Neonatal Resuscitation

Presented By Dr. Akshay Golwalkar

Moderated By Dr. Sunil Gavhane

FACTS

• 90% Don’t require any intervention

• 10% require intervention

• 1 % need major resuscitation

• Preterms are at high risk

How often do we use our resuscitation skills?

Primary causes of death*

18 %Other causes

09 %Malformation

29 %Perinatal hypoxia

17 %Infection

27 %Prematurity

DeathsCause

*Text book of Neonatal Resuscitation 6th edition

Alveoli are f luid f i l led

Blood vessels are constricted

After birthFluid in the alveoli is absorbed

Alveoli

• Expand

• Get filled with Air

1.

2.

Pulmonary vessels dilate, causing increased blood f low to lungs

Requirements• Personnel

– At least one trained person for all

deliveries

– Two persons, if high risk; or for

advanced resuscitation

Bag, Mask, & Oxygen

Suction Equipment

Laryngoscope and ETT Tube

Warmer & Blankets

Resuscitation

•Is the newborn term?

•Is the newborn breathing or crying?

•Does the newborn have good muscle tone?

•Dry & remove wet cloth

•Clear airway if necessary

•Wrap in prewarmed dry cloth

•Breast feeds

•Ongoing Evalution

YES

Baby is Delivered ( Ask)

Routine Care

Dry & Remove wet l inen

Routine Care• Vigorous term infants with no risk factors

• Babies who required but responded to initial steps, They now can stay with Mother

• Skin to skin contact recommended

• Clear airway, dry newborn, provide ongoing evaluation: – Breathing

– Activity – Color

• Transfer to New Born Nursery

Posit ioning

Clear Airway, if necessary

Clear airways(if necessary)

Oral Suctioning

Deep suction should be performed

Stimulate

• Breathing : Regular / Gasping / Irregular / Absent

• Heart Rate : >100/m OR< 100/m OR Absent

• SpO2

EVALUATE

Pulse Oximetry: Resuscitat ion monitor

• Advantageso Not affected by

acrocyanosis

o Be patient and get a reading

Supplemental oxygen

Free-flow oxygen cannot be given reliably by a mask attached to a self-inflating bag

PPV/Bag & mask venti lat ion

•HR below 100

•Apnoea/gasping

YES

•Start PPV

•Consider SpO2 monitering

Indications for Bag & Mask venti lation

• Apnea or gasping respirationOR

• Heart rate < 100 bpmOR

• Saturation below target values despite free flow supplemental oxygen

Key point

The most important and effective action in neonatal resuscitation is

EFFECTIVE VentilationEFFECTIVE Ventilation

Selecting equipment

• Size of bag (200-750 ml) : To deliver a tidal volume of 6-8 ml/kg

• Oxygen capabil i ty : Oxygen source, reservoir

Oxygen Reservoirs

Safety features

Pop-up valve

Testing the self- inflating bag

• Squeeze against your palm

– Pressure felt– Pressure release valve– Pressure manometer– Re-inflation

Without Reservoir

With Reservoir

Self inf lating bag

• Advantages

• Easier to use• Pressure release valve• Don’t not need a gas source to inflate

Self inf lating bag

• Disadvantages

• Requires a reservoir to deliver 100% oxygen

• Can not be used to deliver 100% free flow oxygen

Masks

• Cushioned/Non-cushioned• Round/Anatomical shaped• Size 0 or 1

The surface on which the baby is placed should always be warm as well as f lat, f irm and clean

POSITION

Correct posit ion of mask

Posit ioning

• Positioning the infant & resuscitator

Forming & checking the seal

Venti lation rate and pressure

Evaluation-Decision-Evaluation-Decision-Action cycleAction cycle

Evaluation

Action Decision

30 sec30 sec

Signs of Effective Venti lation

Sign of response to ventilation:Sign of response to ventilation:

• Improved heart rate

Signs of improvement in newborn:Signs of improvement in newborn:

• Improved heart rate, color, breathing, tone, and saturation

Contraindications

• Diaphragmatic hernia

• Non -vigorous baby born through meconium stained liquor

No improvement

• Is chest rise adequate?

• Is adequate oxygen being administered?

MR. SOPA MR. SOPA •M- Adjust Mask on the face

•R- Reposition the head to open airway oRe-attempt to ventilate…if not effective then

•S- Suction mouth then nose

•O- Open mouth and lift jaw forward oRe-attempt to ventilate…if not effective then

•P- Gradually increase Pressure every few breaths until visible chest rise is noted

oMax Pip 40cmH2O If still not effective then…

•A- Alternative Airway (ETT or LMA)

When to stop ?

• Heart rate above 100/min

• Spontaneous breathing

• Baby in Post Resuscitation care

Chest Compressions

Its a 2 personnel job

Indication

If after 30 seconds of EFFECTIVE bag and mask ventilation with 100% oxygen,

Heart Rate is below 60 per minute

Indications

• Pump out blood from the heart during compression and fill up blood in the heart during release

• Must always be accompanied by ventilation with 100% oxygen

Principle

Compress Release

Heart Heart

sternum

Mechanism of Chest Compressions

sternum

• Position– Neck slightly extended with firm support for the

back– Lower 1/3rd of sternum between nipple line &

sternum• Pressure required – depth

– 1/3rd of the AP diameter of chest

• Rate– 90/min

Components

Two-finger method

Techniques of Chest Compressions

Thumb method

Thumb Technique

• Easier with right hand for right handed

• Index and middle or ring fingers

• Other hand used to support the back

• Pressure applied vertically

2 Finger Technique

2 Finger Technique

Don’t lift your fingers/thumbs

• Advantages• Better control of depth• Less tiring• Superior generation of peak systolic & coronary

perfusion pressure• Nails do not hinder performance

• Disadvantages• Difficult when baby is big• Umbilicus difficult to canulate

Preferred method - Thumb

Rate

• 3 Chest Compressions then 1 ventilation

• 90 Chest Compressions to 30 ventilations in one minute

Adequacy

• Palpate femoral/carotid pulse

Rate and Adequacy

• Consists of 3 compression & one ventilation

• 120 events in 60 seconds

• 1 cycles in 2 seconds

• ONE- AND – TWO – AND – THREE – AND ONE- AND – TWO – AND – THREE – AND - BREATH- BREATH

Cycle of events

• No pressure to be applied on ribs, Xipisternum, abdomen

• Do not lift thumbs/fingers

Precautions

Dangers

• Broken ribs

• Lacerated liver • Pneumothorax

Chest Compressions

• HR 60 per minute or more Stop CC, continue BMV at 40-60/min

• If no improvement, check :

– Effectiveness of BMV

– Oxygen is 100%

– Technique of CC is correct

Evaluation after 30 sec of CC & BMV

When to stop chest compressions

• When heart rate is 60 per minute or more

Key points

• 2 personnel job• Ensure 100 % oxygen• Ensure adequate chest movement

during ventilation• Co-ordinate B & M with CC at 3 : 1• Check HR every 30 seconds• Use thumb or 2 finger technique

Intubation

Indications for intubation

• Meconium suctioning in non vigorous baby• Diaphragmatic hernia• Prolonged or ineffective ventilation• Elective

– VLBW– with CC

Intubation equipment

Preparing laryngoscope

• No. 1 for full term• No. 0 for preterm / LBW• No. 00 for extremely preterm (optional)

3.5

3.0

2.5

Stylet

>2000 gm

1000-2000 gm

<1000 gm

Selecting endotracheal tube

Tube Size(ID mm)

Weight(gm)

Gest. Age(Wks)

2.5 < 1000 < 28

3.0 1000-2000 28-34

3.5 2000-3000 35-38

4.0 >3000 > 38

ID=Internal Diameter

Preparing endotracheal tube

• Shorten the tube to 13 cm• Replace ET tube connector• Insert stylet (optional)

Addit ional items

Tape : For securing the tubeSuction equipmentOxygen• For free flow oxygen during intubation• For Use with the resuscitation bagResuscitation Bag and Mask• To ventilate the infant in between intubation• To check tube placement

Posit ioning the infant

• On a flat surface• Head in midline• Neck slightly extended• Optimal viewing of glottis

Intubation view

Vocal cord guide

Lip reference mark: (6 + weight in kilos) cm

9-10 cm at the lip for this term infant

Tube in Rt. Main bronchus

• Breath sounds only on right chest• No air heard entering stomach• No gastric distention

ActionWithdraw the tube, recheck

Tube in esophagus• No breath sounds heard• Air heard entering stomach• Gastric distention may be seen• No mist in tube

Action Remove the tube, oxygenate the infant with a

bag and mask, reintroduce ET tube

Complications of intubation

• Hypoxia• Bradycardia• Apnea• Pneumothorax• Soft tissue injury• Infection

Minimizing hypoxia during intubation

• Providing free-flow oxygen (Assistant’s responsibility)

• Limiting each intubation attempt to 20 seconds

CPR Medications

2:1000 newborns

MEDICATIONS

No drugs for me!No drugs for me!

MEDICATIONS

• Epinephrine

• Volume expansion

Neonatal Resuscitation

No role of • Atropine • Calcium • Dexamethasone• Dextrose• Intra cardiac adrenaline• Naloxone

Epinephrine

• Formulation 1:1000• Dilution 1:10000 (Ten times)

0.2 ml in 1.8 ml • Load 1 ml (in 1ml syringe) • Dose 0.1-0.3 ml/kg• Route IV (preferable)• Rate Rapid bolus

Epinephrine

Follow up: if HR < 60 or 0• Repeat epinephrine q 3-5 minutes• Ensure: effective ventilation effective chest compressions endotracheal intubation (if not done already) • Consider using volume expander

What is expected response

• After 30 seconds of administration and

continued PPV and CC

– HR should increase to > 60 bpm

• If no response repeat the dose every 3-5

minutes

• Repeat doses should preferably be give IV

“If the baby appears to be in shock and is not responding to resuscitation, administration of a volume expander may be indicated”

! Shock - Hypovolemia Shock - Hypovolemia

Signs of Hypovolemia

• Pallor persisting beyond oxygenation• Weak pulses• Low blood pressure• Lack of response to resuscitation

Hypovolemia is a common but often unrecognized cause of need for resuscitation

Volume Expansion

• Indicated when there is no response to resuscitation and there is evidence of blood loss or hypovolemia

• Repeated doses may be necessary if there is minimal response after the first dose

• Umbilical vein remains preferred route but intraosseous acceptable

Medication Administration via Umbil ical Vein

• Preferred route for intravenous access

• 3.5F or 5F end-hole catheter

• Sterile technique

Placing catheter in Placing catheter in

umbilical veinumbilical vein

Volume Expanders

• Normal saline

• Ringer’s lactate

• Whole blood (O Neg cross matched with mother’s blood)

Normal saline

Indications

• Evidence or suspicion of acute blood loss with signs of hypovolemia and/or baby responding poorly to resuscitation

• Dose – 10ml/kg

• Route – Umbilical vein

• Preparation – large syringe

• Rate of administration – 5-10 minutesIn premature babies: Rapid boluses may induce ICH

Normal saline

Volume expanders

• Effect : Volume expansion, correction of metabolic acidosis

• Expectation : Better BP & pulses, less pallor

• Follow up : If signs of hypoperfusion persist, repeat volume expander, consider sodium bicarbonate or dopamine

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