Negocios Internacionales 3

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Chapter 1

Globalization

and International

Business

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

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Chapter Objectives

• To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other

• To understand why companies engage in international business and why international business growth has accelerated

• To discuss globalization’s future and the major criticisms of globalization

• To become familiar with different ways in which a company can accomplish its global objectives

• To apply social science disciplines to understanding the differences between international and domestic business


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Introduction

What is Globalization?• Globalization is a process of Integration that tends to create

a single global market, where products are traded, produced by companies whose origin is difficult to determine, as their operations are spread over several countries.

• The globalization process began after the Second World War, but accelerated in the eighties and especially the nineties.

Globalization is the ongoing process that deepens and broadens the relationships and interdependence among countries. International Business is a mechanism to bring about globalization.


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International Business

International business consists of all commercial transactions—including sales, investments, and transportation—that take place between two or more countries

Increasingly foreign countries are a source of both production and sales for domestic companies


A Little History Of International Business


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International businesses are an area that began to develop in the 1950s. At that time there were many multinational companies and most of them were Americans.During the 1970s and 1980s, international business, changed drastically. The economic growth of the countries of the European Community and Japan, coupled with the great progress made by several newly industrialized nations, made focused attention in this field.

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Studying International Business is Important

• Most companies are either international or compete with international companies

• Modes of operations may differ from those used domestically

• The best way of conducting business may differ by country

• An understanding helps you make better career decisions

• An understanding helps you decide what government policies to support


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International Business: Operations and Influences


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Factors Contributing to Rapid Growth of International Business

1. Increase in and expansion of technology

2. Liberalization of cross-border trade and resource movements

3. Development of services that support international business

4. Growing consumer pressures

5. Increased global competition

6. Changing political situations

7. Expanded cross-national cooperation


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What’s Wrong with Globalization

• Threats to national sovereignty• Economic growth and environmental stress• Growing income inequality and personal stress• Offshoring – the transferring of production

abroad – is controversial in terms of who benefits when costs are reduced and whether the process exchanges good jobs for bad ones.


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Companies Engage in International Business

• To Expand Sales: pursuing international sales increases the potential market and potential profits

• To Acquire Resources: may give companies lower costs, new and better products, additional operating knowledge

• To Diversify or Reduce Risks: international operations may reduce operating risk by smoothing sales and profits, preventing competitors from gaining advantage


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Modes of Operation in International Business

• Merchandise exports and imports• Service exports and imports

Tourism and Transportation Service Performance Asset Use

• Investments Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Portfolio Investment


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Multinational Enterprises

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) take a global approach to markets and production. Sometimes they are referred to as multinational corporations or companies (MNCs) or transnational companies (TNCs).


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Difference Between International and Domestic Operations

When operating abroad companies may have to adjust their usual methods of carrying out business.

Foreign conditions often dictate a more suitable method, and the operating modes used for international business differ from those used on a domestic level.


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Physical and Social Factors Affecting International Business Operations

To operate within a company’s external environment, its managers must have knowledge of business operations and a working knowledge of social sciences, and how they affect all functional business fields.


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Physical and Social Factors Affecting International Business Operations


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Competitive Factors Affecting International Business

• A company’s competitive strategy influences how and where it can best operate.

• A company’s competitive situation may differ in terms of its relative strength and which competitors it faces.


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Competitive Factors Affecting International Business


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Future of International Business and Globalization

• Further globalization is inevitable.• International business will grow primarily along

regional rather than global lines.• Forces working against further globalization and

international business will slow down both trends.


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Negocios Internacionales 3

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