Hierakonpolis 2005/2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Its the Pits! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Our First Season at Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4An Enigmatic Bird from HK25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Bigger than an Elephant: More Surprises from HK6 . . . . . . . .7When is a Tomb Not a Tomb? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9New Tombs and New Thoughts at HK6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11A Scorpion for Eternity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Fort-ified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Color Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Mapping Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18The Pottery Kilns at HK11C Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

The Forgotten Potter of Horemkhawef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Adventures Underground: The New Tomb on Old Kingdom Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Archaeobotany at Hierakonpolis 2005/2006 . . . . . . . . . . .23Pillow Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24A Lot of Old Rope: Cordage at HK43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Vive la Diffrence: Examining Diversity in Upper Egyptian Cemeteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Resurrecting Horus and Pepi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Why Bury the Bird? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Home Page: Christmas at Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

NEKHEN NEWSPublished for

The Friends of Nekhen

Volume 18 Fall, 2006

The Fort FixersIn This Issue

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Hierakonpolis 2005/2006

NEKHEN NEWS is published for The Friends of Nekhen

Tori MuirSpot-on CreativeDesign/LayoutEmail: tori@spot-on-creative.com

All photographs copyrightHierakonpolis Expeditionunless otherwise indicated.

www.hierakonpolis.org

Rene FriedmanDirector, Hierakonpolis ExpeditionEditor of the NEKHEN NEWSEmail: friendsofnekhen@yahoo.com Dept. of Ancient Egypt & SudanThe British MuseumLondon, WC1B 3DG, UK

David Sharp and Topy FiskeAssociate Editors

Friends of NekhenMiddle East StudiesUniversity of Arkansas202 Old MainFayetteville, AR 72701 USA

Period Date BCBadarian 44004000Naqada I 40003800Naqada II 38003300Naqada IIIAB 33003050Unification/Narmer 3050Dynasty 1 30002890Dynasty 2 28902686Old Kingdom 26862160First Intermediate 21602055Middle Kingdom 20551650Second Intermediate 16501550New Kingdom 15501069Third Intermediate 1069656Late period 664332Ptolemaic 33230Roman 30AD395

Time Line

We need you to renew!Thank you for your continuing support of our work atHierakonpolis. Your membership in the Friends of Nekhenmakes so much of what we do possible, and now there areseveral places to read all about it!

Technical difficulties kept us from bringing you updatesfrom the field in 2006, but see www.archaeology.org forfully illustrated reports on the Fort and our adventures onOld Kingdom hill. Also check out all six issues of AncientEgypt magazine (vol. 6) for full color coverage of our workpast and present. In addition, Nekhen News 15 (2003) isnow on-line at www.hierakonpolis.org. Hard copies of backissues 10, 12, 1417 are available upon request e-mail us at friendsofnekhen@yahoo.com.

Our new map. How did we do it? Thanks to you see page 18.

The 20052006 season of the Hierakonpolis Expedition willlong be remembered, if for no other reason, for the number(and size) of the holes we managed to get ourselves into.

Starting off in November, there was the hole that mys-teriously opened up near the tomb of Horemkhawef, lead-ing into an unsuspected warren of subterranean burialchambers of the late Second Intermediate period (see p. 21).This was soon followed by Thomas Hikade, leading his firstseason of exploration at HK29B, near the predynastic tem-ple, who discovered an oval arrangement of large posts thatmay be part of the enclo-sure wall of the sacredprecinct, or potentiallymuch more (p. 4). Later, atHK6, both holes and postswere found in profusion,indicating that the alreadyextraordinary Tomb 23 wassurrounded by a vast com-plex of remarkablyelaborate above-groundstructures (pp. 713).

The discoveries atHK29B and HK6 will nodoubt rewrite the history ofpredynastic architecture,but in light of the sheernumber of posts and post-holes encountered just thisseason, we may also needto reconsider the ecology ofPredynastic Egypt. AtHierakonpolis, we havearchitecture made not sim-ply of branches and bun-dled reeds, but ofsubstantial logs that weretall enough to require post-holes over 1m deep. Suchtimbers indicate access to full forests of mature trees. In a cli-mate that may still have experienced seasonal rains, flashflooding and a high inundating Nile, wood architecture is agood choice. It is only as the climate desiccated and woodbecame scarce that mud-brick became a useful, if second-best, option. The continued imitation of wooden architec-tural forms, for example at the Step Pyramid complex atSaqqara and later in the screen walls of Ptolemaic temples,shows that wood had a special resonance for the ancient

Egyptians. It is exciting to think that at Hierakonpolis weare finding the actual wooden prototypes on which thislong-term love affair was based.

In the dry climate of Egypt, mud-brick stands up well,but after 5,000 years, it, too, needs a little help. The moreenduring architecture of the Fort was also addressed this sea-son, as substantial repairs successfully got underway, whichare making a visible difference to the appearance and appar-ent demeanor of this august monument (p. 14). In addition,we also investigated more of the predynastic kilns at HK11C

(p. 19) and undertook someexploration in our own store-rooms. Digging it up is, ofcourse, only one part of thecomplicated process of under-standing the past. This year,detailed analyses of previouslyrecovered materials by a num-ber of specialists have pro-duced major new insights,sometimes found in the tiniestdetail (pp. 2326). Last, butnot least, after years of collect-ing the necessary data andthanks to the Friends ofNekhen, our beautiful newtopographic map has beenproduced (opposite page), giv-ing us a whole new perspectiveon the past, present and futureof Hierakonpolis.

For making this anothersuper season, we are grateful asalways to our many Friends ofNekhen, and especially to Tomand Linda Heagy, the LaSalleBank, Francis Ahearne, CarolMcCanless, David andCrennan Ray, Larry and Renee

Stevens and Stewart White. Grants from the NationalGeographic Society (for HK6),the World MonumentsWatch, a program of the World Monuments Fund (for theFort), the Science and Technology Joint Fund of the US-Egypt Partnership Program (botanical research), and TheSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada(HK29B) also made many aspects of the 20052006 seasonpossible, all of which contribute to our greater understandingand appreciation of this remarkable site. Thank you all! b

Its the Pits! by Rene Friedman

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In the pits at HK6.

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The first campaign of the University of British Columbiasexpedition to Hierakonpolis actually began with a shoppingtour in the byways of Edfu an introduction for teammembers new to work in Egypt every bit as intriguing as theprospect of the upcoming season! Upon arrival at BeitHoffman and a brief tour of the site, everyone settled inquickly to their new home. The next day, work began.

This year we focussed on the sandy tract north of the cer-emonial center at HK29A (see Nekhen News 15), which welabeled HK29B and HK25. The excavation was conductedin 5x5m squares, and a total of 25 squares were opened in ourone-month season. In some units the natural Pleistocene siltdeposits were reached after removing only 510cm of sand,but in the southern part of HK29B these silts had a rippledsurface. Detailed investigation of this feature suggests that thearea was flooded several times and then reclaimed. Becausethe area is rather small, this cannot be seen as evidence for amajor abandonment of the settlement, but rather as a tem-porary situation caused by the rising waters of the Nile or oneof its branches. However, it shows that the flood waters attimes came very close to the precinct at HK29A, and this maybe significant for understanding its cultic function.

From the beginning, almost all the squares containedindications of postholes, and the discoloration of the sandshowed the remains of wood. But it wasnt until our work-man Salah Mohammed el-Amir pointed us in the directionof a suspicious round depression in the northwestern partof the area that we really got ourselves into a hole sev-eral in fact! Opening up on the slightly elevated area, we dis-covered 10 large postholes, some with a diameter of 1.10mand a depth of 1.301.40m. A few contained remains ofwood posts, measuring up to 4050cm in diameter, but

unfortunately in a very fragile condition due to termites.Eight of them formed an oval, measuring 6 x 5m, with twoposts in the middle.

Both the size of the postholes and the wood remainsallow for a reconstruction of wooden poles rising perhaps67m above ground. From this oval group a trench with fur-ther postholes running in a southeasterly direction could befollowed for a distance of approximately 30m.

When plotted, the architectural remains at HK29B showa striking alignment that is almost parallel with the orientationof the HK29A precinct, suggesting that they might be part ofan enclosure wall for a large sacred complex. However, otherreconstructions are also possible. Located 3040m away fromthe temple, the HK29B remains may, in fact, be a com-pletely separate entity that can be reconstructed in a numberof ways. One option would be to reconstruct the oval as a setof 10 flagpoles, but it is also possible to suggest a circular tentshrine with the inner posts set higher to carry the roof of the

Our First Season at Hierakonpolis by Thomas Hikade, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Intriguing evidence: rippled silts and post remnants.

At work at HK29B.

Salah in a posthole.

Pho

to: T

Hik

ade

Pho

to: T

Hik

ade

Photo: B Boehm

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tent. An intriguing third variant is to imagine carved woodenstatues filling the holes. There are some indications that this ideamight not be too far-fetched. It has recently been proposed thatthe famous colossal stone statues from Coptos, standing almost3m high, were arranged tosurround that early shrine.Although on a muchsmaller scale, several stoneand ivory statuettes fromthe Naqada I period possessstylized heads of beardedmales and lower bodies inthe shape of a pole. Puttingthe two ideas together, wemight suggest that the holesat HK29B were dug forcarved wooden statues act-ing as imposing guardiansfor the sacred site atHK29A, the shrine ofUpper Egypt.

The excavations pro-duced only a few smallfinds, but thousands ofsherds and lithics wererecovered. The repertoire offorms is mainly consistentwith a Naqada IID date(33003200 BC), making

HK29B broadly contemporary with HK29A; however, therewas also earlier (early Naqada II) and later (Naqada IIIBC)material.

Further to the northwest, only a few units were openedin the area called HK25, revealing an unlined fireplace meas-uring about 2 x 1.5m. Some mud-bricks were found 2maway from the fireplace, but were not aligned in any partic-ular order. In and around the fireplace were ash, charcoal anda large amount of remarkably large pieces of vats, indicatingthat food processing, most likely involving the brewing ofbeer, was conducted here. An intriguing sherd decorated withan incised bird was also found (see next article), but most puz-zling are the many fragments of rhomboid bifacial knives andso-called fishtail knives, all of which had been burnt. Thesefine flint knives mainly occur in cemeteries and are very rarein settlements, sowhat are they doingat HK25 and whyhave they beenburned?

These are onlysome of the manyquestions that havearisen from ourfirst season atHierakonpolis, and infall 2006 we hope tofind answers for someof them. T

Map of HK29B and the temple at HK29A. Inset shows the mysterious oval arrangement of postholes.

Burnt flint knives from HK25.

Photo: T Hikade

Posthole closeup. What did they hold?

Pho

to: T

Hik

ade

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An Enigmatic Bird from HK25 by Gillian Pyke and Rick Colman

The ceramic assemblage from the excavation of HK25 sug-gests that this area was used for food preparation, probablybrewing and baking, on a large scale. One of the surprise findsamong the fragments of large rough-ware vats, shale-temperedhole-mouth jars and bowls and other utility wares was a Redpolished jar sherd incised with a picture of a bird.

The avian drawingappears complete,showing that it is not apot-mark, but wasincised on the sherdafter the pot had bro-ken, making it an ostra-con. Other examples ofthis this type of reuse ofsherds are known fromHierakonpolis, espe-cially in the area of thetemple at HK29A

(see Nekhen News 9: 10 and 15:8), and include depictions ofcattle, antelope and the emblem of the goddess Bat. FromHK25, we now have the drawing of a bird, but which bird?

The bird is drawn with a small head from which hangs along plume (nape plume). Its beak is curved at the end, the necklong and the body plump with a short, flaring tail. The latterseems to be foreshortened to fit into the available space, as arethe legs, which are rendered as simple lines with no feet indi-cated. There are several lines within the birds body, but onlythe curved line descending from the back might be interpretedas indicating a wing. Behind the bird is an inverted V-shape,set at a diagonal pitch. This is clearly an intentional part of themotif, but its meaning, like everything else, is uncertain.

While the bird is shown with several seemingly distin-guishing characteristics, it has proved very difficult to match itto a specific species. The curved beak and the shape of the neckare most closely comparable to those of the ibis family. Amongthem, the long nape plume suggests the hermit ibis (Geronticuseremita). This ibis is best known as the hieroglyph representingthe sound akh (Gardiners sign list G25, see above) and wasused to spell various words, most notably akh, the spirit of the

transfigured dead, accounting fora frequency in inscriptions atodds with its current place onthe endangered species list.While the dynastic hieroglyphmore realistically depicts the neckruff of feathers, earlier represen-tations tend to be more stylised.

An Early Dynastic ivory panel (furniture inlay?) found byQuibell in the Main Deposit at Hierakonpolis shows a pro-cession of humans and animals in several registers. In the mid-dle of the fourth register is a bird that bears an uncannyresemblance to our example. More recently, similar depictionshave been found incised on the smallivory labels from the Abydos tomb U-j (Dynasty 0, c. 3200BC), where thisbird, in particular, has become part ofa heated discussion about early writing.Controversially, it has been suggestedthat the hermit ibis on several of thetags, shown in conjunction withmountains, is to be read phoneticallyas the word for east (iakhet), in theearliest combination of readable hiero-glyphs meaning eastern mountains, as opposed to, for exam-ple, ibis mountain, if it were simply picture writing.

The debate rumbles one, but most scholars agree thatthese tags were used to identify the origin or destination ofthe goods or offerings to which they were attached. Might thisbe the function of the pottery ostracon at Hierakonpolis?Predating the Abydos finds by a few hundred years, if the birdon the sherd is a hermit ibis, it may also be of importance forthe beginnings of writing, but unfortunately the identifica-tion is not ironclad.

Birds incised on the small bottle found in HK43 Burial 213,the intact grave of a small child, dating to Naqada IIB and,therefore, closely contemporary with HK25, also provide food

for thought (see Nekhen News 14:11).Like the HK25 bird, those on thepot have relatively plump bodies andcurved beaks. Their small triangularwings identify them as ostrichesrather than flamingos despite theirproblematic curved beaks. Moreimportant, however, are the enig-matic symbols placed below and tothe right of the larger of the two birdson the HK43 pot. The rectangularsign above the HK25 bird is anotherpoint of comparison and may suggest

that our enigmatic bird is to be identified with the ostrichand/or flamingo, birds that are well known in predynastic art.

While the identity of the HK25 bird may remain anenigma and the ostrich versus flamingo debate far from solved,there can be no doubt that these incised pictures conveyed amessage; we just have to decipher it! O

n

Bird on the Main deposit ivory.

The bird ostracon from HK25.

Bird on the pot fromHK43 Burial 213.

Ivory tag from Abydostomb U-j.

Last seasons excavation of Tomb 23 at HK6, the largest knowntomb of the Naqada IIAB period, was as exciting as it was sig-nificant. The scale of the tomb chamber (c. 5.40 x 3.10m; over1.17m deep), its superstructure, chapel, and enclosure wall,along with the many fine artifacts it contained, suggest thatthe tomb belonged to a powerful ruler who controlled the vastcity of Hierakonpolis and probably a large portion of south-ern Upper Egypt at an earlier time than ever expected.

Further enhancing this rulers high profile, exploration ofthe areas to the north, south and east of the tomb in February-March 2006 place Tomb 23 within, and potentially as the focusof, a mind-blowing complex of above-ground architecture. Solarge, its full extent was beyond our ability to investigate evenafter the two months of dedicated field work made possibleby a grant from the National Geographic Society.

Our initial goal was to determine the relationship ofTomb 23 to the 10-year-old African elephant buried in Tomb24 to the south (see Nekhen News 15:912). Hasty salvageexcavations in 2002-2003 had led us to believe that the ele-phants grave was surrounded by a superstructure composedof four big posts, only three of which had been excavated.Werent we in for a surprise! Clearing back on all sides of Tomb24, our one missing post turned into 10 large conical post-holes, dug down over 1.3m to the bedrock. In addition, anactual post, a 45cm wide log of acacia complete with its bark,was found just below the surface!

Plotting their location, it soon emerged that these posts part of a structure 17m long were arranged in 6 rows withat least three posts per row (the southern limits are stillunknown). It also soon became clear that the two postholes

found in 2003 strangely within the floor of Tomb 24, onepartly covered with the articulating ribs and vertebrae of theelephant, were part of this arrangement. This can only meanthat posts from this pre-existing multi-columned buildingwere removed to accommodate the elephants burial at a laterdate, though how much later, we dont know.

Although the elephant may be a later addition, he was notan afterthought, judging from the ritual deposits found at thetwo preserved corners of the structure. While tracing the linesof smaller posts that formed the north, east and west wallsof the complex, in the northwest corner we came upon a massof melted white gypsum plaster that once coated the walls (seeA on map). The traces of green paint observed on the plas-ters surface were note-worthy enough, buteven more fascinatingwas what lay below it.Here, in shallow depres-sions in the underlyingsoil, was a deposit ofover 20 small trapezoidalarrowheads, two beauti-ful tanged arrowheads, alarge piece of importedobsidian, and a full-sizedimitation fishtail knifewith incised lines andstripes of red paint indi-cating the bindings of ahandle. Made of softgreen steatite (soap-stone), the cutting edgewould not have beeneffective, yet its edgeshad been given the fine

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Bigger Than an Elephant. More Surprises at HK6. by Rene Friedman

Tomb 24 and the surprising columned structure around it.

Amid the postholes, a remarkably well-preserved post!

Fake fishtail knife with fine serra-tions along the cutting edge.

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serration of a flint original. However, the star find was an ani-mal expertly chipped in flint (a dog or running gazelle),lending further support for the idea that these flint animalfigurines were made specifically for use in votive offerings.

Even more exciting (at least for me), potsherds from thisdeposit could be refitted to give us our first complete exam-

ple of the redslipped, unpol-ished ritual ves-sels known alsofrom the templeat HK29A.After 20 years oftrying to accom-plish this feat,we were so

pleased with our lovely pot that we toured it around thehouse and posed it for pictures at various beauty spots (seeback cover)!

Intriguingly, another vessel of this type had been partlyreconstructed by Barbara Adams from pieces retrieved nearthe northeast corner (B) of the same compound in 2000. Theparallels dont end there, as her excavations also produced areal flint fishtail knife and a large number of trapezoidal

arrowheads (45e x a m p l e s ) .Resuming theinvestigation ofthe northeast,we recovered 15more trapezoids,two completeh o l l o w - b a s earrowheads withlong elegant wings, and, most remarkably, part of a flint ele-phant! The head, pendant lower lip and trunk with a dis-tinctive indent at the tip were carefully knapped in gray flint.Thus, it seems likely that the rituals of which these artifactconcentrations are remnants were undertaken with the Tomb24 elephant in mind. The symmetrical distribution of theserare artifacts is striking and suggests that similar rituals wereperformed near each of the north corners. It will be interest-ing to see what the southern corners have in store!

The relationship of Tomb 23 to the Tomb 24 complex isstill unclear. Separating the two compounds is a corridorroughly 4m wide that appears to have been kept clean. At itswest end the corridor is closed off by a row of posts designedto miss the corners. On the east side another cross wall is sim-

ilarly configured toavoid the corners ofboth the Tomb 24complex and the enig-matic Structure D9(see next article).While the full extentand nature of theTomb 24 structureremains to be investi-gated, we can onlyassume that the ele-phant is associatedwith Tomb 23,although a larger andeven more elaboratetomb may still be wait-ing to be found to thesouth. Watch this space! k

The Tomb 24 complexwas excavated withthe assistance of RickColman, StephanieMcMullen, BernieDickman and XavierDroux.

The flint gazelle.

A portrait of an elephant.

Plan of the excavated area at HK6 in 20052006.

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When is a Tomb Not a Tomb? by Liam McNamara, St Johns College, Oxford and Xavier Droux, Bulle, Switzerland

The first day of work in the elite cemetery at HK6 began witha good omen. While re-establishing (and re-numbering) thesite grid, several fragments from at least two new ceramicmasks were observed lying on the surface at the eastern edgeof the wadi terrace (square B7). The upper left portion of onemask could be reassembled: it features an arching eyebrowabove a cut-out eye, a well-modeled ear with a deep circularimpression for the ear hole, and a series of piercings along thescalp line, presumably for the insertion of hair. Continuinga theme developed last season, the ear of another mask andtwo more fragmentary, but possibly unrelated, ears were alsorecovered. Was it going to be another good y(ear)?

Presuming that the masks had been thrown out from atomb located nearby, we plotted their positions and beganexcavating in earnest. The surface in this area looked relativelyintact, so the chances of uncovering a largely undisturbedtomb seemed high. Of course at Hierakonpolis thingsare never quite what they seem!

As well as recovering a few more mask fragments, ourwork revealed a line of closely spaced posts, c. 612 cm in

diameter, runningn o r t h s o u t h .Around some ofthe posts was athick packing ofcoarse white plas-ter, in places stillcovered with anexterior coat offiner quality, someof which waspainted! Although

small and poorly preserved, the designs include rows of dots,chevrons, alternating squares, and a motif reminiscent of theflowering stem of the so-called Naqada plant. Comparisonswith the famous Painted Tomb seemed inevitable, and westruggled to contain our excitement at the prospect of findinga new tomb to rival Tomb 23, located only 25m to the west.

Many days of digging in the hard desert soil on the west sideof the wall, however, revealed nothing but natural deposits, peb-bles and large rocks. High winds prevented us from exploringour fragile painted wall further at this time, and with our hopesof finding a tomb dashed, we abandoned the area and movedto squares D9D10 on the east side of Tomb 23. Perhaps here,adjacent to the real thing, we would have more luck, or fail-ing that, at least find more fragments of the limestone statue(see Nekhen News 17: 57). After several more days of diggingthrough sterile soil, we had a couple of ashy pits and only fourmore pieces of the statue to show for our efforts; sadly it seemsthat the core of the statue, to which the now over 560 fragmentsonce fitted, must have been hauled away long ago.

Our enthusiasm was seriously beginning to waver, whensuddenly we came across a large area of fire-discolored earth,4m from, but parallel with the enclosure wall of Tomb 23.Further excavation revealed a line of closely-spaced posts,and eventually a rectangular structure about 9.5m long NSand 5.75m wide. In total, more than 150 posts were observed,those on the west and east having been severely burned atsome point in antiquity.

Surely this time we had found the enclosure wall for atomb; yet, further excavation revealed a building whose focuswas entirely above ground. There was no tomb or substruc-ture within it! Instead, the walls surrounded two rows ofrather shallow post-holes (c. 50cm in diameter) set approxi-mately 2m apart running down the centre of the structure.In one of the eight pits, a wooden column (c. 20cm in diam-eter) was partly preserved.

New masks and more ears!

Fragments of painted plaster.

The plastered wall. Arrow points to painted plaster.

Although digging and plotting posts and holes can get a lit-tle tedious (especially for Hamdy, who we renamed PostmanPat), on occasion Structure D9 did give up some of its secrets.Near the northeast corner, a shallow pit (Deposit D see map)contained two rare hippopotamus tusk figurines, both with aperforated loop at the tip. As usual, these figures occur inpairs, one of them solid, the other hollow for part of its length,the significance of which remains speculative. The same depositalso contained a worked ivory plaque, a selection of smallround hematite pebbles, and several shells from the Red Seacoast including cowrie, Cerithidae/horn shell and cone shell.Another deposit (C), found near the southeast corner, con-tained 36 Nerita shells undisturbed in two clusters. Notably,this apparently votive offering was found beneath the lenses ofash produced when the wall burned, demonstrating that thisdeposit was made before the destruction of the building.

Structure D9 could be distinguished from the other areasunder excavation not only by its lack of substructure and itsconcentrations of sea shells and ivories, but also by the large

amount of ostrich eggshell found within it, two fragments ofwhich bear incised decoration. Also conspicuous by theirabsence were the unpolished red ritual bottles and flint arrow-heads of the other compounds. In fact, a long rectangular flintblade, c. 12 x 3.2 cm, was the only tool found in associationwith the structure. This differential distribution of artifacts sug-gests that each of the buildings surrounding Tomb 23 serveda separate purpose, but whether each had a different focusremains to be determined.

Structure D9 remains a mystery. Is it part of a muchlarger funerary complex associated with Tomb 23? Could itbe an offering chapel, or a covered storage area for com-modities used during the burial rites? This type of architec-ture is unparalleled for the predynastic period, and is anotherfirst for Hierakonpolis.

While on the topic of firsts, towards the end of the sea-son, excavations along the line of posts in squares B7B8 wereresumed, and the wall was traced for a total of 21mnorthsouth; it continues under the sand for an unknown dis-tance in both directions. It is tempting to suggest that thisfence is the enclosure wall of the entire cemetery, and that thedesigns painted on it served as the highly visible prototype forthe images which appear later in the Painted Tomb. This mayalso be the way the recurrent motifs on pottery and othersmall objects became known in the Naqada II period. Butthese conjectures can only be proven by further excavation,which we are now anxious to undertake in January 2007.

Locality HK6 undoubtedly has many more secrets to dis-close secrets that promise to challenge our understand-ing of elite burial practices in predynastic Egypt. So, whenis a tomb not a tomb? Answer: when its something poten-tially far more exciting! ;

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Uncovering the sea shell deposit at Structure D9.

Overview of Structure D9.

Coming Upin 2006/07Follow along as we try our hand at reproducingauthentic Nekhen Beer(for scientific purposesonly, of course!)

Updates at:www.archaeology.org(technology willing).0

Beer vat being prepared.

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The area to the south and east of Tomb 23 may continueto baffle, but at least on the north side we knew what we had:tombs. Three new tombs were uncovered, probably ofslightly later date than Tomb 23, but each with new infor-mation to impart.

Tomb 26, although only about half the size of Tomb 23,is not small. With a length of 3.30m, width of 1.45m, anddepth of 1.07m, it ranks among the largest in Egypt for itstime. Its high status is also clear from the above-ground archi-tecture around it, showing that Tomb 23 is not unique in thisrespect. It was surrounded on four sides by walls of small postsset into a trench over 50cm deep, with eight larger postsflanking the tomb chamber; three on each long side, and oneat each short end. Although badly disturbed, the grave con-tained the fragmentary remains of four individuals, includ-ing one juvenile, and a number of rare and surprising objects.

The most striking was a calcite statuette of a stylised scor-pion found near the top of the tomb. Although the majorityof its raised tail is lost, the tip with the stinger was founddeeper down. In the center of the flattened body, a drilled holeapparently allowed it to be mounted on a stick. Similar in styleand size to the more fragmentary examples found by BarbaraAdams in Tomb 23, together these figurines stand at thebeginning of the special, but still not fully understood, rela-tionship that Hierakonpolis had with the scorpion. This is bestexemplified by the large number (27) of scorpion figurinesfound in the Main Deposit.

In addition tosome lovely garnetbeads, a fragmentarypalette and limestonevessel, the tomb alsocontained an object ofgreen serpentinecarved originally withfour protrudingknobs of differentheights. It resembles amacehead in thePetrie Museum (UCL 15407), although ours was apparentlymade in two pieces. The reverse is flat with a longitudinalsemi-circular groove made by rotational drilling, suggestingthat a matching piece was once present. The knobbed macehead is believed to represent influence from Southwest Asia,where such objects are better attested, and, as the only one everrecovered from an excavated context, our example may helpto date these controversial connections.

Other foreign contacts are shown by sherds from aPalestinian loop-handled jar found scattered throughout thetomb. Although imported vessels are better known in UpperEgypt in the Naqada IICD phase, with an explosive increasein early Naqada III at Abdyos, an earlier date for theHierakonpolis example is likely. Similar jars were found at thenorthern site of Maadi, near Cairo, and a connection with that

New Tombs and New Thoughts at HK6 by Rene Friedman

The knobbed macehead from Tomb 26.

The excavated area around Tomb 23. New tombs and new questions.

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site is further indicated by a fragmentof a small jar with incised dashes at theshoulder made of Delta fibre-ware. Aslab of translucent selenite (crystal-lized gypsum), a material common atMaadi, was also recovered.

Further west, Tomb 27 is a rec-tangular tomb with rounded corners(1.9m x 1.2m, c.1m deep). The legsof an adult were found scattered, butthe torso of a juvenile, 1417 years ofage, was uncovered still in place,flexed on its left side, in an inset areacut into the floor. The much degraded remains of a leathergarment or bag were found near the pelvis.

Nearby were two fragile sealings made from unfired claythat had been molded over a twisted fiber and pressed into ashape resembling a date pit, 2.1cm long. Unlike similarly

shaped seals from Abydoscemetery U, those from Tomb27 are not impressed withdesigns and writing, but arepainted in red with dashes andlines that have mostly flakedoff. These unique objects areunlikely to be beads, as the claywas pressed over the twinewith little care to ensure that

the string would emerge evenly at the ends. Instead, they maybe the first glimmerings of early writing to be found atHierakonpolis.

South of the tomb, a row of small posts may form part ofthe superstructure or wall around the tomb, but no furthertraces of it could be detected due to erosion.

Finishing off the season, Tomb 28 was excavated. It isroughly oval, measures 1.2m long by 4070cm wide, and con-tained only sheep/goat and dog remains. Its date is unknown.

Although much remains enigmatic, the discoveries of thelast two seasons at HK6 are shining an entirely new light on

Hierakonpolis andits role in the birthof the Egyptianstate. With a vol-ume of over 20m3,its burial chamberalone makes Tomb23 the largest of itst ime, while theever-growing archi-tectural complexsurrounding it

leaves little doubt about the status ofthe man or the family interred here.The recovered pottery suggests adate not later than Naqada IIB, buttighter dating is difficult becausemuch of the assemblage is influ-enced by ritual usage.

As elsewhere in the cemetery,indisputable evidence for a NaqadaIICD phase is missing. This is atime when the locus of elite burialsmoved 2km away to the PaintedTomb cemetery. This relocation may

not have been peaceful, as the burning of Tomb 23 andStructure D9 and the intentional destruction of the statuesuggest. The vulnerability of the above-ground architectureto such violence may well have been the catalyst for mov-ing features like the chapel and the painted decorationunderground, as seen in the Painted Tomb.

It is still hard to know what to make of all this architec-ture. A dynamic use of the buildings is obvious from their var-ious modifications, but the walls running between thedifferent complexes and the discrete nature of the artifactassemblage within them suggest that an explicit inter-con-nection was intended. Our knowledge of predynastic archi-tecture is still very limited, but based on later evidence and ageneral understanding of the tomb as a house, we may pro-pose that Tomb 23 and its associated complexes form a modelof an elite residence or even a palace compound, constructedfor the eternal use of its master and his family. More researchis necessary, but we can now say at least one thing for sure:while the scale and materials may change with time, the dra-matic display of power is not the invention of First Dynastykings, but has much older and far richer roots. w

Seals from Tomb 27 (drawings by J.Smythe).

The Maadi pot.

Palestinian import from Tomb 26.

Calcite scorpion statuette from Tomb 26.

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The scorpion from Tomb 26 is typical of early stone sculpture.Highly stylised, the animals pincers are reduced to curvy stumps,the eyes and legs unmarked, and only the segments of its taildefined. Drilled through the body is a hole which served to fixit onto a support. Two comparable scorpion figures were foundin Tomb 23. The grandeur of that tomb identifies its originaloccupant as a ruler, and invites the question whether these fig-

ures are themselves a marker ofkingly ownership. CouldTomb 26, also of exceptionalsize, have belonged to anotherearly sovereign? Later evidenceregarding scorpions seems tosupport this hypothesis.

Some four centuries afterthe figurines were made,King Scorpion presentedhis votive macehead to thecity temple at Nekhen. Itshows, as his name, not sim-ply a scorpion, but one atopa post. This betrays the

artists familiarity with statues like those from HK6 andunderlines their local significance. The scorpion on the mace-head is depicted in the fuller detail that two-dimensionalrelief allows, but the same type of figure is surely intended.

Representations of a scorpion on a support recur through-out pharaonic history, when its iconography becomes fixed,both in terms of shape and its combination with other symbols.The scorpion is invariably shown in its smooth archaic formwithout legs, but the pincers look increasingly like humanhands! The animal rests on what is now a sturdy, tapering base,which by the New Kingdom is mistaken for a cloak. Alreadyin the first historical depictions, under King Djosers StepPyramid and in his South Tomb at Saqqara, the mounted scor-pion joins other symbolic items: fans and door hinges. To thesame group belongs a basin filled with water, first attested inthe reign of Snofru. Wherever encountered, these enigmatic

items appear behind theking, at times carried byattendants, showing thatthey were originally physicalobjects, but usually held byquasi-animated hieroglyphsdenoting qualities withwhich the king was deemedendowed: enduring lifeforce and total power.

At the sed festival, theking renewed these quali-ties, which bestowed all-embracing dominion.Initially, it is in this contextalone that the scorpion andits companions occur. Onlyfrom the late Old Kingdomdo the symbols turn up inother types of scenes, cli-maxing in boundless the-matic variation in the reignof Queen Hatshepsut. Shekeenly employed theseantique signs of royal divin-ity, although their originalmeaning was all but forgot-ten. From the late NewKingdom, their usage becomes restricted, and their depic-tions are often corrupt.

Sources are not explicit on the origin and meaning of theindividual symbols, but the fans, used also as sunshades, rankedforemost and are the easiest to interpret. They rose over the kingwherever he appeared in public, announcing the arrival of thedeus praesens. They gave him protection, and since air andshadow are vehicles of divine manifestation, a fan also betokensgodly presence within the king. The door hinges evoke the uni-versal extent of Pharaohs power. From the late Second Dynasty,depictions of the sky show its outer reaches shaped like doorhinges, and later evidence suggests these referred to cavities atthe borders of creation, where earth and heaven meet. Until theThird Intermediate Period, the sky is not normally shown overanyone but deities and the king, as theirs alone is a might thatpervades the cosmos. The water symbol represents a key sourceof life, placed likewise under the kings control. But what to makeof the scorpion?

In historic times, the scorpion on a post becomes associ-ated with the scorpion goddess Selket(-hetyt), she who causes(the throat) to breathe, and so it has been suggested that thescorpion symbol represents control over the breath of life.While this may be correct, for various reasons it is unlikelythat Selket, a Delta goddess, was originally connected withthese figures. In earlier times, the scorpion seems to have beena more general symbol of singular power, to which the kingwas naturally assimilated especially so at Hierakonpolis,where our scorpion figurines may already have played a rolein rejuvenation ceremonies, asserting godlike power for eter-nity through their inclusion in the rulers grave. j

A Scorpion for Eternity by Marcel Mare, British Museum

The scorpion and related symbolsin Djosers South Tomb.

Scorpion figurines from Tomb 23.

Scorpion macehead.

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Thanks to the generous support of the Friends of Nekhen andthe World Monuments Fund, the enormous task of con-serving and preserving the massive structure we call the Fort(a.k.a. the Second Dynasty Enclosure of Khasekhemwy) con-tinued during the 2006 season, using our now practicedapproach of careful, manual construction.

Returning at the start of the new season, it was importantto check how our previous efforts had weathered the summer.We were very pleased, for not only were the bricks we had laidstill in place, but our improved brick recipe had achievedexcellent results. A mud-brick that can be shaped with amasons tool without crumbling and thrown against the dig-house walls without shattering is quite an impressive achieve-ment for unbaked earth.

Repairs made the previous season needed only a littlepointing with mortar to complete the join between the newconstruction and the ancient, but there had been no majorsettling or shrinkage due to water evaporation over the sum-mer. Feeling confident of our methods, it was time to tacklesome of the larger fixes, particularly the crumbling, but struc-turally important, southwest corner.

Having already reinforced the compromised foundationswith compacted earth, we could get started at this corner with-out further ado. The first 14 courses were laid in early February,and included the sill or socle that juts out for half a bricklength at the base of the walls, acting as a foundation or level-ling course, as well as a springboard for the decorative pilasters.Although the number of brick courses in the sill vary aroundthe monument to make up for undulations in the underlyingtopography, traces of it still present on both sides of the gapallowed us to rebuild it with accuracy. However, we decided notto reconstruct the pilasters that once adorned the corner, as nonewas preserved. After leaving the masonry to dry, we returnedin March and took the construction up to 4m, nearly filling thegap. Before finishing it off, we must assess the effect of the over6000 newly laid bricks on the restructured foundations. To

monitor this, bars of soft plas-ter were inserted at the junc-tion between the new andancient brickwork; these willsnap in two should there beany settling or shrinkage.

Our first major repairwent off without a hitch, butwhat we had thought was arather clever solution to theproblem of raising thedeflated ground surface alongthe west side proved to haveunexpected complications.Last season we built fired-brick retaining walls to holdthe re-deposited earth and cre-ate a strong base for a segmentof perimeter wall. Unfortunately, over the summer the fired brickbecame the focus of a theft, though one quickly thwarted by ourguard Gamal, who was as incredulous as we were. Since you cantprotect against some peoples stupidity, we had to rethink theapproach; in the end, we opted simply to backfill the dips andpits that covered the entire area. This massive task was admirablyaccomplished by the workers transporting thousands of basketsof fill from the nearby spoil-heaps by donkey cart, and spread-ing it, wetting it and compacting it all by hand. By the end ofthe season, the ground surface around the entire monument hadbeen raised to the level of the lowest brick or higher, securingthe foundations against future erosion.

Plaster bar inserted to monitor movement.

The southwest corner fortified.

Fort-ified by Richard Jaeschke, archaeological conservator, United Kingdom

The loyal Guardians of the Fort.

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We were also ableto address some of themore tricky and dan-gerous aspects of thework, particularly theproblem of filling thetunnel-like holes thatrange from foxholes,barely wide enough toadmit your head, tocaverns into whichyou could walk. As wehave no way to pro-tect against unsup-

ported bricks falling within these holes and the injuries thatmight cause to anyone below, instead we devised a method oflaying bricks by remote control. Inspired by one of my favoritetopics pizzas and the ovens that bake them I manoeu-vred a long plank into the hole. I then buttered a brick withmortar, placed it on the plank, and, using a smaller length oftimber as a pusher, slid the brick into place. Abdullah, themason, quickly caught on to this method and was soon adeptat the precise placement of each brick into these dangerousholes at a safe distance.

Wider areas of collapse, particularly the so-called centralgap running for 30m along the west wall, pose a differentproblem. Destabilized by deep pits cut into the foundations,we needed to clear away the rubble and build secure newfootings. But, this was a risky business: the unsupportedmasonry above was actively shedding bricks, and full removalof the rubble threatened to destabilize the area still further. Toolarge to repair all at one time, we needed a way to support thewall, whilst causing the least disturbance. To accomplish thisgoal, we cleared two small sections, each about 1.5m wide,spaced out within the gap. After filling and reinforcing thefoundations, we built buttresses pillars of brick to sup-port the overhang and create a safe working space in which to

carry out further repairs next season. While the buttressesstart to fill the middle, we also attacked the gap from each end,where we were delighted to find the original hard desert foun-dation still intact, making it possible to implement repairsimmediately. The new masonry on each side will stop the gapfrom expanding laterally. It can now only grow smaller!

Along with bricks and mortar, our guards have proved tobe an effective conservation measure by keeping children (andothers) at bay. As a result, the Fort has become an increasinglydesirable residence for various critters. A couple of desertfoxes, unnervingly observed to run into a hole on the interiorand emerge seconds later on the outside of the west wall, hadto be gently evicted as we plugged that breach. More welcomeare the six bee-eaters, with their dazzling green feathers, whouse the Fort as their base. If they want to keep down the pop-ulation of hornets and wasps, we have no objections at all.Other residents, of great significance at the City of the Hawk,is a family of three falcons which has taken up the penthousesuite atop the wall. Frequently to be seen swooping down toobserve our work, we do hope they approve.

Now visibly stronger and healthier, the Fort itself seemsto enjoy all this attention, and lets us know in some ratherspooky ways. One particularly windy day, the swirling dustmade working conditions quite unpleasant. When we over-stayed our breakfast break by just a few minutes, the wind roseto a howling pitch. I jocularly commented: The Fort isangry because we are late, and everyone laughed; but thesmiles froze on our faces when, as we picked up our tools, thewind immediately stopped.

What next? In 2007, thanks to a grant from theAnnenberg Foundation, we can continue the repair of theexterior west wall and undertake the dangerous and daunt-ing task of supporting the northeast corner. Here, a massiveoverhang created when the lower walls collapsed in 2001 isdefinitely not going to get better by itself. However, with yourcontinued support, we are confident that it and the rest of thishistoric monument can, and will, be Fort-ified! !

The pizza oven method of repair.

Building the buttresses in the central gap.

Photo: R Jaeschke

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Ivories, shells and blade from Structure D9.

Garnet beads from Tomb 26.

Painted mud sealings from Tomb 27.

Looking up the wadi, an overview of the complexes surrounding Tomb 23.

Tomb 26 and surrounding architecture.

Objects from Deposits A (upper) and B (lower) found at the corners of the Tomb 24 complex.

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Highlights of HK6

Vol. 182006

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The Best of the Rest

The glint of gold: fragment of the gilded micro-face mask.

Kiln excavations at HK11C.

Nested bowls in the burial chamber.

Oval arrangment of postholes at HK29B.

Fragments of painted plaster from a mummy mask.

Potters in Horemkhawef.

At work at the Fort in 2006.

The Fort-fixers.

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Photo: T Hikade

Photo: M Baba

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Old Kingdom Hill

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Walking around Hierakonpolis, even a small area of it, for justa few days, one cannot fail to notice that it is big really big!With archaeological remains stretching for roughly 3kmSENW by 2.5km SWNE, it a site of significant size. Afterspending several weeks in 2002 mapping New Kingdom Hill not all of it mind you, just the part with the tombs andreturning in 2005 to map Old Kingdom Hill again justthe portion with the tombs I fully appreciated the daunt-ing task of mapping the whole site.

It was clear that the only practical and efficient way to mapHierakonpolis and its surroundings would be by photogram-metry based on aerial photography. Fortunately, recent advancesin satellite imagery have made accessible high quality imageswith a resolution of less than one meter per pixel. Thanks tothe Friends of Nekhen, we hadalready obtained marvelous0.7m pixel imagery ofHierakonpolis in 2003 (seeNekhen News 15), which gaveus an incredible birds eye viewof the site and started us on theway to an overall map. But westill lacked that elusive thirddimension and the accuracythat it could help us obtain.

Our satellite image, likeall photographs, suffers fromdistortion at the edges andsome angular error becausethe picture is taken at aslightly oblique angle in spiteof the high altitude of thesatellite. Additionally, thechanges in altitude of the tar-get terrain further distort theimage; objects at higher altitude, being closer to the camera,look larger than objects at lower levels. The solution to theseproblems is to use a stereo pair of images, taken at slightlydifferent angles. The parallax, or difference, between the twophotographs allows the viewer to see the terrain in threedimensions. The relative differences can provide actual ele-vations for the region of stereo coverage as long as a numberof spot elevations, i.e., control points, are used to calibrate theimagery, and camera parameters and altitude are known.According to my calculations, the stereo pair, along withsuitable control points on the ground, should theoretically beable to provide a 2m contour interval for the wholeHierakonpolis region.

In practice, however, acquiring all the necessary infor-mation was not that easy. Only one of the two major com-mercial providers of satellite imagery, Digital Globe, couldprovide both the stereo pair and also the background infor-mation necessary for creating the map.

The next obstacle was finding a company that could com-pile the imagery and actually create the contours from satel-lite data. Although many agreed it was theoretically possible,only HJW Geospatial in Oakland, California, agreed to giveit a try, and thanks to the generous donations to the Lets Makea Map fund, we were able to order the stereo pair images toour exact specifications.

Ground control for the photogrammetry consisted of thetopographic survey, which I had done at rock-cut tomb sites

in 2003 and 2005, togetherwith the original series of hor-izontal and vertical controlpoints throughout the siteestablished by DavidGoodman in the late 1980s.This control network pro-vided HJW with the basis toobtain the 2m precision thatwe knew was theoreticallypossible and to create an accu-rate topographic map. Theresult is breath-taking (seepage 2) and may well be thefirst topographic map of anarchaeological site made inthis way another first forHierakonpolis?

In addit ion to thedetailed contours, we arenow able to locate various

localities and landmarks with high accuracy. The coveragegoes beyond the site and includes both Elkab across theriver and the pyramid of Kula, a few kilometers to thenorth. In future we will also be adding additional data forthe local villages, agricultural fields and other modern cul-tural features.

Using the contour map and the stereo imagery as a base,I am now compiling the various plans made over the years atthe different localities into a comprehensive series of maps thatcan be fitted precisely into the overall site topography. Thiswill serve as a base to tie together the work of the past and thepresent at Hierakonpolis, and, more importantly, it will helpus accurately chart the future. [

Mapping Hierakonpolis by Joel Paulson, San Diego, CA

Out in the wadi, Joel sets the control points.

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The Pottery Kilns at HK11C Revisited by Masahiro Baba, Waseda University, Japan

Pottery is the most common find at all Predynastic sites (thoughperhaps more so at Hierakonpolis than anywhere else!). Whilesome aspects of Predynastic pottery have been studied exten-sively, its production technique is stillobscured mainly because so few kilnsand workshops have been found. It isfor this reason that the excavation ofSquare B4 at HK11C in 2003 was sosignificant, as it revealed further cluesabout the method, scale and firingtechnology used in Predynasticceramic production.

In that first season, the remains ofseveral kilns were uncovered (seeNekhen News 16:1819). The first,Kiln A, took the form of a man-madeplatform of burnt mud and potsherdsabout 30cm high, in which several cir-cular firing pits, about 1m in diame-ter, had been cut. Indications of anearlier kiln structure were observedbeside the platform at a lower level(Kiln B), and traces of a wall and darkash to the south beyond the excavatedarea suggested a later kiln at a higherlevel (Kiln C).

Clearly, more work was needed,and in March 2006 excavationsresumed. We opened two small units:Grid A, a 5x2m excavation area adja-cent to the south, and Grid B, an areaof 1x5m to the east. In the both units,at least two different phases of occu-pation were revealed on a lower andupper level, and what was previouslya simple story became far more com-plicated not a rare occurrence atHierakonpolis!

In the lower level of Grid A, exca-vation of the feature tentatively iden-tified as Kiln C in 2003 revealed ahorseshoe-shaped depression filled with charcoal and ash. Thisfeature showed no evidence of high temperature burning, so wasnot a kiln. Instead, it was probably a disposal area for ash com-ing from Kiln A. Meanwhile, excavations in Grid B showed thatthe wall once believed to form part of Kiln C is actually anextension from Kiln A. Made of stones cemented with mud andpotsherds, this wall was approximately 30cm high and pierced

by two regularly spaced openings. Its full extent and purpose,however, are still unknown, as it continued eastward beyondthe excavated area. On its north or interior side, the ground had

been strongly burnt to a hard red andwas covered with thick deposits of char-coal and ash. Potsherds from this levelsuggest that activity at the kiln can bedated to the early Naqada II period.

In the upper (later) occupation, thearea around the wall had filled up withcharcoal, ash and other debris, and wastransformed into a pottery workshop.In the east, two rounded holes, about20cm in diameter, and a shallow basincoated with layers of white mud plas-ter suggest that the clay or paste for potmaking was prepared here, perhaps inthe shade of a structure or awning tojudge from the line of posts found inthe vicinity. To the south, use of the dis-posal area continued; therefore, itappears that Kiln A was still function-ing, but using the pits on the top sur-face of the platform rather than theside. These activities continued until atleast the mid-Naqada II period.

These new discoveries suggest thatpottery production was carried out ona larger scale than previously thought.We now realize that platform Kiln A isnot an isolated feature, but part of alarge and more complicated complexthat was used over many years. Theconstruction may seem rather ad-hocand the firing technology simple,involving the placement of the pots inpits and then covering them with mudand potsherds (see Nekhen News 17:20),but, if the pits in the platform werefilled and fired together, a large numberof pots could have been produced.

Although the shape and size of this complex are stillunclear, even at this preliminary stage the excavations atHK11C are providing important insights into early Egyptianpottery production. The area obviously has the potential totell us much more, and in February 2007 we intend to returnfor the next installment in the developing story of the kilnsat Hierakonpolis. s

Phased plans of the kilns.

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The Forgotten Potter of Horemkhawef by Rene Friedman

For an understanding of Predynastic pottery technology weare dependent solely on the discovery of kilns, traces of themanufacturing process on the pots themselves, and experi-mental reproductions. In the Dynastic period, however, theselines of evidence can be supplemented by tomb scenes andmodels showing the ancient potters in action.

In 1977, R. Holthoer published an influential corpus ofthese important scenes of pottery production, but sadly leftout the potter in the Second Intermediate period tomb ofHoremkhawef at Hierakonpolis. Although the scene hadbeen published (after a fashion) by Wreszinski in 1927, theconservation and study of the tomb, which was made possi-ble by a grant from ARCE-EAP, have allowed us to see pre-viously obscure details and realize its significance for thehistory of ceramic technology.

The scene is important for several reasons. Although thepotters workshop was a popular motif in the Old and MiddleKingdom, the scene from Horemkhawef is one of only twoknown depictions of pot-making in post-Middle Kingdomtomb art. The other scene is in the mid-18th Dynasty tombof Kenamun at Thebes (No. 93), and both share much incommon. The Hierakonpolis scene is also the earliest evidencefor what has been hailed as a true innovation of the NewKingdom the use of an assistant to turn the wheel andtherefore allow the potter to form the vessel with both hands.Previously documented only in the tomb of Kenamun, theforgotten potter of Horemkhawef now pushes back this inno-vation by over 100 years into the Second Intermediate period.

The workshop in Horemkhawef s tomb is located in asmall register on the west wall. It shows two men kneeling oneither side of a low potters wheel. The man on the left, help-fully labeled in hieroglyphs as potter, is shaping a round-basedpot. Steadying the vessel with his right hand, his left is insertedin the neck as he forms the rim. Remarkably, the hand is fullyvisible as if the pot were transparent. The man on the right is

the assistant.He grasps thewheel withboth hands,turning itround for thepotter, whomay be help-ing to keep itsteady withhis forwardfoot.

Although potters wheels with high or medium stands arecommonly shown in Old and Middle Kingdom scenes, thepotter in Horemkhawef works on what is called the extra-low wheel, a type that was in use from at least the 11thDynasty and into the New Kingdom, where it is shown alsoin the tomb of Kenamun.

This turning device consists of a wheel-head, which eitherhad a projection on its underside allowing it to rotate, or, morelikely by the time ofHoremkhawef, wasmounted onto a set ofcarved stones, one with aprotruding pivot that fit-ted into the socket in theother. Actual examples ofthese stones have beenrecovered from lateMiddle Kingdom Sarasin Nubia, Tel el Daba, and Canaan, where the technologyseem to have originated. In Horemkhawef s scene, the wheelis shown seated directly on a socket stone that was probablypartly embedded in the ground for stability.

When lubricated the hard stone pivot would allow for agood spin, and Dorothea Arnold has linked the use of thiswheel type to various improvements visible on the pottery ofthe late 13th Dynasty. However, now that we know that theassistant was already present at this time to provide a contin-uous spin, it is possible that the improvements resulted fromthese two innovations together. If one will pardon the pun,the socket stones and the assistant may go hand in hand.

The technique appears to have been refined in the NewKingdom. In Kenamuns tomb, the assistant is shown at aslightly lower level, probably kneeling in a pit in order to turnthe wheel more efficiently, an arrangement used until recentlyby traditional potters in Crete. While the assistant is nowlower, the potter has moved up. Seated on a stool, his foot ismore clearly shown against the wheel than in the tomb ofHoremkhawef. However, whether he is aiding in its rotation,and thus heralding the very beginnings of footwork thatwould ultimately lead to kick wheel technology (attested byc. 500 BC) and the assistants eventual unemployment, or sim-ply steadying the wheel, is not clear.

Despite some minor differences, it is intriguing that theselast two tomb scenes of pot-making should be so similar indetail. Now that the potter of Horemkhawef is no longer for-gotten, it may be that the use of the extra low wheel and theassistant was more widespread at the dawn of the NewKingdom than the paucity of evidence suggests. b

The potters in Kenamuns tomb.

The potters in Horemkhawef.

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We had been warned, but nothing could have prepared us forthe shock of seeing the hole that had opened up over the sum-mer in the courtyard floor near the tombs of Horemkhawef andNy-ankh-Pepy on Old Kingdom Hill. Having walked thisarea hundreds of times while conserving the tombs, the dis-covery was both exciting, giving access to an unsuspectedlabyrinth of subterranean burial chambers, and worrying, asthe quality of rock in to which it was cut was frighteningly poor!

Rene was the first to enter the hole, created by the par-tial collapse of the ceiling. What she found was an undecoratedchamber 2.95m square and 1.3m high that had been relativelywell cut into poorly consolidated sandstone on three sides. Thefourth (east) side, however, was a perilous tumble of rock. Adebris-filled corridor, leading down to a lower-level chamber,could be seen on one side of an unstable stone pillar, behindwhich were evidently more rooms. Testing with a probe indi-cated that the carved out areas extended at least another 3m,but because they were choked with rubble from the fallen ceil-ing, there was no way they could be entered safely.

In the main chamber, a test trench along the west wallrevealed a dense jumble of disarticulated burials mixed withjust enough pottery to provide a provisional date of lateSecond Intermediate period (SIP)/early New Kingdom (NK)and just enough painted plaster to keep us intrigued.

In January 2006, Rene assigned me the job of excavat-ing and shoring up the tomb. Digging was difficult becauseof the low ceiling. Only two workers at a time could fit intothe small chamber while the dirt was hauled up on a pulleyattached to a tripod precariously positioned above. The unsta-ble nature of the rock was always a concern; however, with theassistance of Rick Colman, we managed to clear about 80%of the chamber to floor level while staying clear of the col-lapsing east wall, which threatened to subside at any minute.

The tomb chamber was originally entered from the southvia a shaft descending from one of the mud-brick chapels sur-rounding the courtyard. It was an often-used entrance, judg-ing from the nearby stratified remains. Beneath the looseupper debris, we first encountered the partly articulatedremains of a burial, while just below were, miraculously, threecomplete bowls nested together. Two were of a rough typecalled flower pots, but really of unknown function; thethird was of better quality with a lustrous red coating and awhite band at the rim. Both styles are characteristic of the lateSIP and early NK. When three nearly intact burials of chil-dren were discovered a little deeper, it was disappointing tofind only more disturbed burials below them. But as weneared the floor, things began to change markedly.

First, there was a red object, which in the gloom of thetomb was hard to make out, but a well-directed sunbeamrevealed the paintedupper torso of a limestonestatue! Although frag-mentary, it can be datedto the SIP based on style:the strong rendering ofthe pectorals, the medialline of the stomach mus-cles and the drawn-inwaist are typical of stat-ues of that period.

The next pass with thetrowel revealed somethingeven more exciting theglint of gold from amicro-face mummy

Adventures Underground: The New Tomb on Old Kingdom Hill by Joe Majer, San Francisco, CA

Down below there was a very scary east wall!

Investigating the hole in the courtyard with bucket, pulley and tripod. The limestone statue.

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mask. Common in the SIP and into the early NK, they arecalled micro-faces because the face is so small, ranging in sizefrom 12cm to just 4.5cm. Cast in a separate mold, the plas-ter face was incorporated into a helmet-like covering madeof thinner plaster that was placed over the rest of the head,shoulders and upper chest.

The little micro-faces are an amazing piece of artistry, butthe overall effect when in place on the mummy does seem abit strange. It has been suggested that the face is not that ofthe person within, but their spirit or ba, which took the formof a tiny human-headed bird. The ba could leave the tomband travel, but it had to return each night to reunite with thecorporeal body. Without this periodic contact the deceasedwould perish. Perhaps the face of the ba on the mummyhelped the spirit return home or magically insured that thetwo were reunited come what may.

Incredibly fragile, many excavators comment on how diffi-cult it is to excavate this type of mask, and how easy it is to over-

look their tiny traces. Withall of the excitement over thegilded fragment, we did notpay much attention to a lumpof chalky white plaster foundat the same level. Covered inmud, and only 6cm in diam-eter, we thought it was a bot-tle stopper until RichardJaeschke pointed out the faceon the other side! No doubtoriginally covered with goldfoil, it shows that at least twoof the tombs many occupantswere rich enough to affordsuch masks.

In all, the remains of 32 individuals (16 adults,11 juveniles and 5 infants)were recovered. Painstakingmending and careful analysisof the pottery, including at

least three ceramic canopic jars painted with a scallop patternin red to imitate alabaster, revealed no intrusive material fromlater periods. This was clearly a tomb that had been used often(and rifled occasionally) into the early New Kingdom.

When we finally reached the floor, another surprise awaitedus: a large circular hole! It seems that when the ceiling col-lapsed, it hit the floor with such force that it broke intoanother chamber below, easily done since there was only about20cm of rock between the two. Examination with probes sug-gests the lower chamber is about the same size as the upper,but to clear the debris and investigate would have made thestructure more unstable and dangerous than it already was. Wehad always assumed that the hill was honeycombed withtombs, and we were right!

Now that the floor of onechamber had become theroof of another,stymieing plans toshore up the crum-bling rock, it wastime to stop, mapand plan, for thefortuitous collapseof the burial cham-ber ceiling hadopened up an entirelynew window into the vastunderground history ofHierakonpolis. H

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Joe and Hamdy in the hole.The molded plaster micro-face. Micro-face mask from Nubia.

Plan of the courtyard and tombs (old and new) on Old Kingdom Hill.

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Hundreds of soil samplesand pot contents collectedfrom various localitiesaround the site were inves-tigated for botanicalremains this season, thanksto a grant from the US-Egypt CooperativeResearch Program.Although we usually sepa-rate plant macro-remainsfrom soil samples by dry-sieving through 0.5mmmesh, we applied the flota-tion method this timebecause we had so much toprocess. Flotation is a fastand simple method based

on the nature of organic material to float on water. First, we care-fully divided the samples, saving half for other analyses, and thenpoured the remaining soil into a bucket of water. After a quickstir, the botanical materials began to rise to the surface. We thencollected the materials with a tea strainer, placed them gently ona small square of cheesecloth, tied them up in a bundle and hungthem on a line to air-dry. Once dried, the remains were examinedunder a microscope where many interesting aspects of life and ecol-ogy at ancient Hierakonpolis were observed.

Particularly interesting was the analysis of the contents of thejar recovered from HK43 Burial 387 (Marley; see Nekhen News16:67). This conical pot was found with its fragile basket lid stillfirmly in place. Although we tried to maintain this arrangement,

the lid detached over the summer, revealing a perfectly preservedloaf of bread resting on dark ashy sediments. Although similar tothe round loaf found in Burial 71, which was so filled with chaffthat it may have been a false offering, the one from B387, madefrom well-prepared flour, appeared far more palatable. The dark ashysoil filling the rest of the pot is generally believed to be the remainsof a funerary feast or residue from the family hearth. It containedthe fruits of the Christs thorn tree (nebk in Arabic, jujube inEnglish), melon seeds, emmerwheat and, significantly, free-threshing wheat, which is perhapsbetter known as durum or maca-roni wheat. This archaeobotanicalevidence shows that PredynasticEgyptians had the option to cul-tivate two types of wheat, butchose emmer, as demonstrated bythe high frequencies of emmer grain and spike remains atHierakonpolis and elsewhere, lasting into Graeco-Roman times.

The grains and rachis internodes of the free-threshingwheat sealed in the Burial 387 jar are the oldest confirmedrecord of this type of wheat in Ancient Egypt! As the mor-phology and dimensions of the grains cannot be used to dis-tinguish it from other types of wheat, the identification isbased on the presence of spike remains.

As its name suggests, free-threshing wheat does not requirelaborious processing because the grains fall clear of the chaff dur-ing threshing. Emmer wheat, on the other hand, is much morelabor-intensive. Threshing only breaks the cereal ear up intospikelets (grains still tightly surrounded by a hull, called aglume), which then must be processed by pounding, millingand winnowing to separate the grains from the chaff. Althoughconsiderably less work, free-threshing wheat is almost unknownin Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. As our recent discoveryshows the Egyptians had the choice since Predynastic times,why did they chose to struggle with emmer wheat?

They probably did not care about the high protein, lowgluten content of emmer wheat as compared to durum, andthey may not have noticed its early maturity and resistance todrought and fungal diseases. What they almost certainly foundappealing was its storability. The tough spikelets that were sodifficult to remove also conferred significant protection overthe stored grains against insects, pests and diseases. In a coun-try where, until the widespread introduction of coinage byAlexander, wages were measured out in wheat and fortuneswere stored in silos, the survival of every grain must have mat-tered. Although emmer wheat is now rarely cultivated world-wide, it clearly had its benefits in Predynastic Egypt. 1

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Archaeobotany at Hierakonpolis: 2005/2006 by Ahmed Fahmy, University of Helwan & Mohamed Fadl, University of Beni Suef, Egypt

5600 year old bread!Marleys pot (HK43 Burial 387).

Mohamed Fadl examines the resultsof the flotation.

The loaf inside the pot.

Rachis internodes of free-threshing wheat (grid = 1mm).

Photo: Photo: A. Fahmy

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The recent discovery and excavation of KV63, the new 18thDynasty tomb in the Valley of the Kings, have led to much webdiscussion of pillows in ancient Egypt. Mysteriously, none ofthe seven wooden coffins found in the tomb contained abody; instead, tightly packed within coffin G were six linenpillows stuffed with feathers or down. More pillow talkensued from the recent analysis of the bitumen-based coatingon a pillow stuffed with tiger-nut grass and yellow-nut sedgefrom a grave at Sedment el-Gebel in Middle Egypt (FirstIntermediate period; c. 20551985 BC). Most of our infor-mation on pillows and cushions is based on evidence gleanedfrom wall paintings and the few surviving examples in museumcollections, such as the Sedment pillow mentioned above,now in Manchester, a down-filled chair cushion from thetomb of Yuya and Thuya now in Cairo, and an unprove-nanced oval cushion or pillow in the British Museum.Inevitably, during the course of the dialogue the question ofthe first pillow was raised. The answer should of course be obvi-ous where else but Hierakonpolis!

To the best of our knowledge, the earliest extant examplesof pillows in a funerary context come from the workerscemetery at HK43. The burial of a 4050 year old female with

an infant at her feet(Burial 92, Naqada IIBc. 3650 BC) yieldedremnants of a leatherpillow. It was stuffedwith chaff of emmerwheat, including theforks, rachis andglumes. Although ithad been broken dur-ing plundering, stuffedcorners of the smalland delicate pillow

survived. The greatest concentration of chaff and leather wasunder the womans head, leaving no doubt about its function.

In the slightly later Burial 333 (Naqada IIBC), a linen pil-low cradled the head of a woman, who, from the wealth of enig-matic, magical objects in the basket buried with her, appearsto have been someone of importance in this community (seeNekhen News 15,1821). The pillow consisted of approxi-mately 35 layers of an open-weave textile that had been foldedover numerous times, with a layer of leather apparently insertedbetween the folds. The pillow had compacted to a maximumthickness of 3cm, but was not stuffed at any stage.

Although there are early reports of leather pillows underthe heads of two bodies in graves of the Badarian period (c.

44004000 BC), their identification as such is not conclusive.One female burial excavated by Guy Brunton (Grave 5802 inThe Badarian Civilisation and Predynastic Remains near Badari,1928) had crumpled leather under the head forming what wasperhaps intended to be a pillow. A male burial contained a sim-ilar pillow, on which the presence of a seam and edge over-stitched with a leather thong is reported (Grave 5806). The malewas wrapped in skins and matting, and traces of textile andplaited leather remained. Whether these two examples wereactually pillows, or remains of the skins in which bodies of thetime were often encased, remains a moot point.

At the German Institute excavations on Elephantine,directed by Dietrich Raue, I recently analysed the textiles fromtwo intact, wrapped First Dynasty burials dating to the timeof Den (Naqada IIIC1, c. 3000 BC). The male had the remainsof what appears to have been a linen pillow filled with grainunder his head. The pillow had been torn apart by rats whofeasted on the contents and then met a gruesome death inthe deep granite sinkhole from which they could not climb out!

Undoubtedly, examination of the evidence shows thatBurial 92 from HK43 provides the earliest occurrence of astuffed funerary pillow. But what was the significance of pil-lows in burial contexts? Was their inclusion a tender act of car-ing for the comfort of the dead? Or was the cereal fill in someof them evidence of early beliefs in fertility and regenerationin the afterlife? In typical Egyptian fashion it could be a mix-ture of both. Certainly the cooler, if seemingly less comfort-able, option of the headrest, which is known possibly fromthe First Dynasty (according to Petrie at Tarkhan), but cer-tainly from the Third Dynasty, was believed to have strongprotective powers, keeping the head in place and eternallyraised up, forming an image of the eternally rising sun. 8

Pillow Talk by Jana Jones, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

The fabric pillow beneath the head in Burial 333 at HK43.

Fragments of the leather pillow fromHK43 Burial 92.

Archaeologists excavating in Egypt have several advantagesover colleagues working in other parts of the world, amongthem, a climate so favorable that organic materials are oftenvery well-preserved. However, this fortunate situation does notmean that all classes of Egyptian organics have attracted manyenthusiastic investigators, and it is only in recent years thatscholars have started to study artifacts such as cordage andleather systematically. Analysis of this material is now under-way at Hierakonpolis, and the cordage recovered from theworkers cemetery at HK43 was examined in 2006.

The idea of cordage as a separate category of small findsis a phenomenon that is not often encountered on excavations,yet its important role in society through the ages is undeni-able. Cordage is a multi-purpose, multi-functional and, aboveall, reusable item that has been employed by humanity for avery long time. In fact, one of the oldest examples of cordagedates back to more than 35000 years BP, and a piece about17000 years old was found in the Lascaux caves.

Cordage in one of its primary uses to tie things together is encountered in several graves at HK43, where it was usedto tie matting or hide around the body of the deceased. Theterm cordage, however, covers more than simple linear strandsused for binding and tying. Netting used for fishing or to carrygoods can also be regarded as cordage. While not as well-pre-served as the fishnet found in the contemporary predynasticgrave at Adaima (S416), a twisted network of cordage in HK43Burial 379 probably served as a net-sling for carrying the littlebottle found within it.

Of course, one of the most important features of a cord isthe knots put in it. The variation, together with the quality andapplication of the knot, gives information as to how the maker

worked with cordage.A detailed analysis ofthe knots encounteredat Graeco-RomanBerenike, a port onthe Red Sea coast,shows a larger varietyamong the few basicknot types in use com-pared to Qasr Ibrimand Amarna, wherethe same basic typescould be recognized.The reason for this is easy to deduce: Berenike was a harbor town,and the proper use of cordage and knots was of the utmostimportance for thefishermen and traderswho lived there.

Owing to theirgreat age, few of theknots in the cordageassemblage atHierakonpolis havesurvived. One of thebest preserved comesfrom HK43 Burial215, in which thedeceased had beenplaced in a mat andwrapped round with a stout rope of vegetal fibre that had beentied with a reef knot. Although the reef knot is very easy tomake, consistingbasically of two halfknots on top of eachother, but tied inopposite directions, itis interesting to notethat this knot waslater used to bindtogether the plantssymbolizing the twolands of Upper andLower Egypt. Knotsalso had a magicalsignificance inancient Egypt and the predynastic origins of this and otherpractices may yet be illuminated with more detailed analysisof these most fragile remains from the past. D

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A Lot of Old Rope Cordage at HK43 by Andr J. Veldmeijer, PalArch Foundation, Amsterdam

A reef knot binding the Two Lands.

Net carrier bag in Burial 379 at HK43.

Pottery in a carrier net. Tomb of Wah,Thebes, New Kingdom (Drawing by E.Endenburg).

The reef knot from HK43 Burial 215.

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Burial practices in Upper Egypt have generally been consideredto be relatively homogenous throughout the predynastic period;however, studies of both the lithics and pottery from UpperEgyptian settlements indicate a higher degree of regional dif-ferentiation than previously suspected from the graves alone.In light of the recent and highly detailed excavations of ceme-teries at Hierakonpolis, Adaima and Abydos Cemetery U, Ithought that it was time to revisit the issue of local and regionaldiversity in burial practices as part of my current PhD research.Mortuary data have traditionally been used in chronologicalstudies or to chart social stratification, but a collective, yetmore nuanced, approach has the potential to illuminate manyother aspects, such as the development of funerary practices,the evolution of different conceptions of the afterlife, and theattitude of people towards death and the dead.

To investigate regional diversity, a number of cemeterieswere selected from the three main regions of Upper Egypt,which centered on Abydos, Naqada and Hierakonpolis. Thesecemeteries were carefully chosen to represent major and localcenters, elite and non-elite populations, and include AbydosCemetery U (elite); Mahasna, Naga ed-Deir Cemetery 7000and Salmani; Naqada Main Cemetery, Cemetery T (elite) andArmant Cemetery 14001500; and Hierakonpolis HK6(elite), HK43 and Adaima. In all, more than 3000 graves willbe examined.

A collective analysis of burial customs in prehistoric Egyptmust, of course, start with the reconstruction of the graves. Thisis being done with an Access database that records as many ofthe details of each individual grave as possible. To record these,an entry form has been created for each grave. Each entry con-tains 52 fields and sub-fields designed to include informationsuch as grave architecture, occupant, grave goods, their posi-tion, date, and so on. The database will enable the grouping,sorting and analysis of data in many different ways with ease.With a key stroke it will be possible to chart a cemeterys lay-out and growth, and arrange the graves into different clustersbased on grave size, period, sex, age, type and quantity of gravegoods you name it! It has already proved its utility bydemonstrating that Tomb 23 at HK6 is the largest grave of itstime in case there was any doubt.

Although most of the data is drawn from publications, inthe case of the recent excavations at Hierakonpolis I have beengiven access to the excavation records and the wealth of infor-mation they contain, and hope that their inclusion in the data-base will contribute to their publication. For Naqada, a site sobasic to our understanding, I am also using the original field

notes, since only 136 out of the 2200 graves excavated by Petriein 1895 were ever published. The vast majority of informationabout this cemetery isstill contained inPetries notebooks,seven of which werefound at UniversityCollege London onlyin 1982. While muchwork in this area hasbeen done by EliseBaumgartel and JoanPayne, reconstructingthe graves and theircontents has turnedout to be a major task.Luckily my work wasmade much easierthrough the kindness of Dr Stephen Quirke, curator of the PetrieMuseum, who allowed me to examine all 11 notebooks fromNaqada, making it possible to identify most of the objects andpottery types from the sketches and thereby clarify many issues.

Working with the notebooks, I soon realised that not allwere written by Petrie himself; in fact, only three are in hishandwriting. Four were by Quibell, two by Quibell withothers, and one each by Hugh Price and Duncan. The note-books contain records of 991 graves: 852 from the Maincemetery; 90 from cemetery B; and 49 from cemetery T.Some notes are better than others, but a huge amount of newinformation has now been recorded into the database, pro-viding a clearer image of this great cemetery than ever beforeand a basis for comparison with cemeteries elsewhere.

This is a work still in progress. While my research aims toestablish regional patterns, it is important to remember thatfunerary practices may also reflect general religious beliefs andthe individuals relation to gods, ancestors, and their particularworld views. Furthermore, this study of burial customs, sup-plemented with the data from the recent excavations, shouldshed light on the origins of symbolism, ritual and religion in thisearly stage of ancient Egyptian civilization. Preliminary analy-sis of the data collected to date indicates that the three regionshad similar concepts of the afterlife, but expressed their beliefsin different ways visible in variations in the preparation and ori-entation of the body, and the types and distribution of gravegoods around it. In this respect, the main cemetery at Naqada,the biggest of the period, is also the most diverse. H

Vive la Diffrence: Examining Diversity in Upper Egyptian Cemeteries

by Ezzat Refaei, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

A page from Petries notebooks NaqadaGrave 1820.

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Recent visitors to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo willundoubtedly have seen a number of spectacular finds fromHierakonpolis restored and redisplayed to something of theirformer glory. As a joint project between the Supreme Councilof Antiquities and the German Archaeological Institute inCairo, Christian Eckmann of the Rmisch-GermanischesZentralmuseum, Mainz, and Saher Shafik of the EgyptianMuseum, Cairo, spent six years conserving the two copper stat-ues of Pepi I (6th Dynasty) and the gold-headed statue ofHorus of Nekhen found during excavations at the site in thelate 19th century. The painstaking removal of corrosive sur-face deposits, combined with careful analysis using the latestscientific techniques, has revealed previously unknown detailsabout the original appearance and construction of these mas-terpieces of Egyptian art.

A preliminary report on the conservation of the smaller ofthe two copper statues can be found in Nekhen News 10, andthis 64 cm high marvel has now been joined by its larger coun-terpart. The life-size copper statue (178 cm high) was discov-ered in 1897 by J. E. Quibell, dismantled in a pit beneath thefloor of one of the rooms in the five-chambered building in thecentre of the temple enclosure. Adhering to its chest was a crum-pled sheet of copper bearing an embossed inscription of PepiI. To the excavators astonishment, the statues torso was laterfound to contain a second, smaller copper statue, and it wasoriginally suggested that the pair formed a group representingPepi I with his son and successor, Merenre. The current con-sensus is that both statues depict Pepi I: the accompanyinginscription mentions the kings first sed festival, and the smaller,child-like statue could therefore be an image of the young Pepifollowing his rejuvenation during that ceremony.

The two statues were first restored at the beginning of the20th century by theItalian conservator, A.Barsanti, whose nick-name Baracementi(chosen because heused so much cementin his restorations)proved particularlyappropriate: beforethey could proceed, themodern conservatorshad to remove largeamounts of plaster thathad been poured intothe feet of the largestatue in order to make

it more stable! More recently, various resins had been used toseal corroding parts of the statues. X-rays were made to gaugethe extent of the damage and revealed that in the first recon-struction some parts had been glued t