No o n e is qood,

3 2 d . * y a a r - u u o L L e y a v a r u . who e v e n g o o d p e c p l e

*Even s o m e o n e is good.

We t h e r e f o r e d e f i n e a l l a a s FLP,~,

R t h i r d form, v a r i o u s l y c a l l e d a ' n e g a t i v e v e r b a l

p a r t i c i p l e * o r a ' b o u n d n e g a t i v e * , a l s o q u a l i f i ~ s a s neg ;

cf. the sentences ( 3 3 a - d ) , (34a-d) a n d (35a -d ) :

33a . a v a n u o n d u oLLeya k a a r y a ( v a n n u ) maaDi s a t t u h o o d a n u . he one good d e e d (acc.) h a v i n g d o n e d i e d

H E d i e d a f t e r d o i c g a g o o d d e e d .

33b. a v a n u o n d u o L L f y a k a a r y a ( v a n n u ) m a a D - a d ~ e s a t t u h o o d a c u , h e o n e good deed (acc.) d o i n g w i t h o u t d i e d

H e d i e d w i t h o u t d c i c g a good d e ~ d .

3 3 c , avar iu o c d u oLLeya k a a r y a ( v a n n ( u f ) - u u maaD-ades s a t t u h o o d a n u ,

h e o n e good d e e d (acc.) e v e n d o i n g w i t h o u t d i e d

He d i e d w i t h c u t d o i n g evez a s i n g l e g o o d d e e d .

3 3 d . * a v a c u o n d u oLLeya k a a r y a (vann ( u ) ) - u u maaDi 4 s a t t u h o o d a n u , h e o n e g c c d d e e d (acc,) e v e n h a v i n g dote d i e d

* H e d i e d , h a v i n g d o n e e v e n a s i c g l e g o o d d e e d .

3 4 a , a v a n u o b b a - (a) nnu n o o D i bandanu . h e one-man acc. h a v i n g s e e n came

He met someone a a d came.

34b . z v a n u o b b a - (a) r,nu ROOD-adee b a n d a n u . h e one- an acc. s e e i n g w i t h o u t came

H e came w i t h o u t m e 3 t i n g s o a e o n e .

34c . a v a n u o b b a - (a) r,n ( u ) - u u G O O D - a a s ~ b a n d a n u . h e one-man a c c . e v e n s e e i ~ g w i t h o u t came.

He came w i t h o u t m f e t i n g e v e n a s i n g l e mar.

346. *avar ,u o b b a - ( a ) n c ( u ) - u u n o o D i b a n d a n u . h e one-man acc. e v e n h a v i n g s e e n can't@

*He met e v e n a single war a n d came.

35a. a v a n u y a a r - i f f - o c h a # a - v a n n u koTl'u b a n d a n u . h e who d a t . o n e money a c c . h a v i n g g i v e n came.

H e g a v e someonf t h e money and came.

35b. a v a n u y a a r - i g - o o h a l a - v a n n u koD-adee b a n d a n u . h e who d a t . o n e money acc. g i v i n g w i t h o u t came

R e came w i t h o u t g i v i n g s o m e o n e t h e money,

3 5 c . avanu y a a r - i g - u u haNa-vannu koD-adee b a n d a n u . h e who d a t . e v e o raoney acc. g i v i n g u i t h o u t came

H e c a m e w i t h o u t g i v i n g a n y o c e t h e money.

35d . * a v a n u y a a r - i g - u u haNa-vannu koTTu b a n d a n u . h e who d a t . e v e n money acc. h a v i n g g i v e n came

* H e gave a n y o n e t h e mopey a n d came.

T h e ' n e g a t i v e m o d a l s l b a a r a d u ' m u s t / s h o u l d n o t 1 ,

kuuDadu ' m u s t / s h o u l d n o t 1 a n d beeDa 'do n o t 1 , a l s o u n d e r g o

t h e -- test s u c c e s s f u l l y . T h u s we h a v e t h o s e n t e n c e s

(36a-c) a n d ( 3 7 a - c ) b e l o w , where MP1s c o n t a i n i n g t h e

indef ir . i te q u a n t i f i e r s ' o n e a n d y a a v a w h i c h ( e v e r ) I ,

a r e q u a l i f i e d by -=, ' e v e n , t o o * :

36a. ~ i i n u o c d u k e l a s a - v a r t r i ( u ) - u u saaDa- b a a r a d u . you o n e work a c c . Even d o m u s t / s h o u l d n o t

Y O U m u s t n o t dc even a s i c g l e j o b ,

36b . n i i n u o n d u k e l a s a - v a n a ( u ) -uu maaDa- kuuDadu, you o n e work acc, e v e n do m u s t / s h o u l d n o t

You m u s t n c t dc ovec a single j o 5 .

3 6 c . n i i n u o n d u k e l a s a - v a n n (u ) -uu maaDa- beeDa. you o n e work acc. e v e n do d o nct

Do not do e v e n a s i n g l e job.

3 7 a , n i i n u y a a v a k e l a s a - v a n n ( u ) -uu maaDa- b a a r a d u , you which work acc, e v e c d o ~ ~ u s t / s h o u l d n o t

You must not d o a n y u o r k .

37b . r ? i i n u y a a v a k e l a s a - s a n n (u) -uu maaDa- kuuDadu. you w h i c h work acc, e v e n d o m u s t / s h o u l d n o t

You a u s t n o t do a n y work.

37c, n i i n u y a a v a k e l a s a - v a n n (u) -uu saaaDa- beelfa. you w h i c h u o r k a c c . even d o d o n o t

Do n o t d o a r y wcrk.

i4e therefore d e f i n e these n e g a t i v e m o d a l s b a a r a d u , kuuDadu ,

ar,d keDa a s

2 . 4 Ey t h i s -3 test, h o u e v s r , t h ~ w o r d - n e g a t i v e p r a f i x

ihLTt) - a n d t h ~ l b o u n d a n e g a t i v e a&- (occurring i n ' n e g a t i v e

relative p a r t i c i p l e s g ) d o n c t q u a l i f y a s nfo. S e n t e n c e s

(38a -d ) i l l u s t r a t e t h e p a r a d i g m of t h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x w i t h

t h o indefinite q u a n t i f i e r o n d u

383. a v a r u h r e L i d a c c d u t i i r p u n y a a y a . h e s a i d o n e j u d g e m e n t j u s t

One o f t h e j u d g e m e n t s t h a t h e g a v e i s j u s t .

3 8 b , a v a n u h e e L i d a o n d u t i i r p u a n - n y a a y a . he said o n e j u d g e m e n t u n j u s t

One o f t h e j u d g e m e n t s t h a t h e g a v e is u n j u s t .

38c . * a v a n u h ieeLida o n d u t i i r p ( u ) -uu a n - n y a a y a . he s a i d o n e j u d g e m e n t e v e n u r * j u s t

*Even o n & o f the j u d g e m e n t s t h a t h e g a v e is u n j u s t ,

38d . * a v a n u h e e L i d a o n d u t i i r p (u) -uu n y a a y a . h e s a i d o n e j u d g e m e n t e v e n j u s t .

*Even o n e cf the j u d g e m e r t s t h a t he g a v e i s just.

S e n t e n c e ( 38c ) shows t h a t -uu c a n n c t q u a l i f y afi i n d e f i n i t e l y

q u a n t i f i e d NP e v e n i f t h e r e i s a ' n e g a t i v e a p r e f i x - Ir+ t h e s e n t e n c e . T h e condition f o r - - t o o c c u r i n s u c h

a E e n v i r o n m e n t i s the p r e s e n c e of a l l a :

39, avanu h e e L i d a o c d u t i i r p (u ) -uu n y a a y a a l l a . he said one j u d g e m e n t e v e n j u s t n o t

Not e v e n o n e of t h e j u d g e m e n t s t h a t h e g a v e is j u s t .

If r;s c c c t r a s t ( 3 8 c ) with ( 3 9 ) , we f i n d t h a t t h e crucial

d i f f e r e n c e is b e t w e e n t h ~ presence o f - i n the former znd

a l l a i n t h e l a t t e r ( c o m p a r e u- and not i n t h e E c g l i s h g l o s s f s

of t h e s e s e n t e n c e s ) . Expressed ir! o u r f o r m a l i s m , t h i s is t h e

d i f f e r e n c e between t h e presence cf the samactic m a r k e r iz

a l l a , a n d its a b s e n c e i n a m - . S i m i l a r p a r a d i g m s o b t a i n

with t h e qua~tifled WPs y a a r - o o * s o m e o n e * a n d o b b a 'one-man'.

T h e c r u c i a l example s a r e s e c t e n c ~ s (4Oc) a ~ d f l i l c ) , w h i c h we

would e x p e c t t o be g r a m m a t i c a l i f t h e r e was a neq p r e s e n t i n

t h e s e n t e n c e :

4 0 a , y a a r - o o b r a h ~ a N a r u . who-one B r a h m i n

Someone is a Brahmin .

9 0 b . y a a r - o o a -b rahmaNaru . uho-one on-Brahmin

Y O c , * y a a r - u u a - b r a h n a N a r u . who-even non-Brahmin

*Even someone is a t o n - B r a h m i n .

40d. * y a a r - u u brahmaNaru . who-even B r a h ~ i r i

*Even s o m e o n e is a B r a h m i n ,

41a . c b b a c u g n y a a n i . one-man k n o w l e d g e a b l e

One man is k n o w l e d g e a b l e .

41 b. o b b a n u a - g n y a a n i , o n e - man n u n - k n o w l e d g e a b l e

O n e man is ignorant.

41c . *obbari ( u ) -uu a - g n y a a n i . one-man e v e n n o c - k n o w l e d g e a b l e

*Eve!? a s i n g l e man is i g n o r a n t .

41d. * o b b a n (u) - u u g n y a a n i . one-man e v e n k n o w l e d g e a b l e

*Even a s i n g l e man is k n o w l e d g e a b l e .

Ve may c o n t r a s t s e n t e n c e s (40c) arid ( 4 1 c ) w i t h ( 4 2 - 4 3 ) .

42. y a a r - u u b rahmaNaru a l l a , whc -even B r a h m i c r,ot

No o n e i s a Brahmin .

43. o h b a n (u ) -uu g n y a a n i a l l a . one-man e v e n k n o w l e d g e a b l e no t

No t e v e n a s i n g l e mac is k n o w l e d g e a b l e .

I n a p p l y i n g the -xu t e s t t o t h e ' n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e

p a r t i c i p l e s ' , t h e c learest c a s e s a r e t h o s e o c c u r r i n g w i t h t h e

i n d e f i n i t e q u a n t i f i e r y a a v u d - o o ' some ' , since t h e mos t

f a v o u r a b l e i n t e r p r ~ t a t i o n of o c d u 'one' i n s u c h c o n t e x t s i s a s

a d e f i r i t e q u a n t i f i e r . Be w i l l t h e r e f o r e f i r s t e x a m i n e t h e

c z i s ~ s wFth yaavud-oc- 'some'. Tho n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e

is c c n t r a s t e d with t h e corresponding a f f i r m a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e :

44a . a v a n u h e e L i d a y a a v a u t t a r a v - o o s a r i a a g i ide. he s a i d w h i c h a n s w e r - o n e c o r r e c t i s

S c ~ e a c s w e r t h a t h e g a v e is c o r r e c t .

4 4 b, a v a c u h e e l - a i i a y a a v a u t t a r a v - o o s a r i a a g i i d e . h e s a i d - c o t w h i c h a r i swer -one c o r r e c t i s

Sortie a n s w e r t h a t h e d i d n o t g i v e is c o r r e c t .

44c . * a v a n u h e e l - a d a y a a v a u t t a r a v - u u s a r i a a g i i d e . he s a i d - n o t w h i c h a n s w e r e v e n c o r r e c t is

*Even a n y a n s w e r t h a t h e d i d n o t give is correct .

44d. * a v a n u h e e t i d a y a a v a u t t a r a v - u u s a r i a a g i ide. h e s a i d - c o t which a n s w e r e v e n cor rec t i s

*Even a n y a n s w e r t h a t h e g a v e i s c o r r e c t .

W E B;ay c o m p a r e s m t e n c e s ( 4 4 ~ - a ) w i t h s e n t e n c e s (45a-b) ,

w h e r e t h e n e g a t i v e i l l a o c c u r s :

45a. a v a n u h e e l - a d a y a a v a u t t a r a v - u u s a r i a a g i i f l a . h e s a i d - n o t w h i c h a n s w e r e v e n cor rec t n o t

Noce o f t h e a n s w e r s t h a t he d i d n o t g i v e i s c o r r e c t ,

45b . a v a n u h e e t i d a y a a v a u t t a r a v - u u s a r i a a g i i l l a . h e s a i d w h i c h acswer e v e n c o r r e c t not

Noze cf t h e a n s w e r s t h a t h e g a v e i s c o r r e c t .

Ccmparc s e c t e n c e s w i t h ocdu irterprst~d a s i n d e f i n i t e :

4 6 a . a v a n u t a n d a o n d u s a a m a a n u Cosadu . h e b r o u g h t o n e t h i n g cew

One of t h e t h i n g s t h a t h e b r o u g h t i s new,

46h. a v a c u t a r - a d z o n d u s a a R a a n u h o s a d u . h e b r o u g h t - n o t o n e t h i n g new

t h e t h i n g s t h a t he d i d n c t b r i n g 1s new.

46c. * a v a n u t a r - a d a o c d u saarnaan (u) - u u h o s a d u . h e b r o u g h t - n o t m e t h i n g e v e n neu

*Even one o f t h e t h i c g s t h a t h e d i d n o t b r i n g is new.

46d. s a v a n u t a n d a o n d u s a a m a a n ju) - u u h o s a d u . h e b r o u g h t o n e t h i n g E v e n n e Y

*Even o n e of t h e things t h a t h e b r o u g h t is cew.

W h i l e ( 4 6 c - a ) a r e u n g r a n a m a t i c a l , (47a-b) a r e g r a m m a t i c a l :

4 7 a . a v a n u t a r - a d a c n d u s a a m a a n ( u ) -uu h o s a d u a l l a . h e b r o u g h t - n o t one t h i n g e v e n new n o t

N o t e v e n o n e of t h e t h i n g s t h a t h e d i d n ' t b r i n g is new.

47b. a v a E u t a n d a o n d u s a a m a a n (u ) -uu h o s a d u a l l a , h e b r o u g h t o n e t h i n g e v e n new n o t

Mot e v e n o n e of t h e t h i n g s t h a t h e b r o u g h t is new.

T h e ' n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e ' o r the ' b c u n d t n e g a t i v e

-- is t h e r e f o r e n o t a neq w i t h i n o u r f r a m e w o r k .

2 . 5 Ce h a v e ~ c w d e f h e d a s 'wl a v a r i e t y o f f o r m s i n

Kacnarla: i l k , a l l a , the t r i f u a t i v e verbal p a r t i c i p l e '

~ n d i n g in - 2 d e e , a c d t h e * n e g a t i v ~ m o d a l s * b a a r a d u , kuuDadu

a n d b m . We h a v e e x c l u d e d two o f t h e forms t h a t we q u o t e d i n

C h a p t e r T as heing * i n t u i t i v e l y r e g a t i v e ' : the p r e f i x aLn)-

a r d t h e ' n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e ' e n d i a g i n -&a. The

s t a t u s of h o r a t u wifl b~ clarifies when we e n t a r i n t o a f u l l e r

d i s c u s s i o n of the s e m a n t i c s o f n e g a t i o n .

T h e e x i s t e n c e o f a v a r i e t y of f o r m s d e f i n e d a s

is n o t a m a t t e r f o r s u r p r i s e ; - thus i n E n g l i s h , J a c k e n d o f f wou ld

d e f i c e n e i t h e r , no, Eever , s e l d o m , f c w , a n d l i t t l e fantong o t h e r s )

a s nex. T h e i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t f s t h a t a n a n a l y s i s p o s i t i n g Neg-

i n c o r p o r a t i o c , i n t h e manner o f Kl ima ( o p , c i t . ) , would l e a d tc

ai-i e x t e ~ s i v c c o m p l i c a t i ~ n of t h e g r a n a a r . Such +r a ~ a l y s i s

wcu ld d e p e n d c r u c i a l l y on t h ~ a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a f f i r m a t i v s -

n e g a t i v e ' p a i r s ' , s u c h a s e v e r - n e v e r , e i t h e r - n e i t h e r , any-=

i~ E n g l i s h , however d r a s t i c t h e s p e l l i n g c h a n g e s r e s u l t i n g from

I r g - i r . c o r p o r a t . i o r , might be. The o n l y i c s t a n c ~ o f "uncombinad

n e g a t i c n f v ( J a c k e n d o f f , c p ~ c i t . , p . 3 4 3 ) i n E n g l i s h i s w; i n

Kannada, however , a t least t h r e e l e x i c a l items would h a v e t o

be t r e a t e d a s 'uncombined negatives', i .e, , a l l a , i l l a , and one

i n s t a n c e of beeDa:

48a. a v a n u o L L e y a v a n u . he good wan

H e i s a good aac,

48b. a v a n u oLLeyavanu alla. he gcod man not

F!e is nct a good man,

4 9 a , a v a n u b a - n d - anu. h s cone p a s t 3 r d p.m,sg.

H e came.

4 9 b . a v a n u b a r a l (uf -ill a. h e come (infinitive) n c t

H e d i d n o t come.

50a. I d - a n n a mazDu. t h i s a c c . d o

Do t h i s .

Sob, i d - a n r a maaDa- beeDa. t h i s ace, d o d o no t

Do not dc t h i s .

I n s e n t e n c e s (48-50) t h e r e i s ~c lexical item ir, t h e [a)

s e n t e n c e s to w h i c h t h e r s g a t i v e s i n the (b ) s e n t e n c e s c a n b e

r e l a t e d . For the n e g a t i v e s w h i c h can b e t h u s r e l a t ed , we would

n e e d r u l e s l i k e t h e f o l l o u i n g :

(i) neg + b e e k u ('must') = I b a a r a d u ) ' m u s t n o t a 5 C kuuDadu 3

51a. i d -aona &aaDa - b e e k u , t h i s a c c . d o must

T h i s m u s t be done.

51b. i d - a n n a maaDa - b a a r a d u ) . kuuDadu)

t h i s acc. d o must n o t

T h i s m u s t I ; O ~ b e donc5.

(ii) n e g + b e e k u ( * w a r t f ) = ueeDa ' d o c s t w a n t ' i i - A ii

52a . c a n a g e i d u b e e k u . t o R E t h i s w a n t

I w a n t this.

52b. n a n a g e i d u beeDa. t o m e t h i s d o n ' t wan t

I d o n ' t w a n t t h i s .

(iii) neg + v e r b a l . p a r t i c i p l e = v e r b r o o t + adee

5 3 a . a v a n u haaD - u t t a b a n d a n u , h e s i n g i n g c a w

H e came s i o g i n g .

53b. a v a n u haaD -i b a n d a ~ u . he s i n g p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e came

H a v i ~ g s u n g , h e came/ He s a n g a n d came.

53c. a v a n u haaD - a a e b a n d a n u , h e s i n g n e g . p a r t i c i p l e came

H e came w i t h o u t s i n g i n g ,

R u l e ( 5 ) is forced t o p c s i t two n e g a t i v e l e x i c a l items for a

s i n g l e a f f i r m a t i v e . From r u l e (ii) we n o t e t h a t w h i l e t h e full

v e r b beeDa ' d o n s t w a n t ' is a r e s u l t o f W e g - i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o

t h e full v e r b B e e k u ' w a n t ' , t h e modal besDa ' d o r , o t q is a n

u x ! c c m b l ~ e d c e g a t i v ? , a c d t h ~ modal b e t k u ' m u s t ' y i e l d s

d i f f e r e n t l e x i c a l items t h a n beeDa a f t e r ~ e g - i n c o r p o r a t i o n

( b y rule (i)) . S u c h i r r e g u l a r i t i e s a re t y p i c a l cf t h o l r?x icor .

r a t h e r t h a n o f the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t , a n d p i n p o i n t

the lack of g e ~ e r a l i t y I n s u c h s t a t e m e n t s a s "b€eDa i s t k ?

e x a c t o p p o s i t e of beeku, * w a n t q . . . "(Gowda, l 9 7 0 : 2 ) .

E o r e o v e r , we h a v e y e t t o c a p t u r e t h e f a c t that the v a r i o u s

f o r m s i c K a n n a d a show r i g i d p a t t e r n s cf d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

T h u s , w h i l e t h e E n g l i s h not a p p e a r s i n c o p u l a t i v e , t e n s e d ,

a n d L O ] ? - t e n s r d ( i n f i ~ i t i v a l a n d g e r u n d i a l ) s e n t e x e s ,

i n K a n n a d a , a l l a a p p e a r s In c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s w h i c h are

w i t h o n t a v e r b , i l l a a p p e a r s ic c o p u l a t i v ~ s p n t e r c e s w i t h

t h e v e r b 'to be1 a n d i n t e n s e d s e n t m c e s , and the ' n e g a t i v e

v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e 8 e n d i n g i n - a d e e a p p t z a r s irL n o n - t e n s e d

s e n t e n c e s . See, for e x a m p l e , s e n t e n c e s (54 -61) b e l o w , where the

(a) s e n t e n c ~ s a r e t h o s e of E n g l i s h , a n d t h e (b) s e n t e n c e s a r e

t h e i r K a n n a d a c o u n t e r p a r t s :

5 4 a . T h i s is b i g .

54b. i d u doDDa- (a) du . t h i s b i g - it

T h i s is b i g .

5 5 a . T h i s is not b i g .

55b . i d u doDDa- ( a ) d u a l l a . ( * i l l a ) t h i s b i g - it riot

T h i s is n o t b i g .

5 6 a . T h i s is b i g ,

5 56b, i d u doDDa- ( a ) d ( u ) - aaai i d e , t h i s b i g i t - A A G I b e 3 r d p . c e u t . s g ,

5 7 a . T h i s is not b i g ,

57b. i d u doDDa- (a) d ( u ) - a a g i i l l a , ( * a l l a ) . this big -it - A A G I is cot

T h i s i s n o t b i g ,

58a . Be came,

58b, avariu b a - nd - a n u , h e come past 3 r d p.m.sg.

59a . H e d i d cot c o n e .

59h, avariu b a r a l (u ) -ills. ( +ails) h e c o m e ( i r , f i n i t i v e ) n o t

H e d i d n o t come,

6Oa. He t o l d Mary t o come,

bob, a v a n u Hary- gei [ 0; b a r a l u 3 h e e l i d a n u , h e Bary d a t , t o ccm~ told

H e t o l d Bary t o come.

6 l a . H e t o l d n a r y n c t t o come.

b 1 b . a v a n u Hary - gei [ Bi b a r - a d e e i r a l u ] h e e L i d a n u . h e Mary d a t , coine n e g , p a r t , b e ( i n f ,) t o l d

H e t o l d H a r y not t o come ( t o r e m a i n wi thoue, c o m i n g ) .

61c. * a v a n u Mary- ge; [ Pi b a r a - beeDa -1u ] h e e L i d a n u . 1- illa -1u

h e Mary d a t . come n o t i n f , t o 1 d

He told Mary n o t to come,

T h ~ s e att terns of d i s t r i b u t i o n can be c a p t u r e d by t r e a t i n g

t h e v a r i c u s neq forms as i n d i v i d u a l lexical i t e i ~ s , a n d

g e n e r a t i ~ g t h e m a t v a r i o u s p l a c e s i n the s y n t a x , i n t h e m a n c e r

cf J a c k e n d o f f , W E t h e s f f o r e t ake t o h e a s e m a n t i c m a r k e r

r a t h e r t h a n a s y c t a c t i c f e a t u r e , acd i n t h e f o l l c u l n g

chapters u n d e r t a k e a resolution o f the p a t t e r n s of d i s t r i b u t i o n

of n o q i n Kacnada .

Notes

K l i m a d e f i n e s s e n t e n c e n e g a t i o n ( a s opposed to word r ~ e g a t i o n ) i n terms of t h e p r e s e n c e of neg i n t h e s e n t e n c e . However , w+ p r e f e r t o r e s e r v e t h e term 8 s e n t e n c e n e g a t i o n * t o c o c t r a s t w i t h * f o c u s s e d n e g a t i o n * , i n t h e s e n s e of J a c k e n d o f f . A s t h e two d e f i n i t i o n s of s e n t e n c e n e g a t i o n [Rl imags , a a d J a c k e n d o f f 's) a r a n o t c c - e x t e n s i v e , we w i l l s p e a k cf t h e ' p r e s e n c e o f ir a s e n t e n c e * , r a t f i e f t h a n c f * s e n t e r c e n e g a t i o n ' , i n r e l a t i o n t o Kliwa, e x c e p t i n d i r e c t q u o t a t i o n .

2. o u r t e s t , t h e n , is s i ~ i l a r t o K l i m a ' s l n o g a t i v o a p p o s i t i v e t a g f t e s t , t h e d i f f e r e n c e beicg t h a t we are u s i n g t h e c h l i g a t o r y c o - o c c u r r e n c e cf - - a n d i c t h e ma in senterce a s a tes t .

3 . T h e E n g l i s h g l o s s e s f o r t h e MPts q u a l i z i e d b y -g i n t h e s e e x a m p l e s a r e i r r e g u l a r , due t o t h e l e x i c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f E n g l i s h .

4. Once a g a i n , i t is c r u c i a l t h a t the q u a n t i f i e r b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n d e f i c i t e . T h u s t t e s e n t e n c e is a c c e p t a b l e i n t h e s e n s e ' h e e v e n d i d a g o o d d e e d (i.e. a p a r t i c u l a r g o o d d e e d ) b e f o r e h e d i e d , *

5 . T h e s y n t a x of t h e m a r k e r - a a q i w h i c h h a s a p p e a r e d a f t e r t h e p r e d i c a t e noun h e r e i s p u z z l i n g . T h e marker is n o t e a s i l y t r a n s l a t e d ; we w i l l g l o s s i t a s -AAGI. his s u f f i x h a s b e e r w i d e l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b~ a n a d v e r b i a l i s e r (cf. T a m i l -a, T e l u g u -gas), o n t h e b a s i s o f e x a t a p l e s s u c h as:

a v a n u c h e n n - a a g i h a a D i d a he n i c e ( l y ? ) s a n g

* H e s a n g well

h o w e v e r c h e n n a seens t o be a noun r a t h e r t h a ~ a n a d j e c t i v e . T h a t -aacri i s n o t i n v a r i a b l y {if e v e r ) a n a d v e r b i a l i s e r , may be s e E n f r o a :

i d u c h e c n - a a g i ide t h i s n i c e ? 2- s

' T h i s is nice. ( * n i c e l y )

We h a v e s e e n t h a t - a a q i a p p e a r s a f t e r p r e d i c a t i v e n o u n s whec t h e r e i s a v e r b i n t h e s e n t e n c e , I t Bay a l s o o c c u r

a f t , ~ r ac I n t e n s i f i e r :

a v a L i g e b a h i l a - v a a g i d u k k h a a a g a l ( u ) -ills t o h e r muck ? s o r r o w h a p p e n (inf, ) n o t ' S h e d i d n o t f e ? l much s o r r o w 1 ,

Tho s u f f i x - a a q i a l s o a p p e a r s a s a COMP, e .g . ,

avaLu b e n g a L o o r i g e hooguvud ( u ) -asgi c i s h c h a y i s i d a l u , s h e B a n g a l o r e d a t , g o i n g ? d e c i d e d ' S h e d e c i d e d t o g o t o B a n g a l o r e s

peeTer j o h n - a r n a o1,Leyavan (u) -aagi t i l i d i d d a a n e , P e t e r J o h n acc, good man ? t h i n k s

' P e t e r t h i n k s J o h n t o b e a good man.'

W E w i l l not enter inta d e t a i l s of the s y n t a x cf - a a q i here. Its r e l e v a n c e for n ~ g a t i o n is t h a t w h e n e v e r i t a p p e a r s i n a c o p u l a t i v s sentence, t h a t s e n t e n c e i s n o t v e r b l e s s , b u t h a s a v e r b 'to b e 1 oo t h e surface; acd t h e n& which a p p e a r s is n e v e r a l l a , b u t i l l a .

Ch'APTEfi I11

TBP SYNTAX OF ALLA

3.0 B e h a v e n o t e d t h a t t h e n e a a l l a a p p e a r s i n

c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e c c e s which d c n o t h a v e a v e r b o c t h e s u r f a c e .

Gcwda (7970: I ) makes a s i ~ i l a r o b s e r v a t i o c : I 1 a l l a i s u s e a t o

r e g a t r n c w v e r b a l s e n t ~ n c e s . ~ ~ However, a l m o s t immediately

preceding t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n i s t h e s t a t e i n e c t t h a t " a l l 3 n e g a t e s

t h e e q u a t i o n of two t h i n g s a n d i l l a n e g a t e s e x i s t e n c e , Using

t h e ~ a c s k r i t terms o n e may s a y t h a t a l l a is

2 a n d i l l s i s a b h a a v a a r t h a k a . " Gonda t h u s t r i e s t c d e f i n e t h e

s e m a n t - i c r o l e s of a l l a a c d u.

It i s d i f f i c u l t t o accept t h a t " a 1 1 a n e g a t e s the

e q u a t i o n o f two t h i n g s a n a i l f a n e g a t e s e x i s t e n c e . " We h a v e

s e e n f rcm s e ~ t e n c e s (55b) and (57b) i n C h a p t e r I f , t h a t b o t h

a l l a and illa may a p p e a r i n t h o n ~ g a t i v e s o f c o p u l a t i v e

3 s e n t e n c e s , To c i t e more e x a a p l e s ,

4 62a. i d u s u l a b h a . t h i s e a s e

This is e a s y .

6 2 0 , i d u s u l a b h a - v a a g i ide. t h i s e a s e - R A G 1 be 3 r d . p , n e u t e s g .

T h i s i s e a s y ,

6 3 a . i d u s u l a b h a a i l s . ( *ills) t h i s ease n o t

T h i s i s n o t e a s y .

6 3 b . I d u s u l a b h a - v a a g i i l l a . ( * a l f a ) t h i s ease - A A G I is n o t

T h i s is co t e a s y .

6 4 a . i d u c h i k k a - (a) du. t h i s small i t

T h i s i s s m a l l ,

640, i d u c h i k k a - ( a ) d (u) - a a g I ide, t h i s smal l it - A A G I be 3 r d p . n e u t . s g .

T h i s is small.

6 5 a . i d u c h i k k a - (a) d u a l l a . ( *ills) t h i s small i t n o t

T h i s i s n o t s m a l l .

65b. i d u c h i k k a - ( a ) d ( u ) - a a g i i l l a . * a l l a ) t h i s smal l i t - A A G I i s n o t

T h i s is n o t small .

Pe n o t e d i n f o o t n o t e ( 5 ) , C h a p t e r 11, t h a t a n a f f i r m a t i v e

c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e w h i c h h a s a n - A A G I marker i n t h e p r e d i c a t e

a l w a y s h a s a v e r b i- *to be' p r e s e n t i n t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e ,

a ~ d t h a t t h e F& a l l a c a n n e v e r a p p e a r i n s u c h a s e n t e n c e .

I n G o u d a ' s t e r n s , s e n t f c c e s ( 6 3 a , b ) a n d ( 6 5 a , b ) a l l n e g a t e

t h e e q u a t i o n of t w o t h i n g s ; y e t a l l a a p p e a r s i n t h e

(a) s e r t e n c e s , a n d U ir- t h e (b) s e n t e n c e s . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f a 1 l a a n d i l l a t h e r e f o r e c a n n ~ t be z x p l a i c e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e

t o t h e i r s e m a n t i c r o l e ; t h e s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r s of t h e

s e r t e n c e h a s t o b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .

I n s a y i n g t h a t i l l a n e g a t e s * x i s t e n c e , ~ o w d a i s

taking i n t . 0 c o n s i d ~ r a t i o n t h e 1 i m i t e d r a n g e of d a t a

e x e m p l i f i e d b y ( 6 6 ) below:

66. F l l i a m r t a i l l a . here c ? c t a r is c c t

T h e r e i s n ' t a n y n e c t a r here.

I r ( 6 6 ) , i 1 1 a d e n i e s t h e e x i s t e n c e of aliirta ' n e c t a r * , a t a

p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e . However, i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o c l a i m t h a t

i l l a n e g a t e s t h e e x i s t e ~ c e of s c m e t h i n g , e . g . , ' t h e k i l l i n g cf

t h e t i g e r ' , i n (67a-c) :

67a . a v a n u h u l l - a n n u kond (u ) - i l l a . h e t i g e r a c c . k i l l ( p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ) not

HE h a s n o t k i l l e d t h e t i g e r .

67b. a v a n u h u l i - a n n u k o l l a l ( u ) - i l l a . h e t i g e r a c c , k i l l (inf. ) n o t

He d i d n o t k i l l t h e t i g e r .

i57c. a v a n n h u l i - a n n u k c l l u v u d ( u ) -ills. h e tiger a c c , k i f l p a r t i c i p i a l n o t

He w i l l n o t k i l l t h e tiger.

3 . 1 S p e n c e r (191 4: 153) r e c o g c i s e s the i m p o r t a n c e of

t h e p r c b l e m of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i l l a a n d alla, a c d d e v o t e s

a b r i e f s e c t i o n t o i ts d i s c u s s i o n . To u n d e r s t a n d the

d i s t i n c t i o c h e makes be tween i l l a a n d a l i a , i t is n e c e s s a r y

P C c o n s i d e r h i s a n a l y s i s cf t h e m a r k e r -AhGI.

T h i s marker is homonymous with t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e

of t h o v e r b a a a u 'to happen , t r b e c o m e * ; S p s r c ~ r t a k ~ s - A A G I

t o h e i d e n t i c a l t o t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e o f t h i s v e r b . I n a

s ~ c t i o r o n t h e ' c o m b i n a t i o n o f a a q u a n d as ( o p . c i t , ,

pp. 150-52) he s t z t o s :

"The v e r b a a u u l i k e a l l o t h e r v e r b s a d d s t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t h e v e r b iru t o its own p a s t p a r t i c i p l e i n o r d e r t o f o r m i ts p e r f e c t tecses . . . a r i s i n g o u t of t h i s is a s e c o n d a n d very coraraon w a n i r g of t h e s e compcund f o r m s , v i z . t h a t i n w h i c h t h e y a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e E n g l i s h v e r b t o be f o l l o w e d by a c o m p l e ~ e n t . ~ *

T h u s i n t h e s e n t e n c e

6 8 , a v a n u manuSRyar, (u) - a a g i i d d - a a c e . h e man - B A G 1 be 3 r d p.m.sg.

He is a man. 5

S p e n c e r t a k e s -aasi i d d - a a n e t o be a u n i t : t h e gcompound v e r b a

a a q l r u ( w h i c h h e a l s o refers t o a s t h e i d i o m a t i c u s e o f a a u ) .

E e t k ~ c m a k e s a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e y c o m p o u c d v e r b * a a g i r u

a n d the e x i s t e n t i a l v e r b a 'tc b e * :

"In E n g l i s h t h o v e r b * t c b e * h a s two u s e s : (i) i t i n d i c a t e s e x i s t e n c e w i t h o u t a t t r i b u t i n g q u a l i t i e s ; a s , there is a t ree , a t r e e is ( e x i s t s ) ; ( i i ) i t a t t r i b u t e s q u a l i t i e s ; a s , t h a t i s a tree; the t ree is l a r g e . I n t r a n s l a t i n g i n t o K a n a r e s e , i n the f i r s t c a s e t h e s i m p l e v e r b i d m u s t b e u s e d ; i n t h e s e c o n d case t h e compound v e r b a a a i r u is r e q u i r e d , . , So , o b b a m a x u s h v a n i d d a a ~ f , t h ~ r e is a man; m a n u s h y a n a a s i d d a a n e , h e is a mar, ( n o t a god , o r a n y o t h 2 r kind o f b e i n g ) . . , 19

( o p . c i t . ,p. 151)

T C a t is, f o r S p e n c e r , i a is a c e x i s t z n t i a l v e r b , a n d a a a i r u

is a c c p u l a . It is p r e c i s e l y t h i s d i s t i n c t i o c b e t w e e n the

s t a t e m e n t of e x i s t e r x e and t h e s t d t e m o n t o f an e q u a t i v e

r r l a t i o a s h i p , t h a t h e mates b e t w e e n i l l a acd &

( o p . c i t . , p . 153) :

" A d i s t i n c t i o n s i m i l a r t o that b e t w e e n iruvunV a n d a a q i r n v u d u i s t o b e o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e n e g a t i v e s ilfa a n d a l l a . I_lla r i e g a t i v e s ( s i c ) i r u v u d u , a c d denies e x i s t e n c e ; a l l a n e g a t i v e s (sic) a a a i r u v u d u , a n d d e n i e s t h o p o s s e s s i o n cf scae q u a l i t y . . . In b r i e f , illa = i r u v u d i l l a ; a l l a = a a q i r u v u d i l l a , These a i s t i c c t i o n s a r e o f t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e . T h o Kannada l a n g u a g e a l l o w s of co d e v i a t i o n from t h e m m t t

T h i s $s e q u i v a l e n t t o s a y i n g t h a t w h i l e i l l a n e g a t s s e x i s t e n c e ,

a l l a n e g a t e s e q u i v a l e n c e . However, S p e n c e r seems t o b e n o t

m e r e l y s e t t i n g u p s e m a n t i c rclcs, b u t s y n t a c t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,

by s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a l l a = a a q i r u v u d i l l a , We m u s t n o t e t h a t

S p ~ n c e r d o e s not rasntiori a t a l l , the Kancada c o p u l a t i v e

c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t h a s ~o v e r b o n t h e s u r f a c e , T h a t is, of t h e

two p o s s i b l e c o p u l a t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s

he t a k e s o n l y t h e s e c o n d i n t o a c c o u n t , a n d c l a i m s t h a t a l l a

a p p e a r s a s t h e n e g a t i v e ir. a c o n s t r u c t i o n l i k e (b) above .

T h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t i l l a d ~ n i e s e x i s t e n c e h a s

a l r e a d y been e n c o u n t e r e d i n s ~ c t i o n 3 . 0 , a n d we h a v e t h e r ~

p o i n t e d o u t i ts l a c k of g e n e r a l i t y . T h e e q u a t i o n ill% =

i r u v u d i l l a c a n b y no Beans b e t a k e n l i t e r a l l y $ and i t would --

b6 aE i n j u s t i c e to S p o ~ c t r t c d o sc, H o u e v e r , S p e r i c e r 9 s

e x p l a n a t . i c n concprning a l l a , 3 r d h i s e q u a t i o n a l l ? =

a a q 5 r u v u d i l l a ( w h e r e a a q i r u I n a a q i r u v u d i l l a is c l e a r l y t o

bs t a k e n a s t h o *compound v e r b g r a t h e r t h a n a s t h e p e r f e c t i v e

cf t h e vfrb a a q u , *to h a p p e n , tc became'), r a i s e s s s r i o u s

issues c o n c e r n i n g t h e s y n t a x o f t h e c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e i n

( h ) a b o v e , a n d the r e g u l a r i t y of f o r m a t i o n of the z e g a t i v e .

C o n s i d e r s e n t e n c e s ( 6 9 a - d ) , S p e n c e r d o a s n o t m e n t i o r . ( 6 9 a )

a n d ( 6 9 d ) ; a c c o r d i n g t c h i s analysis, (69b) is t h e n e g a t i v e 7

o f ( 6 9 ~ ) ~ w h i c h h a s a 'compound v e r b ' a a q i r u ,

6 9 a , a v a n u manuSHyanu. he man

Re is a man.

69b. a v a n u manuSHyacu a l l a . h e man n o t

H e is n o t a man.

6 9 c . a v a n u manuSHyan (u) - a a g i i d d - a a n e . h e man -AhGI be 3 r d p.m.sg.

He is a man.

69d. a v a n u manuSHyan (u ) - a a g i i l l a . h e man -AhGI is n o t

H e i s n c t a wac,

I f we c o m p a r e s e n t e n c e s (69c-d) w i t h ( 7 0 a - b ) b e l o w ,

uf may see t h a t t h e a f f i r m a t i v e s e n t e n c e s ( 6 9 c ) , (70a),

h a v e a f o r m o f the v e r b 1.u * t o b e a , a n d t h e n e g a t i v e

sFr ~ E D C G S ( 6 9 d ) , (70b) , have t h ~ t m ilia, which has

' r e p l a c ~ d ~ t h e verb:

70a. a v a c u illi i d d - a a c o , h e h e r e b e 3 r d p,m.sg.

E e Is h e r e .

70b . a v a n u illi i l l a . ( * a l l a ) h e her^ is n o t

H e i s n e t here.

T h a t is , s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e v e r b i d ( t o be' h a v e f o r m e d

t h e i r n e g a t i v e s with i l l a , w h e t h e r o r n o t iui i s a n

~ x i s t e n t i a l v e r b . I f we now t r y t o r e l a t e ( 6 9 c ) a n d ( 6 9 b ) ,

a s S p e n c e r does, o u r g rammar w i l l h a v e t o e x p l a i n how

a s e n t e n c e w i t h a c o p u l a t i v e v e r b iru ' t o b e t f o r m s i ts

n e g a t i v e w i t h a l l a , w h i l e a s e n t e n c e w i t h a n e x i s t e n t i a l

v e r b W 'to be* d o e s n o t (cf. (70b) a b o v e ) . Ee Bay

c c n s i d e r t h e a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t the v e r b i~ ( 6 % ) i s n o t

a f o r m of iru a s we h a v e s u g g e s t e d , b u t a conipound f o r m

a a q i r u , a s S p e n c e r s u g g e s t s . We w i l l still h a v e t o m e n t i o n

t h e n e g a t i o n of a a u i r u w i t h alla a s a n i r r e g u l a r i t y , i n t h e

l e x i c o n ; f o r the fcrm a a a i r u w h i c h is t h e p e r f e c t i v e of t h e

v e r b aesu ' t o h a p p e c , t c b e c c ~ s ' , t a k c s i l l a i n the n e g a t i v e :

71a. s a a r u them-aagi a a g ( i ) - i d e . s o u p ice -ABGI h a p p e c p s t - p a r t . be 3 r d p . n e u t . s g .

T h e s o u p h a s t u r n e d o u t well.

71h . s a a r u c h e ~ c - a a g i a a g (i) -ills. s o u p n i c e - A A G I h a p p o r p s t . p a r t . i s c o t

T h e s o u p has n c t turned c u t well.

M o r e o v € r , we s t i l l h a v e t o a c c o u c t for ( 6 9 d ) ; we may h a v e t o

a l lc?w (doc) tc k a v e twc z c g a t i v e s , (E9b) a n d ( 6 9 6 ) . T h i s

l e a v e s o p e n t h e q u e s t i o n o f a n e g a t i v e s e n t e r - c e which c a n b e

s y n t a c + i c a f l y r e l a t e d t e (693) .

We s u g g e s t t h a t (69b) is t h e n e g a t i v e of (69a) , a n d

( 0 9 d ) t h e n ~ g a t i v e o f ( 6 9 c ) . T h e s y n t a c t i c r e g u l a r i t y in t h e

f c r m a t i o n of t h e n e g a t i v f is now s v i d e n t .

T h e r e is i n d e p e n d e n t e v i d e n c e t h a t -AhGI i n 169a-d) is

not a c a n s t i t u e n t cf the f o l l c w i n g varb ( i . e . , t h a t t h e r e is

r.o compound v e r b a a q i r u ) , b u t cf t h a p r e c e d i n g w c r d , wh ich may

b~ a ncur ; o r a n a d v e r b . T h u s i f we e x a m i n e t h e p o s i t i o c s o f

a d v e r b s we f i n d t h a t , w h i l e they may p r e c ~ d e c r follow t h e

W/Bdv. + A A G I s e q u e n c e , t h e y c a n n o t i n t e r r u p t t h i s s e q u e n c e

w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g t h e c o p u l a t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e n t e n c e :

7 2 a . a v a n u manuSHyao (u ) - a a g i y a a v a t t u u i d d (u) -ills. h e man - A A G I n e v e r b e p s t . p a r t . i s n o t

He h a s n e v e r been a Ban.

72b . a v a n u y a a v a t t u u rnariuSHyari (u) - a a g i i d d (u ) -ills, h e n e v e r rrran - B A G I be p s t . p a r t . i s n o t

H E h a s n e v e r b e e n a mar.

7 2 c . a v a n u manuSHyanu y a a v a t t u u a a g ( i ) - i d d ( u ) - 5 l l a . h P man c e v e r become p s t . p a r t . A s p e c t is c3t

* H e h a s n e v e r been a man, Me h a s n e v e r become a man.

S e E t e E c e ( 72c ) s h o w s t h a t when t h e Noun + A A G I s e q u e n c e is

i c t e r r u p t e d b y a n a d v e r b , a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e n t e c c e a s

a c c p u f a t i v e , w i t h a n c u n c o m p l e m e n t , i s ~o l o n g e r p o s s i b l e .

The i ~ t c r p r e t a t i o n of a a q i r u a s s, ' compoucd v e r b * c r u c i a l l y

d e p e n d s o n i t s b e i n g a c o c s t i t u e r t of t h e p r e c ~ d i n g word.

n o r e o v e r , a Noun + AAGI s e q u e n c e l i k e manuSHy-)-

a a q i ir. ( 7 2 a , b ) call be f o l f o w a d by o t h e r v e r b s t h a n 'to b e * ,

among t h e m t h e v e r b a a q u ' t o h a p p e n , t o b e c o m e * i t se l f . I f we

were t~ m a i n t a i n t h a t - A B G f f o r m e d a # u n i t f w i t h t h e f o l l o v i ~ g

v e r b , r a h f r t h a n t h e p r e c e d i n g n o u n , we s h o u l d h a v e t o

r e c o g n i s e a ~ u l t i p l i c i t y of ' compound v e r b s v , p r o b a b l y a n o p e n

set:

73 . k u D i y u v u d u b i T T u , i i g a a v a n u o n d u wanus Hyar. ( u ) - a a g i a a g i d d a a n e .

d r i n k i n g h a v i n g g i v e c u p , ncw h e a man-AAGf h a s b e c o ~ e .

H a v i n g g i v e r , u p d r i n k i n g , now ( a t l a s t ) h e h a s become a Ban.

7 4 . n a a ~ a k a - d a l l i a v a n u o c d u h u l i - a a g i b a n d a n u , p l a y l o c a t i v e h e o n e t i g e r - 8 A G f came

Tc t h e p l a y , h e came a s a t i g e r , * I n t h e p l a y , h e became a t i g e r .

75. Raanu kanaDa-ge s t u d e n t - a a y i hoode . I C a n a d a - d a t , s t u d e c t - A A G I n e x t

1 wont tc C a n a d a a s a s t u d e n t .

E x a m p l e s c a n b e m u l t i p l i e d ; u n l e s s we a r e p r e p a r e d to p o s i t

a?! opoc se t of compound v e r b s * a a u i + V e r b * , we m u s t r e c c g c i s ~

t h a t - A A G I f o r m s a ' u n i t * w i t h t h e p r e c e d i n g word. T h i s will

a l s o a c c o u n t f o r t h e r e g u l a r i t y or mean ing . Wota t E a t *aaq i

a a q i d d a a c o g , ' a au i b a n d a c u ' 2nd '& boode arE c c t s e p a r a t e

i d i o m s , a l t h o u g h t h e v e r b v a r i e s .

We t h e r e f o r e m a i c t a i a t h a t t h e word h o u a d a r i e s i n

s e n t e r x e (69c) are a s we h a v e i n d i c a t e d , a n d n o t a s Spence r

s u g g e s t s . Spencer's d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n i l l a a n d a l l a tbus

r e s t s c n a s p u r i o u s d i s t i n c t i o ~ b e t w e e n a a u i r u a n d Sru, a n d

l e a d s t o c o m p l i c a t i o n s ic a statement o f t h o f o r m a t i o n of

t h e n e g a t i v e .

3 . 2 Be h a v e seen t h a t there a r e c o p u l a t i v e sentecces

i r Kannada whose s u r f a c e s t r n c t u r e 1s [ WP NP 1; an? we h 3 v e s

r,cted t h a t i n t h e n e g a t i v e s o f s u c h s e n t e n c e s , a l l a a p p e a r s .

Fo r e x a m p l e :

76. a v a n u oLLeyavanu a l l a . h e g o o d m a n n o t

HE is n o t a good man.

77, a v a n u d a k T a r a l l a . h e d o c t o r n o t

He i s n o t a d o c t o r .

78. i d u s a r i a f l a . t h i s r i g h t n o t

T h i s i s n o t right.

G i v e n that t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e of t h e s e s e n t e n c e s i s

[ NP BP 1, t h e q u e s t i o n ar ises a s t o t h e p o s i t i o n of alla ir! s s u c h s t r u c t u r e s , We may p r o v i s i o c a l l y p o s t u l a t e e i t h s r (i) o r

( i t ) a s the s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e f o r (76) :

( i ) ( i i ) s

BP A N ?

I I I 1 / a v a n u o L L a y a v a n u a l l a

I a v a c u o L L e y a v a n u a l l a

#e are n o t c o n c e r n e d here with w h e t h e r a l l a i n fi) is s t r i c t l y

a c c n s t i t u e n t o f the NP o r of the N (ouo) , b u t w i t h w h e t h e r it

is a c c n s t i t u e n t o f N/NP o r cf some o t h e r n o d e , i . e . w h e t h e r

(i) o r (ii) is t h e a p p r c p r i a t e r e p r e s ; t r i t a t i o r ,

T h s claim of ( i), t h a t a l i a is a c o n s t i t u e n t o f the

N/MP, c a n b e s u b s t a n t i a t e d h y quoting a v a r i e t y of e x a a p l s s ,

i n a d d i t i o n t o (76-78) a b c v e . T h u s we h a v e s e n t e n c e s like

(79-81) b e l o w , whore ( w i t h o u t going i n t o d e t a i l s o f t h e i r

s t r u c t u r ~ ) a f f a f o f l c w s R O U E S i r , t h e a c c u s a t i v e , d a t i v ~ a n d

a b l a t i v e c a s e s :

79. a v a n f u ) - a n n a a l l a c a a n u nooDiddu . b e acc, n o t I t h e s e e i n g i t

It was n o t him t h a t I saw.

8 0 , a v a n - i g e a l l a n a a n u haNa-vacnu koTTaddu. h e d a t , not I money acc. t h e g i v i n g i t

It was n o t t o h im t h a t 1 g a v e t h e money.

8 1 . a v a n - i n d a a l l a n a a c u haNa-vannu i i s k c N D i d d u . h e a b l . n o t I money a c c . t h e t a k i n g it

It was n o t fro^ him t h a t I took t h e money.

I f we t h e r e f o r e a c c e p t (i) as t h e c o r r e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , wo

may p o s i t t h a t f a ) a nfq c a n b e a c o n s t i t u e n t o f t h e N/HP ir!

Kannada, (b) t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l f o r m of s u c h a n> i s a l l a , a n d

(c) t h i s a c c o u n t s f o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e of a f l a a n d n o t i l l a in

v e r b l e s s ( [ NP NP 1 ) s e n t e n c e s . s

However, a l l a c a n n o t b e generated within the N or MP,

b e c a u s e i t c a n n o t a p p e a r w i t h NP's i n n c n - c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s

w i t h v e r b s , I t i s t h u s a n s t h a t a p p e a r s i n v e r b l e s s c c p u l a t i v e

s e n t e n c e s , r a t h e r t h a n with N t s or NP8s. Our examples (19-81)

a t o v e , which t r a n s l a t e a s c l e f t s e n t g n c e s , a r e a l l v e r b l e s s

c o p u l * t i v e sentences? i f we t + k e the a f f i r n a t i v e o f s c c t e n c ~

(80) above, its s t r u c t u r e is

82.t a v a n i g e ] [ n a a n u haNavannu koTTaddu ] NP NP

t o h im I t h e money t h e g i v i n g i t

It was t o hfm t h a t I g a v e t h e money,

T t e fern koTTaddu i n 180) a n d (82) i s n o t a f i n i t e v s r b , 9

b u t a n o m i n a l . It i s i m p o s s i b l e t o p l a c e f o c u s o n a n NP a n d

n e g a t e it w i t h a l l a i n s e n t e n c e s w h i c h d o n o t h a v e a n o m i n a f i s e d

v e r b , i . e . t h e c o p u l a r s t r u c t u r e o f MP NP 1. Compare S

(79-81) with (83-85) below, where t h e v e r b h a s r e m a i n e d f i n i t e :

8 3 . * a v a n - a n n a a l l a Eaanu fiocDi.de, h e acc, r . o t I saw 1 s t p , s g .

*It u a s n o t hi^ t h a t I saw.

84. * a v a n - i g e a l l a n a a n u haNa-vannu k o T T e , h e d a t . r.ct I money acc. g a v e 1st p . s g ,

*It was riot t o h i ~ t h a t I g a v e t h e ROGey.

85. * a v a n - i n d a a l l a n a a n u haNa-vannu i i s k c N D e . h e a b l , n o t I money acc. t o o k 1 s t p,sg.

*It was n o t f r o m h i m that I t o o k t h e money.

I t is a p p a r e c t , t h e c , t h a t a l l a c a n n o t b e a c o n s t i t u e n t of

the N c r NP, a n d we m u s t reject {i) a s a r e p r e s e x t a t i o n o f

6ie t h e r e f o r e t u r r , t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of (2i) ( r e p e a t e d

h e m ) a s a r e p r i l s e n t a t i o n of (76) - (ii )

! I I i

a v a n u o L L e y a v a n u a l l a

F i g u r e i ) , e the p h r a s e s t r u c t u r e r u l e

claims t h a t t h e r e is a t h i r d , o p t i o n a l , n o d e b r a c c h i n g f rom S

i n s e E t e n c e s w h i c h h a v e t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e [ NP WP 1. S

Ir. t r y i n g to i d e n t i f y t h i s n o d e a n a f i n d other w o t i v a t i o c

f o r c l a i m i n g i ts 2 x i s t ~ n c e , we must c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i a g

s e n t e n c e s :

7 7 a , a v a n u o L L ~ y a v a c u i r a - k e e k u . h e good an be m u s t

H e m u s t be a g o o d man.

77b . a v a n u o L L e y a v a n u i r a - bahudu , h e g o o d man be may

H e may be a g o c d man.

7 8 a . a v a n u o L L e y a v a n u i d d (u ) - i r a - b e e k u , h e g o o d mar be p a s t p a r t , b e m u s t

H e ~ u s t h a v e been a g o o d man,

7 8 b . a v a n u oLLeyavanu i d d (u ) - i r a - bahudu . h e g o o d man be past p a r t , b e may

H e may h a v e b e e n a g o o d man.

In s e n t ~ n c e s (77-78) there occurs a v e r b to b e * ,

fo l lowed b y a modal , acd o p t i o r a l l y f o l l o w e d by aspect. Th?

mcda l c a n n o t o c c u r by i t s e l f i r t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , n o r car t h e

v e r b k u * t o b e * , by i t se l f : 10

7 9 a , * a v a n u oLLeyavanu beeku . + H e m u s t a good man.

790. * a v a n u o L L e y a v a ~ u bahudu . *He may a good mar.

80, * a v a n u c L L e y a v a n u i d d a a n e , h e good man be 3rd p. m.sq.

*A@ is a g o o d &an.

(cf, t h e -BAG1 c o n s t r u c t i o n : a v a r - u o L L e y a v a n (u) -aagi i d d a a n e . ) 11

3 - 3 I t fs e v i d e c t t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f v ~ r b l e s s

c o p u l a t . i v e s e n t e n c e s c a n n o t be m e r e l y f NP NP 1. W e s t i o n s S

a r i s e a s t c t h 2 s t a t u s cf t h e v e r b id ' t o b e t w h i c h h a s

e m e r g e d i n t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s , a n d t h e i d e o t i t y o f t h e n o d e

u r d e r w h i c h the v e r b a l s e q u e c c e is to be g e n e r a t e d . For e x a p p l e ,

w h ~ t h e r t h i s n o d e c o n t a i n s a n y t h i n g e l s e b e s i d e s the v e r h a l

s e q u e n c e , i . ~ . w h e t h e r o r not t h e r e is a P r e d i c a t e P h r a s e node

d o ~ i n a t i n g the second NP and t h e v e r b a l sequence .

F o r t h e sake o f e x p o s i t i o n , l e t u s c a l l t h e n o d e

c o n t a i n i o g the v e r b a l s e q u e n c e a r d a l l a , A U X . We p o s t u l a t e a

structure as in (iii) f o r s ~ r , t e r c e s (77-78) , ar .d w i l l justify

t h i s s t r u c t u r e 8 s we p r o c e e d .

I I I I a

a v a n u oLLeyavanu i r - b a h u d u ) a l l a ]

A U X w i l l be o p t i o n a l , a n d c o ~ t a i r . ( A s p e c t ) Flodal a n d a l l a . U n l i k e t h e ~ n g l i s h n o t - w h i c h a p p a r s i n s u c h s e q u e n c e s a s

n o d a l - n o t , n e i t h e r a l l a n o r i l l a c a n a p p e a r with a modal ,

t o negate it .

To a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h ~ s e c o n d WP a n d A U X f o r m a

c o n s t i t u e n t P r e d P, we mus t d r a w o n e v i d e n c e from t h e

p o s i t i c n i n g o f a d v e r b s . T h e c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e c c e s we are

c o r . c e r n ~ d with do n o t ~er ia i t time a n d l o c a t i o n a l a d v e r b s ;

c n l y a d v e r b s e x p r e s s i n g s p e a k e r a t t i t u d e may o c c u r i n s u c h

s e n t e n c e s , C o n s i d e r now s ~ n t e n c e s (81a-d), ic w h i c h the

s e n t e n t i a l a d v e r b s n i j a v a a q a l u ' t r u l y ' a n d k h a N D I t a ' c e r t a i n l y '

c c c u r i n v a r i o u s p o s i t i c n s . We i n c l u d e t h e t o p i c - m a r k e r a n t u

c p t i o x a l l y , f o r t h e s a k e cf n a t u r a l n e s s :

81a . J o h r , ( a r t u ) [ n i j a v a a g a l u ) oLLe y a v a n u a l l a . [ k h a 8 D i t a

Johr , TOP f t r u l y ) g o o d m a n n o t { c e r t a i n l y )

( A s f c r J o h n ) , h e t r u l y / c e r t a i n l y is n o t a good man,

8 1 b . Johr, { n i j a v a a g a l u f o L L r y a v a n u ( a n t u ) a l l a . { k h a N D i t a 3

John { t r u l y ] g m d man TOP n ~ t { c e r t a i n l y 3

(As f o r b e i n g a g o o d mar.), J o h n t r u l y / c e r t a i n l y is n o t o n e .

81c . J o h r cZLe y a v a c u ( a r , t u ) ifii j a v a a g a l u ] a l l a . I khaEaDita )

J o h n g o o d man TOP { t r u l y n o t { c e r t a i n l y )

(as f o r b e i n g a g o o d inan) , J o h n t r u l y / c e r t a i n l y is n o t one.

8 1 d . J o h n n i j a v a a g a l u oLLeyavanu ( a n t u ) k h a N D i t a a l l a . J o h n t r u l y g o o d man TOP c e r t a i n l y n o t

T r u l y , J o h n is c e r t a i n l y n o t a g o o d man.

T h e s e r . t e n c e s I n (81) s h o w t h a t s ~ n t e n t i a l a d v e r b s may o c c u r

b e t w e e n t h e s e c o n d NP a n d AUX ; t h i s would net b e p o s s i b l e i f

t h e r e were a nod^ Pred P d o m i n a t i n g t h a t KP a n d A U X :

I t r e i n a i n s t o j u s t i f y o u r d e n o m i ~ a t i c n of the t h i r d n o d e i n

t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s a s A U X , r a t h e r t h a n , f o r e x a m p l e , a VP

d o m i n a t i n g the V iru ' t o b e i a n d t h ~ ( A s p e c t ) H c d a l o r allla

c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

There is a r e s t r i c t i o c ~c English a g a i c s t A U X

a p p e a r i n g i n n o n e t e n s e d (icfinitivzl a n d g e r u n d i a l f seZtecCes; 12

t h u s ( 8 2 ) , c o c t a i n i n g a moda l , i s u n g r a m l n a t i c a l ( r e c a l l t h a t

m o d a l s r e p r e s e n t t h e c c n f i g u r a t i o o AUX, -TENSE i n E s o n d s *

f r2P.f wc rk) :

E2. *Johr . p 2 r s u a d e d Wary t o { may ) g o t o the p o l i c e , { m u s t )

T h e r e a p p e a r s t o be a s i m i l a r r e s t r i c t i o n i n Kannada , a g a i n s t

t h e a p p e a r a n c e of m o d a l s i n t e n s ~ l ~ s s s ~ n t e E c e s . T u r n i n g t o

tho c o c s f d e r a t i o n of n o n - c o p u l a t i v e sentprices w i t h v e r b s f a r a

moment, i f we s t a t e t h e r u l e s f o r t h e e x p a n s i o n cf t h e VP in

r 3 K a n n a d a ( a s a first a p p r o x i m a t i o n ) a s f o l l o w s ,

( i v ) VP --> V AUX ( v ) A f J X --> ( A s p e c t ) { T e n s e p e r s o n - n u m b e r - s e n d e r I

f Modal 1

we may s t a t e t h a t A U X does n a t a p p e a r i n r o n - t e n s e d s e n t e n c e s .

T h a t s u c h a s t a t e m e n t is n e c e s s a r y may b e seeR from (83-85):

senter,ces (85a,b) a r e t h e r e s u l t of e n t b e d d i n g s e r t e n c e s

( 8 3 a f a n d (83b) i n (84) ; t h e s u b j e c t i n ( 8 3 a , b ) h a s

u c d e r g o n e E q u i - N P E e l e t i o n , T h e v e r b i n t h e embedded s e n t e n c E

h a s e ~ e r g ~ d a s a n i n f i ~ i t i v e :

8 3 a , Mary p o o l i s hatra hoe - d - a L u . R a r y p c l i c e n e a r g o p a s t 3 r d p . f . s g ,

Mary w e n t t o t h e p o l i c e ,

8 3 b . Mary p o o l i s h a t r a h o o g a - bahudu , n a r y p o l i c e n e a r g o may

Mary may g o t o t h e p o l i c e .

8 4 , J o h n H a r y - a n n a o p p - isi - d - a n u , J o h n n a r y acc, agree cause past 3 r d p*ta,sg,

J o h n made Mary a g r e s ( J O ~ E p e r s u a d e d f l a r y ) .

853. J o h n n a r y - a n n a i [B; p o o l i s h a t r a h o o g a l u f c p p - i s i - d - a n u . J o h n Eiary acc, p c : i c ~ n e a r t o g o c a u s e d t o a g r e e

J o h n made E a r y a g r e e t o go t o t h e p o l i c e .

85b. * J o h n R a r y - a n n a ; [ $; p o o l i s h a t r a h o o g - b a h u d a l u ] o p p i s i d a n u ,

J o h n Mary acc. p o l i c e n e a r t o g o may c a u s e d t o a g r e e .

* J o h c made Mary a g r e e t o may g o t o t h e p o l i c e .

S ~ n t e n c e (85b) i s u n g r a m a a t i c a l b e c a u s e it c o n t a i n s t h e modal

b a h u d u 'may'. Frosl (85a) i t a a y b e s e e n t h a t n e i t h e r TENSE

n c r p ~ r s o n - n u m b e r - g e n d e r a g r e e m e c t h a v e a p p e a r e d i n t h e

i n f i n i t i v a l sentence; t h e v e r b , h o w e v e r , h a s a p p e a r e d a s

a n i n f i c i t i v e . R e f e r r i n g l o o u r r u l s s ( i v - v ) a b o v e , we see

14 t h a t i n (85a) AUX i s l a c k i n g .

I f t h e v e r b ia ' t o b ~ ' w h i c h h a s a p p e a r ~ d i n s e n t e n c e s

(77-78)

(77a. a v a n u oLLeyavanu i r a - b e ~ k u , ) (78a. a v a n u oLLeyavanu i d d ( u ) - i r a - b e e k u , )

were a b o n a f i . d e v e r b o c c u r r i n g o u t s i d a o f A U X , w e wou ld e x p e c t

s ~ z t ~ ~ c r s ( 8 6 a , b ) be lo^ t o u c d e r g o Equi-WP d e l e t i o n when

e m b e d d e d ir, (87) ; the r e s u l t i n g ser-tcnces (88a, h) , h o w e v ~ r ,

a r e u n g r a m m a t i c a l , Even w i t h o u t t h e modal :

8 6 a . J o h n oLLeyavanu i r a - b e e k u . J o h c g o c d man b e m u s t

J o h c m u s t be a good man,

86 b. J o h n oLLeyavanu i r a -ba hudu. J o h n g o o d man be Bay

J o h n may be a g o o d man.

87. J o h n - g e i d u iSHTa i d e , J o h n d a t , t h i s l i k i n g i s

J o h n l i k e s t h i s ,

8 8 a . * ~ o h c - g e ; f !8; o l l e y a v a n u i r a - b e e k a l u ] iSHTa ide. J o h r , d a t . g o o d man be m u s t i n • ’ . l i k i n g i s

* J o h n likes t o m u s t b e a good man.

8 8 b . *Johr?-ge; [(U; o L L e y a v a n u i r a l u j fSHTa i d e . J o h n dat. qocd man t o be l i k i n g is

* J o h n l i k e s t o be a good mac.

I n t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , t h e n , iru never emerges u n l e s s a c c o m p a c i e d

b y a m o d a l ; it d o e s n o t a p p e a r a s a V a n d e x h i b i t T e n s e

and p e r s o c - n u m b e r - g e n d e r a g r e e m e r t , a n d it c a n n o t a p p e a r i n

i n f i r i t i v a l s e n t e n c e s , Compare s e c t e n c e s (86 -88) with (89-91)

b ~ l c u , where (89) is t h e c o p u l a t i v e s t r u c t u r e c a r r y i n g

the - A A G I m a r k e r a n d a verb i d e x h i b i t i n g p e r s c n - n u m b e r -

g s r i d e r a g r e e m e n t . Sentecce (89) l e n d s i t s e l f t o e m b e d d i n g u n d e r

(90). a n 6 t h e v e r b i d emerges a s a n i n f i n i t i v e , a s e x p e c t e d :

89. J o h n o l l e y a v a n (u) - a a g i i d d - a a n e . J o h n g ~ c d mac -ABGI be 3 r d p.m,sg.

J c h n is a g o o d ffian.

90. J o h c - g e i d u iSHTa i d e . J o h n d a t , t h i s l i k i n g i s

Jchc l i k e s t h i s .

91. John-ge ; [g; GLLeyavar ( u ) - a a g i i r a l u ] i S A T a i d e . J c h n d a t . g o ~ d man - A B G I t o be l i k i n g i s

J o h n likes t o be a good man.

The form iru ( t o b e s i n wha t we h a v e b e e n c a l l i n g [ WP MP ] S

s t r u c t u r e s c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e b e a f u l l verb, b u t ~ u s t b e a c o o s -

t i t u e n t o f A U X , slcce it is p r c h i b i t s d f r o m a p p e a r i n g i n

i c f i n i t i v a l s . T h e a b s e n c e cf a V i n t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s would b e

c o ~ s i s + & n t w i t h their f a i l i n g t o u n d e r g o E q u i , s i n c e t h e s t r u c -

tural d e s c r i p t i o n would r o t he met, f e h y p o t h e s i s e t h a t Fru

a p p e a r s a s t h e r e s u l t cf a r u l e s o m e w h a t l i k e D c - s u p p o r t ,

a l t h o u g h we c a n n o t g o i n t o t h e d o t a i l s o f s u c h a r u l e here.

Ic s u c h sectences, a f l a i s s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e

r e s t r i c t i o r s ; i t n e v e r a p p e a r s i c i n f i n i t i v a l s . We t h e r e f o r e

t a k e a l l a t o b e a c o n s t i t u e c t o f A U X . T h u s w h i l e I: NP MP j s

s E n t e n c e s a l l o w R a i s i n g t o S u b j e c t o r t o O b j e c t when R U X is

15 l a c k i n q , R a i s i n g i s n o t p o s s i b l e when A U X i s p r e s e n t , i n the

s h a p e of a m o d a l o r a l l a . Tho - A A G I marker a p p e a r s ( a s m e n t i o n e d

i n c h a p t r ~ r IT, f c o t c o t e ( 5 ) ) a s scme k i n d o f a COMP:

92a . f J o h n oLLeyavanu a n t a ] kaaN - u t t - o . J o h n good man COHP setlm pres 3 r d p.nout.sg,

I t seeas t h a t J o h c is a gocd man.

92b. J o h n o L L e y a v a t (u ) - a a g i kaaN - u t t - a a c f . Johc good man - A A G I seem p r e s 3 rd p.m.sg+

J o h n seems t o b e a good man,

T h e e v i d e n c e f o r S u b j e c t - P a i s l r . g i n {92b) i s t h a t +be ve rb

kaaN- *seem* now a g r e e s w i t h ' J o h n ' , its s u b j e c t , r a t h e r

t h a n b e i r , g i n t h e i m p e r s o n a l n e u t e r f o r l a , a s i n ( 9 2 a ) .

S u b j e c t - E a i s i n g is c o t p o s s i b l ~ i f a l l a o r a moda l o c c u r s :

9 3 a . * J o h n o b L e p a v a r u a l l a - v a a g i kaaN - u t t - a a n e , J o h n good mac n o t -AAGI sEem p r e s 3 r d p.la.sg.

*John seeas t o not b e a good man.

93h. * J o h n oLLsyavacu i r a - b a h u d (u) - a a g i kaaN -utt- aane . lb

J o h c good man be may - A A G I seem p r e s 3rd p .m,sq .

*John seems t o Bay b e a good E a n .

S i m i l a r e x a m p l e s may be g i v e c fcr ~ a i s i n g - t o - 0 b ject,

Tho s t r u c t u r e o f (76) a v a n u oLLevavanu a l l a 'he i s

t o t a good man* is thus:

I \ I a v a n u oLLeya va nu a l l a

h e p o d mar, n o t

T h e &o a l l a w i l l have tc b e s u b c a t s y o r i s e d t o a p p s a r o n l y

16 i~ +)?F context f HP - 1 . Siailarfy, Tense PNG will have tc be

r e s t r i c t e d t o s e n t e n c e s with a Verb. T h e s e s u b c a t e g o r i s a t i o r

rules and the base rule

S --> KP NF AUX

will gecera te v e r b l e s s c o p u l a t i v e s e r t e n c ~ s a n d t h e i r n e g a t i v e s , f7

i n Kacnada.

1. t a d b h i n n a a r t h a k a : signifying t h a t t h a r p is a d i f f e r e ~ c e b e t w e e n two t h i n g s .

2, a b h a a v a a r t h a k a : s i g n i f y i n g t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s m i s s i n g o r l a c k i n g .

3. T h e r e i s o f t e n a s e m a c t i c shift ic a c c p u l a t f v e s e n t e r , c c w i t h - A A G I a n d t h e v e r b LA ; t h u s

a v a n u d a k T a r u h e d o c t o r

' h e is a d o c t o r *

i s a p l a i n f a c t u a l s t a t e m e n t , w h ~ r % a s

a v a n u d a k T a r - a a g i i a d a a n e he doc tc r -AAGI i s * h e is a d o c t o r '

may i m p l y a t e m p o r a r y s t a t e , o r a s t a t e r e c e n t l y r e a c h e d . T h e r e is t h u s a p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n s e r t i n g t i m ~ a n d p l a c e a d v e r b i a l s into t h e - A W G I s e n t e n c e s :

a v a n u i i g a b e n g a L c o r i n a l l i d a k T a r - a a g i i d d a a n e . h e now B a n g a l o r e i n doctor- A A G I i s

'Re now l i v e s i n B a n g a l o r e a s a d o c t o r *

It i s h o w e v e r p o s s i b l e t o f i n d s e n t e n c e s i n w h i c h no s u c h s e m a n t i c s h i f t o c c u r s , e , g . , o u r (62b). N a d k a r n i (1970: 188-1891 g i v e s o t h e r e x a m p l e s o f p a i r s of s e n t e n c e s t h a t h e c l a i m s t o be " p e r f e c t p a r a p h r a s e s o f e a c h o t h e r w . I n h i s d i a l e c t s u c h p a i r s e v e r . seem t o b e s y n t a c t i c a l l y r e l a t e d ( c f . f o o t n o t ~ 7 b e l o w . ) I n a n y case, o u r maic c o n c e r n h e r e is n o t t h e s e g a n t i c s o f t h e - A A G I c o p u l a t i v e s , b u t t h e f o r m a t i o z o f t h e n e g a t i v e i n s u c h s t r u c k u r e s .

4. A l t h o u g h t h e p r e d i c a t e word i n these s e n t e n c e s t r a n s l a t e s i n t c E n g l i s h sometimes a s a noun and s o ~ e t i m e s a s a n a d j e c t i v e , i n Kannada o n l y n o u n s may a p p e a r i n t h i s p o s i t i o n . T h e r e is t h u s n o way of s a y i n g * h e / s h e / it is g o o d * , a p a r t from s a y i n g ' h e is a g o o d - h e , s h e is a g o o d - s h e , it i s a g o c d - i t t ,

5. S u c h a s e g m e n t a t i o n is a a d e p c s s i b l e b ~ c a u s ~ t h e o r t h o g r a p h i c u n i t i n Kannada is c o t i n v a r i a b l y t h e word, b u t may b e a p h r a s e ; i r _ S p e n c e r ' s e x a m p l e ,

i s o n e o r t h o g r a p h i c unit.

6. T h e t e n s e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of i11a a n d i r u v u d i l l a a re d i f f e r e n t ; t h u s , w h i l e ifla t r a n s l a t e s a s 'is n o t * , i r u v u d i l 3 . a t r a n s l a t e s a s ' w i l l not b e * .

7. A l t h o u g h t h e d i a l e c t t h a t S p e r c e r d e s c r i b e s (i.e. t h e l i t e r a r y d i a l e c t ) is i d e n t i c a l w i t h mine i n mst r e s p e c t s , i t seems t h a t t h e r e may b e a d i a l e c t d i f f e r e n c e i n v o l v e d h e r e , T h u s N a d k a r n i ( 1 9 7 0 : 2 1 8 ) , i n a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f UJa a n d a l l a , t a k e s up a p o s i t i o n e s s e n t i a l l y t h a t o f S p e n c e r ' s . a l l & is c i t e d a s t h e n e g a t i v e i n c c p u l a t i v e s e ~ t e n c e s : i s t h e n e g a t i v e o f t h e s t a t i v e v e r b a a a u ( i . e . , o u r -AhGI). T h e i ~ t e r e s t i n g f a c t is t h a t i n N a d k a r n i ' s d i a l e c t , u n l i k e i n t h e l i t e r a r y d i a l e c t , c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s w i t h o u t - A A G I a r e only o p t i o n a l l y v e r b l e s s , a n d N a d k a r n i i n f a c t d e r i v e s ron-ARGI c o p u l a t i v e s f r o m - A A G I c o p u l a t i v e s b y - A A G I d e l e t i o n . T h e p r o b l e m is t h a t n e i t h e r S p e n c e r nor N a d k a r n i p r c v i d e s c lear p a r a d i g m s ( a s o u r (69a-df ) , s o t h a t we a r e u n a b l e t o determine how far t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f n e g a t i o n a re due t o d i f f e r e n c e s of d i a l e c t . It is n o t c l e a r how a l l a c a n h e c o n s i d e r e d t h e n e g a t i v e of * t h e s t a t i v e v e r b a a s u * , a s it d o e s co t a p p e a r i f - B A G 1 is f o l l o w e d by a n y o t h e r v e r b t h a n b, A g a i n , % e i t h e r S p e n c e r n o r N a d k a r n i p r o v i d e s d a t a o n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f - A A G I a n d non-AAGI ser,tfr,ces u n d e r e m b e d d i n g , a n area i n wh ich we show t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s t o b e h a v e v e r y d i f f e r e n t l y (cf. E q u i , a n d R a i s i n g ) . T h e s t r u c t u r e s a r e a l s o d i f f e r e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a d v e r b s t h e y p e r m i t ( c f . f o o t n o t e (3) a b o v e ) .

8, Compare t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e c l e f t s e n t e n c e ic ~ n g l i s h :

t h a t I e c j o y e d I a b e b u y i n g a new 4 I h a t I

( C l e f t s e c t e n c e e x t r a p o s i t i o n )

It was b u y i n g a new h a t t h a t I e n j c y c d .

T h i s i s t h e a n a l y s i s of cleft sentences s u g g e s t e d b y A k m a j i a c ( I W O ) , a n d a c c e p + e d , w i t h a s l i g h t m o d i f i c a t i o c , by Pmonds ( 1 9 7 6 ) ,

9, A s ic E n g l i s h , t h e n o n - f c c u s s e d p a r t cf t h e c l e f t s e n t e n c e ( t h e t e x t r a p o s e d S g i~ A k m a j i a n ' s a n a l y s i s ) h a s some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r e l a t i v e c l a u s e : koTTaddu is a r g u a b l y koTTa + a& , i.e. a r e l a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e p l u s the p r c n a u r , * i t s ( ' t h e h a v i n g - g i v e z - i t 1 ) , Ha s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i r i Kannada i s a v a i l a b l e .

1 0 . T b e f a c t s a r e sirttilar fcr my d i a l e c t o f T a m i l , a sister D r a v i d i a n l a n g u a g e , w h e r e a c o p u l a e m e r g e s o n l y ic c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h m o d a l s :

avar i n a f l a v a n i r a k k u - l a a m / a a T T a a c h e g o c d man b e may p r o b a b l y n o t

'He may b e / i s p r o b a b l y n o t a g o o d man1

Ic m y d i a l e c t , these s e n t e n c e s h a v e t h e c e g a t i v e a n n i , whose b e h a v i o u r is p a r a l l e l t o t h a t o f a l l a ; e . g . , a v a n n a l l a v a n a n n i , * h e i s t o t a g o o d mani . T h e n e g a t i v e i l l o o c c u r s i n s e n t e n c e s w i t h v e r b s [cf. i l l a ) . I n o t h e r d i a l e c t s t h e r e seems t o b e n o s u c h d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n a n n i am3 i l l e : i n t h e s e d i a l e c t s , i r u h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a s a p p e a r i n g i n c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s a s well: cf. S c h i f f m a n 8 s ( 1 9 6 9 ) o b s e r v a t i o n : " T a a l i l iru ' b c * o n l y a p p e a r s i n c e r t a i n n e g a t i v e c o c s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h p a r a l l e l c e r t a i n p o s i t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w h e r e i t is p h o n e t i c a l l y n o t p r e s e n t , . . 11 . . many s e n t e n c e s w i t h c o c o p u l a i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e h a v e i n t h e n e g a t i v e , o r s o a e t h i n g wh ich h a s t o be c o n s i d e r e d a s r e l a t e d t o it, n a m e l y , t h e n e g a t i v e / i l l e / , "

( o p . c i t , ,pp . 183-84)

11 , T h o s e f a c t s c o n c e r n i n g i r u a r e t r u e o f t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e , a n d t h e s t a n d a r d S o u t h e r n d i a l e c t , T h e r e may b e d i a l e c t s w h e r e t h e c o p u l a i s n e v e r a b s e n t , e . g . , t h e d i a l ec t d e s c r i b e d i n N a d k a r n i (1970) . We h a v e n o t t a k e n t h e s e d i a l e c t s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

1 2 . C f . B a o n d s (1976 :207 ,211) : s r , . . a n y r u l e s we a d d t o t h e g r a m B a r t o a c c o u n t f o r f i n i t e c l a u s e s s h o u l d d e p e n d c r u c i a l l y on t h e p r e s e n c e o f AUX ( o r TENSE) i n t h e s e c l a u s e s . It Cf. a1 s o J a c k e n d o f f ( l 972 :76 -77) ,

1 3 . I n v i e w cf t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t h e n o t i o n of ' s u b j e c t g f o r s u c h p r o c e s s e s a s E q u i - N P d e l e t i o n , Ref l ~ x i v i s a t i o n , a n d ( If t h e s e are t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s ) C a u s a t i v i s a t i o n a n d C ~ r e f e r e n t i a l S u b j e c t d e l o t i o c , we a s s u m e a QP i n Kannada . F o r a m o r e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f s u b j e c t h o o d , w i t h r e f e r e c c o t o t h e d a t i v e s u b j e c t , see S r i d h a r ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

14. Some r u l e l i k e V e r b - R a i s i n g w i l l h a v e t o b e a d d e d t c t h n g r e m e a r t o r a i s e A s p e c t i n t c t h e YP a n d a l l c w i t tC a p p e a r IP i n f i n i t i v a l s a c d g e r u c d i a l s ; wc h a v e g i v e n i t s base p o s i t i o n a s a c c n s t i t u e c t o f AUX d u e t o i t s b e h a v i o u r in v e r b l ~ s s c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s .

15. O n l y v e r b l e s s c c p u l a t i v e s e c t e n c e s a l low ~ a i s i n g i n K a c n a d a , Bie h a v e n o e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s a t t h e moment.

16 , T h r o u g h o u t t h i s t h e s i s , we refer o n l y t o t h e W a n d c o t t o t h e q u e s t i o n t a g a l l a , w h i c h may a p p e a r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n t e x t s :

[ NP NP AUX --- 1 [ NP QP --- I

HE h a v e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e A U X w h i c h a p p e a r s a s a n o p t i o ~ a l n o d e i n WP NP [ A u x ) ] is t h e s a B e A U X w h i c h a p p e a r s ir. t h e r u l e BP --> , , , V A U X . s u c h a n a s s u m p t i o n c a p t u r e s t h e g e n e r a l i s a t i o n t h a t i n f i n i t i v a l s d o s o t c o n t a i n moda l s, w h o t h e r t h e y a r i s e from E ~ u F - N P d e l e t i o n { r e c a l l t h a t E q u i c a n n o t a p p l y t o S[ WP W P f s t r u c t u r s s i n K a n c a d a ) o r from R a i s i n g ( r e c a l f t h a t R a i s i n g i s p o s s i b l e o n l y o u t o f

NP NP ] s t r u c t u r e s i n K a n n a d a ) , b y e x c l u d i n g AUX f rom i n f i n i t i v a l s . B e i n g a n o n - p h r a s a l c a t f g o r y , A U X does n o t f a l l w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f Emonds* Base ~ e s t r i c t 5 o n T :

" A b e a d - o f - p h r a s e c a t e g o r y of a l a n g u a g e L a p p e a r s o n t h e r i g h t s i d e of a t most o n e base r u l e of L . "

( o p . c i t . ,p . 1 4 ) Ernoads d o e s , however , t e n t a t i v e l y p r o p o s e a r e s t r i c t i o n w h i c h o u r r u l e s d o v i o l a t e : t t . . , a n y n o n - p h r a s a l c a t e g o r y c a n a p p e a r b u t o n c e i n t h e b a s e r u l e s , e x c e p t t h a t it may COOCCUR a s a n o p t i o n a l s y n t a c t i c f e a t u r e o n some o t h e r c a t e g o r y w i t h o u t b r e a k i n g t h e r e s t r i c t i o n . "

( o p . c i t , , p , 1 4 ; c f . a l s o p , 2 1 8 ) w i t h a few r e f i n e m e n t s , o u r r u l e s f o r K a n n a d a c o u l d p r ~ b a b l y be s t a t e d i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h i s t e n t a t i v e r e s t r i c t i o c ; it wou ld l e a d u s t o o f a r a f i e l d t o g o i n t o d e t a i l s h e r e , A more s e r i o u s p r o b l e m i s t h a t i t i s n o t a t a l l c lear how t o s t a t e t h o r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f A U X , f o r S[ NP NP (AUX) ] se~ tecces . We c a n n o t s p e a k i r , terms o f I n o n - t e n s e d f o r * i n • ’ i n l t i v a l ' , b e c a u s e t e n s e a n d i n f i n i t i v e s n e v e r a p p e a r i n s u c h s e n t e n c e s ; t h e s e c a t e g a r i e s seem e n t i r e l y i r r e l e v a n t , Once a g a i r t h e s y n t a x cf -AAGf, w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e * i n f i n i t i v e s ' o f s u c h s e n t e n c e s , a s a COMP, seems t o be a c r u c i a l s u b j e c t f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

CHAPTEE IV

I L L A A N D T H E NEGATIVE V E R B A L P A F T f C I P I E

4.0. All f i n i t e v e r b s i~ Kannada e x c e p t t h e v e r b b u

'tc b p i a p p e a r i n t h r e e tbars~s: n c L - p a s t icr p r e s e n t ) , r ~ a l i s ~ d

a s - u t t - ; p a s t , r e a l i s e d a s - ( i j d - ; ana f u t u r e , r e a l i s e d iis

1 -UY- . T h u s we h a v e t h e f o l l o w i c g p a r a d i g m :

bari , ' t o wri te* i r u , 'to b e '

(i) b s r i - u t t - e e n e wri te n o n - p s t 1 s t p, s g ,

I write/ w i l l write

(Li) b a r (i) - i d - e write p s t 1st p,sg .

I wrote

(lii) bari-UV-c3 write f u t 1st p - s g .

i r (u ) - u t t - e e n e be n o n - p s t 1 s t p.sg,

1 w i l l b e

i (xu) -dd-e b~ p s t 1 s t p , s g .

I: was

I w i l l write/ I u s e d t c w r i t e I w i l l be/ f u s e d t o b e

i d d - e e n e be 1 s t p - s g .

The m o r p h ~ m i c s t r u c t u r e o f i d d - e f n e is u c c e r t a i n ; the o t h e r

fcrms ( i d d - n @ - . ' y o u a r e * * i d t i - a a r e ' he is ' , f t c , ) a r e also

i n t e r p r e t e d a s p u r e e x i s t e n t i a l s . Fe w i l l speak o f t h e s e f o r m s

a s t h e ' t e n s e l e s s * f o r a s , f o r c o n v e n i e n c e . T h e r o d o s s not seem

t o b e a s t a n d a r d term a v a i l a b l e fo r them; t h u s Andronov (1969:

4 3 ) c a l l s the form cf iru i n (i) ' p r e s e n t g , a r d t h e form i n

( i v ) a y * p a r a l l e l 'irregular form,

T h e r e l e v a n c e of t h e s e t e n s e l e s s f o r m s of ifu

'tc be' f o r ~ ~ g a + . i o r j s t h a t * h e f c r r n a t i n n of t h e r . ?ga t iv i ? i s

c c r r e s p o n d i n g l y i r r e g u l a r , I n t h e n e g a t i o n o f s e n t e n c e s w i t h a

f i r i t € v e r b , i f la u s u a l l y a p p e a r s a t t a c h € d t o a n o n - f i n i t e form

of t h e ~ a i n v e r b (or t h e a s p ~ c t u a l v e r b Iru 'to b e * , i f a s p e c t

i s p r o s e c t i n t h e VP) . T h e n o n - f l r i t e f o r m o f t h e m a i n or

a s p e c t u a l v e r b v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e n s e c e g a t e d . When t h e

t e r se r e g a t e d i s PAST, t h e i r : f i n l + i v s [ e n d i n g i n -&) e E e r g e s ;

when t h e t e ~ s e n e g a t e d is NOW-PAST, a p a r t i c i p i a l or ' v e r b a l

n o u n * emerges? T h e s e p a t t e r n s held f o r t h e c o p u l a t i v e a s well

a s t h e e x i s t e c t i a l a n d t h e a s p e c t u a l i k u ( t h e n ~ g a t i v e fcrrns d o

n o t e x h i b i t p e r s o n - n u m b e r - g e n d e r (PNG) a g r e e m e n t ) :

(v ) b a r e y a l {u) -ills i r a l (u ) - 1 l l a b a r e d ( u ) - i r a 1 (u) -ills writ€ iof, n o t be in•’, c o t writs be i n • ’ , n o t

p a s t p a r t , ASPECT

dLd n o t write was n o t had n o t w r i t t e n

(vi) b a r e y u v u d ( u ) -ills i r u v u d f u ) - i l l a b a r e d ( u ) - i r u a u d @ ) - i l l a write p a r t , not be p a r t . n o t v r l t e b e p a r t . nct

p a s t p a r t . ASPECT

w i l l n o t write 1 w i l l n o t b~ w i l l n o t h a v e w r i t t e ~ d o e s n o t u r i t e )

# h e n i r u o c c u r s ic the t e r s e l o s s f o r m , h o w e v e r , i t i s ' r e p l a c ~ d *

b y i l l a i n t h e n e g a t i v e , i , e . n o form o f i i e m e r g e s o n t h e

s u r f a c e , T h i s a g a i n i s t r u e o f t h ~ c o p u l a t i v e , t h ~ e x i s t e n t i a l

acd t h e a s p e c t u a l i r u . Be h a v e a l r e a d y ccmf a c r o s s some examples

of t h i s phenomenon:

94a. avaou oLLeyavan (u) - a a g i i d d - a a n e . h e g o o d man - A A G I b e 3 r d p ,n . sg .

He is a g o o d man.

94b. a v a n u o L L e y a v a n ( u ) - a a g i i l l a . he g o o d man - B A G 1 i s n o t

H e is n o t a good man.

95a . a v a r u illi i d d - a a n e . h e here be 3 r d p.m. sa.

HE is here,

95b. a v a n u illi i l l a . he here is n o t

He is n o t here.

9 6 a . a v a n u b a n d (uf - i d d - a a c e . he come pst p a r t . b e ASPECT 3 r d p . ~ , s g .

H e h a s come.

96h . a v a n u b a n d (u) -ills. he come p s t p a r t . i s nct

H e h a s n o t come.

or. tke s u r f a c e , t h e p a r a d i g a i s r e g u l a r , a n d it a p p e a r s t h a t

the n o c - a p p e a r a c c e o f iru i n the c e g a t i v e of the t e n s e l e s s

forms c a n be h a n d l e d by a s i m p l e f x t e n s i o n o f t h e r u l e s which

d e r i v e the o t h e r n e g a t i v e f o r ~ s , by s p e c i f y i n g t h a t when

TENSE is m i s s i n g , iru --> 0 . However, t h e r e a r e some a d d i t i o r a l

facts t o b e t a k e n i n t o account.

4.1 We h a v e s e e n ic C h a p t e r 11 t h a t -3 is an

emphatic morpheme which m y be p c s i t i o r e d e f t e r N P ' s . It Ray

a l s o a p p Q a r i~ t h e VP, I n s f f i r m a t i v e s e n t t c c e s , -u a p p e a r s

a t t a c h e d t o a p a s t - p a r t i c i p l e c o p y cf t h e ~ a i c v e r b , p r e c e d i n g

t k c ~ a i ? v e r b , There i s a n c t h s r s r r t p h a t i c -= v h i c h b e h a v e s if,

t h i s way ( i n t r a n s l a t i o r . , stress is i n d i c a t e d b y ( '1 ) :

9 7 a , a v a n u b a n d ( u ) -uu b a r - u t t - a a n e . h e CORE p s t . p a r t EMP ccme n o n - p s t 3 r d p.m. s g ,

97b. a v a n u b a n d ( u ) -ee b a r - u t t - a a r i ~ , he come p s t - p a r t EBP come n o n - p s t 3 r d p ,m,sg .

He n i l 1 c e r t a i n l y come.

9 8 a , a v a n u bandfu) - u u h a n d (uf -had-aane . h e come p s t , p a r t EHP come p s t . p a r t be ASPECT 3 r d p , n ~ , s g ,

H e ' h a s come, t o o ,

9 8 b . a v a n u b a n d f u ) - ee b a c d (u ) - i d d - a a n e . h e ccme p s t . p a r t EHP come p s t , p a r t be ASPECT 3 r d p .a . sg .

He has c e r t a i n l y ccme.

It may be seen f r o m (98a,b) t h a t fPlP does c o t a t t a c h t o a v e r b

i n t h e o r i g i n a l v e r b a l s e q u e n c e , e v e n i f a p a s t p a r t i c i p l e

is a l r e a d y p f e s e n t in t h a t s e q u e n c e , I n n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s ,

however , ERP a t t a c h e s t o w h a t e v e r non-finite forms a r e p r e s e n t

in t h e o r i g i n a l v e r b a l s e q u e n c e , If t h e v e r b a l s e q u e n c e

c c n t a i n s a n o n - f i n i t e a s p s c t u a l v e r b , EHP may a t t a c h to e i t h e r

t t e mairi o r t h e a s p e c t u a l v e r b :

992.. a v a r u b a r u v u d ( u ) -uu ilia. he come p a r t . EHP not

He d o e s r ' t even come/ h e won't evGn corns.

99b. a v a n u b a n d f u ) -uu i ruoud ( u ) i l l a . he c o a e p a r t , EHP b e p a r t . n o t

HE w o c s t e v e n h a v e come,

99c. a v a n u h a n d (u) i r u v u d (u) -uu i l l a . h e coae p a r t . be p a r t . EHP c o t

He won't e v e n have come.

9 9 d . a v a n u b a n d fu) -uu i l l a . he conif p a r t . EBP n o t

H e h a s n ' t e v e n ccme.

Sectence (99d) i l l u s t r a t e s t h e case where the ifu h a s been

' r e p l a c e d f by U. I n t h i s sentence EHP c a n only a t t a c h t o

a form of t h e v e r b ' t o comei; i t c a n n o t copy illa a n d a t t a c h

t o it:

99e. *avanu band f u ) -ills -vuu i l l a . h e come p s t . p a r t n o t EMP n o t

H e h a s n ' t e v e n come.

B u t now c o n s i d e r s e n t e n c ~ s (100-101 a-c) :

1 0 0 a , a v a c u ilfi i E d - a a c e . h e h e r e be 3 r d p.m.sg.

B e is here.

100b , a v a c u i f l i i l l a , he here is not

He is not here.

IOOc, avar iu illi i l l a - v u u i l l a . fie h e r e r o t EMP i s r o t

He isc't e v e n here.

101a . mee j u a g a l a - v a a g i i d - F . t a b l e width - A A G I be 3rd p . n e u t . s g .

The t a b l e is wi0e.

10 1 b. m e e j u a g a l a - v a a g i i l l a . t a b l e w i d t h - A A G f i s nct

The t a b l e is n o t wide.

1 0 1 ~ . meeju a g a l a - v a a g i i l l a - v e e i l l a . t a b l e w i d t h - A A G I n o t EnP is n c t

The t a b l e is n o t w i d e a t a l l .

I n t h ~ 6 e s e n t e n c e s , EffP h a s a t t a c h e d t o a c o p y o f t h e n e q

i l l a . T h i s p r o c e s s is s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f EBP a t t a c h m e n t

t o a l l a :

102. a v a n u oLLeyavanu a l l a - v e e a l l a . he g o o d man n c t ERP n o t

H e is c e r t a i n l y n o t a g o d man.

W E h a v e s e e n t h a t i n ( 1 0 2 ) , a l l a is t h e o n l y e l e m e n t i n t h e

AUX. I t seeBs, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t I n (IOOb, 101b) =a is t h e

o n l y e l e m e n t i n t h e VP c o m i n g from t h e b a s e , a n d t h a t t h e r e

is n o p r o c e s s o f i l l a - a t t a c h m e n t t o L u and k u - d e l e t i o n .

For - - d e l e t i o n would b e either a m o r p h o p h o n ~ m i c r u l e , or a

dolet ior- rule; i n e i t h e r case, this r u l e wcu ld a p p l y a f t e r t h e

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l componen t . E B P - a t t a c h m e n t , being a c o p y i n g

T U ~ E , stems t y p i c a l l y a t r a a s f c r m a t i o i l a i r u l e . T h e r e is t h u s

nc r e a s e n not t o expect to s u r f a c e f o r EM!? t o a t t a c h t o ,

i f s u c h s e n t e n c e s h a d iru c o m i n g fro^ l e x i c a l i n s e r t i o n .

T h ~ r e i s c ther e v i d e n c e f c r g e n s r a t i n g ifla as a

n ~ g a t i v o e x i s t e n t i a l v e r b o r AUX, i n d e p e n d e n t l y of k u .

F i r s t l y , ,113 a p p e a r s i n s e n t e n c e s w h e r e iru c a n n c t a p p e a r .

1 n the c o r r e s p o n d i n g a f f i r m a t i v e s uNTu, a d e f e c t i v e

e x i s t e n t i a l verb , a p p e a r s i n s t e a d :

1 0 3 a . [ a v a n u i d - a n n a h e e l i d d u 1 uMTu. ( *ide) MP

h e t h i s a c c , t h e h a v i n g - s a i d - i t e x i s t s

(It i s a f a c t t h a t ) ke h a s s a i d this.

103b , [ a v a n u i d - a n n a h e e L i d d u j i l l a . NP

h e t h i s acc, t h e h a v i n g - s a i d - i t i s c o t

(It i s r , o t a f a c t t h a t ) h e h a s s a i d t h i s .

Ir! ( 1 0 3 b ) i l l a cannot c o w from a t t a c h a t e n t t o w, for t h e

s o u r c e is u n g r a ~ m a t i c a l ,

S e c o n d l y , i l l a o c c u r s i n c o n t e x t s where n o

a f f i r ~ a t i v e e x i s t e n t i a l v e r b may o c c u r :

3 104a . [ i d - a n n a r saa l ) a l (u ) - i k k e ] i l l a . NP

t h i s acc, d ~ irf. d a t , is pot

One c a n n o t d o t h i s { t h i s is p r o h i b i t e d ) .

104b. *[ i d - a n n a maaDa1 j u ) - i k k e ] ide/uNTu, NP

this ~ C C . d c inf, dzt. i s / e x i s ? s

*One c a n do t h i s (t-his is a l l o w e d ) .

4.2 A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of t h e s t a t u s o f i l l a would

r e q u i r e a d p t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e VP i n K a ~ n a d a . Here we c a n

o c l y g i v e a few t e n t a t i v e s u g g e s t i o c s t o w a r d s a s o l u t i o n f o r

t h e s y n t a x of i l l a ,

F i r s t , i t is n o t l i k e l y t h a t i l l a i r (100-101)

is g e n e r a t e d a s a main v e r b , evec though i t is t h e s o l e v e r b a l

4 e l ~ a e c t i n t h e s e n t e n c e . It is more l i k e l y t h a t i l l a i s a n A U X ,

ar-d t h a t a Kannada VP is a l l o w e d t o c o n s i s t of m e r e l y A U X u n d e r

c e r t a i r , c o n d i t i c c s , p r o b a b l y specif i a d i r t s t r ic t subca tegcr i sa -

tion, W E have s e e n t h a t t h e ERP r u l e way c o p y a n A U X i f c o ~ a i c

v e r b is a v a i l a b l e (cf, (102) ) . S i n c e i n (99d) a mair, verb is

a v a i l a b l e , (99e) is u n g r a m m a t i c a l . We s u g g e s t be low t h a t t h e

c o p y i ~ g of i l f a i n (99e) is b l o c k e d b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a l r e a d y

a c o n - f i n i t e v e r b p r e s e n t i n t h e p o s i t i o o i n t o which the EXP

r u l e c o p i e s a v e r b .

There a r e two a r g u m e r t s a g a i n s t illa b e i n g a main v e r b ,

I+ c a n n o t occur in i n f i n i t i v a l s lc tecces, a c d i t cascct takc

t b e c c n d i t i o n a l suffix -a- . These a r e t y p i c a l l y r e s t r i c t i o n s

on AUX, Sentecce (105al h a s b e e n embedded i n ( 1 0 5 b ) , a n d E q u i

h a s a p p l i e d , T h e r e s u f t , ( 1 0 5 ~ ) ~ is u n g r a m m a t i c a l :

105a. avar iu illi i l l a . fie here is oct

H e i s not h e r e .

1 0 f b . a v a n i g e i d u iSBTa i l l a . h e d a t . t h i s l i k i n g is n o t

He does not. l i k e t h i s .

1 0 5 ~ . * a v a n i g e ; [ f3; i l f i i l l a l u 1 iSHTa i l l a , h e d a t . h ~ r e t o not-be i i k i ~ g i s not

He doesc't wish not tc be here.

F c r s u c h a sentence t o b e g r a ~ ~ a t i c a l , a c o n s t r u c t i . c n w i t h t h e

' c e g a t i v e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e 1 i s r e q u i r e d . We will b r i e f l y

e x a m i ~ o t h e s y n t a x of s u c h c o n s t r u c t i o n s b ~ l o w , Compare (105c)

w i t h ( 1 0 6 ~ ) ~ w h i c h i s a result cf embedding (lO6a) into w 6 b ) :

106a . a v a ~ u ifli i l l - a d e e i d d - a a n e . h~ h e r e be n e g . p a r t , be 3 r d p.m. sg.

H e i s n o t h e r e .

106b. a v a n i g e i d u iSHTa i l l a . EG d a t . t h i s l i k i n g i s n o t

He does n o t l i k e this.

7 0 6 ~ . a v a n i g s ; [ 6; ilii ill-adee i r d l u ] iSHTa i l i a . be d a t . herr b e r e g . y a r t . t c b o l i k l c g i s ~ 9 t

He d o e s n ' t wish n o t t o b~ h e r e .

S i ~ l l a r r e s u l t s o b t a i ~ when ilfa is c o t t h e scle v ~ r b a l

elemec+ i n the seatence, b u t cccurs w i t h a ~ a i c v ~ r C .

107a , Esry p o o l i s h a t r a h o e g a l (u ) -ills. B a r y police n e a r g o inf, not

Mary d i d n o t go t o t h e p c l i c e .

107h. J o h n Hary-anna o p p - i s i - d - a n u , J o h n Mary acc. a g r e e c a u s e p s t , 3 r d p.m. sg -

J o h n p e r s u a d e d Hary.

107c. * J o h n Mary-anna; [ fia p o o l i s h a t r a h o o g a l i l l a l u 3 a p p i s i d a n u .

J o h n n a r y a c c . p o l i c e n e a r g o - n o t - i n f . p e r s u a d e d

J o h n p e r s u a d e d Bary n o t tc go t o t h e p o l i c e .

c o m p a r e (107c) with ( lO8c) :

108a. f f a r y p o o l i s h a t r a h c c g - a d e e i d d a l u . Yary p o l i c e n e a r g o neg, p a r t . b e p s t . 3 r d p.f . sg .

Mary d i d n o t g c tc t h e p o l i c e .

108b. J o h n Mary-anna o p ~ - i s i - a - a n u . J o h n Mary acc. a g r e e c a u s e pst. 3 r d p, m.sg.

J o h n p e r s u a d e d n a r y ,

fO8c. J o h n Bar y-anna; [ $3; p o o l l s h a t r a h o o g - a d e e i r a l u 1 o p p i s i d a n u .

J o h n Mary acc. p o l i c e n e a r g o neg. p a r t . be inf, p e r s u a d e d .

J o h n p e r s u a d e d Mary n o t t o g o t o t h e p o l i c e ,

T h e c o n d i t i o n a l s u f f i x -= is ic c o m p l e m e n t a r y

d i s t r i b ~ t i o ~ w i t h TZNSE PMG and i l f a , i . e . , with A U X :

1 0 9 a . a v a n u b a n d f u ) - i d d - a r e n a a n u h o o g - u t t - e e n e . h e ccme p s t p a r t , h e COND I g o n o n - p s t 1 s t p . sq .

Tf hs h a s come, I u i l : gc.

1090. a v a n u b a n d ( u ) - i d d - a r e c a a n u h o o g u t t a - i d d e . h e COBP p s i p a r t . b e C O E D f g c p r s s . p a r t be ASPECT

If h e h a d come, I wcu ld h a v e g o n e .

109c . * a v a n u b a n d fu) -ill a - d a r e n a a n u h o o g u t t e e n e . h e c o w p s t - p a r t n o t COND I w i l l g o

*If h e h a s r o t coBe, I w i l l go.

Nctice t h a t i n ( 1 0 9 a , h ) , t h e fo rm o f t h e v e r b i n ths c o n d i t i o n a l

c l a u s e d o e s n o t c a r r y terse; i t is i n t e r p r e t e d a s * p a s t q or

' p r e s e n t 8 d e p e n d i n g on t h e t e n s e i n t h e ma in c l a u s e . P N G suffixes

are o b v i o u s l y l a c k i n g , a n d t b ~ p r e s e c c a of i l l a i r . ( 1 0 9 c )

r f n d c r s the s e n t e n c e u n g r a m ~ a t i c a l . CorrrparE ( 1 0 9 d ) :

109d . a v a n u b a r - a d e e i d d - a r e r a a c u h o o g u t t e e c o , h e come n s g - p a r t be COND 1 w i l l g o

I f h e d o e s n ' t c o w , I w i l l go.

o n c e a g z i n t h e o n l y p o s s i b l e n 5 g a t i v e is t h e ' n l g a t i v e v e r b a l

p a r t i c i p l e B , I l l a c a n n o t t a k e t h e c o n d i t i o n a l s u f f i x e v e n if

t h ~ r o is n o ma in v e r b i n t h e s e r t e n c e :

1 1 0 a . *illi a k k i I f l a - a r c a l l i nooDu, h e r e r ice no t COWD there l o o k

If t h e r e is nc rice here, l o o k ( f o r i t ) t h e r e .

110b . ill: a k k i i l l - a d e e i d d - a r e alli nooDu. h e r € r ice n o t neg.part ke COMD there l o o k

T f t h e r e is n o r l c o here , l o o k ( f o r i t ) t h e r e .

Be c o n c l u d e t h i s s ec t i cc with a b r i e f c o t e oo tts

s t a t u s o f t h e n o r - f i n i t ~ f c r a s c f t h e v e r b i n a VP i n w h i c h

i i i a o c c u r s . T h e s e n o n - f i n i t e f c r m s a re d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e

n o n - f i n i t e ( p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ) f o r m s i n a • ’ f i r m a t i v c s e n t e n c e s

w i t h a s p e c t ; w h i l e EMP a t t a c h m e n t a l w a y s r e s u l t s i n a c o p y o f

t h e l a t t e r f o r m s , i t never r e s u l t s i c a c o p y o f the former

for~s. From EMP-attachmerit it a f f i r m a t i v e s e n t e n c e s , we h a v e

seex t h a t t h e r e m u s t b~ a p o s i t i o r f o r a n o c - f i c i t e v e r b , t o

t h ~ l e f t o f t h e first v e r b ic t h e v e r b a l s e q u e n c e :

h e come p s t . p a r t EHP w i l l come

H e w i l l c e r t a i n l y come.

I f o u r a n a l y s i s of ills is s u c h t h a t t h e a a i n a n d , o p t i o n a l l y

t h e a s p ~ c t u a l v e r b s move i c t o t h e n o n - f i n i t e v e r b p o s i t i o n ,

tEr s t a t e m e n t o f E f f P - a t t a c h m e n t w i l l be e n o r m o u s l y s i m p l i f i e d .

I n n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s , t h i s v e r b p o s i t i o n w i l l a l r e a d y b e

5 f i l l e d , a n d EMP w i l l a t t a c h t o t h e v e r b i n t h i s p c s i t i o n .

4.3 T h e nap-finite v e r b p o s i t i o n i n (i) abcve Is

u t i l i s e d f o r the ' n e g a t i v e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l s * . Thus sectecce

(1 11) w o u l d h a v e the fo1lowir.g s t r u c t u r e :

1 1 l a . a v a c u b a r - a d f e F r u v u d ( u ) -ills. h ~ . come r ,eg,par t . bz p a r t , riot

He wonr t not cotse, (he wor"t r e ~ a i n w i t h o u t c o m i n g )

I

a v a n u b d r - a d ~ ~ i r u v u d (u ) - i f l a

We h y p o t h e s i s e that bar - ad€ e i r i (111) is i n t h e n o n - f i n i t e

p o s i t i o ~ , b e c a u s e ESP c a n a t t a c h t o it a n d c a n n o t make a

c o p y of i t :

I f 1 b. a v a n u b a r - a d e e -nuu i r u v u d (u) -ills. h e come n e g , p a r t . EMP be p a r t , n o t

H E d o e s n ' t even r e f r a i n f r o m c o m i n g .

1 l lc . * a v a n u band (u) -uu b a r - a d e e i r u v u d ( u ) -ills.

T h e r e a r e t u o p o s i t i o n s f o r ir! t h e Vp, The f i r s t p o s i t i o n ,

t h a t of t h e n o n - f i n i t e v e r k , w a y be occupied by t h e ' n e g a t i v e

v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e ' . T h e s e c o n d i s t h e A U X p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e geg

; 3 3 c c c u p i s s . In our exaiaples ( I l l a - b ) abcvo , b c t h these n a

p c s i t i o n s h a v e b e e n filled, b u t I t is is p o s s i b l e fcr ocly

t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n t o b e filled, a s i n (108a) a b o v e . We h a v e

s e w t h a t t h e on-finite v e r b p c s i t i o n i s the o n l y n s p o s i t i c n

which czn occur i n i R f i n i t f v a l a cd c o n d i t i c c a l c l auses ,

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1, T h e f o r m s q u o t e d b e l o w dc n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e s p o k e n l a ~ g u a g e . C f . t h e p r e f a c e f o r a n e l u c i d a t i o n c f t h e s y s t e m of t r a n s c r i p t i o x a d o p t e d i n t h i s work ,

2. T h e r e i s n o n e g a t i v e f c r a w h i c h c a n b e r e l a t e d t o a v e r 5 i n t b ~ f u t u r e t ~ n s ~ , I n u sage , t h e n e g a t i v e cf t h e n o n - p a s t t e n s e o c c u r s when t h e n e g a t i o n r e f e r s t o f u t u r e time ( t h e n c n - p a s t a f f i r m a t i v e v e r b may a l s o refer t o f u t u r e t i m e ) . T h e n e g a t i v e o f t h e p a s t p r o g r e s s i v e v e r b form o c c u r s when t h e n e g a t i o n r e f e r s t o a h a b i t u a l a c t i o n ( a g a i n , t h e p a s t p r o g r e s s i v e a f f i r m a t i v e v e r b may r e f e r t o h a b i t u a l a c t i o n , ) The n o n - o c c u r r e n c e o f a c e g a t l v e v e r b f o r m w h i c h c a n b e r e l a t e d t o t h e f u t u r e t e n s e c o n s t i t u t e s a ' g a p * i n t h e p a r a d i g m s u c h a s S c h i f f man (1974) mefitions f o r Tarail.

3, maaDal I u ) - i k k e (maaDokke i n my d i a l e c t ) i r , ( 105) is a n i n f i n i t i v e w h i c h t a k e s a d a t i v e s u f f i x , I n a n ea r l i e r s t a g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e , n c n - f i n i t e f o r ~ s of t h e v e r b were d e c l i c a b l e a s n o u n s . O n l y a few o f s u c h d e c l i n e d f o r m s h a v e s u r v i v e d i n t h e c a s e o f some n o n - f i n i t e v e r b a l f o r m s ,

4 . Pangar , (1972) s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e " n e g a t i v e morphenteii i s a a a i n v e r b , However , i n h i s a n a l y s i s n e g seems t o be a s y n t a c t i c c a t e g o r y t h a t i r c l u d e s i l l a i , e a a T T i a n d a a t u , F u r t h e r , h e d o e s n o t g i v e c lear s y c t a c t i c a r g u m e n t s t o s u p p o r t h i s claim.

5. It is o o t c l e a r w h e t h e r we n e e d a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l r u l e t o a c h i e v e t h i s ; a t p r e s e n t t h e r e seems t o b e n o o b j e c t i o c t o a n a n a l y s i s p c s i t i n g t h a t t h e n o n - f i n i t e main v e r b is i n i ts b a s e p o s i t i o n h e r e , when EHP-attact men t a p p l i e s , We h y p o t h o s i s o s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s s u c h a s tho f o l l o w i n g f o r t h e VP i n n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s :

,-/-% V part P I 1 I

AUX I

b a r a 1 (u) i l l a come i n f i n i t i v e n o t

' d i d n o t come '

T h e r e l e v a n t tense c a n b e r e c c v e r e d f rom t h e c o n - f i n i t e v e r b a l f o r 5 by aI! i n t e r p r e t i v e s s m a n t i c r u l e ,

CHAPTFI! V

ON THE SEMABTICS O F N E G A T I O N IN K A M N A D A

5.0 If we c o m p a r e s e n t e n c e s ( 1 1 2 a ) a n d (112b) be low,

i r . t u i t i v c l y , w h i l e ( 1 1 2 a ) is a n i n s t a n c e cf s e n t e n c e n e g a t i o c ,

(112b) is a n i n s t a n c e o f f o c u s s e d ~ s g a t i o c :

1 1 2 a . a v a n u oLLeyavanu a l l a . h e g o o d man n o t

H e is n o t a g o o d man.

1 1 2 b . a v a n u a l l a o l L e y a v a n u . h e n o t g o o d man

It's n o t h e who is a good man.

I n ( 1 1 2 h ) t h e NP i fvanu is u n d e r s t o c d a s b e i n g f o c u s s e d , a n d

t h e n e g a t i o n a p p l i e s o n l y t o t h i s NP. F o c u s c a n n c t now he

p l a c e d or a n NP t o t h e r i g h t o f a11a :

1 l 2 c . Xavanu a l l a oLLeyavan (u) -uu. h e n o t g o o d man e v e n

# ~ t ' s c o t he who i s e v e n a g o o d man.

I t i s ~ v i d e n t t h a t ( 1 1 2 ~ ) is d e v i a c t b e c a u s e focus c a n n o t o c c u r

twice ir a s e n t e n c e , s i n c e focus r e p r e s e n t s new, * r o m a r k a b l e 8

i n f o r m a t i o n . However , t h e g rammar n e e d s t o e x p l a i n why tke

f i rs t NP is i n v a r i a b l y u n d e r s t o o d a s f o c u s s e d when a l l a is i n

t h i s p c s i t i o n , a n d why f o c u s c a n n o t be p l a c e d o n a n NP t o t h e

r i g h t of a l l a . T o do s o , we w i l l make u s e o f t h e r u l e

Association w i t h F o c u s .

A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h F o c u s is a ruls o f s e m a n t i c

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n prnpclsed b y J a c k ~ r i d o f f (19?2) f o r 1 9 v a n c , 'orily ' , 1

I j u s t 1 a n d w, i n E n g l i s h , This r u l e o p e r a t s u n d e r p a r t i c u l a r

s t r u c t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s t o a s s c c i a t e t h e r e a d i c g o f c e r t a i n

lexiczl items with f o c u s , T h u s , " t h e a s s ~ c i a t i c n o f ~ e v e r i 9 w i t : ,

a c o c s t i t u e n t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r e 1s s o ~ e t h i c g s p e c i a l , u n u s u a l

o r u n e x p e c t e d a b o u t t h e c c n n e c t i c n o f t h a t c c n s t i t u ~ n t w i t h

t h e e v e n t w ( J a c k e n d o f f , o p . c i t . , p .249) . To s p e c i f y t h o

s t r u c t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s u r d r r w h i c h t h i s r u l e c p e r a t e s , J a c k e n d o f f

u t i l i s e s t h e n o t i o n of rapge. " C e r t a i n l e x i c a l items, among

them e v e n , w i l l d e f i n e a r a n g e , t h a t I s , a s e t of c o d e s i n t h e

s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e b e a r i c y a p a r t i c u l a r s t r u c t u r a l r e l a + i o n s h i p

t o t h o l e x i c a l item, where t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p is defined by

t h e l e x i c a l item i t s e l f w ( o p , c i t . , p . 2 4 9 ) , For t h e E n g l i s h n a t ,

f c r f x a m p l c , J a c k e n d o f f d ~ f i c e s a r a n g e i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t o f

e v e n , a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h f o c u s b e i n g o p t i o n a l f o r c e g a t i o c :

*'If e v e n is d i r e c t l y d o r e i n a t e d by a n o d e X, X a n d a l l

t h e n o d e s d o m i n a t e d by X a re i n t h e r a n g e o f ever , ." ( loc ,c i t . )

I n t h o s t a t e m e n t of t h e r a n g e o f a l e x i c a l item, i t i s p o s s i b l e

t o make a d i r e c t i o n a l s p ~ c i f i c a t i o r . T h u s J a c k e n d o f f ' s

s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e r a r g e o f o n l y a n d j u s t i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e

s t i p u l a t i o n that o n l y t h e n o d e s t o t h e r i g h t of t h e s e l e x i c a l

Items a r e w i t h i n i ts r a n g e . It is a l s o p o s s i b l e t o make t h e

r u l e o f A s s o c i a t i o n with Focus e i t h e r o p t i o n a l o r o b l i g a t o r y .

I f t h e r u l e is o b l i g a t o r y fer a p a r t i c u l a r l e x i c a l item,

a n d t h r - fcjci~s i n a s c n t e n c o h a s beer- p l a c e d c u t s i d ~ t h e r a n g e

defir.crd f o r t h a t i tem, t h ~ r u l e w i l l not De a b l e t o apply ,

and t h e f a i l u r e t o apply of an o b l i g a t o r y r u l e will gene ra t e

2 ar* ucacceptaS1s readicg.

Let us s t a t e t h e m c g e of a l l a a s f o l l ~ w s , a rd

l e t u s a l s o make a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h f o c u s o b l i g a t o r y f o r a- :

Fanqo of a l l a .

I f t h e nod& under w h i c h a l l a i s g2cs r a t ed i s d i r e c t l y

dominated by a node X , X ar?d a11 t h e codes dominated by X

t o t h e l e f t of a l l a a r e i n t h e r ange of a l l a .

Th5s w i l l € c a b l e u s t o f i l t e r ou t t h e s s m a n t i c a l l y d2v ian t

s en t ences . when a l f a o c c u r s a s t h e r i g h t m c s t element i n t h e

sFn+eccP, t h e whole s e c t e a c e , o r acy NP w i t h i n t h e sen tence ,

car. b a v e f c c u s p laced on i t , and t h u s t h e ERP -m ( f o r which

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h f o c u s is o b l i g a t o r y ) can occur freely:

NP NP AUX 4--- a l l a range c f a l l a

112d. avaa ju) -uu oLLeyavanu a l l a . he even good an n o t

Even h e i s no t a goad man,

1 1 2 e . a v a c u o L L e y a v a c ( u ) - u u a l l a . he good max ever c c t

H e i s n o t e v e r a good man.

Wher! a 1 1 a o c c u r s b e t w e e n t h e two WP's, o n l y t h e NP t o i ts

l e f t is w i t h i n its r a n g e , acd f o c u s c a n c o t be p l a c e d o n a n

NP t o its r i g h t w i t h o u t i c d u c i ~ g a d e v i a n t r e a d i n g . Hence t h e

u n a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f (1 1 2 c ) .

A few o b s e r v z t i o n s n e e d t o be made a b o u t c lef t

s e n t e n c e s . C l e f t s e n t e n c e s i n Kannada h a v e tte s t r u c t u r e

11 3 a . [ n a a n u haNa-vannu t e k k o N D a d d u ] [ a v a n - i n d a ] NP NP

I money acc. t h e t a k i n g - i t h e f r o m

It was frcm him t h a t I t o o k t h e money.

Sicc? w o r d crder i n Kacnada is f a i r l y f r e ~ , we may a l s o have

1 l 3 b . [ a v a n - i n d a [ n a a n u haNa-vannu t e k k c N D a d d u ] NP WP

Ic c l e f t s e n t e n c e s , s i rce f o c u s h a s been p l a c e d on a p a r t i c u l a r

c o n s t i t u e n t , this c c n s t i t u e n t h a s a l w a y s t o be w i t h i n t h e r a n g e

of a l l a , t o g i v e a s e m a n t i c a l l y a c c e p t a b l e r e a d i c g . T h u s

11%. # [ n a a n u haNa-vannu t e k k o N D a d d u ] [ a l l a ] [ a v a n - i n d a ] NP A U X NP

i s d e v i a n t . On the s u r f a c e , a l l a a l w a y s a p p e a r s i n j u x t a -

p o s i t i o n w i t h the f o c u s s e d NP t o i t s immediate r i g h t , h o w e v e r

' s c r a m b l e d * t h e word order may be:

11 3 d . n a a n u a v a n - i n d a a l l a haNa-vannu t ekkoNDaddu .

1 1 3 e . n a a n u haNa-vancu a v a n - i r d a a l l a t ekkoNDaddu .

Siccc s e a a c t i c i n t s r p r ~ t z t i o r , t a k e s p l a c e a t t h e s u r f a c c

s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e * s c r a m b f i a g t r u l e s o p e r a t e l a t e r , t h e nes

a l l 5 I n s e n t e n c e s ( 1 1 3 d , e ) is c c r r e c t l y i ~ t e r p r e t e d a s

a p p l y i r g t o t h e f o c u s s e d c o n s t i t u e n t a v a n - i n d 8 .

5.1 It has b e e n n o t e d (e.g. , S p e n c e r , 1914:69-70) t h a t

i n t h e n e g a t i o n o f a Kannada s e n t e n c e w h i c h is i n t e r p r e t e d a s

i n v o l v i ~ g c o n j u n c t i o n , a n d w h i c h h a s a s t r u c t u r e w i t h o c l y ore

f i n i t e v e r b ( t h e o t h e r v e r b s b e i n g p a r t i c i p l e s ) , t h e n e g a t i o c Bay

a p p l y t o e i t h r r * c c ~ j u c c t ' , o r t c b o t h t h e ' c o n j u n c t s ' . T h u s i n

114. a v a n u uuTa maaDi s c h o o l - i g e h o o g a l (u) - i l l a . h e meals d o p s t . p a r t s c h o o l d a t . g o i n f . n o t

He d i d n t t g o t o s c h o o l a f t e r e a t i c g .

t h e n e g a t i o n may a p p l y t o t h e f i r s t e v e n t , m?aning ' h e went

t o s c h c o l w i t h o u t e a t i c g ' , o r i t may a p p l y t o the s e c o n d e v e c t ,

m s a n i ~ g ' h e a t e , h u t d i d ~ * t gc +Q school^, or i t may a p p l y to

the w h o l e s e ~ t e n c e , y i e l d i n g a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n l i k e ' I t is n o t

t h e case t h a t he went t o s c h o o l a f t e r e a t i n g 1 . Which of t h e s e

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s i s n a t u r a l b e l o n g s t o t h e d o m a i n o f p r a g m a t i c s .

Tk>us t h e t h i r d i n t e r p r e t a t i o ~ is c l e a r l y f a v o u r e d i n :

11 5. ( a v a c u baDavanu a l l a d e o n d u s o o m a a r i ; ) h e p o o r man a l s o a l a z y mafi

a v a n u k e l a s a maaDi haNa-vannu s a m p a a d i s u v u d (u) -ills. he work d o p s t . p a r t morey a c c . n a r n n o t

(He is riot o n l y p o o r b u t l a z y ; ) h e d o e s n ' t : work a n d e a r r . morey .

Here t h e negation a p p l i e s to t h o w h o l e s e n t e c c e :

n G g 1 h e w o r k s a n d e a r n s mor.ey 1

As f a r a s s e m a n t i c l n t e r p r e t a t i o n is c o c c e r n e d , we ~ e e d

t o be a b l e t c s t a t e t h a t t h e n e g a t i o n c a n a p p l y t o e i t h e r t h e

p a r t i c i p i a l c l a u s e o r t h e main c l a u s e , o r t o b o t h ; i.e., t h a t

thf whol f s e n t e n c e is w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of i l l a , wh ich may t h e n

a s s c c f a t e w i t h a c y f o c u s s e d c o c s t i t u ~ a t , a n d t h ~ n e g a t i o n w i l l

a p p l y o ~ l y t o t h a t c o c s t i t u ~ c t . I n t h i s way a v e r b wh ich

a p p e a r s t o b e * n e g a t i v e s may b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a n a f f i r m a t i v ~ ,

i f F l l a h a s been a s s o c i a t ~ d w i t h some o t h e r f o c u s s e d c o n s t i t u e n t .

N a d k a r n i (1970:220) p r o p o s e s a s t r u c t u r e a s f c l l o w s

f o r t h e s e s e r t e n c e s :

NP V P

I 7\

l o c v 1

a v a r u a v a r u uuTa maaDi I

s c h c o l i g e 1

hcog-

Re w i l l Iict g c i c t o the q u e s t i o n of w h e t h ~ r this a ~ a l y s i s is

a c c e p t a b l e i n its details, h u t I t seems tc u s t h a t its essect ial .

i n s i g h t , t h a t t h e s e sectecces h a v e a s u b o r d i ~ a t e r a t h ~ r t h a n

a c c - c r d i n a t ~ s t r u c t u r e ,

. . ( e . q., (1:i)

a v a n u uuTa maaDi a v a n u s c h c o l i g e k - 1

i s c o r r e c t . It is a p p a r e n t t h a t a n y r u l e which b r i n g s 52 i n

(ii) a b o v e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f i l l a w i l l b e e a s i e r t o state

t h a ~ a r u l e which a t t e m p t s t o dc. s c f o r S 1 i c f i g u r e [iii),

a s t h e l a t t e r i n v o l v ~ s a n a d d i t i o n a l ' h i g h e r ' n c d e which must

b e b r o u g h t w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of i l l a : a node which is o u t s i d e

the S ( e n t e ~ c e ) i n which i l l a o c c u r s . Ye may now s t a t e t h e

range of i l l a a s f o l l o w s :

F a c q e cf i l l a .

If t h e VP d o m i n a t i n g i l l a is d o m i n a t e d by a node S 1 a n d

d c ~ i n a t ~ s a ncde 52, S 1 and S2 a r e i n t h e r a n g e of i l l a ,

he^ t h e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e i n s u c h s e n t e n c e s i s

c ~ g a t i v e , a s i m i l a r a m b i g u i t y r e s u l t s . Thus i n ( l l f i ) ,

116, a v a n u uuTa maaD-adee s c h o o l - i g e h e o g a l { u ) - i l l a h e m e a l s do n e g - p a r t . s c h o o l d a t . g o i n f , n o t

H e d i d not go t o s c h o o l w i t h o u t e a t i n g .

t h ~ n e g a t i o n of i l l a c a c a p p l y or11 t o t h e p a r t i c i p i a l c l a u s ~ ,

y i e l d i r g an a f t i r m 8 + i v e readicg cf t h e n e g a + i v p p a r t i c i p l e ,

a s it is a g a i n c e g a t e d : ' I t was r o t w i t h o u t e a t i n g t h a t h e

werit t c s c h o o l 9 . A clear i n s t a n c e o f t h i s k i n d o f a s s o c i a t i o ~

c f i l f a w i t h a f o c u s s e d p a r t i c i p i a l c l a u s e is t h ~ f a v o u r e d

c o n s t r u c t i o n

117. a v a n u uuTa maaD-auee s c h o o l - i g e h o o g u v u d ( u ) - i l l a . h e meals d o n e g . p a r t . s c h o o l d a t . g o p a r t . n e t

H e d o e s n o t g o t o s c h o o l w i t h o u t e a t i n g .

S E n t e r , c e (117) p a r a p h r a s e s a s 'It is a l w a y s h i s p r a c t i c e t o

h a v e l u n c h b e f o r e h e g o e s t o s c h o o l * , i .e. t h e n e g a t i o n a p p l i e s

o c l y tc t h e p a r t i c i p i a l c l a u s e , a n d denies t h a t h e e v e r g o e s

t o s c h o o l w i t h o u t h a v i n g l u n c h f i r s t .

I f the n e g a t i o c i c f l l a a p p l i ~ s o ~ l y tc t h o wain

c l a u s e , t h e r e a d i n g of (116) a b o v e would be *he d i d n ' t e a t ,

a n d he d i d n ' t g o t o s c h o o l g . A g a i n , t h i s reading a p p e a r s

x i a t u r a l i f there is a n i m p l i e d o r o v e r t c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e o n t h e t w o e v F ~ t s . F o r e x a m p l e :

118, a v a n u o o d - a d e e p a a s a a g a l ( u ) - i l l a . h e r e a d ~ e g . p a r t . p a s s h a p p e n i n f o n u t

He d i d not p a s s ( t h e e x a m i n a t i o n ) , d u e t c n o t s t u d y i t g .

T h e ~ e g a t i o n i n i l l a c a r a l s o a p p i y t o t h e whole s e n t e n c e ,

g i v i c g the r e a d i ~ g ' I t i s not t h ~ c a s e t h a t hp went t n s c h z ~ :

w i t h o u t e a t i n g Q . N o t e t h a t on t h i s r e a d i n g o c l y t h e who le

p r o p c s i t i o n i s n e g a t e d , a n d t h e n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e is not

i n t n r ~ r e t e d a s a C affirmative p a r t i c i p l e . T h i s c cc t r a s t s w i t 5

t h e c a s e where t h e n o g a t i o n is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f o c u s o r t h e

p a r t i c i p i a l c l a u s e a r d t h e n e g a t i v ~ p a r t i c i p l e is n e g a t e d

a g a i c , H b i l e t h e c i r c u a s t a n c e s i n wh ich 'two n e g a t i v e s make

c p o s i t i v e ' a re n o t b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d h e r e , i t seems t h a t

i t is c o t e c c u g h f o r a n s t o be w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of a s e c o c d

r e g a t i o n , t o y i e l d a n a f f i r e e t i v e r e a d i n g ?

5 . 2 We w i l l now f x a m i n o the case which h a s l e d t h e

c o n j u n c t i o n h o r a t u t o be r e g a r d e d a s ' n e g a t i v e ' , i n some s e n s e .

It t r a c s l a t e s a s ' e x c e p t , u n l e s s ' , o r ' b u t f o r t $ S p e n c e r

(1914: 1 Y 1 ) g i v e s t h e e x a m p l e s

11 9a. n i i v u b a n d a h o r a t u n a n a g e s a n t o o ~ ~ a v i r u v u d i l l a . you come p a r t . h u t - f o r t o at2 h a p p i n e s s be n e g

1 s h a l l n o t be h a p p y u n l e s s y o u come.

1 lgb, n i i v u b a a r a d a h o r a t u n a x a g e s a n t o o S R a v i r u v u d i l l a . you n o t - c o m i c g b u t - f c r t o me h a p p i n e s s b e neg .

I s h a l l n o t b e h a p p y u n l e s s y o u come.

T ~ E p r o b l ~ m h e n o t a s i s t h a t , a l t h o u y h ( 1 1 9 a ) a c d ( 1 1 9 b ) a r e

p a r a p h r a s e s , t h e ( a ) sentenv contains a n a f f i r m a t i v e

p a r t i c i p l e a n d t h e (b ) s e L t e n c o a n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e . H e

c o m m e n t s ( o p , c i t . , p . 1 4 1 )

"It i s diff i c n f t s a t i s f a c t c r i l y t c e x p l a i c a c o n s t r u c t i o n i n w h i c h a n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e g i v e s t h e s a m e s e n s e a s t h e c c r r e s p o a d i n g a f f i r m a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e . H u n s h i s ( n a t i v e s c h o l a r s , R A ) a p p e a r t o r e g a r d h o r a t u a s a n o u a t i v e word, a n d s a y t h a t the a d d i t i o n o f t h e n o g a + i v e p a r t i c i p l e g i v e s o a p h a s i s to i ts n e g a t i v s f c r c e , a n d d o f s n o t c o u n t e r a c t i t . B u t a s a r u l e i n K a n a r e s e t h e p r i n c i p l e h o l d s t h a t t w c n e g a t i v e s a re e q u i v a l e n t t o a n a f f i r ~ a t i v e . T h e s e n t e n c e may be r e g a r d e d a s m e a n i n g ' beyond t h e f a c t o f y o u r n o t h a v i n g come t h e r e is n o t t h e f a c t t h a t I have j o y g . "

Although a c o n s t r u c t i o n l i k e (119b) I s v e r y ra re i n t h e

l a r g u a g e t o d a y , ( 1 1 9 a ) b e i n g much more common, t h e p r o c e s s of

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h f o c u s t h a t i l l a u n d e r g o e s is a b l e t o e x p l a i r ,

tfrs f o r m e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . Let u s f o r the moment r e g a r d h o r a t u

a s a c o n j u n c t i o n s e m a n t i c a l l y u n s p e c i f i e d f o r n e g a t i v i t y o r

on-negativity, H e w i l l j u s t i f y t h i s s t a n d b e l o w . Now i f i n

(119b) t h e c l a u s e w i t h t h e n e g a t i v e p a r t i c i p l e i s f o c u s s e d

a n d i l l a is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t , t h e p a r t i c i p l e i s a g a i n

negated b y i l l a ar.d is t h e r e f o r e i r t e r p r e t e d a s a f f i r ~ s a t i v ? ;

a n d t h e v e r b a l 'be h a p p y ' i s a l s c i n t e r p r e t e d a s a f f i r m a t i v e ,

a s t h e n e g a t i o n of i l l a n o l o n g e r a p p l i e s t o it.

F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e s e n t e n c e

120. n i i v u b a r - a d e e n a n a g e s a n t o o S H a v i r u v u d i l l a . you come n e g . p a r t . t o me h a p p i r e s s be n o t

K i t h o u t y o u r c o m i n g , I s h a l l n o t b e h a p p y .

may b~ i 2 t ~ r p r e t e d a s 'If i t i s not t h e c a s e t h a t you d o n o t

com~, 1 shall b e h a p p y ' . S i m i l a r l y , while (1192) i s i n t e r p r e t e d

a s ' B u t f c r y o u r c o m i n g , I s h a l l n o t b e h a p p y ' , (119b) is

i n t e r p r e t e d a s ' B u t f c r i t s co t b e i n g t h e case t h a t you do n o t

ccae, I s h a l l 5 e h a p p y * .

Let u s row e x a m i r e i n wha t s e n s e W h a s t h e same

s t a ? u s a s ' b u t * , i n E n g l i s h . S p e r . c ~ r ( o p . c i t . , p . 1 4 2 ) s t a t e s ,

"111 a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e u s e of h o r a t u ( i . e . t h e u s e i n ( l l g a , b ) . R A ) . . . , a s ~ c o n d m u s t be n o t i c e e : n a m e l y , i ts u s e f o l l o w i n g a f u l l y c o n j u g a t e d v e r b o r a n e u t e r p a r t i c i p i a l noun, e i t h e r of w h i c h m u s t h a v e t h e e m p h a t i c a f f i x oe. The m e a n i r g cf h c r a t u . . . i n t h i s c o n s t r u c t i c n is *in a d d i t i o n t o , b e s i d e s ' , a n d i t is a l w a y s f o l l o w e d by a n e g a t i v e p r i n c i p a l v e r b , c r a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e which i s e q u i v a l e n t i n ~ e a n i n g t o a n e g a t i v e . "

E a r l i e r f o p . c i t . ,p . 119) h e s t a t e s :

". . , i f ' i n a d d i t i o n t o ' o r ' b e s i d e s t i s c c n n e c t e d v i t h a p o s i t i v e v e r b , h o r a t u m u s t n o t b e e m p l o y e d ; a l l a d e e m u s t b e u s e d . "

S p e n c e r h a s c a r e f u l l y made t h e c a v e a t t h a t h o r a t u may be

f c l l o w e d b y a * n e g a t i v e p r i n c i p a l v e r b 8 , o r by a c ' i n t e r r o g a t i v e

wh ich i s e q u i v a l e n t i n m e a n i n g t c a c e g a t i v e * . T h i s l o a d s o n e

t o s u s p ~ c t t h a t t h e a p p e a r a n c e of a n e g a t i v e v e r b v i t h h o r a t u

is r o t a s y n t a c t i c p h e n o n e c o n .

On a s u p e r f i c i a l e x a r n i c a t i o n , i t a p p e a r s t h a t b o r a t u

always a p p e a r s whec t w o s e n t e x e s t h a t d i f f e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o

r e g a t i v i t y a r e con j c i n e d , t h a t is, t h e f o l l o w i n g c o r n b i ~ a t i o n s

5 cf ssr4tgcces spem to occur w i t h F o r a t u a n d a l l a d e e :

1st c o ~ j c i n t 2 n d c o n j c i n t c c n j u n c t i o n

a f f i r m a t i v e c e g a t i v e n ~ g a t i v r , a f f i r m a t i v e

r - f g a t i v e h o r a t u a f f i r ~ a t i v e h o r a t u n e g a t i v e a l l a d e e a f f i r m a t i v e a l l a d e f

Be may cite t h e f o l l c w i c g sertecces a s i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h i s

t a b l e :

121, a v a n u s i g a r e t s o e d u t t a a r , (e) -ee h o r a t u k uDiyuvud (u) - i l l a . h e s m o k e s CONJ d o e s n o t d r i n k .

He smokes, b u t h e d o e s nct d r i n k .

122. a v a n u s i g a r ~ t s e e d u v u d i l l a ; aSHTee h c r a t u k u D i y u t t a a n e . h e n o t smoke C O N J d r i n k s

A l t h o u g h h e d o e s c o t smoke, h e d r i n k s .

123. a v a c u s i g a r e t s e e d u v u d a l l a d e e k u D i y u t t a a n e . h e smoke CONJ d r i n k s

He c c t o n l y s a o k e s , b u t d r i n k s .

1 2 4 . a v a c u s i g a r e t s e e d u v u d i l l a ; a s h T e e a l l adee kuDiyuvuduu -ills.

h e n o t smoke C O N J n o t d r i n k

H e c e i t h e r d r i a k s n c r smokes .

T h e s e s e n t e n c e s n e a t l y i f l u s t r a t e c u r p a r a d i g m . However , we

a l s o h a v ~ t o a c c o u n t f o r the f o l l o u i o g s e n t e n c s :

125, a v a n u n a n n a n n u h o D e d a d d - a l l a d e e k a a s u u k o D a l i l l a , h e I acc. b e a t i n g C O M J mcney-even g i v e n o t

He r a o t o n l y h e a t me, b u t h~ d i d n o t g i v e me t h e money, e i t h e r .

It i s c k v i o u s t h a t t h i s s t r - t onc r has ac a f f i r m a t i v e a n d a

c e g a t i v e s e c t e n c e c n n j c i n ~ d . H o v c v ~ r , i n s t e a d ~f the e x p e c t f d

h o r a t u , a l l a d e e a p p e a r s . The o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e s e c o n j u n c t i o n s

seems t o b e c o n d i t i o n e d p u r e l y b y p r a g m a t i c p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s ;

thus i n (125) t h e p r s s n p p c s i t i o c i s t h a t the a c t s of b ~ a t i c g

a n d w i t h h c l d i c g t h e money are b o t h bad . H o r a t u t h e r e f o r e b e h a v e s

just l i k e ' b u t t i n F n g l i s h , w h i c h i s n o t l o g i c a l l y d i f f e r e ~ t

• ’ row ' a n d ' , Its u s e is d e t e r r n i n ~ d by p r a g i a a t i c p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s ,

a c d its o n l y claim t o n e g a t i v i t y i s t h a t i t o c c u r s when

a p r e s u p p o s i t i o n i s u p s e t .

Notes.

1. Cf. J a c k e n d o f f ( l 97> :2SO) ,

2. T h i s i s t h e d e v i c e ky w h i c h a c c e p t a b l e p l a c e m e n t o f e x n i n s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e is a c h i e v e d , w i t h o u t s y c t a c t i c a l l y r e s t r i c t i n g i ts o c c u r r e n c e s ir t h e s e n t e n c e ( c f . J a c k e n d o f f , op . c i t . , pp. 248-50) .

Labov (7972:130-196), i n a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t b e b l a c k F n g l i s h v e r ~ a c u l a r ( E E V ) , d i s c u s s e s t h e phenomenon o f ' N e g a t i v a C o c c c r d t . T h i s r u l e i s a n e x t ~ n s i o n cf K l ima t s r u l e o f Meg- I n c o r p o r a t i o n ( ' N e g - A t t r a c t i o n ', i n L a b o v ' s t e r m s ) i n t o i n d e f i n i t e s : f o r some d i a l ~ c t s o t E n g l i s h , " i n s t e a d o f s a y i n g t h a t t h e n e g a t i v e i s a t t r a c t e d t o t h e f i r s t i cde te rmi ra te , w e m i g h t s a y . . . t h a t t h e n e g a t i v e i s a t t r a c t e d t o i n d e t e r m i n a t e s g e n ~ r a l l y " (op. c i t . ,p . 1 4 5 ) . L a b c v c i t e s e x a m p l e s l i k e (1-3) b e l o w , w h e r e t h e (a) a n d (b) s e n t e n c e s r e p r e s e n t t h e s t a n d a r d d i a l e c t , a n d t h e (c) s e n t e n c e s a r e t h e i r n o c - s t a n d a r d e q u i v a l e n t s :

l a . I d i d n ' t f i n d a p r o o f cf t h ~ t h e o r e m i c a n y o f t h e s e t e x t s .

1 h . 1 f o u n d a proof o f t h e t h e o r e m i n n o n e o f t h e s e t e x t s .

I c . f d i d r , @ t f i n d a p r o o f cf t h e t h e o r e i s ifi n o n e o f t h e s e t e x t s .

2a, T h a t i s n ' t a c y t h i c g new. 2k. T k a t l s n c t h i ~ g new, 2c . T h a t a i n ' t n o t h i n g new,

3a, I d i d n ' t t e l l J o h n to F a i n t a n y o f t h e s e . 3h. I t c l d J o h n t o p a i n t n o n e o f t h e s e . 3c . I d i d n v t t e l l J o h n t o p a i r , t n o n e of t h e s e .

H e c o a m o n t s , t t T o a c h e r s a n d o t h e r o p p o n e r , t s of n o n - s t a n d a r d d i a l e c t s may argue t h a t t h e s e s e n t e n c e s ( i . e , t h e (c) e x a m p l e s , R A ) r e v e r s e t h ~ m e a n i n g . . . (o f t h e (a) a n d ( b ) e x a m p l e s , R A ) . P u t t h i s F s mere r h e t o r i c ; f o r a n y s p e a k e r o f E n g l i s h , n o matter how r e f i n e d , i s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h o e x i s - t e n c e o f n e g a t i v e c o n c o r d a n d r aa l i se s t h a t ( t h e ( c ) s e n t e n - ces) i n t e n d t h e same m e a n i n g a s ( t h e (a ) a n d (b) s e n t e n c e s ) , W h e n a n u n d e r l y i n g d o u b l e c e g a t i v o is i n t e n d e d , s p e a k e r s o f n o n - s t a n d a r d ~ n g l i s h u s e t h e same d e v i c e a s s p e a k e r s of s t a n d a r d E n g l i s h : h e a v y stress o n b o t h n e g a t i v e s t v ( o p . c i t . , p . 1 4 6 ) . T h a t is, m u l t i p l e n e g a t i o n d o ~ s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e n e g a t i v e s ' c a n c e l * ~ a c h o t h e r o u t : t h e c a n c e l l i n g o c c u r s u n d e r s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s o f f o c u s .

4. C f , S p e n c e r (1914: 118) : "Horatu is a neuter Roun derived from hora, t h e cutsid~, It Deans ' t h a t which i s outside', and b e n c e Ithat w h i c h is additional1 o r 'thet w h i c h i s e x c e p t e d ' ,

5 . Thus even on a s u p ~ r f i c i a f examination, it is not true that hcratu is followed by a riegative p r i n c i p a l v e r b or a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e t h a t is e q u i v a l e ~ t i n meanicg to a n e g a t i v e .

6 .0 W - 3 h a v e a t t e m p t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s t o g i v e a

f g r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f i n Kannada , a n d h a v e n o t &

t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h s v a r i o u s n e g a t i v e s ,

W+ h a v e showr, t h a t n s i t h s r a l l a nor i l l a c a n a p p e a r i n

n o n - t e n s e d s e n t e n c e s . We s o u g h t t o f o r ~ a l i s e t h e s e f a c t s by

t r e a t i n g t h e s e i t e m s a s c o n s t i t u e n t s o f A U X , a s t h e r e e x i s t s

a r e s t r i c t i o n o n t h e 3 p p e a r a n c s of A U X i n n o n - t e n s e d s e n t e n c e s ,

H-1 h a v e a l s o commented o n t h e n e a d f o r a p a s i t i c n f o r a non-

f i n i t e v e r b i n t h e VP. I t i s t h i s p o s i t i o n t h a t is f i l l e d b y

t h e n e g a t i v e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e w h i c h o c c u r s b o t h i n t e n s e d a n d

n ~ n - t z n s e d s s n t e n c e s , a n d b y t h e n o n - f i n i t e f o r a s o f t h e aain

v q r b t h a t o c c u r when i l l a is p r e s e n t i n t h e s e n t e n c e . He

t h k r z f o r 3 p r a p o s e d t h z f o l l o w i n g r u l e s f o r t h e b a s e :

S - -> { NP NP AUX ) ( NP VP 1

VP --> V p a r t , VP i ii

VP --> V A U X ii

A U X --> ( A s p e c t ) { T e n s e PNG f f ?lodal 1 C a l l a f f i l l a 1

we p o i n t s d o u t t h a t a l l a w o u l d h a v 2 t o b e s u b c a t e g o r i s e d t o

a p p e l r i f i l t h e c ~ ) ~ t e x t [I?? - 1, ar.d T e n s e PHC; r a s t r i c t a d t o t h e

c m t s x t [ V - 1. T h e nfq i l l a w i l l h a v e t o ba s u b c a t e g o r i s e d t o

a p p e a r i n t h e c o n t e x t s [ V - j a n d [ Loc -1, iJe a l s o h y p o t h e s i s e d

t h a t a r u l e a f V s r b - R a i s i n g v o u l 5 a o v f A s p s c t a n d a t t a c h i t a s

a J a u g h t o r t o VP, a n d t h a t a r u l a o f I r u - S u p p o r t a p p l i e s i n

t h s [NP N P A U X ] s e n t 2 n c e s . T o a c c o u n t f o r the s e a a n t i c s cf S

n e g a t i o n , we made us* o f t h e r u l e o f s e a a n t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h F o c u s , a n d s t a t e d t h e r a n g e s of a l l a a n d i l l a

a s fal lows:

Hanqe of s l l a .

I f t h e node u n d e r w h i c h a l l a is g s n e r a t e d is d i r e c t l y

d o r n i n l t e d hp a n o d + X , X a n d a l l t h e n o d t s d o m i n a t e d by

X t o t h e left of a l i a a r e i n t h e r a n q e 3 f a l l a .

fang* of i l l a .

I f t h e VP d o m i n a t i n g i l l a i s d o m i n a t e d b y a n o d e S t a n d

d o m i n a t e s a node S2, S 1 a n d 52 a r e i n t h e r a n g e o f i l l a .

I n t h 3 a b s e n c e o f s y s t o ~ a t i c ~ x p l o r a t i o n o f

l a r g d r a r e a s o f Kannzda s y n t a x , much o f wha t h a s b e e n s a i d

i n t h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n t e n t a t i v i l a n d e x p l o r a t o r y . T h e s t u d y

of t h + sy1; tax ~f t h e n a g d t i v r ~ o r m s o f a l d n g u a g a c a n n o t be

i s o l a t e d from t h e l a r g e r i s s u e s of t h e s y c t z x o f the V e r b

P h r a s e a n d the S e n t e n c e . I t seems t o u s t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

of t h s n e g a t i v e s a11a a n d i l l a i s s y m p t o m a t i c of a l a r g e r

? i s t i n c t i o r , between t u o b a s i c typis o f sentences i n Kannada:

v e r b l e s s c o p u l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s , a n d s e n t e n c e s w i t h v e r b s . Ye

h a v e s h o u n t h a t these two k i n d s o f s e n t e o c e s b e h a v e v e r y

d i f f e r e n t l y w i t h r e s p ~ c t t o t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s l i k e ~ q u i - N P d e l e t i o n

a n d R a i s i n g , a n d t o t h e k i n d s o f a d v e r b s t b s y p e r m i t . T h e s e

f a c t s must be k e p t i n nind when s t u d y i n g o the r d i a l e c t s of

Kannada i n w h i c h t h e v e r b l e s s c o p u l a t i v e s a n t e n c e s seem t o b e

only o p t i o n a l l y v e r b l e s s . T h e s t a t u s of t h a v e r b w h i c h appears

I n t h z s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n such d i a l e c t s n e e d s t o bt i n v e s t i g a t e d

ir d s p t h . Us h a v e s e e n t h a t i n t h e d i a l e c t u n d e r c o n s i d 2 r a t i o n f

t h e v e r b w h i c h d o e s s u r f a c e when t h e r e is a moda l i n t h e

s e n t e n c s , a p p e a r s t o be a dummy.

A p r e r e q u i s i t s f o r t h e r e s o l u t i o n of a v 3 r i o t y

of p r o b l e m s is a r e s o l u t i o n of t h e s y n t a x ~f t h e m a r k e r -AAGI.

N a d k s r n i (1970) h a s a t t e m p t e d a r e s o l u t i o n o f -AAGI; however,

h i s a n a l y s i s is a d h o c , and d a f i c i e n t i n s3me r e s p e c t s . B y

d e r i v i n g non-AAZI c o p u l a t i v e s from t h o - A B G I c o p u l a t i v e s w i t h

3n o t h a r w i s e u n m o t i v a t e d r u l s o f -AAGI d e l e t i o n , h e f a i l s t o

t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h - l a r g e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s y n t a c t i c

b ~ h a v i o o r o f t h + - A A G I rlrid the RCZ-AAGI { v s r b l e s s ) c o p u l a t i v e s ,

F u r t h e r , h e d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r s e n t e n c e s i n w h i c h -AAGT may b e

f o l l o w e d by v e r b s o t h e r t h a n iru ' t o be', H i s a n a l y s i s o f

s l l a is c o c s c q u s r t l y o f v e r y l i m i t e d v a l u e ; b y p o s t u l a t i r g t h a t

a l l a i s t h e n e g a t i v e o f t h e ' s t a t i v e v e r b g a a g u , h e is l e f t

w i t h the p r o b l e m o f e x p l a i n i n g why a l l a c a n n o t a p p e a r whec

- A A G I is f o l l o w e d b y a n y v e r b o t h e r t h a n iru . H i s a n a l y s i s

c a n n o t be a c c e p t e d , u n l e s s s e n t e n c e s i n h i s d i a l e c t o f Kannada

(we mus t k e e p i n mind t h a t l a d k a r n i is a b i l i n g u a l i n K o n k a n i ,

a3 I n d o - A r y a n l s n g u a q a w h i c h d o e s n o t a1 low v a r b l e s s s e n t e n c e s )

a r - shown t o b e r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t i n t h e i r s y n t a c t i c

b s h a v i o u r f r o m s e n t e n c e s i n t h e d i a l e c t o f Kannada u n d e r

c o n s l a t r a t i o n h e r e . T h i s p r o b a b i l i t y seems remote, a s e v e n

t h e o t h e r D r a v i d i a n ( l i t e r a r y ) l a n g u a g e s shcw p a t t e r n s o f

s y n t a c t i c b e h a v i o u r s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Kannada , S a l a y a l a m ,

f o r e x a m p l e , w h e r e a c o p u l a d o e s a p p e a r on t h e s u r f a c e ,

a l i o w s ~ a i s i n g o n l y o u t of c o p u l a t i v e s e n t s n c a s , a n d a l l a i s t h e

n o g a t i v s w h i c h a p p e a r s i n s u c h s e n t e n c e s . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f

t h e - A A G I m a r k e r seems t o b e a u n i f i e d phenomenon i n S o u t h

D r a v i d i a n l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g z s , a s t h e m a r k e r s -qaa [ i n T e l u g u )

a n d -= f i n ~ a m i l ) o c c u r i n t h e same c o n t e x t s . I n e v e r y case,

t h e m a r k e r is homcnymous w i t h tits p a s t p a r t i c i p l e o f a v e r b

m+an ing ' t o h a p p e n , t o b e c o w ' . I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t a d i a l e c t

o f ~ a n n a d a s h o u l d d i f f e r more r a d i c a l l y i n ' d e s p f s y n t a x t h a n do

o t h e r l a n g u a g e s o f th.i Sam-. y i n e t i c , and v t c y l i k e l y t y p o l o g i c a l

f m i l y ; h o w e v + r , t h i s is a n e ~ p i r i c a l Batter. We h a v + e a r l i e r

p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a s t u d y o f -AAGI may a l s o p r o v i d e a c l u e a s t o

t h e r s l l v a n c e of t h e n o t i o n s ' t e n s e d * a n d I n o n - t e n s e d ' , f o r

I tannada .

5.1 T h e s y c t a x of t h e V e r b P h r a s a i n Kannada n e e d s

t o bs i n v e s t l g a t e d i n d e t a i l . T h e VP is c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a

p r o l i x i t y of n o n - f i n i t e f o r m s ; N a d k a r n i (1970) is o f t h o

c p i n i o n t h a t m o s t o f t h e s e n o n - f i n i t e f o r m s h a v e a s o u r c e

i n an embedded s e n t e n c e , I t n e e d s t o be d e t e r m i n e d , however ,

t o w h a t e x t a n t a n a n a l y s i s w i t h m u l t i p l e e t a b e d d i n g s c a n b e

m o t i v a t a d i n a d s s c r i p t i o n o f t h a c u r r e n t l a n g u a g e . Ve

h a v z s e e n t h a t t h e r e a r e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h a n o n - f i n i t e main

v ? r b , n o t a b l y , a c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h a n e g a t i v e v e r b a l p a r t i c i p l e

a n d a l i m i t e d c l a s s o f ' a u x i l i a r y 8 , t e n s z - c a r r y i n g v e r b s . I n

o u r e x a m p l e s , iru ' t o be1 a p p e a r s a s o n e s u c h ' a u x i l i a r y 8

v e r b . A n o t h e r v e r b wh ich c a n a p p t a r i n s u c h c o n t e x t s is

hoogu ' t o g o ' ; t h e v e r b ' t o g o ' h e r e is s e m a n t i c a l l y e a p t y ,

much l i k e t h e s a m e v e r b i n t h e E n g l i s h c o n s t r u c t i o n s

' H e w e n t w i t h o u t f o o d f o r s e v e r a l d a y s ' , o r ' i t g o e s w i t h o u t

s a y i n g . . . I I n ~ r a v i d i a n l a n g u a g e s t h e v e r b 8 t o g o 1

i i p p e 3 r s i n suct : c o n t e x t s a u c h aor; r e g u l a r l y , i n c o m b i n a t i o n

nlth a v a r i e t y ~f E O R - f i n i t e ffiain v e r b s , e. g.,

b a r - a d e e h c o d a coms n s q . p a r t . go

s a g - a d 2 e h o o p i t u h a p p e n n e g . p a r t . g o

' d i d n o t c o m e *

' d i d n o z h a p p s n l

T h a s y n t a x o f t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i s i n t i m a t e l y c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h a t o f t h e * a s p e c t u a l c o - v e r b s t h a t a r a a r e g u l a r a n d

p u z z l i n g f s a t u r e r ,ot o c l y o f Dravidian l a n g u a g e s , b u t o f

Indo-Aryan l a n g u a g e s l i k e H i n d i , a s well, Ths s e l e c t i o n a l

r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e s e ' a s p e c t u a l * co- v e r b s seem t o d i f f e r

a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r t h e a a i n ( n o n - f i n i t e ) v e r b s are a f f i r m a t i v e

o r n o g a t i v e :

maaDi- h a a k d a d o p s t . p a r t p u t

'he f i n i s h e d t h a t b o r i n g w o r k 1

maaDf - m u g i s i d a d o p s t . p a r t . f i n i s h e d

' h e f i n i s h e d d o i n g t h e w o r k 1

# m a a D i - i d d a d o p s t . p a r t w 3 s

# ' h e d i d ' cf. maaDidda ,

'he h a d d o n e '

#maaD-adee h a a k d a do n e g . p a r t p u t

# 'he d i d n 't f i n i s h t h a t b o r i n g work @

#maaD-ades m u g i s i d a d o neg. p a r t . f i n i s h e d

X ' h 2 d i d n *t f i n i s h d o i n g t h e w o r k *

maaD-adee i d d a do n q . p a r t , was

' h e r e m a i n e d w i t h o u t d o i n g , h e n e g l e c t e d t o d o q

# m a a D i - i d d u - b i f ~ a a a a D - a d e s i d d u-b iTTa do p s t . p a r t , b z p s t . p a r t d o nag. p a r t . b e p s t - p a r t

l ~ f f_ l e f t

h e remained w i t h o u t d o i n g , he n s g l z c t e d t o d o a

I n d e t e r m i n i n g t h z s a l e c t i o n a l r e s t r i c t i o n s f o r t h e s e c o - v e r b s ,

p r a g m a t i c a s p e c t s of l a n g u a g e u s e must c a r s f u l l y b e s e p a r a t e d

f rom s y n t a c t i c phenomena, T h u s , w h i l e the c o - v e r b b i D u * t o l e a v e

a p p e a r s t o be u n a c c e p t a b l e i n a n a g a t i v e s a n t e n c e , it d o e s occtlr

i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e

1 2 6 . n a a n u p a a T h a o o d a l i l l a 3ata n i i n u messhTrige I l e s s o n d i d n 8 t r d a d COMP y o u t o t e a c h e r

h e e L (i) - b i Dal ( u ) - i l l a - v a l l a ? s a y pst. p a r t , l eave in•’, n o t neg . t a g

I h o p e you didn't f o o l i s h l y a n d h a s t i l y tell the t e a c h e r t h a t I: h a d n o t r e ad my l e s s o n !

T h s r 2 s t r i c t i o n s on the a s p e c t u a l c o - v g r b s may t h u s t u r n o u t

t o b s p r a g m a t i c , s y n t a c t i c o r s e m a n t i c , d e p e n d i n g o n

p a r t i c u l a r v e r b s .

We h a v e r a i s e d raore q u e s t i o n s i n t h i s t h e s i s t h a n

u+ h a v e a n s w e r e d , o r e v e n a t t e m p t e d t o a n s w e r . @e h o p e , h o w e v e r ,

t h a t i n t h i s p r e l i a i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n o f negation i n Kannada , we

h a v s nnt;.d som- phenomena t h a t a n y s t u d y o f n e q a t i o n i n this

l m g u a q e - a n d sors so, a s t u d y of t h e s t r u c t u r e o f negation

i a S o u t h D r a v i d i a n l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e s - B u s t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t .

It i s i m p e r a t i v s t h a t work i n i n d i v i d u a l l a n g u a g e s towards a

s a t i s f a c t c r y r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e k i n d s o f i s s u e s w e have r a i s e d

ba u n d e r t a k s n , befors a n y g e n e r a l i s a t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o

D r a v i d i a n l a n g u a g e s a s a w h o l e , can b e ~ a d e .

BIRLIOGRWPEY

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