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Nelson mandela. NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012. Outline of Presentation. Historical Background Apartheid in South Africa Childhood Education and Early Career Political Activism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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NELSON MANDELA NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012
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Page 1: Nelson  mandela

NELSON MANDELA

NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012

Page 2: Nelson  mandela

OUTLİNE OF PRESENTATİON

Historical Background Apartheid in South Africa Childhood Education and Early Career Political Activism Travel and Arrest Imprisonment Release The End of Apartheid Presidency Retirement

Page 3: Nelson  mandela

HİSTORİCAL BACKGROUND

South Africa populated by native tribesXhosa, Zulu, and Sotho people

Dutch arrived in 17th century Attracted by fertile land, mines with gold,

diamondsDescendents referred to as Boers or Afrikaners

Friction between two groups Afrikaner National Party created in 1940’s

Asserted economic and social control over blacks

Invented apartheid to maintain control“Separateness”

Page 4: Nelson  mandela

APARTHEİD İN SOUTH AFRİCA

Apartheid laws first appeared in 1949 Prohibited interracial marriages Reserved better paying jobs for whites Segregation

1950 Population Regulation Act Required that all citizens be racially classified

Black Africans forced to carry credentials 1951 Bantu Authorities Act

Created four “homelands” Denationalized nine million

1953 Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act Severe punishment for even non-violent protesting

Fines, imprisonment, whippings Could be detained without a hearing for up to six

months Thousands died in custody, often after torture Punished with death, exile, life imprisonment

Page 5: Nelson  mandela

CHİLDHOOD

Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, East Cape Province Small village

Region a.k.a. Transkei• Home to Xhosa-speaking Thembu

tribe Named Rolihlahla (“troublemaker”) Son of Henry Mandela, Chief of Mvezo

Advisor to Jongintaba Dalindyebo Paramount Chief of Thembu Guardian after father died in 1930

Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba Learned about governance

Descendent of Thembu royalty Guaranteed position as royal advisor

Page 6: Nelson  mandela

EDUCATİON AND EARLY CAREER

Attended Methodist missionary schools Renamed Nelson

Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938 Befriended Oliver Tambo

Both expelled in 1940 for political activism

Worked at law firm in Johannesburg Took course provided by

University of South Africa at night Obtained Bachelor’s degree in art in

1941 Studied law at University of

Witwatersrand Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in

1952 First black African legal practice

Page 7: Nelson  mandela

POLİTİCAL ACTİVİSM

Joined African National Congress in 1944

Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo Secretary of ANCYL in 1947

National Party won election of 1948 New ANC president approved by

ANCYL

President of ANCYL in 1951

Banned from ANC in 1952 Prohibited from attending meetings or

holding an office

Confined to Johannesburg area

ANC operated underground

Page 8: Nelson  mandela

THE TREASON TRİAL 156 nationalists arrested

December 5th, 1956 Included Mandela and Albert

Luthuli, President of ANC

Leaders of Congress Alliance

Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations

Charged with high treason Punishable by death

Acquitted in March of 1961

Page 9: Nelson  mandela

THE PAN AFRİCANİST CONGRESS

Formed by more radical members of ANC

Rivalry between ANC and PAC

69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960

Both groups formed military wings in 1961

Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”)

Mandela appointed first commander of MK

PAC’s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage

Page 10: Nelson  mandela

THE SHARPEVİLLE MASSACRE

Page 11: Nelson  mandela

TRAVEL AND ARREST

Mandela left country in secret in 1962

Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis

Ababa

Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie

Traveled to Algeria for military training Guerilla warfare

Next to London to visit Tambo Arrested upon return

Page 12: Nelson  mandela

THE RİVONİA TRİAL Charged for leaving country

Sentenced to five years in prison

MK HQ at Lilieslief raided onJuly 11th, 1963 Arrested leaders charged

with 221 counts of sabotage

Mandela delivered four hour statement “I am Prepared to Die”

Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years

Page 13: Nelson  mandela

“ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to

this struggle of the African people. I have fought

against white domination, and I have fought

against black domination. I have cherished the

ideal of a democratic and free society in which all

persons live together in harmony and with equal

opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for

and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which

I am prepared to die.”

Page 14: Nelson  mandela

IMPRİSONMENT

Gained local and international support

Pressured South African government to release Mandela

Hidden from media

Moved several times

Offered freedom in 1976

Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism

Refused this and subsequent offers

Page 15: Nelson  mandela

RELEASE

Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989

Lifted ban on all political parties

Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes

On February 11th, 1990 Mandela was released

Page 16: Nelson  mandela

THE END OF APARTHEİD Replaced Tambo as president of ANC Convention for Democratic South

America formed in 1991 To negotiate transitional

government Both Mandela and de Klerk

involved Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in

December of 1993 First multiracial election in South

Africa in April of 1994 ANC won by 62% Government of National Unity

Maximum of five years while new constitution formed

Mandela became president of South Africa

Page 17: Nelson  mandela

PRESİDENCY Inaugurated May 10th, 1994 First black president of South Africa Aimed to improve social and

economic conditions for black majority Large scale redistribution of wealth

Truth and Reconciliation Commission Human rights violations from old

regime Improved living standards of black

population Better housing and education

Violence control Afrikaner Resistance Movement

Extremists opposing new government using terrorism

Legislation to protect workers Workplace safety, overtime pay,

minimum wage

Page 18: Nelson  mandela

RETİREMENT

Decided not to run for reelection in 1997

Supported Thabo Mbeki Inaugurated June 16,

1999

Retired from public life in 2004

Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic Son Makgatho Mandela

died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005

Page 19: Nelson  mandela

“ We have at last achieved ourpolitical emancipation. We

pledgeourselves to liberate all our

peoplefrom the continuing bondage ofpoverty, deprivation, suffering,gender, and other discrimination. . . Never, never, and never

againshall it be that this beautiful

landwill again experience theoppression of one by another. . .Let freedom reign.”

Page 20: Nelson  mandela

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela,2012 http://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/

biography,2012 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/

mandela/,2012 http://www.anc.org.za/list_by.php?by=Nelson

%20Mandela,2012 http://archive.nelsonmandela.org/#!home,2012


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